A condition of suboptimal concentration of SPERMATOZOA in the ejaculated SEMEN to ensure successful FERTILIZATION of an OVUM. In humans, oligospermia is defined as a sperm count below 20 million per milliliter semen.
A condition of having no sperm present in the ejaculate (SEMEN).
The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.
17 beta-Hydroxy-1 alpha-methyl-5 alpha-androstan-3-one. A synthetic steroid with anabolic and androgenic activities.
A count of SPERM in the ejaculum, expressed as number per milliliter.
Brominated hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing carbon (C), hydrogen (H) atoms, and bromine (Br) atoms, where bromine atoms replace some or all of the hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon structure.
The human male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans.
Movement characteristics of SPERMATOZOA in a fresh specimen. It is measured as the percentage of sperms that are moving, and as the percentage of sperms with productive flagellar motion such as rapid, linear, and forward progression.
The process of germ cell development in the male from the primordial germ cells, through SPERMATOGONIA; SPERMATOCYTES; SPERMATIDS; to the mature haploid SPERMATOZOA.
The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.
Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.
A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.
The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains SPERMATOZOA and their nutrient plasma.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
The quality of SEMEN, an indicator of male fertility, can be determined by semen volume, pH, sperm concentration (SPERM COUNT), total sperm number, sperm viability, sperm vigor (SPERM MOTILITY), normal sperm morphology, ACROSOME integrity, and the concentration of WHITE BLOOD CELLS.
A system of therapeutics founded by Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), based on the Law of Similars where "like cures like". Diseases are treated by highly diluted substances that cause, in healthy persons, symptoms like those of the disease to be treated.
Materials or substances used in the composition of traditional medical remedies. The use of this term in MeSH was formerly restricted to historical articles or those concerned with traditional medicine, but it can also refer to homeopathic remedies. Nosodes are specific types of homeopathic remedies prepared from causal agents or disease products.
A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. Members contain quinoline alkaloids.
Therapeutic practices which are not currently considered an integral part of conventional allopathic medical practice. They may lack biomedical explanations but as they become better researched some (PHYSICAL THERAPY MODALITIES; DIET; ACUPUNCTURE) become widely accepted whereas others (humors, radium therapy) quietly fade away, yet are important historical footnotes. Therapies are termed as Complementary when used in addition to conventional treatments and as Alternative when used instead of conventional treatment.
A plant genus of the genus STRYCHNOS, family LOGANIACEAE that is the source of STRYCHNINE.

CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene of infertile Japanese males with oligozoospermia. (1/754)

We analysed the CAG repeat length in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene in 59 idiopathic Japanese infertile males with oligozoospermia; 36 fertile males were also analysed as controls. The number of CAG repeats in infertile males ranged from 14 to 32 (mean 21.2+/-4.2), whereas the number of CAG repeats in fertile males ranged from 16 to 31 (mean 21.4+/-3.5). Among infertile males, six possessed a short form of 14 CAG repeats and three possessed 15 CAG repeats. On the other hand, fertile males did not possess the short form of 14 or 15 CAG repeats. The incidence of infertile males with 14 and 15 CAG repeats was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of fertile males. Although the sample size is small, the results suggest that the reduction of CAG repeats in exon 1 of the androgen receptor is closely related to impaired spermatogenesis in infertile Japanese males.  (+info)

Morbidity and cost-effectiveness analysis of outpatient analgesia versus general anaesthesia for testicular sperm extraction in men with azoospermia due to defects in spermatogenesis. (2/754)

The outcome and costs of testicular sperm extraction under outpatient local analgesia or general anaesthesia were compared in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Nineteen consecutive patients were allocated to receive general anaesthesia, while the subsequent 21 consecutive patients received outpatient analgesia in the form of i.v. midazolam sedation, lignocaine spray, scrotal infiltration with local anaesthetic and spermatic cord block. Blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate were determined. Sedation and testicular pain were assessed by subjective scoring. Both groups showed haemodynamic stability with little alteration in blood pressure, pulse rate and oxygen saturation. Toxic symptoms of local anaesthetic were not encountered in the outpatient group. No relationship was found between testicular size and the duration of the operation. The median postoperative pain intensity, sedation scores and analgesic requirements were significantly less in the outpatient group (P < 0.05). These advantages led to a shorter recovery time (P < 0.0001), 3-fold cheaper care and greater patient satisfaction (P < 0.0001) in the outpatient group.  (+info)

Meiotic abnormalities and spermatogenic parameters in severe oligoasthenozoospermia. (3/754)

The incidence of meiotic abnormalities and their relationship with different spermatogenic parameters was assessed in 103 male patients with presumably idiopathic severe oligoasthenozoospermia (motile sperm concentration < or = 1.5 x 10(6)/ml). Meiosis on testicular biopsies was independently evaluated by two observers. Meiotic patterns included normal meiosis and two meiotic abnormalities, i.e. severe arrest and synaptic anomalies. A normal pattern was found in 64 (62.1%), severe arrest in 21 (20.4%) and synaptic anomalies in 18 (17.5%). The overall rate of meiotic abnormalities was 37.9%. Most (66.7%) meiotic abnormalities occurred in patients with a sperm concentration < or = 1 x 10(6)/ml. In this group, total meiotic abnormalities were found in 57.8% of the patients; of these, 26.7% had synaptic anomalies. When the sperm concentration was < or = 0.5 x 10(6)/ml, synaptic anomalies were detected in 40% of the patients. In patients with increased follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations, total meiotic abnormalities occurred in 54.8% (synaptic anomalies in 22.6%). There were statistically significant differences among the three meiotic patterns in relation to sperm concentration (P < 0.001) and serum FSH concentration (P < 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, sperm concentration < or = 1 x 10(6)/ml and/or FSH concentration > 10 IU/l were the only predictors of meiotic abnormalities.  (+info)

Inhibin B plasma concentrations in oligozoospermic subjects before and after therapy with follicle stimulating hormone. (4/754)

The aim of this study was to investigate inhibin B and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion in a large group of oligozoospermic subjects affected by different degrees of testicular damage, before and after FSH treatment. A total of 135 oligozoospermic subjects (sperm count < 20 x 10(6)/ml) were evaluated for seminal parameters and FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and inhibin B plasma concentrations. Testicular structure was analysed with bilateral fine needle aspiration cytology. Inhibin B showed an inverse correlation with FSH, no correlation with sperm concentration and a significant relationship with intratesticular spermatid number, demonstrating that testicular spermatids play an important role in the control of inhibin B production. Twenty-five subjects with sperm counts < 10 x 10(6)/ml were treated with FSH; 11 of these had basal FSH and inhibin B plasma concentrations in the normal range (group A), while in seven subjects FSH was elevated (> 7 IU/l) with normal inhibin B (group B), and in seven patients FSH was high and inhibin B reduced (< 80 pg/ml) (group C). During treatment, in group A patients inhibin B plasma concentrations increased significantly after 2, 3 and 4 weeks of FSH administration and declined thereafter to pre-treatment concentrations. Groups B and C did not show any modification during the treatment. In the same period, in group A FSH increased significantly after 2, 3 and 4 weeks and subsequently declined. In groups B and C, FSH increased significantly after 2 weeks and remained elevated during the following period. The results of the present study confirm the significant inverse correlation between inhibin B and FSH plasma concentrations in subjects with disturbed spermatogenesis, and demonstrate that inhibin B reflects Sertoli cell function and their interaction with spermatids. FSH and inhibin B concentrations are an expression of the spermatogenic status of seminiferous tubules. FSH treatment seems to modify inhibin B plasma concentrations only in subjects with normal basal FSH and inhibin B, independently from the effects of this therapy on sperm production.  (+info)

Establishment of predictive variables associated with testicular sperm retrieval in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. (5/754)

Although testicular biopsy for sperm extraction is a procedure with a potential for complications, sperm retrieval is successful in 30-70% of patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. In order to predict the probability of retrieving at least one testicular spermatozoon we conducted a prospective study of a set of variables in 40 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Using the receiver operating characteristic curves, we determined the probability estimates of testicular volume, plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentration, Johnsen score and visualization of testicular spermatids in discriminating between patients with successful and failed testicular sperm extraction. Visualization of testicular spermatids provided the best estimate of success of testicular sperm extraction. Of the factors studied using logistic-regression analysis (age, maternal and paternal age at birth, body mass index, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, FSH, testicular volume, the presence of testicular spermatids and Johnsen score), only the presence of spermatids and Johnsen score were independent variables able to predict the success of testicular sperm extraction. The visualization of the presence of spermatids gave a correct prediction of 77% and Johnsen score of 71%. The diagnostic model derived from these independent predictors when validated in 40 patients using the Jackknife technique gave a correct overall prediction of 87%. The probability of successful testicular sperm extraction in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia could be objectively predicted on the basis of simple histopathological criteria represented by the visualization of testicular spermatids and Johnsen score.  (+info)

Antioxidant treatment of patients with asthenozoospermia or moderate oligoasthenozoospermia with high-dose vitamin C and vitamin E: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. (6/754)

In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study we investigated whether high-dose oral treatment with vitamins C and E for 56 days was able to improve semen parameters of infertile men. Ejaculate parameters included semen volume, sperm concentration and motility, and sperm count and viability. Thirty-one patients without genital infection but with asthenozoospermia (< 50% motile spermatozoa) and normal or only moderately reduced sperm concentration (> 7 x 10(6) spermatozoa/ml) (according to WHO criteria) were examined. To investigate the influence of the epididymal storage period on semen parameters, the patients were asked to deliver two semen samples with abstinence times of 2 and 7 days both before and at the end of vitamin treatment. After randomization, the patients received either 1000 mg vitamin C and 800 mg vitamin E (n = 15) or identical placebo capsules (n = 16). No changes in semen parameters were observed during treatment, and no pregnancies were initiated during the treatment period. Combined high-dose antioxidative treatment with vitamins C and E did not improve conventional semen parameters or the 24-h sperm survival rate. Prolonged abstinence time increased ejaculate volume (P < 0.05), sperm count (P < 0.05), sperm concentration (P < 0.05) and the total number of motile spermatozoa (P < 0.05).  (+info)

Diagnostic testicular biopsy and cryopreservation of testicular tissue as an alternative to repeated surgical openings in the treatment of azoospermic men. (7/754)

Between May 1996 and May 1998, 64 azoospermic patients underwent an investigative testicular biopsy combined with the cryopreservation of spermatozoa which were retrieved from a simultaneously examined fresh sample. Testicular tissue cryopreservation was carried out in 43 cases (67%) for late intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) attempts. In all, 23 couples underwent 26 assisted conception cycles; the fertilization rate was 64% with spermatozoa (139/218, 24 cycles), 40% with round spermatids (2/5, one cycle), and 69% with elongated spermatids (9/13, one cycle). The embryo cleavage rate was 84%. A mean number of 2.7 +/- 0.7 embryos were replaced in 24 patients. In two cases, embryo quality was very poor and they were not transferred. Eight clinical pregnancies resulted (35% per patient and 33% per transferred cycle) with an implantation rate of 14.1%: two patients have already delivered and six are ongoing. In conclusion, the cryopreservation of testicular tissue during the first diagnostic biopsy is an alternative to repeated surgical openings and permits patients to initiate an ovarian stimulation cycle with the certitude of having spermatozoa available. Moreover, since only one straw is routinely used for each ICSI cycle, the frozen tissue remains as a sperm source for multiple attempts.  (+info)

Evolution of semen quality in North-eastern Spain: a study in 22,759 infertile men over a 36 year period. (8/754)

A retrospective study was conducted in a large population to determine whether sperm quality has changed in Northeastern Spain between 1960 and 1996. From a total initial population of 22,759 men, two separate groups were studied: men with spermatozoa (n = 20,411) and those with azoospermia (n = 1364). After adjustment for age and sexual abstinence, multiple linear regression analyses were used to assess changes in semen parameters over time. A 0.2% decline was observed in semen volume in the spermatozoa group (P < 0.001). No significant increase (0.04%) in sperm count (x 10(6)/ml) was observed in the spermatozoa group. There was a 0.4% increase in motile spermatozoa in the spermatozoa group (P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant decline in normal spermatozoa (3.6%) in the spermatozoa group (P < 0.001). Of the total population, 1364 men had azoospermia (6.0%). The changes observed in the semen parameters analysed in this large population showed no evidence of a deteriorating sperm quality, although a statistically significant decline was observed in the percentage of normal spermatozoa.  (+info)

Oligospermia is a medical term used to describe a condition in which the semen contains a lower than normal number of sperm. Generally, a sperm count of less than 15 million sperm per milliliter (ml) of semen is considered to be below the normal range.

Oligospermia can make it more difficult for a couple to conceive naturally and may require medical intervention such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF). The condition can result from various factors, including hormonal imbalances, genetic abnormalities, varicocele, environmental factors, and certain medications.

It's important to note that oligospermia is not the same as azoospermia, which is a condition where there is no sperm present in the semen at all.

Azoospermia is a medical condition where there is no measurable level of sperm in the semen. This means that during ejaculation, the seminal fluid does not contain any sperm cells. Azoospermia can be caused by various factors including problems with testicular function, obstruction of the genital tract, or hormonal imbalances. It is an important cause of male infertility and may require further medical evaluation and treatment to determine the underlying cause and explore potential options for fertility.

There are two types of azoospermia: obstructive azoospermia and non-obstructive azoospermia. Obstructive azoospermia is caused by blockages or obstructions in the genital tract that prevent sperm from being released into the semen, while non-obstructive azoospermia is due to problems with sperm production in the testicles.

In some cases, men with azoospermia may still be able to father children through assisted reproductive technologies such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg for fertilization. However, this will depend on the underlying cause of the azoospermia and whether or not there are viable sperm available for extraction.

Male infertility is a condition characterized by the inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female. It is typically defined as the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.

The causes of male infertility can be varied and include issues with sperm production, such as low sperm count or poor sperm quality, problems with sperm delivery, such as obstructions in the reproductive tract, or hormonal imbalances that affect sperm production. Other factors that may contribute to male infertility include genetic disorders, environmental exposures, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions or treatments.

It is important to note that male infertility can often be treated or managed with medical interventions, such as medication, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART). A healthcare provider can help diagnose the underlying cause of male infertility and recommend appropriate treatment options.

Mesterolone is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication, which is primarily used in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men. It is also known by its brand name Proviron. Mesterolone works by promoting the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics and can help to increase muscle mass and strength.

Mesterolone is a synthetic derivative of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a more potent androgen than testosterone. It has both anabolic and androgenic effects, but its androgenic effects are more pronounced. Mesterolone is not aromatized to estrogen, so it does not have the estrogenic side effects that can occur with some other AAS medications.

Mesterolone is taken orally, and its typical dosage ranges from 25 to 75 milligrams per day. It is important to note that Mesterolone and other AAS medications are controlled substances in many countries and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider.

Sperm count, also known as sperm concentration, is the number of sperm present in a given volume of semen. The World Health Organization (WHO) previously defined a normal sperm count as at least 20 million sperm per milliliter of semen. However, more recent studies suggest that fertility may be affected even when sperm counts are slightly lower than this threshold. It's important to note that sperm count is just one factor among many that can influence male fertility. Other factors, such as sperm motility (the ability of sperm to move properly) and morphology (the shape of the sperm), also play crucial roles in successful conception.

Brominated hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and bromine (Br) atoms. These chemicals are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule with bromine atoms. Depending on the number and arrangement of bromine atoms, these compounds can have different properties and uses.

Some brominated hydrocarbons occur naturally, while others are synthesized for various applications. They can be found in consumer products like flame retardants, fumigants, refrigerants, and solvents. However, some brominated hydrocarbons have been linked to health and environmental concerns, leading to regulations on their production and use.

Examples of brominated hydrocarbons include:

1. Methyl bromide (CH3Br): A colorless gas used as a pesticide and fumigant. It is also a naturally occurring compound in the atmosphere, contributing to ozone depletion.
2. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): A group of chemicals used as flame retardants in various consumer products, such as electronics, furniture, and textiles. They have been linked to neurodevelopmental issues, endocrine disruption, and cancer.
3. Bromoform (CHBr3) and dibromomethane (CH2Br2): These compounds are used in chemical synthesis, as solvents, and in water treatment. They can also be found in some natural sources like seaweed or marine organisms.
4. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD): A flame retardant used in expanded polystyrene foam for building insulation and in high-impact polystyrene products. HBCD has been linked to reproductive and developmental toxicity, as well as endocrine disruption.

It is essential to handle brominated hydrocarbons with care due to their potential health and environmental risks. Proper storage, use, and disposal of these chemicals are crucial to minimize exposure and reduce negative impacts.

Human Y chromosomes are one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in humans (the other being the X chromosome). They are found in the 23rd pair of human chromosomes and are significantly smaller than the X chromosome.

The Y chromosome is passed down from father to son through the paternal line, and it plays a crucial role in male sex determination. The SRY gene (sex-determining region Y) on the Y chromosome initiates the development of male sexual characteristics during embryonic development.

In addition to the SRY gene, the human Y chromosome contains several other genes that are essential for sperm production and male fertility. However, the Y chromosome has a much lower gene density compared to other chromosomes, with only about 80 protein-coding genes, making it one of the most gene-poor chromosomes in the human genome.

Because of its small size and low gene density, the Y chromosome is particularly susceptible to genetic mutations and deletions, which can lead to various genetic disorders and male infertility. Nonetheless, the Y chromosome remains a critical component of human genetics and evolution, providing valuable insights into sex determination, inheritance patterns, and human diversity.

Sperm motility is the ability of sperm to move actively and effectively through the female reproductive tract towards the egg for fertilization. It is typically measured as the percentage of moving sperm in a sample, and their progressiveness or velocity. Normal human sperm motility is generally defined as forward progression of at least 25 micrometers per second, with at least 50% of sperm showing progressive motility. Reduced sperm motility, also known as asthenozoospermia, can negatively impact fertility and reproductive outcomes.

Spermatogenesis is the process by which sperm cells, or spermatozoa, are produced in male organisms. It occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and involves several stages:

1. Spermatocytogenesis: This is the initial stage where diploid spermatogonial stem cells divide mitotically to produce more spermatogonia, some of which will differentiate into primary spermatocytes.
2. Meiosis: The primary spermatocytes undergo meiotic division to form haploid secondary spermatocytes, which then divide again to form haploid spermatids. This process results in the reduction of chromosome number from 46 (diploid) to 23 (haploid).
3. Spermiogenesis: The spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa, undergoing morphological changes such as the formation of a head and tail. During this stage, most of the cytoplasm is discarded, resulting in highly compacted and streamlined sperm cells.
4. Spermation: The final stage where mature sperm are released from the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis for further maturation and storage.

The entire process takes approximately 72-74 days in humans, with continuous production throughout adulthood.

The testis, also known as the testicle, is a male reproductive organ that is part of the endocrine system. It is located in the scrotum, outside of the abdominal cavity. The main function of the testis is to produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.

The testis is composed of many tiny tubules called seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. These tubules are surrounded by a network of blood vessels, nerves, and supportive tissues. The sperm then travel through a series of ducts to the epididymis, where they mature and become capable of fertilization.

Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells, which are located in the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It also supports sperm production and sexual function.

Abnormalities in testicular function can lead to infertility, hormonal imbalances, and other health problems. Regular self-examinations and medical check-ups are recommended for early detection and treatment of any potential issues.

Spermatozoa are the male reproductive cells, or gametes, that are produced in the testes. They are microscopic, flagellated (tail-equipped) cells that are highly specialized for fertilization. A spermatozoon consists of a head, neck, and tail. The head contains the genetic material within the nucleus, covered by a cap-like structure called the acrosome which contains enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the female's egg (ovum). The long, thin tail propels the sperm forward through fluid, such as semen, enabling its journey towards the egg for fertilization.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone that belongs to androsten class of hormones. It is primarily secreted by the Leydig cells in the testes of males and, to a lesser extent, by the ovaries and adrenal glands in females. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone and anabolic steroid. It plays a key role in the development of masculine characteristics, such as body hair and muscle mass, and contributes to bone density, fat distribution, red cell production, and sex drive. In females, testosterone contributes to sexual desire and bone health. Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol and its production is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Semen is a complex, whitish fluid that is released from the male reproductive system during ejaculation. It is produced by several glands, including the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. Semen contains several components, including sperm (the male reproductive cells), as well as various proteins, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals. Its primary function is to transport sperm through the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse, providing nutrients and aiding in the protection of the sperm as they travel toward the egg for fertilization.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Semen analysis is a laboratory test that evaluates various characteristics of semen, the fluid that is released during ejaculation. These characteristics include:

1. Volume: The amount of semen produced in one ejaculation.
2. Liquefaction time: The time it takes for the semen to change from a gel-like consistency to a liquid state.
3. pH: The acidity or alkalinity of the semen.
4. Sperm concentration: The number of sperm present in each milliliter of semen.
5. Total sperm count: The total number of sperm in the entire ejaculate.
6. Motility: The percentage of sperm that are moving and their forward progression.
7. Morphology: The shape and size of the sperm.
8. Vitality: The percentage of live sperm in the sample.
9. White blood cell count: The presence of white blood cells, which can indicate an infection.

Semen analysis is often used to help diagnose male infertility, as well as to monitor the effectiveness of treatments for infertility. It may also be used to detect abnormalities in the reproductive system or to evaluate the effects of certain medications on sperm production and quality.

Homeopathy is a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) system, developed in the late 18th century by Samuel Hahnemann, based on the principle of "like cures like." This concept suggests that a substance that causes symptoms in a healthy person can be used in very dilute quantities to treat similar symptoms in illness. The dilutions are so extreme that no molecules of the original substance remain, leading to significant controversy and skepticism over any potential therapeutic effect. Homeopathic remedies are typically made from plants, minerals, or animals, and are often highly individualized for each patient based on their specific symptoms, mental and emotional state, and overall constitution. Despite its widespread use, homeopathy lacks robust scientific evidence supporting its efficacy beyond placebo effects, and it is not considered a mainstream medical practice in most countries.

"Materia Medica" is a term that comes from the Latin language, where "materia" means "substance" or "material," and "medica" refers to "medical." In a medical context, Materia Medica historically refers to a collection of detailed descriptions of substances that are used for medicinal purposes.

It is essentially a comprehensive reference book that describes the properties, actions, uses, dosages, potential side effects, and contraindications of various drugs or medicinal agents. The information in a Materia Medica is typically based on historical use, experimental pharmacological data, clinical trials, and other scientific research.

Modern Materia Medica has evolved to become more specialized, with separate references for different types of medicinal substances, such as botanical (herbal) medicine, homeopathic remedies, or conventional pharmaceuticals. These resources are often used by healthcare professionals, including physicians, pharmacists, and nurses, to guide their prescribing decisions and ensure the safe and effective use of medications for their patients.

"Ruta" is a botanical name for the herb commonly known as Rue. In a medical context, it may refer to the dried leaves of this plant (Ruta graveolens), which have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes such as treating anxiety, menstrual cramps, and skin conditions. However, it's important to note that the use of Ruta in modern medicine is not well-studied, and its effectiveness for these uses is not established. Additionally, Ruta can have toxic effects and should be used with caution under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Complementary therapies refer to a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered an integral part of conventional allopathic medicine. They are often used in conjunction with conventional treatments and are intended to facilitate the physical and emotional well-being of the patient. Complementary therapies can include a wide range of interventions such as acupuncture, chiropractic care, massage therapy, herbal medicine, yoga, meditation, guided imagery, hypnotherapy, and homeopathy, among others. It is important to note that while some complementary therapies have been shown to be effective for certain conditions, others lack scientific evidence of their safety and efficacy. Therefore, it is always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new complementary therapy.

'Strychnos nux-vomica' is a plant species also known as the poison nut tree or strychnine tree. Its seeds, known as nux vomica, contain several alkaloids including strychnine and brucine, which have been used in medicine for their stimulant and convulsant properties. However, due to the high toxicity and narrow therapeutic index of these compounds, the use of 'Strychnos nux-vomica' in modern medicine is very limited and generally not recommended.

It's important to note that while some alkaloids found in 'Strychnos nux-vomica' have been used in homeopathy, there is a lack of scientific evidence supporting their efficacy, and they should only be used under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.

A common single-nucleotide polymorphism of BRCA2 is associated with severe oligospermia. Men with mild oligospermia (semen ... Terms oligospermia, oligozoospermia, and low sperm count refer to semen with a low concentration of sperm and is a common ... In most cases of oligospermia including its idiopathic form there is no direct medical or surgical intervention agreed to be ... A review in 2013 came to the result that oligospermia and azoospermia are significantly associated with being overweight (odds ...
It can also cause oligospermia and temporary infertility. Immune thrombocytopenia has been reported. Sulfasalazine inhibits ...
Often, an azoospermia is present, or rarely an oligospermia. Furthermore, Klinefelter syndrome can be diagnosed as a ...
This intercourse advantage is even greater for men with oligospermia. However, the single factor or factors for the intercourse ...
Spermatogenic arrest results in either oligospermia or azoospermia as mentioned above. Oligospermia is when extremely low ... Spermatogenic arrest results in either oligospermia or azoospermia in men. It is quite a difficult condition to proactively ... "Relationship between spermatogenesis and serum gonadotropin levels in azoospermia and oligospermia". The Journal of Clinical ...
Sah P (2002). "Oligospermia due to partial maturation arrest responds to low dose estrogen-testosterone combination therapy ... Sah P (1998). "Role of low-dose estrogen-testosterone combination therapy in men with oligospermia". Fertility and Sterility. ... Semen deficiencies are often labeled as follows: Oligospermia or oligozoospermia - decreased number of spermatozoa in semen ... "oligospermia" can be used as a catch-all. Psychological inhibition - Psychotherapy - Intercourses with special preservatives ...
... such as oligospermia. 27 cases of sexual dysfunction report either negative dechallenge or positive dechallenge.[clarification ...
Disorders of spermatogenesis may cause oligospermia, which is semen with a low concentration of sperm and is a common finding ... 83-. ISBN 978-1-60761-193-6. thefreedictionary.com > oligospermia Citing: Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers, ...
1999). "Oligospermia and azoospermia in non-reproductive male Damaraland mole-rats". Journal of Zoology. 248 (3): 411-418. doi: ...
For example, a review in 2013 came to the result that oligospermia and azoospermia are significantly associated with being ... Many conditions listed may also cause various degrees of oligospermia rather than azoospermia. Pretesticular and testicular ... The review found no significant relation between oligospermia and being underweight. Genetic factors can cause pretesticular, ... testicular, and post-testicular azoospermia (or oligospermia) and include the following situations: The frequency of ...
It should not be confused with oligospermia, which means low sperm count. Normal ejaculate when a man is not drained from prior ... hypospermia becomes an infertility issue when one is also identified to have oligospermia. Further semen analysis may be needed ...
Being overweight also increases the risk of oligospermia and azoospermia in men. Psychological well-being is also at risk in ...
In mice, a deletion on mtDNA causes oligospermia and asthenozoospermia, resulting in infertility. Taken together, mtDNA ...
... has also been associated with oligospermia (decreased sperm count) and sexual dysfunction (e.g., decreased libido, ... Cimetidine has been reported to have antiandrogenic effects ranging from gynecomastia to oligospermia [4]. In one clinical ...
Workers exposed to high levels are at risk for granulocytopenia, macrocytic anemia, oligospermia, and azoospermia. The ...
Among men, oligospermia is defined as a paucity of viable spermatozoa in the semen, whereas azoospermia refers to the complete ... Workers in chemical factories exposed to dibromochloropropane have been shown to develop dose-dependent oligospermia and ... DBCP-exposed workers in banana and pineapple plantations in central America and other countries also developed oligospermia and ...
Potential side effects specifically in males include: male pattern baldness, oligospermia, prostate hypertrophy, testicular ...
Treatment for oligospermia is centered around underlying causes, such as endocrine and systematic disorders that can cause ...
These men could be diagnosed[clarification needed] with infertility as a result of oligospermia or sperm chromosomal ...
DBCP causes a dramatic decrease in male fertility, ranging from oligospermia (low sperm count) to azoospermia (lack of sperm). ...
In prepubescent males, low doses (>1-3Gy) can cause short-term oligospermia or azoospermia, while higher doses (>2-3 Gy) can ...
A review in 2013 came to the result that obesity increases the risk of oligospermia and azoospermia in males, with an of odds ...
... and is suffering from oligospermia. He is initially reluctant to accompany Piu to Shantiniketan, but is eventually persuaded by ...
... may result in a complete lack of semen (aspermia) or a very low-volume semen (oligospermia) which ... Low-volume, runny/fluid semen (oligospermia) or no semen at all (dry ejaculation/aspermia) are a logical consequence of an ... even one or both partially obstructed ejaculatory ducts may be the origin of pelvic pain and oligospermia. ...
The concentration of PP-14 in seminal plasma from men with oligospermia is in the reference range of this protein derived from ...
A high ASI in a normal phenotypic male, especially when combined with azoospermia or oligospermia, decreased secondary terminal ... Examples of MAIS phenotypes include isolated infertility (oligospermia or azoospermia), mild gynecomastia in young adulthood, ... severe oligospermia or azoospermia, gynecomastia, and feminized skin changes despite elevated androgen levels. Disease onset, ...
It is currently used off-label for breast cancer, breast disorders, delayed puberty in boys, oligospermia (low sperm count), ...
An unusually low sperm count, not the same as low semen volume, is known as oligospermia, and the absence of any sperm from the ...
... oligospermia/azoospermia, testicular atrophy, intratesticular leiomyosarcoma, prostate hypertrophy, prostate cancer. Female- ...
When he gave the administration of A23187 to spermatozoa from normal fertile and oligospermia, he discovered a decline in ...
A common single-nucleotide polymorphism of BRCA2 is associated with severe oligospermia. Men with mild oligospermia (semen ... Terms oligospermia, oligozoospermia, and low sperm count refer to semen with a low concentration of sperm and is a common ... In most cases of oligospermia including its idiopathic form there is no direct medical or surgical intervention agreed to be ... A review in 2013 came to the result that oligospermia and azoospermia are significantly associated with being overweight (odds ...
... Forum. No replies yet to 2013-03-19. ... oligospermia and azoospermia. Dear Sir, Along with oligospermia / azoospermia, I am also suffering from Premature Ejaculation. ...
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Association of UHRF1 gene polymorphisms with oligospermia in Chinese males Weiqiang Zhu 1 2 , Jing Du 2 , Qing Chen 1 , ... Association of UHRF1 gene polymorphisms with oligospermia in Chinese males Weiqiang Zhu et al. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2019 Dec. ... Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in UBR2 gene with idiopathic aspermia or oligospermia in Sichuan, China. Ma TJ, ...
... which could be caused by sperm-related conditions such as oligospermia (low sperm count) and azoospermia (zero sperm count). ... Treatment methods for oligospermia will vary depending on your case.. *If a varicocele is the cause of your oligospermia, you ... How is oligospermia diagnosed?. The primary diagnostic test for oligospermia is a semen analysis. During a semen analysis, a ... What is oligospermia?. Oligospermia, also known as oligozoospermia, is when a persons sperm count falls below the World Health ...
I have a problem with Oligospermia from last six months. So I feel sad about this. Can you Please give me any solution? ...
... although oligospermia refers to the low concentration of spermatozoa, they are present in the ejaculate. Azoospermia is the ... No, although oligospermia refers to the low concentration of spermatozoa, they are present in the ejaculate. Azoospermia is the ... Read the full article on: What Is Oligospermia? Causes and treatment of a low sperm count ( 64). ...
Get to Know about infertility caused by Oligospermia and its causes, symptoms & treatment here. ... One of the main reason for male Infertility is Oligospermia. ... Oligospermia Oligospermia refers to reduced number of sperm in ... How to diagnose oligospermia? A semen analysis will diagnose oligospermia. This is the most important test. To evaluate the ... What are the symptoms of oligospermia? Generally, a person with oligospermia may not have any signs and symptoms. Certain ...
Treating Oligospermia with Ayurveda Therapy at Alveda! āƈ Direct connection to medical professionals. āœ“ A convenient ... Oligospermia. Low sperm count denotes the presence of fewer sperm than usual in the seminal fluid that is ejaculated during ... Oligospermia is another name for a low sperm count. A zero sperm count is referred to as azoospermia. Less than 15 million ... At Alveda , we provide a wide variety of highly efficient, holistic therapeutic approaches for treating oligospermia. Ayurveda ...
Protocollo di integrazione biodinamica per Oligospermia e coordinamento enzimatico. Raggiungi i massimi benefici con gli ...
Oligospermia and Infertility. Oligospermia and infertility have been observed in men treated with sulfasalazine; however, ... Oligospermia and infertility have been described in men treated with sulfasalazine. Withdrawal of the drug appears to reverse ... and apparently reversible oligospermia. These occur in about one-third of the patients. Less frequent adverse reactions are ...
Oligospermia male infertility Oligospermia is a condition in which the quantity of healthy sperms is less than the normal ... The herbal remedies found in the package for oligospermia are:. Divya Yauvanamrit Vati: This is a wonderful herbal remedy that ... Package for oligospermia consists of three important and beneficial herbal remedies that help in increasing the sperm count ... Other causes of oligospermia include varicocele, genetic abnormalities and chromosomal abnormalities. Regular use of hot baths ...
As per by WHO, oligospermia is defined as sperm count is less than 15 million sperm per ml ... Oligospermia is a type of male infertility condition found in men with low sperm count in their semen. A healthy amount of ... What Is Oligospermia? Low Sperm Count Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment. What Is Oligospermia ?. Oligospermia is a type of male ... Severe oligospermia sperm count = 0 and 5 million sperm/mL.. Causes of Oligospermia or low sperm count include:. Hypothalamus ...
Role of Vrushya dravyas in the management of Oligospermia.. HomeLatest NewsRole of Vrushya dravyas in the management of ... Aims & Objective-1.To study role of vrushya dravyas in the management of oligospermia.. 2.Corelation between vrushya dravyas & ... Keywords- Vrushya dravya, Oligospermia.. Introduction- As per Ayurveda Shukravaha Strotasa is responsible for the production of ... So in present study role of vrushya dravyas in the management of oligospermia would be initiated. ...
... oligospermia) & its treatment until youre trying to conceive. ... What are Oligospermia and its treatments? Oligospermia is a ... Oligospermia treatment. Depending on the cause, your medical professional may recommend treatments to improve your oligospermia ... If you have Oligospermia or your sperm count is not at the desired level, its natural to worry but there are treatments ... Home / Blog / Male Enhancement/Do you know what are the treatment for Oligospermia or Low semen count?. Do you know what are ...
Oligospermia * Infertility duration of ā‰„2 years * Otherwise unexplained infertility in the couple. ...
ClinicalTrials.gov: Oligospermia (National Institutes of Health) Journal Articles References and abstracts from MEDLINE/PubMed ...
Oligospermia is defined as fewer than 20 million sperm/mL, severe oligospermia is less than 5 million/mL, and azoospermia is ... TRUS is indicated in patients with azoospermia or severe oligospermia to evaluate for complete or partial ejaculatory duct ... Relative indications include severe oligospermia with a normal finding on testis biopsy, antisperm antibodies, and decreased ...
Oligospermia * Infertility duration of ā‰„2 years * Otherwise unexplained infertility in the couple. ...
Oligospermia (, 20 million per mL). Severe oligospermia (, 5 million per mL). TRUS (partial ejaculatory duct obstruction) ...
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Canasa (Mesalamine) may treat, side effects, dosage, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, reviews, and related medications including drug comparison and health resources.
A low sperm count is also called oligospermia. A complete absence of sperm is called azoospermia. Your sperm count is ...
He was diagnosed with oligospermia in local hospital. ... He was diagnosed with oligospermia in local hospital. And he ... The patient with chronic bacterial prostatitis and oligospermia has been cured within 4 months. Date:2018-12-04 click:0. ... Diagnosis: chronic bacterial prostatitis, oligospermia. Medical history: Mr. Feng has been married for 3 years; however, ... his oligospermia was fundamentally cured. And he could prepare for impregnating a fertile woman. After several months, he ...
Oligospermia / genetics * Polymorphism, Genetic* * Recombination, Genetic / genetics * Seminal Plasma Proteins / genetics ...
Reproductive: azoospermia, oligospermia * 7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Colchicine is a substrate of the efflux transporter P- ...
Two similar, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center studies were conducted in a total of 562 adult patients in remission from ulcerative colitis. The study populations had a mean age of 46 years (11% age 65 years or older), were 53% female, and were primarily white (92%).. Ulcerative colitis disease activity was assessed using a modified Sutherland Disease Activity Index (DAI), which is a sum of four subscores based on stool frequency, rectal bleeding, mucosal appearance on endoscopy, and physicians rating of disease activity. Each subscore can range from 0 to 3, for a total possible DAI score of 12.. At baseline, approximately 80% of patients had a total DAI score of 0 or 1.0. Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive either mesalamine extended-release capsules 1.5 g or placebo once daily in the morning for six months. Patients were assessed at baseline, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months in the clinic, with endoscopy performed at baseline, at end of study, or if clinical ...
Increased prevalence of oligospermia and azoospermia was noted among the painters as well as an increased odds ratio for a ...
  • A review in 2013 came to the result that oligospermia and azoospermia are significantly associated with being overweight (odds ratio 1.1), obese (odds ratio 1.3) and morbidly obese (odds ratio 2.0), but the cause of this is unknown. (wikipedia.org)
  • What is the difference between oligospermia and azoospermia? (mcurefertility.com)
  • Infertile men may have deficiencies in sperm formation, concentration (eg, oligospermia [too few sperm], azoospermia [no sperm in the ejaculate]), or transportation. (medscape.com)
  • Increased prevalence of oligospermia and azoospermia was noted among the painters as well as an increased odds ratio for a lower sperm count per ejaculate. (cdc.gov)
  • 15,16] While there is a theoretical risk for temporary sterility or subfertility from oligospermia, azoospermia, or asthenospermia among men with mumps orchitis,[15] no studies have assessed risk for permanent infertility. (cdc.gov)
  • A common single-nucleotide polymorphism of BRCA2 is associated with severe oligospermia. (wikipedia.org)
  • A severely low sperm count (fewer than 5 million sperm in 1 milliliter of semen) is also known as severe oligospermia. (mcurefertility.com)
  • Increasingly, genetic abnormalities are being found in men with severe oligospermia. (wellinghomeopathy.com)
  • Although the unexposed workers showed no symptoms of severe oligospermia, 16.8 percent of the exposed workers were found to have this condition. (cdc.gov)
  • Terms oligospermia, oligozoospermia, and low sperm count refer to semen with a low concentration of sperm and is a common finding in male infertility. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oligospermia rates are noticeably higher in less developed countries, and an increased percentage of infertility is caused by infectious disorders. (edu.ng)
  • Usually, people who get diagnosed with oligospermia also ask questions like if being infertile is permanent or if infertility can be cured. (topdoctorsindelhi.com)
  • According to W.H.O's multicentre study, around 30-40% of infertility is because of male infertility factors, and almost 45% of infertile males are known to be affected by oligospermia or low sperm concentration. (topdoctorsindelhi.com)
  • Oligospermia and infertility overview now that we know what oligospermia is, let's understand how the low sperm count signs are linked with fertility problems. (topdoctorsindelhi.com)
  • Sometimes problem may occur in women and sometimes the cause may be present in men and one of the main cause of infertility in men is low sperm count or oligospermia. (swamibabaramdevmedicines.com)
  • The first and the most important symptom of oligospermia is infertility. (swamibabaramdevmedicines.com)
  • Package for oligospermia infertility and other genital diseases consist of natural and herbal remedies. (swamibabaramdevmedicines.com)
  • Having a low sperm count, also called oligospermia is one cause of male infertility. (conceivingconcepts.com)
  • During the last few years, men's sexual health occupied the great interest of scientist all over the world specially after noticing the rise of infertility among the men due to the insufficient production of spermatic fluid (Oligospermia). (yementimes.com)
  • IVF can be used to treat infertility due to oligospermia, sperm antibodies, tubal dysfunction, or endometriosis as well as unexplained infertility. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Oligospermia , also known as Oligozoospermia, is a medical symptom of low sperm count affecting men. (bionity.com)
  • Besides being known as low sperm count, oligospermia is also called oligozoospermia. (mcurefertility.com)
  • When a male undergoes a seminal analysis and obtains a concentration of spermatozoa in the ejaculate lower than 15 million, his diagnosis is oligospermia . (invitra.com)
  • Oligospermia is a male fertility issue defined as a low sperm concentration in the ejaculate. (wellinghomeopathy.com)
  • What are the signs and symptoms of oligospermia? (mcurefertility.com)
  • Different low sperm count signs and symptoms of oligospermia are mainly observed due to chromosomal abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, or even blockage of ducts. (topdoctorsindelhi.com)
  • Following are the symptoms of oligospermia. (topdoctorsindelhi.com)
  • Problems during ejaculation and low sex drive are also relative symptoms of oligospermia. (topdoctorsindelhi.com)
  • 11 Warning Signs and Symptoms of Low Sperm Count, Oligospermia - In this guide, we have discussed about 11 warning signs and symptoms of low sperm count and oligospermia problem in males. (powershow.com)
  • Diagnosis of oligospermia is done by a semen analysis that can help find the sperm count. (topdoctorsindelhi.com)
  • In most cases of oligospermia including its idiopathic form there is no direct medical or surgical intervention agreed to be effective. (wikipedia.org)
  • Men with mild oligospermia (semen concentration of 15 million to 20 million sperm/ml) were studied for an association of sperm DNA damage with life style factors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Low Sperm Count (oligospermia) is a condition characterized by decreased sperm concentration in semen. (topdoctorsindelhi.com)
  • Oligospermia is the leading cause of male fertility problems. (gettingpregnant.co.uk)
  • how oligospermia treatment in Model Town or elsewhere can help address the fertility problems created with it. (topdoctorsindelhi.com)
  • Welling Homeopathy Treatment offers speciality Homeopathic medicines for the treatment of Oligospermia helping men to father a child at the earliest. (wellinghomeopathy.com)
  • Oligospermia is known as low sperm count, a problem with male fertility. (edu.ng)
  • Oligospermia/low sperm count is a male fertility issue characterized by a low sperm count. (rajeevclinic.com)
  • Low sperm count signs or oligospermia, means that the ejaculated semen contains fewer sperms than normal. (topdoctorsindelhi.com)
  • Oligospermia can be classified into three different types depending on the number of sperms present in the semen. (topdoctorsindelhi.com)
  • This number decreases even more in the case of low sperm count and this is how oligospermia works causing less motile sperms and fertility issues. (topdoctorsindelhi.com)
  • There are a variety of things that could cause you to experience oligospermia or other sperm disorders. (mcurefertility.com)
  • however, oligospermia can often successfully be treated so that couples can increase their chances of getting pregnant. (gettingpregnant.co.uk)
  • In couples who are unable to conceive, this medical condition called oligospermia can be diagnosed. (topdoctorsindelhi.com)
  • In addition, no exact correlation exists between the severity of oligospermia (Table 1) and conception rates. (wellinghomeopathy.com)
  • That they have no real effect on oligospermia is a reason to that there are such many medications in use. (bionity.com)
  • One common sperm health problem that can reduce a couple's chances of getting pregnant is oligospermia, or low sperm count. (gettingpregnant.co.uk)
  • How common is oligospermia? (mcurefertility.com)
  • It found no significant relation between oligospermia and being underweight. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the cause is unknown, maintaining healthy lifestyle habits like eating a balanced diet, abstaining from drugs and alcohol, and protecting yourself from hazardous substances found in the environment or at work is the best treatment for oligospermia. (edu.ng)
  • Environmental factors, such as exposure to herbicides and pesticides, can also cause oligospermia, as these toxins have been linked to the overheating of the testicles, as have such practices as wearing tight underwear and using a hot tub. (gettingpregnant.co.uk)
  • Oligospermia is a term that means you have a low sperm count. (mcurefertility.com)
  • Oligospermia means that you do have a measurable amount of sperm in your semen, but the numbers are lower than the typical numbers. (mcurefertility.com)