Fractures of the bones in the orbit, which include parts of the frontal, ethmoidal, lacrimal, and sphenoid bones and the maxilla and zygoma.
Recession of the eyeball into the orbit.
Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.
Breaks in bones.
The physiological restoration of bone tissue and function after a fracture. It includes BONY CALLUS formation and normal replacement of bone tissue.
Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.
Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).
Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.
Fractures of the femur.
Broken bones in the vertebral column.
The use of internal devices (metal plates, nails, rods, etc.) to hold the position of a fracture in proper alignment.
A fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals.
Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.
A radius fracture is a break in the bone that runs from the wrist to the elbow, located on the thumb-side of the forearm, which can occur at various sites such as near the wrist, middle of the bone or closer to the elbow.
A nonspecific tumor-like inflammatory lesion in the ORBIT of the eye. It is usually composed of mature LYMPHOCYTES; PLASMA CELLS; MACROPHAGES; LEUKOCYTES with varying degrees of FIBROSIS. Orbital pseudotumors are often associated with inflammation of the extraocular muscles (ORBITAL MYOSITIS) or inflammation of the lacrimal glands (DACRYOADENITIS).
Fractures occurring as a result of disease of a bone or from some undiscoverable cause, and not due to trauma. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Fractures due to the strain caused by repetitive exercise. They are thought to arise from a combination of MUSCLE FATIGUE and bone failure, and occur in situations where BONE REMODELING predominates over repair. The most common sites of stress fractures are the METATARSUS; FIBULA; TIBIA; and FEMORAL NECK.
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.

CSF orbitorrhoea with tension pneumocephalus. (1/65)

A seventy eight year old man sustained penetrating injury to right orbit about 15 years ago. Later he developed right orbital infection leading to phthisis bulbi. Two months before admission he developed CSF leak from the right orbit, tension pneumocephalous and meningitis. A rare case of CSF orbitorrhoea is reported here along with the discussion on mechanisms and management.  (+info)

Orbital blow-out fractures: correlation of preoperative computed tomography and postoperative ocular motility. (2/65)

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Although the management of orbital blow-out fractures was controversial for many years, refined imaging with computed tomography (CT) helped to narrow the poles of the debate. Many orbital surgeons currently recommend repair if fracture size portends late enophthalmos, or if diplopia has not substantially resolved within 2 weeks of the injury. While volumetric considerations have been generally well-served by this approach, ocular motility outcomes have been less than ideal. In one series, almost 50% of patients had residual diplopia 6 months after surgery. A fine network of fibrous septa that functionally unites the periosteum of the orbital floor, the inferior fibrofatty tissues, and the sheaths of the inferior rectus and oblique muscles was demonstrated by Koornneef. Entrapment between bone fragments of any of the components of this anatomic unit can limit ocular motility. Based on the pathogenesis of blow-out fractures, in which the fibrofatty-muscular complex is driven to varying degrees between bone fragments, some measure of soft tissue damage might be anticipated. Subsequent intrinsic fibrosis and contraction can tether globe movement, despite complete reduction of herniated orbital tissue from the fracture site. We postulated that the extent of this soft tissue damage might be estimated from preoperative imaging studies. METHODS: Study criteria included: retrievable coronal CT scans; fractures of the orbital floor without rim involvement, with or without extension into the medial wall; preoperative diplopia; surgical repair by a single surgeon; complete release of entrapped tissues; and postoperative ocular motility outcomes documented with binocular visual fields (BVFs). Thirty patients met all criteria. The CT scans and BVFs were assessed by different examiners among the authors. Fractures were classified into 3 general categories and 2 subtypes to reflect the severity of soft tissue damage within each category. "Trap-door" injuries, in which bone fragments appeared to have almost perfectly realigned, were classified as type I fractures. In the I-A subtype, no orbital tissue was visible on the sinus side of the fracture line. In the I-B subtype, soft tissue with the radiodensity of orbital fat was visible within the maxillary sinus. In type II fractures, bone fragments were distracted and soft tissue was displaced between them. In the II-A subtype, soft tissue displacement was less than, or proportional to, bone fragment distraction. In the II-B subtype, soft tissue displacement was greater than bone fragment distraction. In type III fractures, displaced bone fragments surrounded displaced soft tissue in all areas. In the III-A subtype, soft tissue and bone were moderately displaced. In the III-B subtype, both were markedly displaced. Motility outcomes were quantified by measuring the vertical excursion in BVFs. The interval between trauma and surgical repair was also determined. RESULTS: Among the 15 patients with a motility outcome in BVFs which was poorer than the median (86 degrees or less of single binocular vertical excursion), 4 patients (27%) had type A fractures; 11 patients (73%) had type B fractures. Among the 15 patients with a better outcome than the median (88 degrees or more), 10 patients (67%) had type A fractures; 5 patients (33%) had type B fractures. These differences became more defined as analysis moved away from the median. Among 5 patients with type B fractures and better than the median result in BVFs, 3 patients (60%) had surgical repair during the first week after injury. Among the 11 patients with type B fractures and less than the median result, 1 patient (9%) had repair during the first week. CONCLUSIONS: When the CT-depicted relationship between bone fragments and soft tissues is considered, a wide spectrum of injuries is subsumed under the rubric of blow-out fractures. In general, greater degrees of soft tissue incarceration or displacement, with presumably greater intrinsic damage and subsequent fibrosis, appear to result in poorer motility outcomes. Although this retrospective study does not conclusively prove its benefit, an urgent surgical approach to selected injuries should be considered.  (+info)

Mechanisms of orbital floor fractures: a clinical, experimental, and theoretical study. (3/65)

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the two accepted mechanisms of the orbital blow-out fracture (the hydraulic and the buckling theories) from a clinical, experimental, and theoretical standpoint. METHODS: Clinical cases in which blow-out fractures resulted from both a pure hydraulic mechanism and a pure buckling mechanism are presented. Twenty-one intact orbital floors were obtained from human cadavers. A metal rod was dropped, experimentally, onto each specimen until a fracture was produced, and the energy required in each instance was calculated. A biomathematical model of the human bony orbit, depicted as a thin-walled truncated conical shell, was devised. Two previously published (by the National Aeronautics Space Administration) theoretical structural engineering formulas for the fracture of thin-walled truncated conical shells were used to predict the energy required to fracture the bone of the orbital floor via the hydraulic and buckling mechanisms. RESULTS: Experimentally, the mean energy required to fracture the bone of the human cadaver orbital floor directly was 78 millijoules (mj) (range, 29-127 mj). Using the engineering formula for the hydraulic theory, the predicted theoretical energy is 71 mj (range, 38-120 mj); for the buckling theory, the predicted theoretical energy is 68 mj (range, 40-106 mj). CONCLUSION: Through this study, we have experimentally determined the amount of energy required to fracture the bone of the human orbital floor directly and have provided support for each mechanism of the orbital blow-out fracture from a clinical and theoretical basis.  (+info)

Strabismus due to flap tear of a rectus muscle. (4/65)

PURPOSE: To present a previously unreported avulsion-type injury of the rectus muscle, usually the inferior rectus, and detail its diagnosis and operative repair. METHODS: Thirty-five patients underwent repair of flap tears of 42 rectus muscles. The muscle abnormality was often subtle, with narrowing or thinning of the remaining attached global layer of muscle. The detached flap of external (orbital) muscle was found embedded in surrounding orbital fat and connective tissue. Retrieval and repair were performed in each case. RESULTS: Fourteen patients had orbital fractures, 7 had blunt trauma with no fracture, and 9 had suspected trauma but did not undergo computed tomographic scan. Five patients experienced this phenomenon following retinal detachment repair. Diagnostically, the predominant motility defect in 25 muscles was limitation toward the field of action of the muscle, presumably as a result of a tether created by the torn flap. These tethers simulated muscle palsy. Seventeen muscles were restricted away from their field of action, simulating entrapment. The direction taken by the flap during healing determined the resultant strabismus pattern. All patients presenting with gaze limitation toward an orbital fracture had flap tears. The worst results following flap tear repair were seen in patients who had undergone orbital fracture repair before presentation, patients who had undergone previous attempts at strabismus repair, and patients who experienced the longest intervals between the precipitating event and the repair. The best results were obtained in patients who underwent simultaneous fracture and strabismus repair or early strabismus repair alone. CONCLUSIONS: Avulsion-type flap tears of the extraocular muscles are a common cause of strabismus after trauma, and after repair for retinal detachment. Early repair produces the best results, but improvement is possible despite long delay.  (+info)

Antibiotics in orbital floor fractures. (5/65)

A short cut review was carried out to establish whether prophylactic antibiotics are indicated in patients with undisplaced maxillary or orbital floor fractures. Altogether 214 papers were found using the reported search, but none presented any evidence to answer the clinical question. More research is needed in this area and, in the mean time, local advice should be followed.  (+info)

Clinical analysis of internal orbital fractures in children. (6/65)

In order to describe the demographics, etiologic and clinical factors, and outcomes of orbital fractures in children, we have reviewed a case series of 17 patients under 18 years of age with internal orbital fractures (i.e., without involvement of the orbital rim) presenting to the Ghil hospital between March 2000 and June 2001. For 15 of the patients, we performed orbital wall reconstruction with Medpor barrier sheet implantation (thickness 1mm) through transconjunctival approach under endoscopic guidance, while maintaining mere observation on the other 2 patients. There were 14 male and 3 female patients. The most common cause of fractures was accident (7 cases). Inferior wall involvement was most commonly seen, and the trapdoor type fracture was the most common. Thirteen patients had extraocular muscle restriction, 9 had nausea/vomiting and 5 had bradycardia. Diplopia of 9 patients disappeared after 43 +/- 23 days. Nausea/vomiting and bradycardia disappeared rapidly after surgical intervention in all cases. These results suggest that trapdoor fractures with soft tissue entrapment are the most common in pediatric orbital wall fractures, and that most of them are associated with nausea/vomiting. We suggest that early diagnosis, and prompt surgical intervention are required for those patients with oculocardiac reflex.  (+info)

Transcaruncular approach to blowout fractures of the medial orbital wall. (7/65)

Transcutaneous and transconjunctival approaches are still frequently used to repair orbital wall fractures. However, medial orbital wall fracture remains a challenging area for plastic surgeons due to technical difficulties and postoperative scars. The transcaruncular approach is described and we present our experience with this approach to access the medial orbital wall in 10 patients with blowout fracture in the medial orbital region. All patients were corrected satisfactorily without cutaneous scar. The transcaruncular approach is a useful technique to repair medial orbital wall fractures.  (+info)

Intraorbital mucocele associated with old minor trauma--case report. (8/65)

A 46-year-old white man complained of swelling in the left orbital region. The only significant event in his medical history was minor trauma which occurred during ice hockey 15 years previously. On admission, the only clinical finding was left-sided exophthalmos. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a left intraorbital cystic mass lesion. The cystic mass was completely removed through a left subfrontal extradural approach. There was no anatomical contact with the paranasal sinuses and the orbital walls were intact. The cystic mass was isolated in the orbital cavity. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of mucocele. Generally, the cause of mucocele is chronic sinusitis, but we suspect that the old minor trauma was the most likely cause in the present case.  (+info)

Orbital fractures refer to breaks in the bones that make up the eye socket, also known as the orbit. These bones include the maxilla, zygoma, frontal bone, and palatine bone. Orbital fractures can occur due to trauma, such as a blunt force injury or a penetrating wound.

There are several types of orbital fractures, including:

1. Blowout fracture: This occurs when the thin bone of the orbital floor is broken, often due to a direct blow to the eye. The force of the impact can cause the eyeball to move backward, breaking the bone and sometimes trapping the muscle that moves the eye (the inferior rectus).
2. Blow-in fracture: This type of fracture involves the breakage of the orbital roof, which is the bone that forms the upper boundary of the orbit. It typically occurs due to high-impact trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a significant height.
3. Direct fracture: A direct fracture happens when there is a break in one or more of the bones that form the walls of the orbit. This type of fracture can result from a variety of traumas, including motor vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and assaults.
4. Indirect fracture: An indirect fracture occurs when the force of an injury is transmitted to the orbit through tissues surrounding it, causing the bone to break. The most common type of indirect orbital fracture is a blowout fracture.

Orbital fractures can cause various symptoms, including pain, swelling, bruising, and double vision. In some cases, the fracture may also lead to enophthalmos (sinking of the eye into the orbit) or telecanthus (increased distance between the inner corners of the eyes). Imaging tests, such as CT scans, are often used to diagnose orbital fractures and determine the best course of treatment. Treatment may include observation, pain management, and in some cases, surgery to repair the fracture and restore normal function.

Enophthalmos is a medical term that refers to the abnormal positioning of the eyeball within its socket, resulting in a posterior or backward displacement of the eye. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, surgical procedures, or diseases that affect the orbital tissues, including cancer, inflammation, or infection. Enophthalmos may lead to cosmetic concerns and visual disturbances, depending on its severity. A thorough examination by an ophthalmologist or an oculoplastic surgeon is necessary for accurate diagnosis and management of this condition.

In medical terms, the orbit refers to the bony cavity or socket in the skull that contains and protects the eye (eyeball) and its associated structures, including muscles, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and the lacrimal gland. The orbit is made up of several bones: the frontal bone, sphenoid bone, zygomatic bone, maxilla bone, and palatine bone. These bones form a pyramid-like shape that provides protection for the eye while also allowing for a range of movements.

A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone due to external or internal forces. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body and can vary in severity from a small crack to a shattered bone. The symptoms of a bone fracture typically include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for a bone fracture may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or medication to manage pain and prevent infection. The specific treatment approach will depend on the location, type, and severity of the fracture.

Fracture healing is the natural process by which a broken bone repairs itself. When a fracture occurs, the body responds by initiating a series of biological and cellular events aimed at restoring the structural integrity of the bone. This process involves the formation of a hematoma (a collection of blood) around the fracture site, followed by the activation of inflammatory cells that help to clean up debris and prepare the area for repair.

Over time, specialized cells called osteoblasts begin to lay down new bone matrix, or osteoid, along the edges of the broken bone ends. This osteoid eventually hardens into new bone tissue, forming a bridge between the fracture fragments. As this process continues, the callus (a mass of newly formed bone and connective tissue) gradually becomes stronger and more compact, eventually remodeling itself into a solid, unbroken bone.

The entire process of fracture healing can take several weeks to several months, depending on factors such as the severity of the injury, the patient's age and overall health, and the location of the fracture. In some cases, medical intervention may be necessary to help promote healing or ensure proper alignment of the bone fragments. This may include the use of casts, braces, or surgical implants such as plates, screws, or rods.

Orbital diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the orbit, which is the bony cavity in the skull that contains the eye, muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as eyelid swelling, protrusion or displacement of the eyeball, double vision, pain, and limited extraocular muscle movement.

Orbital diseases can be broadly classified into inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic (benign or malignant), vascular, traumatic, and congenital categories. Some examples of orbital diseases include:

* Orbital cellulitis: a bacterial or fungal infection that causes swelling and inflammation in the orbit
* Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland and can cause protrusion of the eyeballs (exophthalmos)
* Orbital tumors: benign or malignant growths that develop in the orbit, such as optic nerve gliomas, lacrimal gland tumors, and lymphomas
* Carotid-cavernous fistulas: abnormal connections between the carotid artery and cavernous sinus, leading to pulsatile proptosis and other symptoms
* Orbital fractures: breaks in the bones surrounding the orbit, often caused by trauma
* Congenital anomalies: structural abnormalities present at birth, such as craniofacial syndromes or dermoid cysts.

Proper diagnosis and management of orbital diseases require a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists, neurologists, radiologists, and other specialists.

A hip fracture is a medical condition referring to a break in the upper part of the femur (thigh) bone, which forms the hip joint. The majority of hip fractures occur due to falls or direct trauma to the area. They are more common in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, a condition that weakens bones and makes them more prone to breaking. Hip fractures can significantly impact mobility and quality of life, often requiring surgical intervention and rehabilitation.

Orbital neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the orbit, which is the bony cavity that contains the eyeball, muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells within the orbit.

Orbital neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include protrusion or displacement of the eyeball, double vision, limited eye movement, pain, swelling, and numbness in the face. In some cases, orbital neoplasms may not cause any noticeable symptoms, especially if they are small and slow-growing.

There are many different types of orbital neoplasms, including:

1. Optic nerve glioma: a rare tumor that arises from the optic nerve's supportive tissue.
2. Orbital meningioma: a tumor that originates from the membranes covering the brain and extends into the orbit.
3. Lacrimal gland tumors: benign or malignant growths that develop in the lacrimal gland, which produces tears.
4. Orbital lymphangioma: a non-cancerous tumor that arises from the lymphatic vessels in the orbit.
5. Rhabdomyosarcoma: a malignant tumor that develops from the skeletal muscle cells in the orbit.
6. Metastatic tumors: cancerous growths that spread to the orbit from other parts of the body, such as the breast, lung, or prostate.

The diagnosis and treatment of orbital neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor. Imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRI, are often used to visualize the tumor and determine its extent. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the tumor's type and grade. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

A femoral fracture is a medical term that refers to a break in the thigh bone, which is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. The femur extends from the hip joint to the knee joint and is responsible for supporting the weight of the upper body and allowing movement of the lower extremity. Femoral fractures can occur due to various reasons such as high-energy trauma, low-energy trauma in individuals with weak bones (osteoporosis), or as a result of a direct blow to the thigh.

Femoral fractures can be classified into different types based on their location, pattern, and severity. Some common types of femoral fractures include:

1. Transverse fracture: A break that occurs straight across the bone.
2. Oblique fracture: A break that occurs at an angle across the bone.
3. Spiral fracture: A break that occurs in a helical pattern around the bone.
4. Comminuted fracture: A break that results in multiple fragments of the bone.
5. Open or compound fracture: A break in which the bone pierces through the skin.
6. Closed or simple fracture: A break in which the bone does not pierce through the skin.

Femoral fractures can cause severe pain, swelling, bruising, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected leg. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays or CT scans. Treatment may involve surgical intervention, including the use of metal rods, plates, or screws to stabilize the bone, followed by rehabilitation and physical therapy to restore mobility and strength.

A spinal fracture, also known as a vertebral compression fracture, is a break in one or more bones (vertebrae) of the spine. This type of fracture often occurs due to weakened bones caused by osteoporosis, but it can also result from trauma such as a car accident or a fall.

In a spinal fracture, the front part of the vertebra collapses, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease, while the back part of the vertebra remains intact. This results in a wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebra. Multiple fractures can lead to a hunched forward posture known as kyphosis or dowager's hump.

Spinal fractures can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms, depending on the location and severity of the fracture. In some cases, spinal cord compression may occur, leading to more severe symptoms such as paralysis or loss of bladder and bowel control.

Fracture fixation, internal, is a surgical procedure where a fractured bone is fixed using metal devices such as plates, screws, or rods that are implanted inside the body. This technique helps to maintain the alignment and stability of the broken bone while it heals. The implants may be temporarily or permanently left inside the body, depending on the nature and severity of the fracture. Internal fixation allows for early mobilization and rehabilitation, which can result in a faster recovery and improved functional outcome.

A comminuted fracture is a type of bone break where the bone is shattered into three or more pieces. This type of fracture typically occurs after high-energy trauma, such as a car accident or a fall from a great height. Commminuted fractures can also occur in bones that are weakened by conditions like osteoporosis or cancer. Because of the severity and complexity of comminuted fractures, they often require extensive treatment, which may include surgery to realign and stabilize the bone fragments using metal screws, plates, or rods.

Fracture fixation is a surgical procedure in orthopedic trauma surgery where a fractured bone is stabilized using various devices and techniques to promote proper healing and alignment. The goal of fracture fixation is to maintain the broken bone ends in correct anatomical position and length, allowing for adequate stability during the healing process.

There are two main types of fracture fixation:

1. Internal fixation: In this method, metal implants like plates, screws, or intramedullary rods are inserted directly into the bone to hold the fragments in place. These implants can be either removed or left in the body once healing is complete, depending on the type and location of the fracture.

2. External fixation: This technique involves placing pins or screws through the skin and into the bone above and below the fracture site. These pins are then connected to an external frame that maintains alignment and stability. External fixators are typically used when there is significant soft tissue damage, infection, or when internal fixation is not possible due to the complexity of the fracture.

The choice between internal and external fixation depends on various factors such as the type and location of the fracture, patient's age and overall health, surgeon's preference, and potential complications. Both methods aim to provide a stable environment for bone healing while minimizing the risk of malunion, nonunion, or deformity.

Osteoporotic fractures are breaks or cracks in bones that occur as a result of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Osteoporosis causes bones to lose density and strength, making them more susceptible to fractures, even from minor injuries or falls.

The most common types of osteoporotic fractures are:

1. Hip fractures: These occur when the upper part of the thigh bone (femur) breaks, often due to a fall. Hip fractures can be serious and may require surgery and hospitalization.
2. Vertebral compression fractures: These occur when the bones in the spine (vertebrae) collapse, causing height loss, back pain, and deformity. They are often caused by everyday activities, such as bending or lifting.
3. Wrist fractures: These occur when the bones in the wrist break, often due to a fall. Wrist fractures are common in older adults with osteoporosis.
4. Other fractures: Osteoporotic fractures can also occur in other bones, such as the pelvis, ribs, and humerus (upper arm bone).

Prevention is key in managing osteoporosis and reducing the risk of osteoporotic fractures. This includes getting enough calcium and vitamin D, engaging in regular weight-bearing exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, and taking medications as prescribed by a healthcare provider.

A radius fracture is a break in the bone that runs from the wrist to the elbow, located on the thumb side of the forearm. Radius fractures can occur as a result of a fall, direct blow to the forearm, or a high-energy collision such as a car accident. There are various types of radius fractures, including:

1. Distal radius fracture: A break at the end of the radius bone, near the wrist joint, which is the most common type of radius fracture.
2. Radial shaft fracture: A break in the middle portion of the radius bone.
3. Radial head and neck fractures: Breaks in the upper part of the radius bone, near the elbow joint.
4. Comminuted fracture: A complex radius fracture where the bone is broken into multiple pieces.
5. Open (compound) fracture: A radius fracture with a wound or laceration in the skin, allowing for communication between the outside environment and the fractured bone.
6. Intra-articular fracture: A radius fracture that extends into the wrist joint or elbow joint.
7. Torus (buckle) fracture: A stable fracture where one side of the bone is compressed, causing it to buckle or bend, but not break completely through.

Symptoms of a radius fracture may include pain, swelling, tenderness, bruising, deformity, limited mobility, and in some cases, numbness or tingling in the fingers. Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the fracture but can range from casting to surgical intervention with implant fixation.

Orbital pseudotumor, also known as orbital inflammatory syndrome or idiopathic orbital inflammation, is a non-specific term used to describe a group of conditions characterized by inflammation in the orbit (the bony cavity surrounding the eye) without any identifiable cause. It is not a true tumor, but rather an inflammatory reaction that can mimic the symptoms and signs of a tumor.

The condition can affect people of any age, although it is more common in middle-aged adults. The exact cause of orbital pseudotumor is unknown, but it is believed to be related to an abnormal immune response or inflammation triggered by various factors such as infections, trauma, or autoimmune disorders.

Symptoms of orbital pseudotumor may include eye pain, redness, swelling, protrusion of the eyeball (proptosis), double vision, and decreased vision. Diagnostic tests such as imaging studies (CT or MRI scans) and biopsy may be used to rule out other causes of orbital inflammation. Treatment typically involves corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, although other immunosuppressive medications may be necessary in severe cases. In some cases, the condition may resolve on its own without treatment.

Spontaneous fractures are bone breaks that occur without any identifiable trauma or injury. They are typically caused by underlying medical conditions that weaken the bones, making them more susceptible to breaking under normal stress or weight. The most common cause of spontaneous fractures is osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones. Other potential causes include various bone diseases, certain cancers, long-term use of corticosteroids, and genetic disorders affecting bone strength.

It's important to note that while the term "spontaneous" implies that the fracture occurred without any apparent cause, it is usually the result of an underlying medical condition. Therefore, if you experience a spontaneous fracture, seeking medical attention is crucial to diagnose and manage the underlying cause to prevent future fractures and related complications.

Stress fractures are defined as small cracks or severe bruising in bones that occur from repetitive stress or overuse. They most commonly occur in weight-bearing bones, such as the legs and feet, but can also occur in the arms, hips, and back. Stress fractures differ from regular fractures because they typically do not result from a single, traumatic event. Instead, they are caused by repeated stress on the bone that results in microscopic damage over time. Athletes, military personnel, and individuals who engage in high-impact activities or have weak bones (osteoporosis) are at increased risk of developing stress fractures. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, tenderness, and difficulty walking or bearing weight on the affected bone.

A femoral neck fracture is a type of hip fracture that occurs in the narrow, vertical section of bone just below the ball of the femur (thigh bone) that connects to the hip socket. This area is called the femoral neck. Femoral neck fractures can be categorized into different types based on their location and the direction of the fractured bone.

These fractures are typically caused by high-energy trauma, such as car accidents or falls from significant heights, in younger individuals. However, in older adults, particularly those with osteoporosis, femoral neck fractures can also result from low-energy trauma, like a simple fall from standing height.

Femoral neck fractures are often serious and require prompt medical attention. Treatment usually involves surgery to realign and stabilize the broken bone fragments, followed by rehabilitation to help regain mobility and strength. Potential complications of femoral neck fractures include avascular necrosis (loss of blood flow to the femoral head), nonunion or malunion (improper healing), and osteoarthritis in the hip joint.

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Oppenheimer, A. J., Monson, L. A., & Buchman, S. R. (2013). Pediatric orbital fractures. Craniomaxillofacial trauma & ...
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Naso-orbital fractures may involve the nasolacrimal duct. Early treatment by fracture reduction with stenting of the entire ...
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The orbital fracture required surgery to determine the extent of the injury and duration of recovery, and it was reported that ... Singer, Tom (March 1, 2012). "Orbital fracture for Burnett, surgery Friday". MLB.com. Archived from the original on March 2, ...
Brannan, Paul A.; Kersten, Robert C.; Kulwin, Dwight R. (May 2006). "Isolated Medial Orbital Wall Fractures With Medial Rectus ... "Medial Rectus Muscle Incarceration in Pediatric Medial Orbital Wall Trapdoor Fractures". European Journal of Ophthalmology. 14 ... This usually resolves when skull fractures are fixed. The medial rectus muscle may be damaged during eye surgery or skull ... It is shorter but stronger than the other orbital recti muscles. It rarely changes position significantly when it contracts, ...
Fracture of maxilla and/or orbital floor. Abnormal growth of mucous membrane of sinus (polyp). Dental cyst. For management of ... Xu, W; Zhao, C; Jin, L; Ge, R (March 2015). "[Clinical analysis of simple orbital blowout fracture]". Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou ... hematoma or hemorrhage in the maxillary sinus To treat fractures involving floor of the orbit or anterior maxillary sinus wall ...
"Growing skull fracture of the posterior cranial fossa and of the orbital roof". Acta Neurochir (Wien). 145 (3): 201-8, ... while fractures of the facial portion of the skull are facial fractures, or if the jaw is fractured, a mandibular fracture. The ... Le Fort facial fracture Facial fracture Mandibular fracture Haar FL (October 1975). "Complication of linear skull fracture in ... Linear fractures are the most common, and usually require no intervention for the fracture itself. Depressed fractures are ...
Two weeks later at a taping of Impact!, Williams' orbital bone was fractured during a match. However, Williams recovered from ...
Lambert, Jeremy (January 17, 2022). "Report: Eddie Kingston Sidelined With Fractured Orbital Bone". Fightful. Retrieved January ... The following month, Kingston would initiate a rivalry with Chris Jericho, but suffered an orbital bone injury in January 2022 ...
"Saunders Suffered Multiple Fractures To Orbital Area, Will Have Surgery, Says Hearn". BoxingScene.com. 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 ... Hearn revealed after the fight that Saunders had suffered multiple fractures to his eye socket and was awaiting surgery. In ...
"Son Heung-min to undergo surgery on orbital fracture". JoongAng Ilbo. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022. "World Cup ...
The next day, the Sixers announced that Embiid had suffered a mild concussion and a right orbital fracture and would be out ... On 28 March against the Knicks, Embiid suffered an orbital fracture of his left eye. He underwent surgery three days later, ... Wojnarowski, Adrian (31 March 2018). "Joel Embiid has surgery to fix orbital bone fracture". ESPN. Retrieved 31 March 2018. " ... Embiid suffered a stress fracture in his back in March 2014. He missed that year's Big 12 tournament and NCAA tournament. ...
He would leave the game and later undergo surgery to address a right orbital bone fracture. After missing four games, Williams ... "Thunder's Jalen Williams has surgery for orbital bone fracture". espn.com. October 21, 2022. "Spurs vs Thunder - November 30, ...
"Son Heung-min to undergo surgery on orbital fracture". JoongAng Ilbo. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022. "World Cup ...
Instead, the fracture continues along the orbital floor and infraorbital fissure, continuing through the lateral orbital wall ... eMedicine - Facial Trauma, Maxillary and Le Fort Fractures - LeFort Fractures Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fractures ... Finally, after the horizontal and vertical maxillary buttresses are stabilized, the orbital fractures are fixed last. Oral and ... A Le Fort fracture of the skull is a classic transfacial fracture of the midface, involving the maxillary bone and surrounding ...
"Measurements of orbital volume change using computed tomography in isolated orbital blowout fractures". Arch Facial Plast Surg ... Kwon, J.; Barrera, J.E.; Most, S.P. (2010). "Comparative Computation of Orbital Volume From Axial and Coronal CT Using Three- ... Pau, C.Y.; Barrera, J.E.; Kwon, J.; Most, S.P. (2010). "Three-dimensional analysis of zygomatic-maxillary complex fracture ... but also spine pathology such as cervical spine fractures, syringomyelia, and sacral nerve root neurinomas have been evaluated ...
"Kosei Tanaka suffers suspected Orbital fracture, no brain injury suspected". "WBO light flyweight champ Kosei Tanaka ...
"Complications Associated with Alloplastic Implants used in Orbital Fracture Repair". Ophthalmology. 99 (10): 1600-1608. doi: ... Improper fixation and numerous biomechanical and mechanical factors can contribute to the fracture of alloplastic implants or ... These include infection, inflammatory reactions, the fracture of alloplastic implants and prostheses, loosening of implants or ...
He suffered damage to his left eye socket, including fractures to the orbital bone. He was subsequently placed on the 15-day ... "Vogelsong goes on 15-day DL with facial fractures". 2016-05-24. Cotillo, Chris (2017-03-21). "Twins Release Ryan Vogelsong". ... fracturing two bones and dislocating a joint. Vogelsong missed almost 12 weeks before returning on August 9. He had a strong ...
Later, it was revealed Sanada had suffered a fractured orbital bone. Sanada vacated the championship at Hyper Battle, ending ...
Among his injuries were a fractured neck and left orbital bone; it is not known if he was assaulted or passed out and fell. ...
After this bout, he was hospitalized because of Orbital blowout fracture. On April 26, 1998, he fought against Gilbert ...
A fracture here could cause entrapment of the medial rectus muscle.[citation needed] Orbital lamina of ethmoid bone Sinnatamby ... The orbital lamina of ethmoid bone (or lamina papyracea or orbital lamina) is a smooth, oblong,[citation needed] paper-thin ... It articulates above with the orbital plate of the frontal bone, below with the maxilla and the orbital process of palatine ... as this part of the ethmoid bone is paper-thin and fractures easily. ...
It is useful for detecting fractures of the surrounding bone arising from injury or disease. It is also commonly used for ... Orbital x-ray or orbital radiography is an x-ray of both left and right eye sockets, to include the Frontal Sinuses and ... An orbital x-ray usually requires only one view unless the requester is looking for evidence of metallic fragments, in which ... Two other important views are the Water's view which helps visualise the anterior orbital floor and maxillary sinuses; and the ...
He suffered a fracture of the right orbital floor in that fight. Although it took three months to recover, the prospects for ...
The hinged orbital blowout fracture is a fracture with an edge of the fractured bone attached on either side. In pure orbital ... of orbital fractures (mean age 81). It has also been shown in the literature that put orbital medial wall fractures are more ... An orbital blowout fracture is a traumatic deformity of the orbital floor or medial wall that typically results from the impact ... "Blowout fracture of the orbit: mechanism and correction of internal orbital fracture. By Byron Smith and William F. Regan, Jr ...
Fracture severity ranges from small minimally displaced fractures of an isolated wall that require no surgical intervention to ... Orbital fractures are commonly seen with midfacial trauma. ... encoded search term (Orbital Fractures) and Orbital Fractures ... Orbital-rim fractures are generally the result of a direct blow. Orbital-roof fractures are usually the result of high-energy ... Orbital fractures are commonly seen with midfacial trauma. Fracture severity ranges from small minimally displaced fractures of ...
The anatomy of the orbital apex is significant for the complex association between bony, neural, and vascular elements. ... The orbital apex is the most posterior portion of the pyramidal-shaped orbit, positioned at the craniofacial junction. ... encoded search term (Apex Orbital Fracture) and Apex Orbital Fracture What to Read Next on Medscape ... Sugamata A. Orbital apex syndrome associated with fractures of the inferomedial orbital wall. Clin Ophthalmol. 2013. 7:475-8. [ ...
Orbital fractures are the third most common type of facial fracture and usually occur with blunt force trauma. ... Fractures of the orbital roof cause less orbital volume change compared with fractures of the floor, but can cause restricted ... Orbital fractures are the third most common type of facial fracture and usually occur with blunt force trauma. The fractures ... Fractures in the lateral wall are often combined fractures involving the cheek bone. Orbital fractures occur either as a result ...
Orbital blow-out fractures: surgical timing and technique.. G J Harris. Eye 2006 October ... PURPOSE: To recommend a tailored approach to surgical timing in the repair of orbital blow-out fractures, and to offer ... The authors techniques for repair of isolated orbital floor, isolated medial wall, and combined floor-medial wall fractures ...
SCOLARI, Neimar HEITZ, Claiton. Treatment protocol for orbital fractures. RFO UPF []. 2012, 17, 3, pp. 365-369. ISSN 1413-4012. ... Objective: To define a treatment protocol for orbital fractures, comparing it to the various forms of treatment existent in ... Conclusion: The setting of a quality protocol for a trauma service is essentially important, since orbital fractures should be ... We selected the most relevant articles on the subject, discussing different forms of orbital fractures treatment. Results: ...
Fracture severity ranges from small minimally displaced fractures of an isolated wall that require no surgical intervention to ... Orbital fractures are commonly seen with midfacial trauma. ... encoded search term (Orbital Fractures) and Orbital Fractures ... Orbital-rim fractures are generally the result of a direct blow. Orbital-roof fractures are usually the result of high-energy ... Orbital fractures are commonly seen with midfacial trauma. Fracture severity ranges from small minimally displaced fractures of ...
There are generally three types of orbital fractures that are classified by the effects on the bones and where they are located ... Treatments for Orbital Fractures. The treatment needed for an orbital fraction has a lot to do with how severe the fracture is ... Symptoms of Orbital Fractures. If you arent sure whether you have an orbital fracture, there are a number of symptoms that ... An orbital floor fracture is a type that results from getting a blow to the orbital rim that pushes back the bones. This in ...
Right orbital fracture with lateral hinge in a coronal section. A common site of orbital floor fracture is the infraorbital ... The trapdoor fracture on the orbital floor of the right eye. The inferior rectus and surrounding orbital fat herniated and ... Orbital fracture results in dislocation of bones and herniation of orbital contents. Due to these conditions, several symptoms ... Trapdoor-Type Fracture. Trapdoor fracture is the most common type of fracture in young patients, especially in those under 20 ...
Isolated medial wall fracture is the most common type of orbital blowout fracture [1]. Conventionally, isolated medial orbital ... Pure orbital blowout fracture: new concepts and importance of medial orbital blowout fracture. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;103: ... We retrospectively reviewed 40 patients with isolated medial orbital blowout fractures who underwent medial orbital wall ... Patients with isolated medial orbital wall fractures who received either endoscopic or transcaruncular medial orbital wall ...
Immediate medical attention is needed for orbital fractures. ... So what are the symptoms of an orbital blowout fracture?. * ... Its called a blowout orbital fracture. Athletes most vulnerable to a blowout orbital fracture include tennis, racquetball, ... Everything You Need to Know About Sports Injuries and Orbital Fractures. Sports can be rough. The impact of sports injuries can ... The athlete may need surgery to repair the orbital floor fracture. Many want to know how soon they can resume their athletic ...
A similar fracture, to his left orbital bone, kept him out for about three weeks late in the 2017-18 season. He needed surgery ... has a right orbital fracture and a mild concussion. Those injuries, for now anyway, have him listed as out on the injury report ... The amount of time he misses now is, obviously, contingent on the severity of whatever is fractured in the bones around ...
Management of Orbital Floor Fractures- Our Experience in 10 Years. Management of Orbital Floor Fractures- Our Experience in 10 ...
New York Yankees Cameraman Hit By Ball Suffered Orbital Fracture. by Alejandro Avila July 6, 2023, 6:25 pm. updated July 6, ... Pete suffered an orbital fracture and is home resting. He and his family appreciate everyones support. pic.twitter.com/ ... Aaron Boone spoke with cameraman Pete Stendel, who is home and resting after suffering an orbital fracture during last nights ... suffered an orbital fracture because of the errant throw by Baltimores second baseman Gunnar Henderson. ...
Orbital trapdoor fracture repair with porous ethylene coated titanium implant Orbital trapdoor fracture repair with porous ... fracture using a porous polyethylene coated titanium (Synpor) implant 닥터후 시즌11 다운로드. It discusses orbital trap door fractures, ... This narrated video demonstrates the repair of an orbital trapdoor (or white eyed blowout) ...
Hyphema and orbital blowout fracture. A hyphema is bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye, the space between the cornea ... Orbital blowout fractures are cracks or breaks in the facial bones surrounding the eye. ... Hyphemas and blowout fractures are serious eye injuries and medical emergencies. They are caused by significant blunt force ...
Your orbital bones are the structures that support and protect the eyes. While it ... The symptoms of an orbital fracture after a wreck. On Behalf of Paul B. Weitz & Associates, PC , Mar 7, 2023 , Motor Vehicle ... The treatment for fractured orbital bones is usually surgery. Further rehabilitative treatment may also be required to regain ... Blurred vision and sensitivity to light could be a sign that the orbital bone has been fractured and the visual system ...
Recurrent Retrobulbar Hemorrhage Associated with CPAP Use after Orbital Fracture Repair. Christine Ryu, Katie Geelan-Hansen, ... Ryu, C, Geelan-Hansen, K & Chundury, RV 2022, Recurrent Retrobulbar Hemorrhage Associated with CPAP Use after Orbital Fracture ... Recurrent Retrobulbar Hemorrhage Associated with CPAP Use after Orbital Fracture Repair. / Ryu, Christine; Geelan-Hansen, Katie ... N2 - We present a patient who underwent orbital fracture repair complicated by retrobulbar hemorrhages twice within the first ...
Orbital roof and wall fracture. Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale. Substance Abuse in Remission. Addenda ... Osteoporosis Related Pathological Fracture of Jaw. Temporomandibular Joint Disorders. June 9, 2017- Deadline for receipt of ...
Orbital fracture clinical decision rule development: burden of disease and use of a mandatory electronic survey instrument ... Yadav, K., Cowan, E., Wall, S., & Gennis, P. (2011). Orbital fracture clinical decision rule development: burden of disease and ...
Orbital Fracture. *Paralytic Strabismus. *Parasitic Endophthalmitis. *Pigment Dispersion Syndrome. *Pinguecula. *Pinkeye ( ...
S02.839D is a billable diagnosis code used to specify fracture of medial orbital wall, unspecified side, 7thd. View S02.839D ... S02.84 - Fracture of lateral orbital wall* S02.841 - Fracture of lateral orbital wall, right side* S02.841A - Fracture of ... Fracture of medial orbital wall, left side, initial encounter for closed fracture* S02.832B - Fracture of medial orbital wall, ... Fracture of lateral orbital wall, right side, initial encounter for open fracture* S02.841D - Fracture of lateral orbital wall ...
5. Assessment of the extent of orbital blow-out fracture. 3. Machine. 3.1. X ray tube. 3.2. xray film under table. 3.3. rigid ... 4. Evaluation of grossly comminuted facial fractures to determine all the fracture sites. 2.5. ...
Predicting orbital fractures in head injury: a preliminary study of clinical findings. Emergency Radiology: A Journal of ... Allison JR, Kearns A, Banks R. An assessment tool for orbital trauma - should the orbits be included in head CT?. British ...
Orbital anomalies *Tumor (e.g. rhabdomyosarcoma). *Excess fat behind globe (e.g. thyroid conditions) ... Bone fracture. *Check ligament (e.g. Browns syndrome, or Superior tendon sheath syndrome) ...
Orbital Cellulitis * Orbital Fractures * Orbital Inflammatory Syndromes * Orbital Tumors * Papilledema * Pars Planitis ...
Orbital Decompression. *Orbital Fracture Repair. *Orbital Tumor Surgery. *Ptosis Surgery (Drooping Lids) ... orbital surgery, fillers and Botox, and other cosmetic facial procedures. Dr. Lucarelli is fellowship-trained and is board ...
Diagnose This: Orbital floor fracture Diagnose This Diagnose This: Woman with a 15-degree left head tilt Diagnose This ...

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