Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).
A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.
An experimental animal model for the demyelinating disease of GUILLAINE-BARRE SYNDROME. In the most frequently used protocol, animals are injected with a peripheral nerve tissue protein homogenate. After approximately 2 weeks the animals develop a neuropathy secondary to a T cell-mediated autoimmune response directed towards the MYELIN P2 PROTEIN in peripheral nerves. Pathologic findings include a perivascular accumulation of macrophages and T lymphocytes in the peripheral nervous system, similar to that seen in the Guillaine-Barre syndrome. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1314; J Neuroimmunol 1998 Apr 1;84(1):40-52)
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)
The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve.
The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Idiopathic inflammation of the VESTIBULAR NERVE, characterized clinically by the acute or subacute onset of VERTIGO; NAUSEA; and imbalance. The COCHLEAR NERVE is typically spared and HEARING LOSS and TINNITUS do not usually occur. Symptoms usually resolve over a period of days to weeks. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p304)
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.
Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.
Aquaporin 4 is the major water-selective channel in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM of mammals.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.
The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes.
Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)
Type of vision test used to determine COLOR VISION DEFECTS.
Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)
The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.
Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.
A syndrome associated with inflammation of the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Clinical features include severe pain in the shoulder region which may be accompanied by MUSCLE WEAKNESS and loss of sensation in the upper extremity. This condition may be associated with VIRUS DISEASES; IMMUNIZATION; SURGERY; heroin use (see HEROIN DEPENDENCE); and other conditions. The term brachial neuralgia generally refers to pain associated with brachial plexus injury. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1355-6)
Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue.
Inflammation of a transverse portion of the spinal cord characterized by acute or subacute segmental demyelination or necrosis. The condition may occur sporadically, follow an infection or vaccination, or present as a paraneoplastic syndrome (see also ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED). Clinical manifestations include motor weakness, sensory loss, and incontinence. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1242-6)
Injuries to the optic nerve induced by a trauma to the face or head. These may occur with closed or penetrating injuries. Relatively minor compression of the superior aspect of orbit may also result in trauma to the optic nerve. Clinical manifestations may include visual loss, PAPILLEDEMA, and an afferent pupillary defect.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
Constriction of the pupil in response to light stimulation of the retina. It refers also to any reflex involving the iris, with resultant alteration of the diameter of the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
An experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. Inoculation with a white matter emulsion combined with FREUND'S ADJUVANT, myelin basic protein, or purified central myelin triggers a T cell-mediated immune response directed towards central myelin. The pathologic features are similar to MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, including perivascular and periventricular foci of inflammation and demyelination. Subpial demyelination underlying meningeal infiltrations also occurs, which is also a feature of ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED. Passive immunization with T-cells from an afflicted animal to a normal animal also induces this condition. (From Immunol Res 1998;17(1-2):217-27; Raine CS, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p604-5)
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Method of measuring and mapping the scope of vision, from central to peripheral of each eye.
A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
A transmembrane protein present in the MYELIN SHEATH of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. It is one of the main autoantigens implicated in the pathogenesis of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.
MYELIN-specific proteins that play a structural or regulatory role in the genesis and maintenance of the lamellar MYELIN SHEATH structure.
Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.
Inflammation of the spinal cord. Relatively common etiologies include infections; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; SPINAL CORD; and ischemia (see also SPINAL CORD VASCULAR DISEASES). Clinical features generally include weakness, sensory loss, localized pain, incontinence, and other signs of autonomic dysfunction.
Mental processing of chromatic signals (COLOR VISION) from the eye by the VISUAL CORTEX where they are converted into symbolic representations. Color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary.
Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.
Nerve cells of the RETINA in the pathway of transmitting light signals to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They include the outer layer of PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS, the intermediate layer of RETINAL BIPOLAR CELLS and AMACRINE CELLS, and the internal layer of RETINAL GANGLION CELLS.
In invertebrate zoology, a lateral lobe of the FOREBRAIN in certain ARTHROPODS. In vertebrate zoology, either of the corpora bigemina of non-mammalian VERTEBRATES. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1329)
STILBENES with AMIDINES attached.
Function of the human eye that is used in bright illumination or in daylight (at photopic intensities). Photopic vision is performed by the three types of RETINAL CONE PHOTORECEPTORS with varied peak absorption wavelengths in the color spectrum (from violet to red, 400 - 700 nm).
A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.
Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body.
The continuous visual field seen by a subject through space and time.
A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.
The lipid-rich sheath surrounding AXONS in both the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS and PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The myelin sheath is an electrical insulator and allows faster and more energetically efficient conduction of impulses. The sheath is formed by the cell membranes of glial cells (SCHWANN CELLS in the peripheral and OLIGODENDROGLIA in the central nervous system). Deterioration of the sheath in DEMYELINATING DISEASES is a serious clinical problem.

mtDNA haplogroup J: a contributing factor of optic neuritis. (1/359)

Optic neuritis frequently occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS), and shares several similarities with the optic neuritis of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), which is mainly due to maternally transmitted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. Our report shows for the first time that a mitochondrial DNA background could influence the clinical expression of MS. One European mtDNA haplogroup was found only in MS patients with optic neuritis but not in MS patients without visual symptoms. Therefore, we hypothesize that mtDNA haplogroup J might constitute a risk factor for optic neuritis occurrence when it is coincidentally associated with MS, but not be a risk factor for developing MS per se as suggested previously.  (+info)

Correlation between morphological and functional retinal impairment in multiple sclerosis patients. (2/359)

PURPOSE: To assess whether a correlation exists between optic nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness and the retinal or visual pathway function in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients previously affected by optic neuritis. METHODS: Fourteen patients with a diagnosis of definite MS were examined. All had been affected by optic neuritis (MSON) with complete recovery of visual acuity (14 eyes included in study). These were compared with 14 eyes from 14 age-matched control subjects. NFL thickness was measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Three different measurements in each quadrant (superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal) were taken and averaged. The data in all quadrants (12 values averaged) were identified as NFL Overall, whereas the data obtained in the temporal quadrant only (3 values averaged) were identified as NFL Temporal. Retinal and visual pathway function was assessed by simultaneously recording pattern electroretinograms (PERGs) and visual evoked potentials (VEPs) using high-contrast (80%) checkerboard stimuli subtending 15 minutes and 60 minutes of the visual arc (min arc) and reversed at the rate of two reversals per second. RESULTS: In MSON eyes there was a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in NFL thickness in both NFL Overall and NFL Temporal evaluations compared with the values observed in control eyes. PERG, (15-min arc checks) and VEP (15-min arc and 60-min arc checks), showed a significant (P < 0.01) delay in latency and reduction in amplitude. NFL Overall and NFL Temporal values were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) to the PERG P50 latency and P50 to N95 amplitude recorded with 15-min arc checks. No correlations (P > 0.01) between NFL values and the other electrophysiological data (PERG recorded with 60-min arc checks and VEP recorded with 15-min arc and 60-min arc checks) were found. CONCLUSIONS: There is a correlation between PERG changes and NFL thickness in MS patients previously affected by optic neuritis, but there is no correlation between VEP changes and NFL thickness.  (+info)

Lack of restriction of T cell receptor beta variable gene usage in cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytes in acute optic neuritis. (3/359)

OBJECTIVES: There have been many studies reporting restricted patterns of T cell receptor usage in established multiple sclerosis and these have led to clinical trials of immunomodulation directed at deleting clonal T cell populations. The present study aims to test the hypothesis that highly restricted T cell populations are also present in the CSF in the earliest clinical stages of acute demyelinating disease of the CNS. METHODS: T cell receptor Vbeta (TCRBV) gene expression was studied in CSF and blood in nine patients with acute optic neuritis within 7 days of onset of symptoms, six patients with an acute relapse of multiple sclerosis, and 13 control subjects. RNA was extracted and cDNA synthesised from unstimulated CSF and blood lymphocytes, and TCRBV gene segments were amplified from the cDNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 21 family specific primers. PCR products were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and detected via a labelled oligonucleotide probe. A semiquantitative analysis of band intensity was performed by laser densitometry. RESULTS: TCRBV mRNA was detected in the CSF of eight of nine patients with optic neuritis, six of six patients with multiple sclerosis, and five of 13 controls, and was closely correlated with the presence of oligoclonal IgG. Usage of a single TCRBV family was demonstrated in two of nine patients with optic neuritis and two of six patients with multiple sclerosis. The number of TCRBV families expressed in the other patients ranged between 5 and 15 (optic neuritis) and 4 and 17 (multiple sclerosis). CONCLUSIONS: There is a relative lack of restriction of TCRBV usage by CSF lymphocytes in the very earliest stages (<7 days) of acute optic neuritis. This may imply either that multiple sclerosis is not a monoclonal disease even at onset, or that the autoimmune response has widened before the disease becomes clinically evident. This may have important consequences for the design of immune therapies in multiple sclerosis. Further studies are required to determine whether the CSF T cell repertoire at presentation has prognostic importance. Longitudinal studies are required to follow the CSF T cell repertoire from the time of presentation and to determine whether it may have prognostic significance.  (+info)

Demonstration of Bartonella grahamii DNA in ocular fluids of a patient with neuroretinitis. (4/359)

We describe the clinical and laboratory features of a 55-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-negative female patient who presented with bilateral intraocular inflammatory disease (neuroretinitis type) and behavioral changes caused by a Bartonella grahamii infection. Diagnosis was based on the PCR analysis of DNA extracted from the intraocular fluids. DNA analysis of the PCR product revealed a 100% identity with the 16S rRNA gene sequence of B. grahamii. The patient was successfully treated with doxycycline (200 mg/day) and rifampin (600 mg/day) for 4 weeks. This is the first report that demonstrates the presence of a Bartonella species in the intraocular fluids of a nonimmunocompromised patient and that indicates that B. grahamii is pathogenic for humans.  (+info)

Combined fat- and water-suppressed MR imaging of orbital tumors. (5/359)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The use of a high-resolution T2-weighted MR sequence, which suppresses signal from both fat and water, has been shown to be highly effective for depicting areas of inflammatory damage within the optic nerve. The ability of this sequence to show neoplastic and inflammatory orbital lesions, which may mimic neuritis, is unknown. This study was designed to examine the characteristics of such a sequence for the investigation of orbital mass lesions. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with known or suspected mass lesions of the orbit and six healthy volunteers were recruited for study. Imaging was performed with a 1.5-T MR unit. Participants were examined by selective partial inversion recovery (SPIR) sequences with T2-weighted fast spin-echo acquisition, selective partial inversion recovery/fluid attenuated inversion recovery (SPIR/FLAIR) sequences with fast spin-echo acquisition, short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences with fast spin-echo acquisition, and SPIR sequences with contrast-enhanced T1-weighted fast spin-echo acquisition. Two neuroradiologists, using a randomised, blinded method, scored images for lesion presence and extent. Lesion extent was defined as the number of images with visible abnormality, and was compared with the standard of reference established at a later date by consensus review of all imaging sequences. The ability of the sequences to show the presence and extent of pathologic lesions was compared. RESULTS: The SPIR/FLAIR sequence showed both the presence and extent of orbital masses significantly better than did either STIR or T2-weighted SPIR sequences (P<.01 and P<.001, respectively). Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted SPIR images ranked better than SPIR/FLAIR images, although the difference failed to reach statistical significance. In the orbital apex, the SPIR/FLAIR technique was superior to all other techniques used. This reflected its ability to distinguish enhancing, pathologic lesions from enhancing, normal anatomy. CONCLUSION: SPIR/FLAIR is an appropriate screening technique for orbital masses and offers significant advantages over currently used fat-suppressed sequences for the investigation of orbital disease.  (+info)

Multiple sclerosis: the disease and its manifestations. (6/359)

Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system clinically characterized by relapses and remissions of neurological disturbance. A typical relapse, exemplified by optic neuritis, increases in severity over a week or two and after approximately one month begins to remit. Resolution takes place over the course of two to three months. In the early stages, clinical recovery is virtually complete, though persistent abnormalities of conduction can usually be detected by evoked potential techniques and persistent structural abnormalities can be detected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These techniques, together with cerebrospinal fluid examination for oligoclonal IgG, provide supporting evidence for the diagnosis which, in the absence of a specific test, nevertheless remains primarily clinical. The course of the disease is very variable, but after a number of years neurological deficit begins to accumulate after each relapse. In most patients, the relapsing and remitting phase of the disease is followed by a phase of continuous progression of disability. Cognitive disturbances can be detected in many patients even quite early in the course of the illness. Deficits in attention, memory and executive skills may be prominent and tend to become increasingly prominent as neurological deficit increases, although this is not always the case. There is some correlation between the extent of MRI abnormalities in the cerebral white matter and the severity of cognitive deficit. Depression and anxiety are commonly experienced but are poorly correlated to the lesion load seen on MRI. In contrast, the much rarer psychotic symptoms, euphoria and emotional lability are closely linked to the severity of white matter disease.  (+info)

Response variability in the visual field: comparison of optic neuritis, glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and normal eyes. (7/359)

PURPOSE: To compare the relationship between sensitivity and response variability in the visual field of normal eyes and eyes with optic neuritis (ON), glaucoma (POAG), and ocular hypertension (OHT). METHODS: Frequency-of-seeing (FOS) data were collected from four visual field locations in one eye of 71 subjects (12 ON, 25 POAG, 11 OHT, and 23 normal), using a constant stimulus method on an Henson 4000 perimeter (Tinsley Instruments, Croydon, UK). At each location, at least 20 stimuli (subtending 0.5 degrees) were presented for 200 ms at six or more intensities above and below the estimated threshold. The mean and SD of the probit fitted cumulative Normal function were used to estimate sensitivity and response variability. Cluster regression analysis was carried out to determine whether there were differences in the sensitivity-log (variability) relationship between the four groups. RESULTS: Variability was found to increase with decreased sensitivity for all four groups. The combined data from the four groups was well represented (R2 = 0.57) by the function log(e)(SD) = A.sensitivity (dB) + B, where the constants A and B were -0.081 (SE, +/-0.005) and 3.27 (SE, +/-0.15), respectively. Including other statistically significant covariates (false-negative errors, P = 0.004) and factors (diagnosis, P = 0.005) into the model increased the proportion of explained variance to 62% (R2 = 0.62). Stimulus eccentricity (P = 0.34), patient age (P = 0.33), fixation loss rate (P = 0.10), and false-positive rate (P = 0.66) did not reach statistical significance as additional predictors of response variability. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between response variability and sensitivity is similar for ON, POAG, OHT, and normal eyes. These results provide supporting evidence for the hypothesis that response variability is dependent on functional ganglion cell density.  (+info)

Recovery from optic neuritis is associated with a change in the distribution of cerebral response to visual stimulation: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. (8/359)

OBJECTIVES: Recovery to normal or near normal visual acuity is usual after acute demyelinating optic neuritis, despite the frequent persistence of conduction abnormalities as evidenced by the visual evoked potential (VEP). This raises the possibility that cortical adaptation to a persistently abnormal input contributes to the recovery process. The objective of this study was to investigate the pattern of cerebral response to a simple visual stimulus in recovered patients in comparison to normal subjects. METHODS: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to study the brain activation pattern induced by a periodic monocular 8Hz photic stimulus in seven patients who had recovered from a single episode of acute unilateral optic neuritis, and in seven normal controls. VEPs and structural optic nerve MRI were performed on patients. RESULTS: Stimulation of either eye in controls activated only the occipital visual cortex. However, in patients, stimulation of the recovered eye also induced extensive activation in other areas including the insula-claustrum, lateral temporal and posterior parietal cortices, and thalamus; stimulation of the clinically unaffected eye activated visual cortex and right insula-claustrum only. The volume of extraoccipital activation in patients was strongly correlated with VEP latency (r = 0.71, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The extraoccipital areas that were activated in patients all have extensive visual connections, and some have been proposed as sites of multimodal sensory integration. The results indicate a functional reorganisation of the cerebral response to simple visual stimuli after optic neuritis that may represent an adaptive response to a persistently abnormal input. Whether this is a necessary part of the recovery process remains to be determined.  (+info)

Optic neuritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various symptoms such as vision loss, pain with eye movement, color vision disturbances, and pupillary abnormalities. Optic neuritis may occur in isolation or be associated with other underlying medical conditions, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and autoimmune disorders. The diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, dilated funduscopic examination, and possibly imaging studies like MRI to evaluate the optic nerve and brain. Treatment options may include corticosteroids or other immunomodulatory therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the optic nerve.

Neuritis is a general term that refers to inflammation of a nerve or nerves, often causing pain, loss of function, and/or sensory changes. It can affect any part of the nervous system, including the peripheral nerves (those outside the brain and spinal cord) or the cranial nerves (those that serve the head and neck). Neuritis may result from various causes, such as infections, autoimmune disorders, trauma, toxins, or metabolic conditions. The specific symptoms and treatment depend on the underlying cause and the affected nerve(s).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Autoimmune Experimental Neuritis" is not a widely recognized medical term or diagnosis. It seems that this term might be referring to a specific experimental model used in research to study autoimmune neuritis.

Neuritis generally refers to inflammation of a nerve or nerves, which can cause symptoms such as pain, tingling, numbness, or weakness. Autoimmune neuritis is a condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves, leading to these symptoms.

In research settings, an "experimental" model refers to a controlled study in a laboratory setting, often using animals, to investigate a particular medical condition or test new treatments. Therefore, "Autoimmune Experimental Neuritis" might refer to a specific animal model used to study the mechanisms and potential treatments of autoimmune neuritis.

However, without more context, it's difficult to provide a precise definition. If you have more information about where you encountered this term or its intended meaning, I would be happy to help further!

The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), also known as Devic's disease, is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS). It primarily causes inflammation and damage to the optic nerves (which transmit visual signals from the eye to the brain) and the spinal cord. This results in optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve, causing vision loss) and myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord, leading to motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction).

A key feature of NMO is the presence of autoantibodies against aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG), a water channel protein found in astrocytes (a type of glial cell) in the CNS. These antibodies play a crucial role in the development of the disease, as they target and damage the AQP4 proteins, leading to inflammation, demyelination (loss of the protective myelin sheath around nerve fibers), and subsequent neurological dysfunction.

NMO is distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS), another autoimmune disorder affecting the CNS, as it has different clinical features, radiological findings, and treatment responses. However, NMO can sometimes be misdiagnosed as MS due to overlapping symptoms in some cases. Accurate diagnosis of NMO is essential for appropriate management and treatment, which often includes immunosuppressive therapies to control the autoimmune response and prevent further damage to the nervous system.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers, called myelin, leading to damage and scarring (sclerosis). This results in disrupted communication between the brain and the rest of the body, causing a variety of neurological symptoms that can vary widely from person to person.

The term "multiple" refers to the numerous areas of scarring that occur throughout the CNS in this condition. The progression, severity, and specific symptoms of MS are unpredictable and may include vision problems, muscle weakness, numbness or tingling, difficulty with balance and coordination, cognitive impairment, and mood changes. There is currently no cure for MS, but various treatments can help manage symptoms, modify the course of the disease, and improve quality of life for those affected.

The optic disk, also known as the optic nerve head, is the point where the optic nerve fibers exit the eye and transmit visual information to the brain. It appears as a pale, circular area in the back of the eye, near the center of the retina. The optic disk has no photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), so it is insensitive to light. It is an important structure to observe during eye examinations because changes in its appearance can indicate various ocular diseases or conditions, such as glaucoma, optic neuritis, or papilledema.

Evoked potentials, visual, also known as visually evoked potentials (VEPs), are electrical responses recorded from the brain following the presentation of a visual stimulus. These responses are typically measured using electroencephalography (EEG) and can provide information about the functioning of the visual pathways in the brain.

There are several types of VEPs, including pattern-reversal VEPs and flash VEPs. Pattern-reversal VEPs are elicited by presenting alternating checkerboard patterns, while flash VEPs are elicited by flashing a light. The responses are typically analyzed in terms of their latency (the time it takes for the response to occur) and amplitude (the size of the response).

VEPs are often used in clinical settings to help diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the visual system, such as multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, and brainstem tumors. They can also be used in research to study the neural mechanisms underlying visual perception.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

Vestibular neuronitis, also known as vestibular neuritis, is a medical condition that affects the inner ear's vestibular system. It is characterized by sudden and severe vertigo (a spinning sensation), nausea, vomiting, and unsteadiness, typically lasting for several days to weeks.

The condition results from an inflammation of the vestibular nerve, which carries information about balance and motion from the inner ear to the brain. The exact cause of the inflammation is not always clear, but it is thought to be due to a viral infection or an autoimmune response.

Vestibular neuronitis is differentiated from labyrinthitis, another inner ear disorder, by the absence of hearing loss in vestibular neuronitis. In labyrinthitis, there may be hearing loss as well as vertigo and balance problems. Treatment for vestibular neuronitis typically involves medication to manage symptoms such as nausea and vertigo, along with physical therapy exercises to help retrain the brain to maintain balance.

Optic atrophy is a medical term that refers to the degeneration and shrinkage (atrophy) of the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various vision abnormalities, including loss of visual acuity, color vision deficiencies, and peripheral vision loss.

Optic atrophy can occur due to a variety of causes, such as:

* Traumatic injuries to the eye or optic nerve
* Glaucoma
* Optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve)
* Ischemic optic neuropathy (reduced blood flow to the optic nerve)
* Compression or swelling of the optic nerve
* Hereditary or congenital conditions affecting the optic nerve
* Toxins and certain medications that can damage the optic nerve.

The diagnosis of optic atrophy typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, refraction assessment, slit-lamp examination, and dilated funduscopic examination to evaluate the health of the optic nerve. In some cases, additional diagnostic tests such as visual field testing, optical coherence tomography (OCT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis and determine the underlying cause.

There is no specific treatment for optic atrophy, but addressing the underlying cause can help prevent further damage to the optic nerve. In some cases, vision rehabilitation may be recommended to help patients adapt to their visual impairment.

Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) are a type of neuron located in the innermost layer of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. These cells receive visual information from photoreceptors (rods and cones) via intermediate cells called bipolar cells. RGCs then send this visual information through their long axons to form the optic nerve, which transmits the signals to the brain for processing and interpretation as vision.

There are several types of RGCs, each with distinct morphological and functional characteristics. Some RGCs are specialized in detecting specific features of the visual scene, such as motion, contrast, color, or brightness. The diversity of RGCs allows for a rich and complex representation of the visual world in the brain.

Damage to RGCs can lead to various visual impairments, including loss of vision, reduced visual acuity, and altered visual fields. Conditions associated with RGC damage or degeneration include glaucoma, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, and some inherited retinal diseases.

A scotoma is a blind spot or area of reduced vision within the visual field. It's often surrounded by an area of less distinct vision and can be caused by various conditions such as eye diseases, neurological disorders, or brain injuries. A scotoma may be temporary or permanent, depending on its underlying cause.

There are different types of scotomas, including:

1. Central scotoma - a blind spot in the center of the visual field, often associated with conditions like age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy.
2. Paracentral scotoma - a blind spot located slightly away from the center of the visual field, which can be caused by optic neuritis or other optic nerve disorders.
3. Peripheral scotoma - a blind spot in the peripheral vision, often associated with retinal diseases like retinitis pigmentosa.
4. Absolute scotoma - a complete loss of vision in a specific area of the visual field.
5. Relative scotoma - a partial loss of vision in which some details can still be perceived, but not as clearly or vividly as in normal vision.

It is essential to consult an eye care professional if you experience any changes in your vision or notice a scotoma, as early detection and treatment can help prevent further vision loss.

Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is a water channel protein that is primarily found in the membranes of astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell in the central nervous system. AQP4 plays a crucial role in the regulation of water homeostasis and the clearance of excess fluid from the brain and spinal cord. It also facilitates the rapid movement of water across the blood-brain barrier and between astrocytes, which is important for maintaining proper neuronal function and protecting the brain from edema or swelling.

Mutations in the AQP4 gene can lead to various neurological disorders, such as neurodegenerative diseases and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), a severe autoimmune condition that affects the optic nerves and spinal cord. In NMOSD, the immune system mistakenly attacks AQP4 proteins, causing inflammation, demyelination, and damage to the nervous tissue.

Vision disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the visual system and result in various symptoms, such as blurry vision, double vision, distorted vision, impaired depth perception, and difficulty with visual tracking or focusing. These disorders can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, resulting in blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes or walleye, strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes where they point in different directions, which can lead to double vision or loss of depth perception.
3. Amblyopia: Often called lazy eye, amblyopia is a condition where one eye has reduced vision due to lack of proper visual development during childhood. It may be caused by strabismus, refractive errors, or other factors that interfere with normal visual development.
4. Accommodative disorders: These involve problems with the focusing ability of the eyes, such as convergence insufficiency (difficulty focusing on close objects) and accommodative dysfunction (inability to maintain clear vision at different distances).
5. Binocular vision disorders: These affect how the eyes work together as a team, leading to issues like poor depth perception, eye strain, and headaches. Examples include convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and suppression.
6. Ocular motility disorders: These involve problems with eye movement, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), strabismus, or restricted extraocular muscle function.
7. Visual processing disorders: These affect the brain's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information, even when the eyes themselves are healthy. Symptoms may include difficulty with reading, recognizing shapes and objects, and understanding spatial relationships.
8. Low vision: This term refers to significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. It includes conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts.
9. Blindness: Complete loss of sight in both eyes, which can be caused by various factors such as injury, disease, or genetic conditions.

Methylprednisolone is a synthetic glucocorticoid drug, which is a class of hormones that naturally occur in the body and are produced by the adrenal gland. It is often used to treat various medical conditions such as inflammation, allergies, and autoimmune disorders. Methylprednisolone works by reducing the activity of the immune system, which helps to reduce symptoms such as swelling, pain, and redness.

Methylprednisolone is available in several forms, including tablets, oral suspension, and injectable solutions. It may be used for short-term or long-term treatment, depending on the condition being treated. Common side effects of methylprednisolone include increased appetite, weight gain, insomnia, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections. Long-term use of methylprednisolone can lead to more serious side effects such as osteoporosis, cataracts, and adrenal suppression.

It is important to note that methylprednisolone should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can cause serious side effects if not used properly. The dosage and duration of treatment will depend on various factors such as the patient's age, weight, medical history, and the condition being treated.

The optic chiasm is a structure in the brain where the optic nerves from each eye meet and cross. This allows for the integration of visual information from both eyes into the brain's visual cortex, creating a single, combined image of the visual world. The optic chiasm plays an important role in the processing of visual information and helps to facilitate depth perception and other complex visual tasks. Damage to the optic chiasm can result in various visual field deficits, such as bitemporal hemianopsia, where there is a loss of vision in the outer halves (temporal fields) of both eyes' visual fields.

Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) is a medical condition that refers to the damage or death of the optic nerve due to insufficient blood supply. The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain.

In ION, the blood vessels that supply the optic nerve become blocked or narrowed, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the nerve fibers. This results in inflammation, swelling, and ultimately, damage to the optic nerve. The damage can cause sudden, painless vision loss, often noticed upon waking up in the morning.

There are two types of ION: anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION). AION affects the front part of the optic nerve, while PION affects the back part of the nerve. AION is further classified into arteritic and non-arteritic types, depending on whether it is caused by giant cell arteritis or not.

Risk factors for ION include age (most commonly occurring in people over 50), hypertension, diabetes, smoking, sleep apnea, and other cardiovascular diseases. Treatment options depend on the type and cause of ION and may include controlling underlying medical conditions, administering corticosteroids, or undergoing surgical procedures to improve blood flow.

Color perception tests are a type of examination used to evaluate an individual's ability to perceive and distinguish different colors. These tests typically consist of a series of plates or images that contain various patterns or shapes displayed in different colors. The person being tested is then asked to identify or match the colors based on specific instructions.

There are several types of color perception tests, including:

1. Ishihara Test: This is a commonly used test for red-green color deficiency. It consists of a series of plates with circles made up of dots in different sizes and colors. Within these circles, there may be a number or symbol visible only to those with normal color vision or to those with specific types of color blindness.
2. Farnsworth D-15 Test: This test measures an individual's ability to arrange colored caps in a specific order based on their hue. It is often used to diagnose and monitor the progression of color vision deficiencies.
3. Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) Test: This is another type of color arrangement test that measures an individual's ability to distinguish between different colors based on their hue, saturation, and brightness.
4. Color Discrimination Tests: These tests measure an individual's ability to distinguish between two similar colors that are presented side by side or in close proximity.
5. Anomaloscope Test: This is a more sophisticated test that measures the degree of color vision deficiency by asking the person to match the brightness and hue of two lights.

Color perception tests are often used in occupational settings, such as aviation, military, and manufacturing, where color discrimination is critical for safety and performance. They may also be used in educational and clinical settings to diagnose and monitor color vision deficiencies.

Papilledema is a medical term that refers to swelling of the optic nerve head, also known as the disc, which is the point where the optic nerve enters the back of the eye (the retina). This swelling can be caused by increased pressure within the skull, such as from brain tumors, meningitis, or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Papilledema is usually detected through a routine eye examination and may be accompanied by symptoms such as headaches, visual disturbances, and nausea. If left untreated, papilledema can lead to permanent vision loss.

Visual fields refer to the total area in which objects can be seen while keeping the eyes focused on a central point. It is the entire area that can be observed using peripheral (side) vision while the eye gazes at a fixed point. A visual field test is used to detect blind spots or gaps (scotomas) in a person's vision, which could indicate various medical conditions such as glaucoma, retinal damage, optic nerve disease, brain tumors, or strokes. The test measures both the central and peripheral vision and maps the entire area that can be seen when focusing on a single point.

Demyelinating diseases are a group of disorders that are characterized by damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering surrounding nerve fibers in the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. Myelin is essential for the rapid transmission of nerve impulses, and its damage results in disrupted communication between the brain and other parts of the body.

The most common demyelinating disease is multiple sclerosis (MS), where the immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin sheath. Other demyelinating diseases include:

1. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM): An autoimmune disorder that typically follows a viral infection or vaccination, causing widespread inflammation and demyelination in the brain and spinal cord.
2. Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) or Devic's Disease: A rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord, leading to severe vision loss and motor disability.
3. Transverse Myelitis: Inflammation of the spinal cord causing damage to both sides of one level (segment) of the spinal cord, resulting in various neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, or pain, depending on which part of the spinal cord is affected.
4. Guillain-Barré Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that causes rapid-onset muscle weakness, often beginning in the legs and spreading to the upper body, including the face and breathing muscles. It occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nerves' myelin sheath.
5. Central Pontine Myelinolysis (CPM): A rare neurological disorder caused by rapid shifts in sodium levels in the blood, leading to damage to the myelin sheath in a specific area of the brainstem called the pons.

These diseases can result in various symptoms, such as muscle weakness, numbness, vision loss, difficulty with balance and coordination, and cognitive impairment, depending on the location and extent of the demyelination. Treatment typically focuses on managing symptoms, modifying the immune system's response, and promoting nerve regeneration and remyelination when possible.

Brachial plexus neuritis, also known as Parsonage-Turner syndrome or neuralgic amyotrophy, is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck and travels down the arm, controlling movement and sensation in the shoulder, arm, and hand.

In Brachial plexus neuritis, the insulating covering of the nerves (myelin sheath) is damaged or destroyed, leading to impaired nerve function. The exact cause of this condition is not fully understood, but it can be associated with viral infections, trauma, surgery, or immunological disorders.

Symptoms of Brachial plexus neuritis may include sudden onset of severe pain in the shoulder and arm, followed by weakness or paralysis of the affected muscles. There may also be numbness, tingling, or loss of sensation in the affected areas. In some cases, recovery can occur spontaneously within a few months, while others may experience persistent weakness or disability. Treatment typically involves pain management, physical therapy, and in some cases, corticosteroids or other medications to reduce inflammation.

Color vision defects, also known as color blindness, are conditions in which a person has difficulty distinguishing between certain colors. The most common types of color vision defects involve the inability to distinguish between red and green or blue and yellow. These deficiencies result from an alteration or absence of one or more of the three types of cone cells in the retina that are responsible for normal color vision.

In red-green color vision defects, there is a problem with either the red or green cones, or both. This results in difficulty distinguishing between these two colors and their shades. Protanopia is a type of red-green color vision defect where there is an absence of red cone cells, making it difficult to distinguish between red and green as well as between red and black or green and black. Deuteranopia is another type of red-green color vision defect where there is an absence of green cone cells, resulting in similar difficulties distinguishing between red and green, as well as between blue and yellow.

Blue-yellow color vision defects are less common than red-green color vision defects. Tritanopia is a type of blue-yellow color vision defect where there is an absence of blue cone cells, making it difficult to distinguish between blue and yellow, as well as between blue and purple or yellow and pink.

Color vision defects are usually inherited and present from birth, but they can also result from eye diseases, chemical exposure, aging, or medication side effects. They affect both men and women, although red-green color vision defects are more common in men than in women. People with color vision defects may have difficulty with tasks that require color discrimination, such as matching clothes, selecting ripe fruit, reading colored maps, or identifying warning signals. However, most people with mild to moderate color vision defects can adapt and function well in daily life.

Transverse Myelitis is a neurological disorder that involves inflammation of the spinal cord, leading to damage in both sides of the cord. This results in varying degrees of motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction, typically defined by the level of the spine that's affected. Symptoms may include a sudden onset of lower back pain, muscle weakness, paraesthesia or loss of sensation, and bowel/bladder dysfunction. The exact cause is often unknown but can be associated with infections, autoimmune disorders, or other underlying conditions.

Optic nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the optic nerve, which is a crucial component of the visual system. The optic nerve transmits visual information from the retina to the brain, enabling us to see. Injuries to the optic nerve can result in various visual impairments, including partial or complete vision loss, decreased visual acuity, changes in color perception, and reduced field of view.

These injuries may occur due to several reasons, such as:

1. Direct trauma to the eye or head
2. Increased pressure inside the eye (glaucoma)
3. Optic neuritis, an inflammation of the optic nerve
4. Ischemia, or insufficient blood supply to the optic nerve
5. Compression from tumors or other space-occupying lesions
6. Intrinsic degenerative conditions affecting the optic nerve
7. Toxic exposure to certain chemicals or medications

Optic nerve injuries are diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, slit-lamp examination, dilated fundus exam, and additional diagnostic tests like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and visual field testing. Treatment options vary depending on the cause and severity of the injury but may include medications, surgery, or vision rehabilitation.

Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses low-coherence light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues, particularly the retina and other ocular structures. OCT works by measuring the echo time delay of light scattered back from different depths within the tissue, creating a detailed map of the tissue's structure. This technique is widely used in ophthalmology to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.

A pupillary reflex is a type of reflex that involves the constriction or dilation of the pupils in response to changes in light or near vision. It is mediated by the optic and oculomotor nerves. The pupillary reflex helps regulate the amount of light that enters the eye, improving visual acuity and protecting the retina from excessive light exposure.

In a clinical setting, the pupillary reflex is often assessed as part of a neurological examination. A normal pupillary reflex consists of both direct and consensual responses. The direct response occurs when light is shone into one eye and the pupil of that same eye constricts. The consensual response occurs when light is shone into one eye, causing the pupil of the other eye to also constrict.

Abnormalities in the pupillary reflex can indicate various neurological conditions, such as brainstem injuries or diseases affecting the optic or oculomotor nerves.

Autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model of inflammatory demyelinating disease used in medical research to study the mechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS) and develop new therapies. It is experimentally induced in laboratory animals, typically mice or rats, through immunization with myelin antigens or T-cell transfer. The resulting immune response leads to inflammation, demyelination, and neurological dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS), mimicking certain aspects of MS.

EAE is a valuable tool for understanding the pathogenesis of MS and testing potential treatments. However, it is essential to recognize that EAE is an experimental model and may not fully recapitulate all features of human autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrates and some cephalopods. It receives light that has been focused by the cornea and lens, converts it into neural signals, and sends these to the brain via the optic nerve. The retina contains several types of photoreceptor cells including rods (which handle vision in low light) and cones (which are active in bright light and are capable of color vision).

In medical terms, any pathological changes or diseases affecting the retinal structure and function can lead to visual impairment or blindness. Examples include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa among others.

A visual field test is a method used to measure an individual's entire scope of vision, which includes what can be seen straight ahead and in peripheral (or side) vision. During the test, the person being tested is asked to focus on a central point while gradually identifying the appearance of objects moving into their peripheral vision. The visual field test helps detect blind spots (scotomas) or gaps in the visual field, which can be caused by various conditions such as glaucoma, brain injury, optic nerve damage, or retinal disorders. It's an essential tool for diagnosing and monitoring eye-related diseases and conditions.

Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and disorders of the eye and visual system. It is a surgical specialty, and ophthalmologists are medical doctors who complete additional years of training to become experts in eye care. They are qualified to perform eye exams, diagnose and treat eye diseases, prescribe glasses and contact lenses, and perform eye surgery. Some subspecialties within ophthalmology include cornea and external disease, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric ophthalmology, retina and vitreous, and oculoplastics.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) is a protein found exclusively on the outermost layer of myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS). The myelin sheath is a fatty substance that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers, allowing for efficient and rapid transmission of electrical signals. MOG plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and structure of the myelin sheath. It is involved in the adhesion of oligodendrocytes to the surface of neuronal axons and contributes to the stability of the compact myelin structure. Autoimmune reactions against MOG have been implicated in certain inflammatory demyelinating diseases, such as optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM).

Myelin proteins are proteins that are found in the myelin sheath, which is a fatty (lipid-rich) substance that surrounds and insulates nerve fibers (axons) in the nervous system. The myelin sheath enables the rapid transmission of electrical signals (nerve impulses) along the axons, allowing for efficient communication between different parts of the nervous system.

There are several types of myelin proteins, including:

1. Proteolipid protein (PLP): This is the most abundant protein in the myelin sheath and plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of the myelin sheath.
2. Myelin basic protein (MBP): This protein is also found in the myelin sheath and helps to stabilize the compact structure of the myelin sheath.
3. Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG): This protein is involved in the adhesion of the myelin sheath to the axon and helps to maintain the integrity of the myelin sheath.
4. 2'3'-cyclic nucleotide 3' phosphodiesterase (CNP): This protein is found in oligodendrocytes, which are the cells that produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system. CNP plays a role in maintaining the structure and function of the oligodendrocytes.

Damage to myelin proteins can lead to demyelination, which is a characteristic feature of several neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Ophthalmoscopy is a medical examination technique used by healthcare professionals to observe the interior structures of the eye, including the retina, optic disc, and vitreous humor. This procedure typically involves using an ophthalmoscope, a handheld device that consists of a light and magnifying lenses. The healthcare provider looks through the ophthalmoscope and directly observes the internal structures of the eye by illuminating them.

There are several types of ophthalmoscopy, including direct ophthalmoscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, and they may be used in different situations depending on the specific clinical situation and the information needed.

Ophthalmoscopy is an important diagnostic tool for detecting and monitoring a wide range of eye conditions, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and other retinal disorders. It can also provide valuable information about the overall health of the individual, as changes in the appearance of the retina or optic nerve may indicate the presence of systemic diseases such as hypertension or diabetes.

Myelitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the spinal cord. This inflammation can cause damage to the myelin sheath, which is the protective covering of nerve fibers in the spinal cord. As a result, the transmission of nerve impulses along the spinal cord may be disrupted, leading to various neurological symptoms.

Myelitis can affect any part of the spinal cord and can have many different causes, including infections (such as viral or bacterial infections), autoimmune disorders (such as multiple sclerosis), and other conditions (such as spinal cord injuries or tumors). The specific symptoms of myelitis depend on the location and severity of the inflammation. They may include muscle weakness, numbness or tingling sensations, pain, bladder or bowel dysfunction, and difficulty with coordination and balance.

Myelitis can be a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention and treatment. Treatment typically focuses on addressing the underlying cause of the inflammation, as well as managing symptoms and supporting recovery.

Color perception refers to the ability to detect, recognize, and differentiate various colors and color patterns in the visual field. This complex process involves the functioning of both the eyes and the brain.

The eye's retina contains two types of photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. Rods are more sensitive to light and dark changes and help us see in low-light conditions, but they do not contribute much to color vision. Cones, on the other hand, are responsible for color perception and function best in well-lit conditions.

There are three types of cone cells, each sensitive to a particular range of wavelengths corresponding to blue, green, and red colors. The combination of signals from these three types of cones allows us to perceive a wide spectrum of colors.

The brain then interprets these signals and translates them into the perception of different colors and hues. It is important to note that color perception can be influenced by various factors, including cultural background, personal experiences, and even language. Some individuals may also have deficiencies in color perception due to genetic or acquired conditions, such as color blindness or cataracts.

Visual pathways, also known as the visual system or the optic pathway, refer to the series of specialized neurons in the nervous system that transmit visual information from the eyes to the brain. This complex network includes the retina, optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, pulvinar, and the primary and secondary visual cortices located in the occipital lobe of the brain.

The process begins when light enters the eye and strikes the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina, converting the light energy into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to bipolar cells and subsequently to ganglion cells, whose axons form the optic nerve. The fibers from each eye's nasal hemiretina cross at the optic chiasma, while those from the temporal hemiretina continue without crossing. This results in the formation of the optic tract, which carries visual information from both eyes to the opposite side of the brain.

The majority of fibers in the optic tract synapse with neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a part of the thalamus. The LGN sends this information to the primary visual cortex, also known as V1 or Brodmann area 17, located in the occipital lobe. Here, simple features like lines and edges are initially processed. Further processing occurs in secondary (V2) and tertiary (V3-V5) visual cortices, where more complex features such as shape, motion, and depth are analyzed. Ultimately, this information is integrated to form our perception of the visual world.

Retinal neurons are the specialized nerve cells located in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inner surface of the eye. The retina converts incoming light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain and interpreted as visual images. There are several types of retinal neurons, including:

1. Photoreceptors (rods and cones): These are the primary sensory cells that convert light into electrical signals. Rods are responsible for low-light vision, while cones are responsible for color vision and fine detail.
2. Bipolar cells: These neurons receive input from photoreceptors and transmit signals to ganglion cells. They can be either ON or OFF bipolar cells, depending on whether they respond to an increase or decrease in light intensity.
3. Ganglion cells: These are the output neurons of the retina that send visual information to the brain via the optic nerve. There are several types of ganglion cells, including parasol, midget, and small bistratified cells, which have different functions in processing visual information.
4. Horizontal cells: These interneurons connect photoreceptors to each other and help regulate the sensitivity of the retina to light.
5. Amacrine cells: These interneurons connect bipolar cells to ganglion cells and play a role in modulating the signals that are transmitted to the brain.

Overall, retinal neurons work together to process visual information and transmit it to the brain for further analysis and interpretation.

The optic lobe in non-mammals refers to a specific region of the brain that is responsible for processing visual information. It is a part of the protocerebrum in the insect brain and is analogous to the mammalian visual cortex. The optic lobes receive input directly from the eyes via the optic nerves and are involved in the interpretation and integration of visual stimuli, enabling non-mammals to perceive and respond to their environment. In some invertebrates, like insects, the optic lobe is further divided into subregions, including the lamina, medulla, and lobula, each with distinct functions in visual processing.

Stilbamidines are a class of chemical compounds that are primarily used as veterinary medicines, specifically as parasiticides for the treatment and prevention of ectoparasites such as ticks and lice in livestock animals. Stilbamidines belong to the family of chemicals known as formamidines, which are known to have insecticidal and acaricidal properties.

The most common stilbamidine compound is chlorphentermine, which has been used as an appetite suppressant in human medicine. However, its use as a weight loss drug was discontinued due to its addictive properties and potential for serious side effects.

It's important to note that Stilbamidines are not approved for use in humans and should only be used under the supervision of a veterinarian for the intended purpose of treating and preventing ectoparasites in animals.

Color vision is the ability to perceive and differentiate colors, which is a result of the way that our eyes and brain process different wavelengths of light. In the eye, there are two types of photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. While rods are more sensitive to low levels of light and help us see in dim conditions, cones are responsible for color vision.

There are three types of cone cells in the human eye, each containing a different type of pigment that is sensitive to specific wavelengths of light. One type of cone cell is most sensitive to short wavelengths (blue light), another is most sensitive to medium wavelengths (green light), and the third is most sensitive to long wavelengths (red light). When light enters the eye, it is absorbed by these pigments in the cones, which then send signals to the brain. The brain interprets these signals and translates them into the perception of color.

People with normal color vision can distinguish between millions of different colors based on the specific combinations of wavelengths that are present in a given scene. However, some people have deficiencies or abnormalities in their color vision, which can make it difficult or impossible to distinguish between certain colors. These conditions are known as color vision deficiencies or color blindness.

Vision tests are a series of procedures used to assess various aspects of the visual system, including visual acuity, accommodation, convergence, divergence, stereopsis, color vision, and peripheral vision. These tests help healthcare professionals diagnose and manage vision disorders, such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, amblyopia, strabismus, and eye diseases like glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration. Common vision tests include:

1. Visual acuity test (Snellen chart or letter chart): Measures the sharpness of a person's vision at different distances.
2. Refraction test: Determines the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by assessing how light is bent as it passes through the eye.
3. Color vision test: Evaluates the ability to distinguish between different colors and color combinations, often using pseudoisochromatic plates or Ishihara tests.
4. Stereopsis test: Assesses depth perception and binocular vision by presenting separate images to each eye that, when combined, create a three-dimensional effect.
5. Cover test: Examines eye alignment and the presence of strabismus (crossed eyes or turned eyes) by covering and uncovering each eye while observing eye movements.
6. Ocular motility test: Assesses the ability to move the eyes in various directions and coordinate both eyes during tracking and convergence/divergence movements.
7. Accommodation test: Evaluates the ability to focus on objects at different distances by using lenses, prisms, or dynamic retinoscopy.
8. Pupillary response test: Examines the size and reaction of the pupils to light and near objects.
9. Visual field test: Measures the peripheral (side) vision using automated perimetry or manual confrontation techniques.
10. Slit-lamp examination: Inspects the structures of the front part of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, lens, and anterior chamber, using a specialized microscope.

These tests are typically performed by optometrists, ophthalmologists, or other vision care professionals during routine eye examinations or when visual symptoms are present.

An axon is a long, slender extension of a neuron (a type of nerve cell) that conducts electrical impulses (nerve impulses) away from the cell body to target cells, such as other neurons or muscle cells. Axons can vary in length from a few micrometers to over a meter long and are typically surrounded by a myelin sheath, which helps to insulate and protect the axon and allows for faster transmission of nerve impulses.

Axons play a critical role in the functioning of the nervous system, as they provide the means by which neurons communicate with one another and with other cells in the body. Damage to axons can result in serious neurological problems, such as those seen in spinal cord injuries or neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis.

Optic flow is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used in the field of visual perception and neuroscience. It refers to the pattern of motion of objects in the visual field that occurs as an observer moves through the environment. This pattern of motion is important for the perception of self-motion and the estimation of egocentric distance (the distance of objects in the environment relative to the observer). Optic flow has been studied in relation to various clinical populations, such as individuals with vestibular disorders or visual impairments, who may have difficulty processing optic flow information.

Neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of diseases and disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, and autonomic nervous system. Neurologists are medical doctors who specialize in this field, diagnosing and treating conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and various types of headaches and pain disorders. They use a variety of diagnostic tests, including imaging studies like MRI and CT scans, electrophysiological tests like EEG and EMG, and laboratory tests to evaluate nerve function and identify any underlying conditions or abnormalities. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, rehabilitation, or lifestyle modifications.

Diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology refer to the various methods and tests used by eye specialists (ophthalmologists) to examine, evaluate, and diagnose conditions related to the eyes and visual system. Here are some commonly used diagnostic techniques:

1. Visual Acuity Testing: This is a basic test to measure the sharpness of a person's vision. It typically involves reading letters or numbers from an eye chart at a specific distance.
2. Refraction Test: This test helps determine the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by measuring how light is bent as it passes through the cornea and lens.
3. Slit Lamp Examination: A slit lamp is a microscope that allows an ophthalmologist to examine the structures of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, and retina, in great detail.
4. Tonometry: This test measures the pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure) to detect conditions like glaucoma. Common methods include applanation tonometry and non-contact tonometry.
5. Retinal Imaging: Several techniques are used to capture images of the retina, including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These tests help diagnose conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachments.
6. Color Vision Testing: This test evaluates a person's ability to distinguish between different colors, which can help detect color vision deficiencies or neurological disorders affecting the visual pathway.
7. Visual Field Testing: This test measures a person's peripheral (or side) vision and can help diagnose conditions like glaucoma, optic nerve damage, or brain injuries.
8. Pupillary Reactions Tests: These tests evaluate how the pupils respond to light and near objects, which can provide information about the condition of the eye's internal structures and the nervous system.
9. Ocular Motility Testing: This test assesses eye movements and alignment, helping diagnose conditions like strabismus (crossed eyes) or nystagmus (involuntary eye movement).
10. Corneal Topography: This non-invasive imaging technique maps the curvature of the cornea, which can help detect irregularities, assess the fit of contact lenses, and plan refractive surgery procedures.

The myelin sheath is a multilayered, fatty substance that surrounds and insulates many nerve fibers in the nervous system. It is essential for the rapid transmission of electrical signals, or nerve impulses, along these nerve fibers, allowing for efficient communication between different parts of the body. The myelin sheath is produced by specialized cells called oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Damage to the myelin sheath, as seen in conditions like multiple sclerosis, can significantly impair nerve function and result in various neurological symptoms.

However, for optic neuritis that is not MS-associated (or atypical optic neuritis) the evidence is less clear and therefore the ... Up to 50% of patients with MS will develop an episode of optic neuritis, and 20-30% of the time optic neuritis is the ... frequently there is no abnormal appearance of the nerve head in optic neuritis (in cases of retrobulbar optic neuritis), though ... controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group". N. Engl. J. Med ...
"neuritis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Pau D, Al Zubidi N, Yalamanchili S, Plant GT, Lee AG (July 2011). "Optic neuritis". ... Optic neuritis is also commonly associated with periocular pain, phosphenes, and other visual disturbances. Treatment of acute ... Pau D, Al Zubidi N, Yalamanchili S, Plant GT, Lee AG (July 2011). "Optic neuritis". Eye. 25 (7): 833-42. doi:10.1038/eye. ... Pau D, Al Zubidi N, Yalamanchili S, Plant GT, Lee AG (July 2011). "Optic neuritis". Eye. 25 (7): 833-42. doi:10.1038/eye. ...
Patients with defined SLE that go on to develop optic neuritis should be better identified as lupus optic neuritis. AON was ... Autoimmune optic neuropathy (AON), sometimes called autoimmune optic neuritis, may be a forme fruste of systemic lupus ... Acute anterior or retrobulbar optic neuritis sometimes associated with pain. Anterior or retrobulbar ischemic optic neuropathy ... Unlike typical optic neuritis, there is no association with multiple sclerosis, but the visual prognosis for AON is worse than ...
Acute optic neuritis (AON) is a disease which involves damage within the nerve fibers and loss of myelin within the optic nerve ... One clinical trial studying the effects on BIIB033 on acute optic neuritis. Throughout the study, optic nerve conduction ... Clinical trial number NCT01721161 for "BIIB033 In Acute Optic Neuritis (AON) (RENEW)" at ClinicalTrials.gov "Anti-LINGO-1". ... Shams PN, Plant GT (Sep 2009). "Optic neuritis: a review". International MS Journal. 16 (3): 82-9. PMID 19878630. ...
Intractable vomiting, severe optic neuritis, or bilateral optic neuritis raises suspicion for neuromyelitis optica spectrum ... The long-term benefit is unclear in optic neuritis as of 2020. The consequences of severe attacks that do not respond to ... Petzold A, Braithwaite T, van Oosten BW (January 2020). "Case for a new corticosteroid treatment trial in optic neuritis: ... Charles Dickens, a keen observer, described possible bilateral optic neuritis with reduced contrast vision and Uhthoff ...
CPA has been associated rarely with retinal vascular disorder, retinal vein thrombosis, and optic neuritis. A case report of ... 60-. ISBN 978-1-4939-2456-1. Ní Mhéalóid Á, Cunniffe G (August 2017). "Optic neuritis secondary to antiandrogen therapy". Ir J ... Keilani C, Abada S (May 2017). "An uncommon case of symptomatic multiple meningiomas with bilateral compressive optic ...
Thomsen NJ (January 1963). "[Optic neuritis after treatment with Catran]". Ugeskrift for Laeger. 125: 138-9. PMID 13981222. v t ... Pheniprazine has been largely discontinued due to toxicity concerns such as jaundice, amblyopia, and optic neuritis. Hydrazine ...
Optic neuritis Optic neuropathy Kidd D, Burton B, Plant GT, Graham EM (February 2003). "Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic ... Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION) is a form of recurrent optic neuritis that is steroid responsive and ... CRION has been included as a subtype in a 2022 international consensus classification of optic neuritis. Treatment consists of ... Five diagnostic criteria had been proposed in 2014: History of optic neuritis with one relapse Objectively measured visual loss ...
I have posterior ischemic optic neuritis. The color drained from my right eye as the optic nerve died ... Understanding light ...
development of optic neuritis and atrophy. atrial fibrillation, cerebral infarction, acute myocardial infarction, Fisher's ... through a central action of apamin on the spinal cord and a peripheral action in the form of median and ulnar neuritis, causing ...
It is also common in retrobulbar optic neuritis due to multiple sclerosis but unreliable in bilateral optic neuritis. A total ... A Marcus Gunn pupil is seen, among other conditions, in unilateral optic neuritis. ... "Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis". The Lancet Neurology. 21 (12): 1120-1134. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00200-9. ... A second common cause of Marcus Gunn pupil is a contralateral optic tract lesion, due to the different contributions of the ...
Anninger WV, Lomeo MD, Dingle J, Epstein AD, Lubow M (2003). "West Nile virus-associated optic neuritis and chorioretinitis". ... optic neuritis and cardiac dysrhythmias and hemorrhagic fever with coagulopathy. Chorioretinitis may also be more common than ...
Optic neuritis* is inflammation of the optic nerves. In dogs this is most commonly caused by granulomatous meningoencephalitis ...
Cranial nerve palsies and optic neuritis are uncommon. The acute uveitic phase occurs a few days later and typically lasts for ... Chronic eye effects such as cataracts, glaucoma, and optic atrophy can occur. Skin changes usually persist despite therapy. VKH ... optic nerve hyperemia and papillitis, and multiple exudative bullous serous retinal detachments. The convalescent phase is ...
Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve. It is associated with a number of diseases, the most notable one being ... Optic nerve Optic nerve Human brain dura mater (reflections) Optic nerve Optic nerve Optic nerve Cerebrum.Inferior view.Deep ... By far, the three most common injuries to the optic nerve are from glaucoma; optic neuritis, especially in those younger than ... Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is commonly known as a "stroke of the optic nerve" and affects the optic nerve head (where ...
... is a specific type of optic neuritis. Inflammation of the optic nerve head is called "papillitis" or " ... "retrobulbar optic neuritis" or "orbital optic neuritis". It is often associated with substantial losses in visual fields, pain ... Retrobulbar neuritis, an inflamed optic nerve, but with a normal-appearing nerve head, is associated with pain and the other ... "intraocular optic neuritis"; inflammation of the orbital portion of the nerve is called " ...
"Movement phosphenes in optic neuritis: A new clinical sign". Neurology. 26 (11): 1100-1104. doi:10.1212/wnl.26.11.1100. PMID ... Phosphenes that are induced by movement or sound may be associated with optic neuritis. Phosphenes can be induced by mechanical ... Page, N.; Bolger, J.; Sanders, M. (1 January 1982). "Auditory evoked phosphenes in optic nerve disease". Journal of Neurology, ...
It has shown particular promise in detecting optic neuritis. Benham's top is named after the English newspaper-man, amateur ...
"An unusual presentation of optic neuritis and the Pulfrich phenomenon". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 78 (8 ... The ChromaDepth procedure of American Paper Optics is based on the fact that with a prism, colors are separated by varying ... Because headgear is not required, it is also called "glasses-free 3D". The optics split the images directionally into the ...
Optic neuritis, though, occurs preferentially in females typically between the ages of 30 and 35. Other conditions such as ... Rodriguez M, Siva A, Cross SA, O'Brien PC, Kurland LT (February 1995). "Optic neuritis: a population-based study in Olmsted ... leukoencephalopathy Leukodystrophies The myelinoclastic disorders are typically associated with symptoms such as optic neuritis ... and rarely optic neuropathy) Progressive inflammatory neuropathy Treatments are patient-specific and depend on the symptoms ...
Optic neuritis or neuroretinitis is one of the atypical presentations. People who are immunocompromised are susceptible to ... However, doxycycline is preferred to treat B. henselae infections with optic neuritis due to its ability to adequately ...
Grossniklaus, Hans E.; Frank, K. Ellen; Tomsak, Robert L. (December 1987). "Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Optic Neuritis in ... Ramdial, Pratistadevi K.; Dlova, Ncoza Cordelia; Sydney, Clive (August 2002). "Cytomegalovirus neuritis in perineal ulcers". ...
"Drug shows neuroprotective potential in animal model of optic neuritis". www.healio.com. Retrieved 2021-02-19. "Sirtris' review ...
Optic neuritis(including cases of CRION (chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy) Transverse myelitis Aseptic ... Miyazaki T, Nakajima H, Motomura M, Tanaka K, Maeda Y, Shiraishi H, Tsujino A (April 2016). "A case of recurrent optic neuritis ... 2020). "Zapalenie nerwów wzrokowych, mózgu i rdzenia związane z MOG-IgG (MONEM)" [MOG-IgG-related optic neuritis of the brain ... Petzold A, Fraser C, Abegg M, Alroughani R. "Diagnosis and Classification of Optic Neuritis". The Lancet Neurology. doi:10.1016 ...
Optic neuritis is an inflammation that damages the optic nerve. It's linked to multiple sclerosis (MS). Along with flickering ... age-related macular degeneration vertebrobasilar insufficiency optic neuritis visual snow syndrome Vitreous shrinkage or ...
... but basically explains the part involved in the optic neuritis. These models with anti-MOG antibodies have been investigated ... "Relationship between NMO-antibody and anti-MOG antibody in optic neuritis". Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 32 (2): 107-10. doi ... and the fulminant courses Some cases of multiple sclerosis isolated optic neuritis or transverse myelitis ENSG00000232641, ... the MS diagnosis Anti-MOG autoimmunity has been found to be involved in most AQP4-seronegative NMO and also in optic neuritis ...
Single isolated optic neuritis (SION) relapsing isolated optic neuritis (RION) chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy ... spectrum disorder multiple sclerosis associated optic neuritis (MSON) unclassified optic neuritis (UCON) forms. Medical ... Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve, which is associated with swelling and destruction of the myelin sheath ... Optic neuropathy is damage to the optic nerve from any cause. The optic nerve is a bundle of millions of fibers in the retina ...
... optic-spinal MS Longitudinally extensive myelitis or optic neuritis associated with systemic autoimmune disease Optic neuritis ... The second most common initial manifestation of the disease is inflammation of the optic nerve and/or optic chiasm (optic ... are autoimmune diseases characterized by acute inflammation of the optic nerve (optic neuritis, ON) and the spinal cord ( ... and bilateral simultaneous or recurrent optic neuritis Asian optic-spinal multiple sclerosis (OSMS), or AQP4+ OSMS. This ...
Eye lesions include keratitis, uveitis, optic neuritis, retinitis, and retinal dysplasia. There is a high mortality rate, ...
Longitudinally extensive myelitis or optic neuritis associated with systemic autoimmune disease. Optic neuritis or myelitis ... Some cases of McDonalds-positive multiple sclerosis isolated optic neuritis or transverse myelitis Recurrent optic neuritis. ... and bilateral simultaneous or recurrent optic neuritis. Asian optic-spinal MS - this variant can present brain lesions like MS ... November 2021). "Optic neuritis in Asian type opticospinal multiple sclerosis (OSMS-ON) in a non-Asian population: A functional ...
However, for optic neuritis that is not MS-associated (or atypical optic neuritis) the evidence is less clear and therefore the ... Up to 50% of patients with MS will develop an episode of optic neuritis, and 20-30% of the time optic neuritis is the ... frequently there is no abnormal appearance of the nerve head in optic neuritis (in cases of retrobulbar optic neuritis), though ... controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group". N. Engl. J. Med ...
In children, most cases of optic neuritis are due to an immune-mediated process. ... Optic neuritis implies an inflammatory process involving the optic nerve. ... Childhood optic neuritis is marked by heterogeneity. It may occur as a monophasic illness, recurrent isolated optic neuritis, ... encoded search term (Childhood Optic Neuritis) and Childhood Optic Neuritis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
In children, most cases of optic neuritis are due to an immune-mediated process. ... Optic neuritis implies an inflammatory process involving the optic nerve. ... Retrobulbar optic neuritis - Optic neuritis involving the optic nerve behind the globe. The optic disc appearance should be ... Bilateral sequential optic neuritis - Optic neuritis occurring in both optic nerves but separated by a period of more than 3 ...
i,Purpose,/i,. To demonstrate the relation between optic neuritis (ON) and systemic inflammation markers as neutrophil ... Optic Neuritis Study Group, "The clinical profile of optic neuritis. Experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial," ... The Optic Neuritis Study Group, "Multiple sclerosis risk after optic neuritis: final optic neuritis treatment trial follow-up ... Optic Neuritis Study Group, "Visual function 5 years after optic neuritis," Archives of Ophthalmology, vol. 115, pp. 1545-1552 ...
... Clin Exp Neuroimmunol. 2022 May;13(2):72-74. doi: 10.1111/cen3.12682. Epub ... Here we report the case of a previously healthy 19-year-old woman who developed optic neuritis 1 week after single dose of Ad26 ...
Learn how to identify and manage optic neuritis. ... Visual symptoms after optic neuritis. Results from the Optic ... Although optic neuritis is more common earlier in the course of MS, patients with MS can have optic neuritis at any point in ... Treatment of acute optic neuritis: a summary of findings from the optic neuritis treatment trial. Archives of ophthalmology ( ... How should this evaluation change if the optic neuritis is recurrent?. Optic neuritis can be recurrent, and potential causes ...
Optic neuritis is caused by inflammation of the optic nerve, which is located between the back of the eye and the brain. ... What is optic neuritis. Optic neuritis is caused by inflammation of the optic nerve, which is located between the back of the ... Reoccurrence of optic neuritis is not uncommon. In the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT), which followed a group of ... In persons with optic neuritis, the optic disc appears pale and pupil response may be decreased in comparison to the unaffected ...
... there has been remarkable development in the area of optic neuritis. The di ... Optic Neuritis Study Group Visual function 15 years after optic neuritis:A final follow-up report from the Optic Neuritis ... Optic Neuritis Study Group The clinical profile of optic neuritis Experience of the optic neuritis treatment trial Arch ... Optic Neuritis Study Group Multiple sclerosis risk after optic neuritis:Final optic neuritis treatment trial follow-up Arch ...
... of a new study found that machine learning models may one day be instrumental in evaluating patients with suspected optic ... the goal was to identify thresholds of optic nerve fiber thickness in patients with optic neuritis that would distinguish MS- ... MS-Related Optic Neuritis: Is This a New Diagnostic Era?. -The results of a new study found that machine learning models may ... Initial studies in the diagnosis of optic neuritis related to MS have also been promising, but these studies, such as one in ...
Optic neuritis and MS. Optic neuritis can be one of the earliest signs of MS, emerging before a patient even receives an MS ... Other causes of optic neuritis. Moss has also applied this approach to better understand rare variants of optic neuritis. In ... In North America and Northern Europe, MS is the most common cause of optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), and MS ... optic neuritis and vision loss*Pressure point*Stanford Center for Optic Disc Drusen hosts its first in-person symposium* ...
OPTIC NEURITIS AND STEM CELL THERAPY What is optic neuritis? Optic neuritis is an inflammatory condition in which the myelin ... OPTIC NEURITIS AND STEM CELL THERAPY. by Danny Davis , Jan 15, 2018 , Stem Cells ... sheath of the optic nerve is removed. It is also referred to as optic papillitis. This condition can.... ...
Isolated Demyelinating Optic Neuritis in Neurotuberculosis casereports pediatric oncall. ... high signal intensities in the region of the optic nerves and optic chiasma on T2 weighted images suggestive of optic neuritis ... MRI brain showing bilaterally swollen optic nerves with high signal intensities in the region of the optic nerves and optic ... MRI brain showing bilaterally swollen optic nerves with high signal intensities in the region of the optic nerves and optic ...
... is a demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve that typically first occurs in young adulthood (see the image below). Many ... Optic Neuritis Study Group. The clinical profile of optic neuritis. Experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Optic ... Optic Neuritis Study Group. Long-term brain magnetic resonance imaging changes after optic neuritis in patients without ... Does optic disc appearance distinguish ischemic optic neuropathy from optic neuritis?. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997 Nov. 115(11):1408- ...
... retrobulbar neuritis) or the intrabulbar (papillitis) portion of the optic nerve, or both. Idiopathic ON, the most common form ... of ON, is an inflammatory optic neuropathy in the absence of evidence of a systemic inflammatory disease. May occur in is... ... Optic Neuritis Study Group. The clinical profile of optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. Arch ... Optic neuritis (ON) may involve the retrobulbar (retrobulbar neuritis) or the intrabulbar (papillitis) portion of the optic ...
Upregulated Retinal Neurofilament Expression in Experimental Optic Neuritis. *Mark. Weissert, Robert ; Hugosson, Therése LU and ... axonal degeneration, neurofilament protein, Optic neuritis, retina, tissue. in Neuro-Ophthalmology. volume. 46. issue. 4. pages ... In optic neuritis (ON), transient thickening of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) can be observed. This optical ... In optic neuritis (ON), transient thickening of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) can be observed. This optical ...
Get answers to all your questions about Optic Neuritis from verified Eye Doctor on JustAnswer ... Have questions about Optic Neuritis? Get answers to all your questions about Optic Neuritis from verified Eye Doctor on ...
acute optic neuritis; CIS=. clinically isolated syndrome; CLIMB=. Comprehensive Longitudinal Investigation of Multiple ... Factors associated with recovery from acute optic neuritis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Muhammad Taimur Malik, Brian C ... Objective: To identify clinical and demographic features associated with the severity and recovery from acute optic neuritis ( ... Factors associated with recovery from acute optic neuritis in patients with multiple sclerosis ...
Eighty-six patients with monosymptomatic optic neuritis of unknown cause were followed prospectively for a median period of ... Eighty-six patients with monosymptomatic optic neuritis of unknown cause were followed prospectively for a median period of ... article{6618945a-67c4-47a3-aec2-867c505bf4a3, abstract = {{Eighty-six patients with monosymptomatic optic neuritis of unknown ... A long-term prospective study of optic neuritis: evaluation of risk factors. *Mark ...
If i had optic neuritis, would i feel pain? can an OD find it in an eye exam in which they dilate the pupil? what other ways ... I had optic neuritis in left eye it had nearly gone now starting in right eye. Should I get it checked? Neuro appoint in 4weeks ... Hopefully, you did not have macular edema and that optic neuritis has reversed, or you maybe had a pseudo-relapse.. Created for ... Can you get optic neuritis without any pain. I have inflammation behind my eye ( my gp says ) and suspected ms. Any other ...
... for the Treatment of Chronic Visual Loss Related to Optic Neuritis in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- ... A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group ... Ve ´ronique Deburghgraeve, Caroline years after optic neuritis: experience of the optic neuritis treat- Papeix, Pierre Labauge ... Ve ´ronique Deburghgraeve, Caroline years after optic neuritis: experience of the optic neuritis treat- Papeix, Pierre Labauge ...
Optic Neuritis - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... Optic Neuritis Study Group: The course of visual recovery after optic neuritis: Experience of the optic neuritis treatment ... Etiology of Optic Neuritis Optic neuritis is most common among adults 20 to 40 years. Most cases result from demyelinating ... Prognosis for Optic Neuritis Prognosis depends on the underlying condition. Most episodes of typical optic neuritis improve ...
Washington University Physicians are the medical staff of Barnes-Jewish Hospital and St. Louis Childrens Hospital.. ...
Optic neuritis secondary to meningoencephalitis, dog. Optic neuritis in the eye of a dog with meningoencephalitis. Note the ...
... neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis ... "Optic Neuritis" by people in this website by year, and whether "Optic Neuritis" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Optic Neuritis" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Emerging concepts in the treatment of optic neuritis: mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Stem Cell Res Ther ...
"Assessment of Pediatric Optic Neuritis Visual Acuity Outcomes at 6 Months." Jama Ophthalmol, vol. 138, no. 12, Dec. 2020, pp. ... "Assessment of Pediatric Optic Neuritis Visual Acuity Outcomes at 6 Months." Jama Ophthalmol 138, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): ... Assessment of Pediatric Optic Neuritis Visual Acuity Outcomes at 6 Months.. Publication , Journal Article ... IMPORTANCE: Optic neuritis (ON) in children is uncommon. There are limited prospective data for visual acuity (VA) outcomes, ...
BACKGROUND: Optic neuritis is often the initial presentation of multiple sclerosis (MS). As established by the Optic Neuritis ... Pediatric optic neuritis: brain MRI abnormalities and risk of multiple sclerosis.. G R Bonhomme, A T Waldman, L J Balcer, A B ... However, the rate of conversion to MS after optic neuritis in children based upon brain MRI findings is unknown.. METHODS: We ... All 3 patients had an abnormal brain MRI scan at their initial presentation of optic neuritis. None of the patients with a ...
Author response : Longitudinal optic neuritis-unrelated visual evoked potential changes in NMO spectrum disorders. In: ... Author response: Longitudinal optic neuritis-unrelated visual evoked potential changes in NMO spectrum disorders. / Ringelstein ... Author response: Longitudinal optic neuritis-unrelated visual evoked potential changes in NMO spectrum disorders. ... Author response: Longitudinal optic neuritis-unrelated visual evoked potential changes in NMO spectrum disorders. Neurology. ...
It occurs when the optic nerve is inflamed. ... Optic neuritis is a condition that affects the eye and your ... What is optic neuritis?. Optic neuritis is a condition that affects the eye and your vision. It occurs when your optic nerve is ... Optic Neuritis. Optic neuritis is a condition that affects the eye and your vision. It occurs when the optic nerve is inflamed. ... How is optic neuritis treated? In some cases, you may not need any treatment for optic neuritis. After a few weeks, it may go ...
... or inflammation of the optic nerve, can cause vision loss. Learn more about optical neuritis at Houston Methodist. ... The optic nerve transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. Optic neuritis is an inflammation of this nerve that ... Treating Optic Neuritis. Treatment of optic neuritits is directed at reducing the damaging immune response and inflammation. ... area where the optic nerve enters the retina. Only about one in three people with optic neuritis will have visible damage in ...
  • It is also known as optic papillitis (when the head of the optic nerve is involved), neuroretinitis (when there is a combined involvement of the optic disc and surrounding retina in the macular area) and retrobulbar neuritis (when the posterior part of the nerve is involved). (wikipedia.org)
  • however, frequently there is no abnormal appearance of the nerve head in optic neuritis (in cases of retrobulbar optic neuritis), though it may be swollen in some patients (anterior papillitis or more extensive optic neuritis). (wikipedia.org)
  • The optic nerve comprises axons that emerge from the retina of the eye and carry visual information to the primary visual nuclei, most of which is relayed to the occipital cortex of the brain to be processed into vision. (wikipedia.org)
  • Inflammation of the optic nerve causes loss of vision, usually because of the swelling and destruction of the myelin sheath covering the optic nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common cause is multiple sclerosis (MS) or ischemic optic neuropathy due to thrombosis or embolism of the vessel that supplies the optic nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory process involving the optic nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Retrobulbar optic neuritis - Optic neuritis involving the optic nerve behind the globe. (medscape.com)
  • Neuroretinitis - Inflammatory process involving the optic discs with exudative changes in the nerve fiber layer of the retina producing a partial or complete macular star. (medscape.com)
  • Optic neuritis (ON) is an acute demyelinating inflammatory disease of the optic nerve and primarily influences young females [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Optic neuritis is caused by inflammation of the optic nerve, which is located between the back of the eye and the brain. (chop.edu)
  • The optic nerve is the only pathway of information from the nerve cells in the retina of the eye to the nerve cells of the brain. (chop.edu)
  • Optic neuritis (ON) is a common manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS), and refers to inflammation of the optic nerve. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Orbital MRI with and without contrast, performed with fat saturation sequences, generally reveals enlargement and enhancement of the affected optic nerve in the acute setting. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • OCT evaluates the optic nerve axonal integrity by measurement of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and is generally used to evaluate for evidence of prior ON. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) can also provide valuable information regarding optic nerve impairment in ON. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • VEPs evaluate optic nerve function by calculating P100 latency and amplitude, which are generally abnormal in the setting of acute and remote optic neuritis. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The investigators sought to identify thresholds of optic nerve fiber thickness that would distinguish MS-related pathology from other causes. (medpagetoday.com)
  • Initial studies in the diagnosis of optic neuritis related to MS have also been promising, but these studies, such as one in which machine learning was employed to identify MS on the basis of optic nerve fiber thickness, 4 have been small. (medpagetoday.com)
  • In North America and Northern Europe, MS is the most common cause of optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve), and MS patients often experience visual disturbances since our eyes are connected to the brain via the optic nerve. (stanford.edu)
  • Moss, Dubra and their team used adaptive optics imaging, which employs a highly-focused light and detector system Dubra helped invent, to get the highest-resolution, most detailed images of the backs of the eyes of people with MS. Even though MS is thought to affect the optic nerve behind the eye, they were surprised to find characteristic changes in the patients' retinas. (stanford.edu)
  • Optic neuritis is an inflammatory condition in which the myelin sheath of the optic nerve is removed. (checkbiotech.org)
  • Isolated optic nerve lesion with rapid onset blindness in a case of neurotuberculosis is rarely reported in the pediatric population. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Optic neuritis (ON) is a demyelinating inflammation of the optic nerve that often occurs in association with multiple sclerosis (MS) and, much less commonly, neuromyelitis optica (NMO). (medscape.com)
  • A. 1.5 Tesla, contrast-enhanced spin echo T1-weighted, fat-suppressed coronal MRI through the orbits shows enlargement and contrast enhancement of the left optic nerve in the retrobulbar portion (arrow). (medscape.com)
  • Initially, the optic nerve head may appear normal, with disc pallor months later. (medscape.com)
  • Visual evoked potentials may be abnormal even when visual acuity is normal and when MRI of the optic nerve reveals no abnormalities. (medscape.com)
  • Optic neuritis (ON) may involve the retrobulbar (retrobulbar neuritis) or the intrabulbar (papillitis) portion of the optic nerve, or both. (bmj.com)
  • Optic neuritis (ON) represents inflammation of the optic nerve. (bmj.com)
  • In optic neuritis (ON), transient thickening of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) can be observed. (lu.se)
  • The primary endpoint was the mean Key Points change from baseline to month 6 in VA measured in log- arithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) at Assessment of optic nerve function is a readily 100% contrast of the selected eye. (deepdyve.com)
  • General references Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In about two thirds of patients, inflammation is entirely retrobulbar, causing no visible changes to the optic nerve head. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Inflammation of the optic nerve. (uchicago.edu)
  • Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis). (uchicago.edu)
  • It occurs when the optic nerve is inflamed. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • The optic nerve sends messages from your eyes to your brain so that you can interpret visual images. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • When the optic nerve is irritated and inflamed, it doesn't carry messages to the brain as well. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • When the nerve fibers become inflamed, the optic nerve can also start to swell. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • But experts believe that a viral infection may trigger the immune system to attack the optic nerve as if it were a foreign invader. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • It's often the first sign of MS. Another inflammatory condition called neuromyelitis optica can also attack the optic nerve and the spinal cord. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • More extensive optic nerve inflammation leads to more noticeable symptoms. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • It's possible for the optic nerve to be inflamed without affecting vision. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • The optic nerve transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Optic neuritis is an inflammation of this nerve that can cause serious problems, including intense headaches and loss of vision. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • The appearance of the back of your eye when the doctor shines a bright light to examine the optic disk (area where the optic nerve enters the retina. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Pharmacologic therapy in optic neuritis (ON) is directed at ameliorating the acute symptoms of pain and decreased vision caused by demyelinating inflammation of the nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Primary idiopathic inflammation of the optic nerve. (medscape.com)
  • Optic neuritis involves inflammation of the optic nerve, which is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • When the optic nerve becomes inflamed, this is known as optic neuritis. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • The optic nerve is the bundle of nerves that go from the retina in the back of the eye to the brain transmitting signals to relay visual information. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • There is a belief that the condition arises when the immune system overreacts and targets the myelin, or covering, of the optic nerve. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • An MRI can also be conducted to get a visual scan of your optic nerve and brain. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • Some patients require intravenous steroid medications to decrease inflammation of the optic nerve. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • Optic neuritis is swelling of the optic nerve in the eye. (cvs.com)
  • Optic neuritis is an inflammation of the eye's optic nerve. (southbayophthalmology.com)
  • In order for you to see, the optic nerve carries nerve impulses from the eye to the brain, where they are interpreted as images. (southbayophthalmology.com)
  • Damage or infection of the optic nerve can affect vision significantly. (southbayophthalmology.com)
  • The optic nerve carries light signals from the back of your eye to your brain so you can see. (synergyeye.com)
  • If the optic nerve is swollen, damaged or infected, you cannot see clearly. (synergyeye.com)
  • This condition may be caused by the body's immune system attacking optic nerve tissue by mistake. (synergyeye.com)
  • When the optic nerve, which is responsible for sending impulses from the eye to the brain, is damaged due to swelling or inflammation, the condition is called Optic Neuritis. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • Although it can also occur later, Optic Neuritis is one of the early indications of MS (Multiple Sclerosis) which causes nerve damage that affects the optic nerve. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • Optic Neuritis can otherwise be caused by immune diseases like Lupus or Neuromyelitis Optica that cause inflammation as well as swellings in both, the spine and the optic nerve. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • It is difficult to pin point the exact cause of Optic Neuritis but it occurs when swellings or inflammations that cause damage to the optic nerve. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • Doctors and researchers believe that it develops when area covering the optic nerve is targeted by the body's immune system, damaging the myelin. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • The Optic Nerve is responsible for taking impulses from the eye to the brain. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • When there is an interruption in the blood flow in the Optic Nerve due to Inflammation leading to sudden loss in vision, it is known as Anterior Ischematic Optic Neuropathy or AION. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • The interruption in the blood flow in the Optic Nerve leads to the lack of Oxygen and nutrients which are imperative for the blood vessels to survive and carry information or impulses from the eye to the brain leading to vision loss or even damage to the optic nerve. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve , which lies at the back of the eye. (gvortho.com)
  • In some cases, a virus infects the optic nerve . (gvortho.com)
  • Imaging tests such as an MRI may help the doctor see the optic nerve and the brain. (gvortho.com)
  • Or you may get medicine to reduce the swelling of your optic nerve. (gvortho.com)
  • While the acupuncture helped with pain management (pressure on the optic nerve = extreme headaches) It didn't seem to be resolving the inflammation to calm the nerve and get things back to normal to restore my vision. (centerworks.com)
  • Optic neuritis (ON) involves an attack of inflammation (swelling) in your optic nerve, which sends information from your eye to your brain about what you are seeing. (childrenshospital.org)
  • In ON, your immune system reacts against your optic nerve. (childrenshospital.org)
  • Medications are used to reduce the inflammation (swelling) in the optic nerve in ON. (childrenshospital.org)
  • They may be abnormal even when MRI of the optic nerve is normal. (medscape.com)
  • Optic neuritis is a swelling of the optic nerve, the bundle of nerve fibers that transfers visual details from your eye to your brain. (iytmed.com)
  • However, optic neuritis is thought to establish when the body immune system incorrectly targets the compound covering your optic nerve (myelin), leading to inflammation and damage to the myelin. (iytmed.com)
  • In this condition, swelling happens in the optic nerve and spinal cord. (iytmed.com)
  • Optic nerve damage. (iytmed.com)
  • Many people have some irreversible optic nerve damage following an episode of optic neuritis, but the damage may not trigger symptoms. (iytmed.com)
  • The optic nerve is the cable that connects the eye to the brain, and it is this connecting structure that is often damaged in MS, giving rise to the well-recognized syndrome optic neuritis. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • Most of these MS lesions involve areas of the brain that do not give rise to visual symptoms, unless they directly affect visual sensory input (optic nerve) or ocular motor output (brainstem). (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • The word neuritis means inflammation of a nerve. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • In an attack of optic neuritis, the optic nerve is affected. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • It is the most common cause of optic nerve disease in the young. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • Optic Neuritis (ON) is defined as inflammation of the optic nerve, which is mostly idiopathic. (openophthalmologyjournal.com)
  • The term optic neuritis (ON) refers to inflammation of the optic nerve due to many causes, indicated by sub-acute unilateral painful visual loss mostly in a young healthy female and by excluding glaucoma, ON is the most common optic neuropathy in persons under 50 years coming to general ophthalmic practice. (openophthalmologyjournal.com)
  • ON occurs in half of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and is the presenting demyelinating event in 15% to 20% of all patients with MS. Visual recovery typically begins within 30 days of symptom onset, reflecting resolution of optic nerve inflammation, but corticosteroids can hasten recovery to begin as early as 1 week. (medscape.com)
  • Also known as demyelinating optic neuritis, optic neuritis refers to the inflammation of the optic nerve due to the loss of or damage to a protective covering called myelin, which surrounds the optic nerve. (ncophth.com)
  • The myelin is essential to the function of the optic nerve. (ncophth.com)
  • A more general term, optic neuropathy, refers to nerve damage or abnormalities due to blocked blood flow, disease, or toxic exposure. (ncophth.com)
  • If left untreated, optic neuritis can lead to permanent optic nerve damage and permanent loss of visual acuity. (ncophth.com)
  • Although the exact cause of optic neuritis is not yet understood, optic neuritis occurs when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the myelin, which protects your optic nerve. (ncophth.com)
  • The myelin is vital for the proper function of the optic nerve. (ncophth.com)
  • Eye care professionals diagnose optic neuritis using a series of tests and evaluations including a routine eye exam, an ophthalmoscopy (to inspect the back of the eye, looking for a swollen optic nerve), pupillary light reaction test (to check for abnormal function of the pupil), and blood tests. (ncophth.com)
  • Patients diagnosed with optic neuritis are much more likely to develop MS. As a result, if a patient is diagnosed with optic neuritis, an MRI will often be recommended to look for further signs of nerve damage and the possible development of MS. (ncophth.com)
  • This is often one of the first symptoms of MS. It's caused by inflammation of your optic nerve and usually only affects one eye. (mssociety.org.uk)
  • The optic nerve is a bundle of more than 1 million nerve fibers that carry visual messages. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Damage to an optic nerve can cause vision loss . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Glaucoma usually happens when the fluid pressure inside the eyes slowly rises and damages the optic nerve. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tests for optic nerve disorders may include eye exams, ophthalmoscopy (an examination of the back of your eye), and imaging tests . (medlineplus.gov)
  • With some optic nerve disorders, you may get your vision back. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Possible mechanisms of inflammation in immune-mediated optic neuritis are the cross-reaction of viral epitopes and host epitopes and the persistence of a virus in central nervous system (CNS) glial cells. (medscape.com)
  • To demonstrate the relation between optic neuritis (ON) and systemic inflammation markers as neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (N/L ratio), platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), and red cell distribution width (RDW) and furthermore to evaluate the utilization of these markers to predict the frequency of the ON episodes. (hindawi.com)
  • neuromyelitis optica is another disease that shares with MS the dual features of optic neuritis and myelitis (the medical name for inflammation of the spinal cord). (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Treatment of optic neuritits is directed at reducing the damaging immune response and inflammation. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • For reasons that are not understood, the lower doses of steroids that are often used to reduce inflammation actually increase the risk of optic neuritis recurrence. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Optic neuritis is often a precursor of multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a chronic disease that results in damage and inflammation of the nerves of both the brain and spinal cord. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • Your doctor will pay close attention to your optic disk, the area where the optic nerves enter the retina, to check for any inflammation. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • When a patient suffers loss of vision because of an inflammation due to giant cell arteries, it is known as Arteric Anterior Ischematic Optic Neuropathy. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • Optic neuritis is extremely related to multiple sclerosis, a disease that causes inflammation and damage to nerves in your brain and spinal cord. (iytmed.com)
  • Optic neuritis can occur as an isolated disease or can be associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) . Not everyone with MS will develop optic neuritis. (chop.edu)
  • Not all patients with MS develop optic neuritis, and some of those who have visual disturbances do not show the same clinical signs of optic neuritis as others. (stanford.edu)
  • About 50% of people who have MS will develop optic neuritis. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Women are much more most likely to develop optic neuritis than men are by a ratio of 3-to-1. (iytmed.com)
  • Isolated acute optic neuritis is often the first sign of MS, and many individuals with MS develop optic neuritis during the course of their disease. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • Women are three times as likely as men to develop optic neuritis. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Assessment of Pediatric Optic Neuritis Visual Acuity Outcomes at 6 Months. (duke.edu)
  • In neuromyelitis optica higher AQP4 autoantibody levels are associated with the occurrence of optic neuritis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since there may be a delay between the optic neuritis and the myelitis, and since the treatment will be different, suspicion for neuromyelitis optica should prompt laboratory study for NMO (neuromyelitis optica) antibody. (medscape.com)
  • Less commonly, pediatric optic neuritis may be the first manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS) or part of a more diffuse demyelinating disorder, including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica (Devic disease), or optic neuritis related to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) IgG antibody. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with optic neuritis due to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder lack the aquaporin-4 antibody. (medscape.com)
  • We searched PubMed and Medline for studies published during the last 10 years with the general term "optic neuritis" and specific terms like "typical optic neuritis," "atypical optic neuritis," "multiple sclerosis," "neuromyelitis optic neuritis," and "myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody. (lww.com)
  • 2 3 4 5 6 ] However, a more recent population-based survey conducted in urban Mangalore has shown a prevalence of 8.3/100,000 for MS and 2.6/100,000 for neuromyelitis optic spectrum diseases (NMOSD). (lww.com)
  • MS or neuromyelitis optic patients may have recurring episodes of optic neuritis. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • Illness' like MS (Multiple Sclerosis), Neuromyelitis Optica, MOG (Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein) antibody disorder and Lupus are more likely to cause Optic Neuritis. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • Optic neuritis emerging from neuromyelitis optica tends to be more severe than optic neuritis associated with multiple sclerosis. (iytmed.com)
  • ON in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is initially misdiagnosed as ON in MS or other conditions such as Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION) and Leber's disease. (openophthalmologyjournal.com)
  • For some patients, an episode of optic neuritis is the first indication that a patient could be suffering from MS. Optic neuritis usually results in eye pain and changes or loss of vision. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • After 1 episode of optic neuritis, patients have about a 50% chance of developing MS in their lifetime. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • Most people who have a single episode of optic neuritis ultimately recover their vision. (iytmed.com)
  • In people with optic neuritis, the danger of establishing multiple sclerosis following one episode of optic neuritis has to do with 50 percent over a lifetime. (iytmed.com)
  • Other remarkable differences between the presentation of adult optic neuritis as compared to pediatric cases include more often unilateral optic neuritis in adults, while children much predominantly present with bilateral involvement. (wikipedia.org)
  • A comparison of adult optic neuritis and childhood optic neuritis is presented in Table 1. (medscape.com)
  • Childhood optic neuritis is marked by heterogeneity. (medscape.com)
  • Risk factors for developing multiple sclerosis after childhood optic neuritis. (medscape.com)
  • Larger collaborative studies are needed to further define the prognosis for childhood optic neuritis. (qxmd.com)
  • It may occur as a monophasic illness, recurrent isolated optic neuritis, and recurrent optic neuritis in the context of multifocal inflammatory CNS disease. (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 , 36 ] Optic neuritis may be related to specific infections, diseases of the adjacent sinuses or orbital structures, and infectious and infiltrative diseases of the brain or meninges that involve the optic nerves. (medscape.com)
  • MRI brain revealed bilaterally swollen optic nerves and diffuse high signal intensities in the region of the optic nerves and optic chiasma on T2 weighted images suggestive of optic neuritis. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Fig. 1) Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) showed bilateral demyelination of the optic nerves. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • Eleven patients (38%) had white matter T2/FLAIR lesions in the brain (not including the optic nerves). (qxmd.com)
  • A lumbar puncture may also be done to check for problems in the fluid around the brain, spine, and optic nerves. (cvs.com)
  • Additional limitations include possible referral bias, possible lack of generalizability outside academic tertiary care centers, and absence of optical coherence tomography, which might have detected subclinical axonal attrition in the optic nerves known to limit expected visual recovery. (medscape.com)
  • Neurological eye and visual problems related to the nervous system, can include loss of sight due to injury to the brain or the optic nerves which transmit visual signals from the eyes to the brain. (outlookeyecare.com)
  • Imaging modalities used in the diagnosis of optic neuritis include orbital MRI and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These tools can be particularly helpful if the clinical history or physical examination findings are atypical for ON. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • What is the neurologic differential diagnosis of optic neuritis? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Children with brain MRI abnormalities at the time of the diagnosis of optic neuritis have an increased risk of multiple sclerosis. (qxmd.com)
  • A physical exam, symptoms, and medical history form the basis of a diagnosis of Optic Neuritis. (synergyeye.com)
  • Patients with optic neuritis have a good prognosis, but a minority of patients experience persistent visual loss. (medscape.com)
  • The development of new immunosuppressant drugs and monoclonal antibodies has reduced the relapses and improved the prognosis of optic neuritis as well as an associated systemic disease. (lww.com)
  • We want to figure out upfront what type of optic neuritis or eye disease people have, so that we can treat them appropriately, and also understand their long-term disease potential and prognosis," Moss said. (stanford.edu)
  • Spontaneous visual recovery is a nearly universal feature of acute demyelinating optic neuritis, and the visual prognosis for patients is usually excellent, regardless of treatment. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • The presence of hemorrhages or exudates on funduscopic examination is more suggestive of other, non-demyelinating etiologies of optic neuropathy and warrants ophthalmology evaluation. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The hospital data of patients with idiopathic optic neuritis admitted to the Department of Ophthalmology in a tertiary level center in mid-western Nepal between January 2017 to November 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. (hilarispublisher.com)
  • If not, then let Axel Petzold, MD, and specialist in neuro-ophthalmology, guide you through five simple slides that update you on clinical presentation and how to diagnose and classify optic neuritis. (bpno.dk)
  • DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this retrospective clinic-based cross-sectional study of new patient encounters, 122 patients referred for acute optic neuritis at a university-based Midwestern neuro-ophthalmology clinic between January 2014 and October 2016 were studied. (umn.edu)
  • Optic neuritis linked to inflammatory response in patients with fibromyalgia suggests a new study published in the American Journal of Ophthalmology. (eyehealthacademy.org)
  • It is also referred to as optic papillitis. (checkbiotech.org)
  • Direct ophthalmoscopy revealed diffuse hyperemia and edema of the optic disc in both the eyes with a normal macula and retina, suggestive of bilateral papillitis. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • 16 patients (20 eyes) were found to have optic neuritis (Papillitis in 13 and Retrobulbar optic neuritis in 7 eyes). (hilarispublisher.com)
  • Heather Moss, MD, PhD, aims to better identify and understand neurologic diseases such as multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis to provide better treatments for patients. (stanford.edu)
  • Histocompatibility types and measles antibodies in multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis. (uchicago.edu)
  • [ 3 ] Children younger than 10 years usually present with bilateral optic neuritis, whereasile older children usually present with unilateral optic neuritis. (medscape.com)
  • The image below depicts optic disc swelling in a child with bilateral optic neuritis. (medscape.com)
  • Optic disc swelling in the right eye and left eye in a child with bilateral optic neuritis. (medscape.com)
  • Optic neuritis can be unilateral (affecting only one eye) or bilateral (affecting both eyes). (chop.edu)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging detected bilateral discrete white matter lesions, similar to those in MS, in 11 of 25 patients, 7 to 18 years after the isolated attack of optic neuritis. (lu.se)
  • Monteiro ML, Borges WI, do Val Ferreira Ramos C, Lucato LT, Leite CC. Bilateral optic neuritis in wegener granulomatosis. (medscape.com)
  • Siddiqui J, Rouleau J, Lee AG, Sato Y, Voigt MD. Bilateral optic neuritis in acute hepatitis C. J Neuroophthalmol . (medscape.com)
  • In the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT), which followed a group of patients with acute unilateral optic neuritis, 28 percent of patients experienced a recurrence of optic neuritis within five years and 35 percent within 10 years. (chop.edu)
  • Optic neuritis may be associated with other neuro-inflammatory syndromes that cause systemic effects. (medscape.com)
  • Idiopathic ON, the most common form of ON, is an inflammatory optic neuropathy in the absence of evidence of a systemic inflammatory disease. (bmj.com)
  • Bacterial infections, including Lyme disease, cat-scratch fever and syphilis, or viruses such as measles, mumps and herpes can trigger optic neuritis. (iytmed.com)
  • The clinical features, MRI findings, and outcome of optic neuritis in children. (medscape.com)
  • Optic neuritis is diagnosed by clinical presentation as well as visualization of the optic disc using an ophthalmoscope. (chop.edu)
  • Antiaquaporin4 antibodies and antimyelin oligodendrocytes antibodies are now considered as distinct entities of optic neuritis with their specific clinical presentation, neuroimaging characteristics, treatment options, and course of the disease. (lww.com)
  • The clinical profile of optic neuritis: experience of the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. (bmj.com)
  • To identify clinical and demographic features associated with the severity and recovery from acute optic neuritis (AON) episodes in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). (neurology.org)
  • Clinical phenotype, radiological features, and treatment of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-immunoglobulin G (MOG-IgG) optic neuritis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. (uchicago.edu)
  • Optic neuritis: Clinical considerations and the relationship to multiple sclerosis. (medscape.com)
  • The objective was to report the clinical features, demographic pattern and response to treatment in patients with optic neuritis in western Nepal. (hilarispublisher.com)
  • Effect of treating acute optic neuritis with bioequivalent oral vs intravenous corticosteroids: a randomized clinical trial. (cvs.com)
  • I had a bad case of optic neuritis in my eye a year ago w/ ms. I notice that pupil is almost always dilated larger still. (healthtap.com)
  • One case of optic neuritis was seen. (cdc.gov)
  • How do I know this is not an onset of optic neuritis. (healthtap.com)
  • In children, most cases of optic neuritis are due to an immune-mediated process. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] These cases of optic neuritis may be associated with a viral or other infection or with immunization. (medscape.com)
  • A few exudates and hemorrhages may be present near or on the optic disk, but this is rare for most cases of optic neuritis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Only about one in three people with optic neuritis will have visible damage in this area. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • But in people with certain brain changes seen on MRI, IV (intravenous) steroids may help prevent future episodes of optic neuritis. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Similarly, there has been a substantial change in the treatment of optic neuritis which was earlier limited to steroids and interferons. (lww.com)
  • Emerging concepts in the treatment of optic neuritis: mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. (uchicago.edu)
  • Overall in North America, the incidence of optic neuritis is about 3 per 100,000 people per year. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • Three risk factors were identified: low age and abnormal CSF at onset, and early recurrence of optic neuritis. (lu.se)
  • Yes, especially if Optic Neuritis is associated with a disease called Multiple Sclerosis (MS), there is a possibility of recurrence of Optic Neuritis. (synergyeye.com)
  • This review article tends to provide an update on the approach and management of optic neuritis. (lww.com)
  • The comprehensive management of optic neuritis from diagnosis through treatment may engage a wide range of medical specialties, each of which is available at Houston Methodist. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • Eighteen patients were followed for more than 24 months, and 3 of the 18 (17%) developed MS. All 3 patients had an abnormal brain MRI scan at their initial presentation of optic neuritis. (qxmd.com)
  • Funduscopic examination can appear normal acutely, but disc edema can be present in approximately one-third of patients (particularly those with anterior optic neuritis).1, 2 Optic disc pallor is generally seen weeks to months following onset of typical optic neuritis. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Jacksonville, FL area patients suffering from optic neuritis have numerous options for treatment regarding this common eye condition. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • Patients suffering from Optic Neuritis complain of pain in the eyes, impaired eye movement and even vision loss (which is usually temporary). (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • Pediatric Optic Neuritis. (medscape.com)
  • Pediatric optic neuritis and risk of multiple sclerosis: Meta-analysis of observational studies. (medscape.com)
  • Pediatric Optic Neuritis: What Is New. (medscape.com)
  • Pediatric Optic Neuritis Prospective Outcomes Study. (medscape.com)
  • Pediatric optic neuritis is a rare childhood presentation but can account for 25% of pediatric acute demyelinating syndromes. (medscape.com)
  • The mean age of presentation for pediatric optic neuritis can range from 9-11 years of age. (medscape.com)
  • Pediatric optic neuritis: brain MRI abnormalities and risk of multiple sclerosis. (qxmd.com)
  • Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), arteritic or nonarteritic. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • acute optic neuritis (AON) or slowly progressive optic neuropathy (PON). (deepdyve.com)
  • 0.029 logMAR) with placebo with progressive chronic optic neuropathy (p = 0.45) in the subgroup of patients with PON. (deepdyve.com)
  • Progressive outer retinal necrosis presenting with isolated optic neuropathy. (medscape.com)
  • What are the symptoms of Anterior Ischematic Optic Neuropathy? (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • If not treated quickly, Arteric Anterior Ischematic Optic Neuropathy can lead to complete loss of vision and can even be fatal. (sanjeevannetralaya.com)
  • The most common alternative diagnoses were headache and eye pain, functional visual loss, and other optic neuropathies, particularly nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (umn.edu)
  • Optic neuritis is a type of optic neuropathy. (ncophth.com)
  • He was diagnosed with demyelinating optic neuritis with evidence of neurotuberculosis and was managed successfully with anti-tubercular drug therapy and corticosteroids. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • For some patients, a medication called corticosteroids may be used to treat optic neuritis. (southbayophthalmology.com)
  • We identified 29 consecutive children with idiopathic optic neuritis. (qxmd.com)
  • The optic disc appearance should be normal in first-time episodes of retrobulbar optic neuritis. (medscape.com)
  • The pain that occurs with optic neuritis is usually ocular, retroocular, periorbital, or a frontal headache. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • In most cases, however, optic neuritis occurs with no known cause. (southbayophthalmology.com)
  • In the United States, optic neuritis occurs more often in whites than it carries out in blacks. (iytmed.com)
  • Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Serepositive Demyelinating disease (MOG IgG+) is a recently discovered cause of optic neuritis. (medscape.com)
  • Optic neuritis is often the presenting manifestation of multiple sclerosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Optic neuritis as onset manifestation of multiple sclerosis: a nationwide, long-term survey. (medscape.com)
  • More testing may help to determine the underlying cause of the optic neuritis. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • 18 years) presenting with optic neuritis between 1993 and 2004 at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. (qxmd.com)
  • When optic neuritis is associated with other CNS diseases, the morbidity and mortality of those disorders contribute substantially to the final outcome. (medscape.com)
  • We have a better understanding of the characteristics of optic neuritis from a major study called the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT), conducted by the Optic Neuritis Study Group. (msfocusmagazine.org)
  • According to Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT) the first line of treatment is intravenous methylprednisolone with faster recovery and less chance of recurrence of ON and conversion to MS. However oral prednisolone alone is contraindicated due to increased risk of a second episode. (openophthalmologyjournal.com)
  • Southeastern Retina Specialists, Dr. John Sullivan and Dr. Shawn Agee, will thoroughly diagnose the progression of optic neuritis so that treatment management can be customized for the patient. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • How can we diagnose Optic Neuritis? (synergyeye.com)
  • Do you know what optic neuritis is and, more importantly, how you diagnose it? (bpno.dk)
  • Multiple sclerosis has also been shown to be a risk factor for developing optic neuritis since MS involves the immune system attacking the myelin sheath of the spinal cord and brain. (southeasternretinaspecialists.com)
  • TNF-alpha inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors can cause optic neuritis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Many people with multiple sclerosis (MS), an immune system disease, have optic neuritis at some point. (gvortho.com)
  • Other autoimmune conditions, such as sarcoidosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, have likewise been associated with optic neuritis. (iytmed.com)
  • The main symptom of optic neuritis is vision loss, frequently maximal within several days and varying from a small central or paracentral scotoma to complete blindness. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A total of 44 children (aged 3-15 years) presented with a first episode of ON (visual loss, pain on eye movements, or both) within 2 weeks of symptom onset and at least 1 of the following in the affected eye: a distance high-contrast VA (HCVA) deficit of at least 0.2 logMAR below age-based norms, diminished color vision, abnormal visual field, or optic disc swelling. (duke.edu)
  • Prelaminar optic neuritis describes involvement of the non-myelinated axons in the retina. (wikipedia.org)
  • Optic neuritis is most common among adults 20 to 40 years. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Optic neuritis is often the initial presentation of multiple sclerosis (MS). As established by the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial, an abnormal baseline brain MRI is a strong predictor of MS after isolated optic neuritis in adults. (qxmd.com)
  • Optic neuritis can affect both adults and children. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Optic neuritis frequently affects young adults ages 20 to 40 years. (iytmed.com)
  • Most common among women, young adults between the ages of 20 and 40 are at the greatest risk of developing optic neuritis. (ncophth.com)