Tumors or cancer of the OROPHARYNX.
The middle portion of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth, inferior to the SOFT PALATE, and superior to the base of the tongue and EPIGLOTTIS. It has a digestive function as food passes from the mouth into the oropharynx before entering ESOPHAGUS.
Pathological processes involving the PHARYNX.
Infection of the mucous membranes of the mouth by a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.
The act of taking solids and liquids into the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT through the mouth and throat.
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.
A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx).
Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.
A type of ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS especially associated with malignant tumors of the CERVIX and the RESPIRATORY MUCOSA.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
Tumors or cancer of the PALATINE TONSIL.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.
A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech.
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)
Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.
Abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. The second neoplasm may have the same or different histological type and can occur in the same or different organs as the previous neoplasm but in all cases arises from an independent oncogenic event. The development of the second neoplasm may or may not be related to the treatment for the previous neoplasm since genetic risk or predisposing factors may actually be the cause.
Inhaling liquid or solids, such as stomach contents, into the RESPIRATORY TRACT. When this causes severe lung damage, it is called ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.
Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.
Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.
The muscles of the PHARYNX are voluntary muscles arranged in two layers. The external circular layer consists of three constrictors (superior, middle, and inferior). The internal longitudinal layer consists of the palatopharyngeus, the salpingopharyngeus, and the stylopharyngeus. During swallowing, the outer layer constricts the pharyngeal wall and the inner layer elevates pharynx and LARYNX.
Surgery performed on the ear and its parts, the nose and nasal cavity, or the throat, including surgery of the adenoids, tonsils, pharynx, and trachea.
A unicellular budding fungus which is the principal pathogenic species causing CANDIDIASIS (moniliasis).
Partial or total surgical excision of the tongue. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A type of oropharyngeal airway that provides an alternative to endotracheal intubation and standard mask anesthesia in certain patients. It is introduced into the hypopharynx to form a seal around the larynx thus permitting spontaneous or positive pressure ventilation without penetration of the larynx or esophagus. It is used in place of a facemask in routine anesthesia. The advantages over standard mask anesthesia are better airway control, minimal anesthetic gas leakage, a secure airway during patient transport to the recovery area, and minimal postoperative problems.
Substances that destroy fungi by suppressing their ability to grow or reproduce. They differ from FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL because they defend against fungi present in human or animal tissues.
Lining of the ORAL CAVITY, including mucosa on the GUMS; the PALATE; the LIP; the CHEEK; floor of the mouth; and other structures. The mucosa is generally a nonkeratinized stratified squamous EPITHELIUM covering muscle, bone, or glands but can show varying degree of keratinization at specific locations.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
A mobile U-shaped bone that lies in the anterior part of the neck at the level of the third CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. The hyoid bone is suspended from the processes of the TEMPORAL BONES by ligaments, and is firmly bound to the THYROID CARTILAGE by muscles.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
A fleshy extension at the back of the soft palate that hangs above the opening of the throat.
Tumors or cancer of the HYPOPHARYNX.
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.
A family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses infecting birds and most mammals, especially humans. They are grouped into multiple genera, but the viruses are highly host-species specific and tissue-restricted. They are commonly divided into hundreds of papillomavirus "types", each with specific gene function and gene control regions, despite sequence homology. Human papillomaviruses are found in the genera ALPHAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; BETAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; GAMMAPAPILLOMAVIRUS; and MUPAPILLOMAVIRUS.
Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.
A genus of yeast-like mitosporic Saccharomycetales fungi characterized by producing yeast cells, mycelia, pseudomycelia, and blastophores. It is commonly part of the normal flora of the skin, mouth, intestinal tract, and vagina, but can cause a variety of infections, including CANDIDIASIS; ONYCHOMYCOSIS; vulvovaginal candidiasis (CANDIDIASIS, VULVOVAGINAL), and thrush (see CANDIDIASIS, ORAL). (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Endogenous substances produced through the activity of intact cells of glands, tissues, or organs.
A genus of DNA viruses in the family PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE. They preferentially infect the anogenital and ORAL MUCOSA in humans and primates, causing both malignant and benign neoplasms. Cutaneous lesions are also seen.
Opportunistic infections found in patients who test positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The most common include PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA, Kaposi's sarcoma, cryptosporidiosis, herpes simplex, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and infections with Mycobacterium avium complex, Microsporidium, and Cytomegalovirus.
A product of the p16 tumor suppressor gene (GENES, P16). It is also called INK4 or INK4A because it is the prototype member of the INK4 CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITORS. This protein is produced from the alpha mRNA transcript of the p16 gene. The other gene product, produced from the alternatively spliced beta transcript, is TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF. Both p16 gene products have tumor suppressor functions.
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.
The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissible to another susceptible host.
Tumors or cancer of the LIP.
A tubular organ of VOICE production. It is located in the anterior neck, superior to the TRACHEA and inferior to the tongue and HYOID BONE.
Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A movable fold suspended from the posterior border of the hard palate. The uvula hangs from the middle of the lower border.
The removal of contaminating material, such as radioactive materials, biological materials, or CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS, from a person or object.
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Surgical removal of a part of the pharynx. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
The top portion of the pharynx situated posterior to the nose and superior to the SOFT PALATE. The nasopharynx is the posterior extension of the nasal cavities and has a respiratory function.
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.
A species of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria which is distinguished from other members of the genus KINGELLA by its beta hemolysis. It occurs normally in human mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, but can cause septic arthritis and endocarditis. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
CONFORMAL RADIOTHERAPY that combines several intensity-modulated beams to provide improved dose homogeneity and highly conformal dose distributions.
A procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia.
Dissection in the neck to remove all disease tissues including cervical LYMPH NODES and to leave an adequate margin of normal tissue. This type of surgery is usually used in tumors or cervical metastases in the head and neck. The prototype of neck dissection is the radical neck dissection described by Crile in 1906.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
A species of gram-negative bacteria in the genus HAEMOPHILUS, ubiquitous in the human ORAL CAVITY and PHARYNX. It has low pathogenicity but is occasionally implicated in ENDOCARDITIS in humans.
Examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the larynx performed with a specially designed endoscope.
Infections with bacteria of the family NEISSERIACEAE.
DNA present in neoplastic tissue.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.

Sternothoracotomy for combined coronary artery bypass grafting and left upper lobectomy in a patient with low-lying tracheostoma. (1/433)

A 64-year-old man had a low-lying tracheostoma and presented with unstable angina and a mass in the pulmonary left upper lobe. Simultaneous coronary revascularization and resection of the lung neoplasm were completed through a sternothoracotomy (clam-shell) incision. The advantages of this approach include excellent exposure to the mediastinum and the lung fields, and the option of using both internal thoracic arteries for bypass grafting.  (+info)

Cyclin D1, glutathione S-transferase, and cytochrome P450 genotypes and outcome in patients with upper aerodigestive tract cancers: assessment of the importance of individual genes using multivariate analysis. (2/433)

GST, CYP, and CCND1 genotypes have been associated with outcome in several cancers. Accordingly, we have examined, in patients with one squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck, associations between GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTM3, GSTP1, CYP2D6, CYP1A1, CYP2E1, and CCND1 genotypes and the outcome parameters, tumor extension, histological grade, and presence of nodes. We used logistic regression to study, first, each gene individually and, second, in a step-wise model that included all of the genes. Different genes were associated with each outcome parameter. Thus, GSTT1 null was associated with T3/T4 lesions in the oral cavity/pharyngeal (P = 0.029), but not laryngeal, SCC cases. GSTT1 null was also associated with histological differentiation (G3) in the oral cavity/pharyngeal, but not laryngeal, SCC cases, although this association only approached significance (P = 0.069). CCND1 GG was associated with G3 tumors in the oral cavity/pharyngeal (P = 0.011), but not laryngeal, SCC cases. The combination of GSTT1 null/CCND1 GG was also associated with G3 tumors. CYP2D6 PM and HET were associated with lymph node involvement in the laryngeal, but not oral/pharynx, SCC cases. Genes that were individually associated with outcome were also associated with the parameter in the step-wise routine. The GSTT1 null frequency was greater in 39 patients with second primary tumors than in those with one lesion (P = 0.014). The data demonstrate site-dependent associations between GSTT1 null, CCND1 GG, and CYP2D6 PM and tumor extension, differentiation, and nodes.  (+info)

Randomized trial of radiation therapy versus concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma. (3/433)

BACKGROUND: We designed a randomized clinical trial to test whether the addition of three cycles of chemotherapy during standard radiation therapy would improve disease-free survival in patients with stages III and IV (i.e., advanced oropharynx carcinoma). METHODS: A total of 226 patients have been entered in a phase III multicenter, randomized trial comparing radiotherapy alone (arm A) with radiotherapy with concomitant chemotherapy (arm B). Radiotherapy was identical in the two arms, delivering, with conventional fractionation, 70 Gy in 35 fractions. In arm B, patients received during the period of radiotherapy three cycles of a 4-day regimen containing carboplatin (70 mg/m(2) per day) and 5-fluorouracil (600 mg/m(2) per day) by continuous infusion. The two arms were equally balanced with regard to age, sex, stage, performance status, histology, and primary tumor site. RESULTS: Radiotherapy compliance was similar in the two arms with respect to total dose, treatment duration, and treatment interruption. The rate of grades 3 and 4 mucositis was statistically significantly higher in arm B (71%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 54%-85%) than in arm A (39%; 95% CI = 29%-56%). Skin toxicity was not different between the two arms. Hematologic toxicity was higher in arm B as measured by neutrophil count and hemoglobin level. Three-year overall actuarial survival and disease-free survival rates were, respectively, 51% (95% CI = 39%-68%) versus 31% (95% CI = 18%-49%) and 42% (95% CI = 30%-57%) versus 20% (95% CI = 10%-33%) for patients treated with combined modality versus radiation therapy alone (P =.02 and.04, respectively). The locoregional control rate was improved in arm B (66%; 95% CI = 51%-78%) versus arm A (42%; 95% CI = 31%-56%). CONCLUSION: The statistically significant improvement in overall survival that was obtained supports the use of concomitant chemotherapy as an adjunct to radiotherapy in the management of carcinoma of the oropharynx.  (+info)

Cigar smoking in men and risk of death from tobacco-related cancers. (4/433)

BACKGROUND: Cigar consumption in the United States has increased dramatically since 1993, yet there are limited prospective data on the risk of cancer associated with cigar smoking. We examined the association between cigar smoking and death from tobacco-related cancers in a large, prospective cohort of U. S. men. METHODS: We used Cox proportional hazards models to analyze the relationship between cigar smoking at baseline in 1982 and mortality from cancers of the lung, oral cavity/pharynx, larynx, esophagus, bladder, and pancreas over 12 years of follow-up of the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study II cohort. A total of 137 243 men were included in the final analysis. Women were not included because we had no data on their cigar use. We excluded men who ever smoked cigarettes or pipes and adjusted all rate ratio (RR) estimates for age, alcohol use, and use of snuff or chewing tobacco. RESULTS: Current cigar smoking at baseline, as compared with never smoking, was associated with an increased risk of death from cancers of the lung (RR = 5.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.0-6.6), oral cavity/pharynx (RR = 4.0 [95% CI = 1.5-10.3]), larynx (RR = 10.3 [95% CI = 2.6-41.0]), and esophagus (RR = 1.8; 95% CI = 0.9-3.7). Although current cigar smokers overall did not appear to be at an increased risk of death from cancer of the pancreas (RR = 1.3; 95% CI = 0.9-1.9) or bladder (RR = 1.0; 95% CI = 0.4-2.3), there was an increased risk for current cigar smokers who reported that they inhaled the smoke (for pancreas, RR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.5-4.8; for bladder, RR = 3.6; 95% CI = 1.3-9.9). CONCLUSIONS: Results from this large prospective study support a strong association between cigar smoking and mortality from several types of cancer.  (+info)

Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor protein levels in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. (5/433)

PURPOSE: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis in many different tumor types. VEGF levels may affect tumor growth, metastatic potential, and response to radiotherapy. This study assesses the prognostic value of VEGF protein levels in a cohort of patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. The relationships between clinical outcome and the covariables of tumor-node-metastasis stage, disease stage (I to IV), grade, margin status, race, sex, and age were also determined. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Chart review identified 77 patients with oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with gross total surgical resection and postoperative radiation between 1981 and 1992. Sufficient follow-up data and tumor tissue were available in 56 patients (73%). VEGF protein levels were determined using immunohistochemistry. The association between VEGF status, covariables, and outcome was assessed in a bivariate and multivariate model using two-sided statistical tests. RESULTS: Twenty-three tumors (41%) were positive for VEGF expression. VEGF-positive tumors were more likely to recur locally (relative risk [RR] = 3.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 9.24) and distantly (RR = 4.62; 95% CI, 1.41 to 15.10). In bivariate analysis, VEGF positivity was the most significant predictor of poor disease-free survival (RR = 2.66; 95% CI, 1.27 to 5.56) and overall survival (RR = 3.21; 95% CI, 1.63 to 6.32). In multivariate analysis, VEGF positivity was the most significant predictor of poor disease-free survival (RR = 2.75; 95% CI, 1.30 to 5.79) and overall survival (RR = 3.53; 95% CI, 1.75 to 7.13). CONCLUSION: In this cohort, VEGF positivity was the most significant predictor of poor prognosis. VEGF status may prove to be an important prognostic factor in head and neck cancer.  (+info)

Sonographic findings of the neopharynx after total laryngectomy: comparison with CT. (6/433)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To our knowledge, sonographic findings in the neopharynx have not been well characterized. We describe our results and assess the role of sonography versus CT in patients who have undergone total laryngectomy. METHODS: We examined 25 patients (24 men and one woman; 44-78 years old) who had had a total laryngectomy. Sonography (with a 10-MHz transducer) and contrast-enhanced CT were performed in all patients. We evaluated the normal shape of the neopharynx and assessed the accuracy of sonography versus CT in detecting tumor recurrence in the neck. RESULTS: The neopharynx appears as a round or ovoid structure on imaging studies. On sonograms, the neopharyngeal wall has five layers of alternating echogenicity: an innermost hyperechoic layer of superficial mucosa, an inner hypoechoic layer of deep mucosa, a middle hyperechoic layer of submucosa, an outer hypoechoic layer of muscle, and an outermost hyperechoic layer of adventitia. On CT scans, the neopharynx appears as a three-layered structure, with an inner hyperdense layer of mucosa, a middle hypodense layer of submucosa, and an outer isodense layer of pharyngeal constrictor muscles. Nine pathologically proved recurrences were found: three local recurrences, one local recurrence with lymph node metastasis, and five cases of lymph node metastasis only. One instance of false-negative lymph node metastasis was seen at sonography and one case of false-positive local recurrence was seen at CT. CONCLUSION: The neopharynx has a unique sonographic appearance, and this imaging technique is useful for detecting local tumor recurrence in the neopharynx in patients who have had a total laryngectomy.  (+info)

Tobacco habits and risk of lung, oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancer: a population-based case-control study in Bhopal, India. (7/433)

BACKGROUND: Tobacco habits in India are unique and vary in different regions. Few studies, and none from central India, have reported on type of tobacco used and risk of the most common cancer types in India. We conducted a population-based case-control study to evaluate the risk of tobacco particularly bidi smoking and tobacco quid chewing on the most common cancer sites among males in Bhopal. METHODS: In all, 163 lung, 247 oropharyngeal and 148 oral cavity cancer cases from the Population-Based Cancer Registry records and 260 controls randomly selected from a tobacco survey conducted in the Bhopal population formed the study population. RESULTS: A significant risk of bidi and cigarette smoking with a dose-response relationship was observed for lung and oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco quid chewing showed no risk for lung, marginally increased risk for oropharyngeal and about a sixfold increased risk for oral cavity cancer. Population-attributable risk per cent (PARP) was observed to be 82.7% and 71.6% for smokers for the development of lung and oropharyngeal cancer, while the same was found to be 66.1% for tobacco chewers for the development of oral cavity cancer. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide strong evidence that smoking bidi is even more hazardous than cigarette smoking in the development of lung and oropharyngeal cancer. An intervention study to prevent the use of tobacco will be useful in this population as it also underwent gas exposure due to a chemical accident in 1984.  (+info)

Cyclooxygenase regulates human oropharyngeal carcinomas via the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6: a general role for inflammation? (8/433)

High levels of prostaglandins are produced in human oropharyngeal carcinoma (OPC). Five human OPC cell lines tested expressed both isoforms of cyclooxygenases (COX). The pan-COX inhibitor ketorolac continuously and significantly decreased PGE(2) production and IL-6 and IL-8 levels in all OPC cell lines tested, but did not affect IL-1alpha, GM-CSF levels, or in vitro tumor cell growth. In contrast, ketorolac reduced OPC growth in vivo. The OPC cell lines used express the IL-6 receptor, and IL-6 stimulation of these cells causes transduction to occur via STAT3 pathway activation. Coincubation with OPC cell lines with conditioned medium from a TPA-exposed HL-60 cells stimulated growth proportional to the IL-6 levels measured in the conditioned medium. This growth effect was specifically inhibited by anti-IL-6 antibody. These results are consistent with cytokine products of inflammatory cells having paracrine growth effects on OPC. If chronic inflammation plays a role in promoting the development of OPC, this mechanism may also apply to other epithelial tumor systems modulated by COX activity.  (+info)

Oropharyngeal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the oropharynx, which is the middle part of the pharynx (throat) that includes the back one-third of the tongue, the soft palate, the side and back walls of the throat, and the tonsils. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Oropharyngeal cancer is a significant global health concern, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most common type of malignant neoplasm in this region. The primary risk factors for oropharyngeal cancers include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates.

The oropharynx is the part of the throat (pharynx) that is located immediately behind the mouth and includes the back one-third of the tongue, the soft palate, the side and back walls of the throat, and the tonsils. It serves as a passageway for both food and air, and is also an important area for the immune system due to the presence of tonsils.

Pharyngeal diseases refer to conditions that affect the pharynx, which is the part of the throat that lies behind the nasal cavity and mouth, and above the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx plays a crucial role in swallowing, speaking, and breathing. Pharyngeal diseases can cause symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, pain during swallowing, swollen lymph nodes, and earaches.

Some common pharyngeal diseases include:

1. Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the pharynx, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
2. Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, which are two masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the back of the throat.
3. Epiglottitis: Inflammation of the epiglottis, a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the lungs.
4. Abscesses: A collection of pus in the pharynx caused by a bacterial infection.
5. Cancer: Malignant tumors that can develop in the pharynx, often caused by smoking or heavy alcohol use.
6. Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing due to nerve damage, muscle weakness, or structural abnormalities in the pharynx.
7. Stridor: Noisy breathing caused by a narrowed or obstructed airway in the pharynx.

Treatment for pharyngeal diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, pain relievers, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Oral candidiasis is a medical condition characterized by an infection of the oral mucous membranes caused by the Candida fungus species, most commonly Candida albicans. It is also known as thrush or oral thrush. The infection typically appears as white, creamy, or yellowish patches or plaques on the tongue, inner cheeks, roof of the mouth, gums, and sometimes on the tonsils or back of the throat. These lesions can be painful, causing soreness, burning sensations, and difficulty swallowing. Oral candidiasis can affect people of all ages; however, it is more commonly seen in infants, elderly individuals, and those with weakened immune systems due to illness or medication use. Various factors such as poor oral hygiene, dentures, smoking, dry mouth, and certain medical conditions like diabetes or HIV/AIDS can increase the risk of developing oral candidiasis. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications in the form of topical creams, lozenges, or oral solutions, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the infection.

Deglutition disorders, also known as swallowing disorders, are conditions that affect the ability to move food or liquids from the mouth to the stomach safely and efficiently. These disorders can occur at any stage of the swallowing process, which includes oral preparation (chewing and manipulating food in the mouth), pharyngeal phase (activating muscles and structures in the throat to move food toward the esophagus), and esophageal phase (relaxing and contracting the esophagus to propel food into the stomach).

Symptoms of deglutition disorders may include coughing or choking during or after eating, difficulty initiating a swallow, food sticking in the throat or chest, regurgitation, unexplained weight loss, and aspiration (inhaling food or liquids into the lungs), which can lead to pneumonia.

Deglutition disorders can be caused by various factors, such as neurological conditions (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis), structural abnormalities (e.g., narrowing or blockage of the esophagus), muscle weakness or dysfunction, and cognitive or behavioral issues. Treatment for deglutition disorders may involve dietary modifications, swallowing exercises, medications, or surgical interventions, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

Deglutition is the medical term for swallowing. It refers to the process by which food or liquid is transferred from the mouth to the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle movements and neural responses. The deglutition process involves several stages, including oral preparatory, oral transit, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases, each of which plays a critical role in ensuring safe and efficient swallowing.

Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty with swallowing, which can result from various underlying conditions such as neurological disorders, structural abnormalities, or muscular weakness. Proper evaluation and management of deglutition disorders are essential to prevent complications such as aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, and dehydration.

A mouth neoplasm refers to an abnormal growth or tumor in the oral cavity, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant mouth neoplasms are also known as oral cancer. They can develop on the lips, gums, tongue, roof and floor of the mouth, inside the cheeks, and in the oropharynx (the middle part of the throat at the back of the mouth).

Mouth neoplasms can have various causes, including genetic factors, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Symptoms may include a lump or thickening in the oral soft tissues, white or red patches, persistent mouth sores, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and numbness in the mouth. Early detection and treatment of mouth neoplasms are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing complications.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that begins in the squamous cells, which are flat, thin cells that form the outer layer of the skin (epidermis). It commonly occurs on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, lips, and backs of the hands. Squamous cell carcinoma can also develop in other areas of the body including the mouth, lungs, and cervix.

This type of cancer usually develops slowly and may appear as a rough or scaly patch of skin, a red, firm nodule, or a sore or ulcer that doesn't heal. While squamous cell carcinoma is not as aggressive as some other types of cancer, it can metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body if left untreated, making early detection and treatment important.

Risk factors for developing squamous cell carcinoma include prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, fair skin, a history of sunburns, a weakened immune system, and older age. Prevention measures include protecting your skin from the sun by wearing protective clothing, using a broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, avoiding tanning beds, and getting regular skin examinations.

In medical terms, the mouth is officially referred to as the oral cavity. It is the first part of the digestive tract and includes several structures: the lips, vestibule (the space enclosed by the lips and teeth), teeth, gingiva (gums), hard and soft palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and salivary glands. The mouth is responsible for several functions including speaking, swallowing, breathing, and eating, as it is the initial point of ingestion where food is broken down through mechanical and chemical processes, beginning the digestive process.

The pharynx is a part of the digestive and respiratory systems that serves as a conduit for food and air. It is a musculo-membranous tube extending from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.

The pharynx has three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the uppermost region, which lies above the soft palate and is connected to the nasal cavity. The oropharynx is the middle region, which includes the area between the soft palate and the hyoid bone, including the tonsils and base of the tongue. The laryngopharynx is the lowest region, which lies below the hyoid bone and connects to the larynx.

The primary function of the pharynx is to convey food from the oral cavity to the esophagus during swallowing and to allow air to pass from the nasal cavity to the larynx during breathing. It also plays a role in speech, taste, and immune defense.

Papillomavirus infections are a group of diseases caused by various types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs). These viruses infect the skin and mucous membranes, and can cause benign growths such as warts or papillomas, as well as malignant growths like cervical cancer.

There are more than 100 different types of HPVs, and they can be classified into low-risk and high-risk types based on their potential to cause cancer. Low-risk HPV types, such as HPV-6 and HPV-11, commonly cause benign genital warts and respiratory papillomas. High-risk HPV types, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18, are associated with an increased risk of developing cancer, including cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers.

HPV infections are typically transmitted through sexual contact, and most sexually active individuals will acquire at least one HPV infection during their lifetime. In many cases, the immune system is able to clear the virus without any symptoms or long-term consequences. However, persistent high-risk HPV infections can lead to the development of cancer over time.

Prevention measures for HPV infections include vaccination against high-risk HPV types, safe sex practices, and regular screening for cervical cancer in women. The HPV vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls aged 11-12 years old, and can also be given to older individuals up to age 45 who have not previously been vaccinated or who have not completed the full series of shots.

Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) is a specific type of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a DNA virus that infects the skin and mucous membranes, and there are over 200 types of HPV. Some types of HPV can cause warts, while others are associated with an increased risk of certain cancers.

HPV16 is one of the high-risk types of HPV and is strongly associated with several types of cancer, including cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal (throat) cancers. HPV16 is responsible for about 50% of all cervical cancers and is the most common high-risk type of HPV found in these cancers.

HPV16 is typically transmitted through sexual contact, and most people who are sexually active will acquire at least one type of HPV at some point in their lives. While HPV infections are often harmless and clear up on their own without causing any symptoms or health problems, high-risk types like HPV16 can lead to cancer if left untreated.

Fortunately, there are vaccines available that protect against HPV16 and other high-risk types of HPV. These vaccines have been shown to be highly effective in preventing HPV-related cancers and precancerous lesions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine HPV vaccination for both boys and girls starting at age 11 or 12, although the vaccine can be given as early as age 9. Catch-up vaccinations are also recommended for older individuals who have not yet been vaccinated.

Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the pancreas that can be benign or malignant. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic neoplasms can interfere with the normal functioning of the pancreas, leading to various health complications.

Benign pancreatic neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. They are usually removed through surgery to prevent any potential complications, such as blocking the bile duct or causing pain.

Malignant pancreatic neoplasms, also known as pancreatic cancer, are cancerous growths that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or bones. Pancreatic cancer is often aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis.

There are several types of pancreatic neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and cystic neoplasms. The specific type of neoplasm is determined through various diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Tonsillar neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the tonsils, which are two masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the back of the throat (oropharynx). These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous), and their symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, sore throat, ear pain, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck.

Tonsillar neoplasms are relatively rare, but they can occur at any age. The most common type of malignant tonsillar neoplasm is squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for about 90% of all cases. Other types of malignant tonsillar neoplasms include lymphomas and sarcomas.

The diagnosis of tonsillar neoplasms typically involves a physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and sometimes a biopsy to confirm the type of tumor. Treatment options depend on the stage and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any long-term effects of treatment.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.

Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.

Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

Fluconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat and prevent various fungal infections, such as candidiasis (yeast infections), cryptococcal meningitis, and other fungal infections that affect the mouth, throat, blood, lungs, genital area, and other parts of the body. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi that cause these infections. Fluconazole is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and intravenous (IV) solutions, and is typically prescribed to be taken once daily.

The medical definition of Fluconazole can be found in pharmacological or medical dictionaries, which describe it as a triazole antifungal agent that inhibits fungal cytochrome P450-dependent synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of the fungal cell membrane. This results in increased permeability and leakage of cellular contents, ultimately leading to fungal death. Fluconazole has a broad spectrum of activity against various fungi, including Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and others.

It is important to note that while Fluconazole is an effective antifungal medication, it may have side effects and interactions with other medications. Therefore, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

In medical terms, the tongue is a muscular organ in the oral cavity that plays a crucial role in various functions such as taste, swallowing, and speech. It's covered with a mucous membrane and contains papillae, which are tiny projections that contain taste buds to help us perceive different tastes - sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The tongue also assists in the initial process of digestion by moving food around in the mouth for chewing and mixing with saliva. Additionally, it helps in forming words and speaking clearly by shaping the sounds produced in the mouth.

Head and neck neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the head and neck region, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These tumors can develop in various sites, including the oral cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, paranasal sinuses, salivary glands, and thyroid gland.

Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and generally do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to press on surrounding tissues or structures. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may also metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.

Head and neck neoplasms can have various symptoms depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include difficulty swallowing, speaking, or breathing; pain in the mouth, throat, or ears; persistent coughing or hoarseness; and swelling or lumps in the neck or face. Early detection and treatment of head and neck neoplasms are crucial for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of complications.

Neoplasms: Neoplasms refer to abnormal growths of tissue that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They occur when the normal control mechanisms that regulate cell growth and division are disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Cystic Neoplasms: Cystic neoplasms are tumors that contain fluid-filled sacs or cysts. These tumors can be benign or malignant and can occur in various organs of the body, including the pancreas, ovary, and liver.

Mucinous Neoplasms: Mucinous neoplasms are a type of cystic neoplasm that is characterized by the production of mucin, a gel-like substance produced by certain types of cells. These tumors can occur in various organs, including the ovary, pancreas, and colon. Mucinous neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and malignant forms are often aggressive and have a poor prognosis.

Serous Neoplasms: Serous neoplasms are another type of cystic neoplasm that is characterized by the production of serous fluid, which is a thin, watery fluid. These tumors commonly occur in the ovary and can be benign or malignant. Malignant serous neoplasms are often aggressive and have a poor prognosis.

In summary, neoplasms refer to abnormal tissue growths that can be benign or malignant. Cystic neoplasms contain fluid-filled sacs and can occur in various organs of the body. Mucinous neoplasms produce a gel-like substance called mucin and can also occur in various organs, while serous neoplasms produce thin, watery fluid and commonly occur in the ovary. Both mucinous and serous neoplasms can be benign or malignant, with malignant forms often being aggressive and having a poor prognosis.

A "second primary neoplasm" is a distinct, new cancer or malignancy that develops in a person who has already had a previous cancer. It is not a recurrence or metastasis of the original tumor, but rather an independent cancer that arises in a different location or organ system. The development of second primary neoplasms can be influenced by various factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and previous treatments like chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

It is important to note that the definition of "second primary neoplasm" may vary slightly depending on the specific source or context. In general medical usage, it refers to a new, separate cancer; however, in some research or clinical settings, there might be more precise criteria for defining and diagnosing second primary neoplasms.

Respiratory aspiration is defined as the entry of foreign materials (such as food, liquids, or vomit) into the lower respiratory tract during swallowing, which includes the trachea and lungs. This can lead to respiratory complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis, or lung abscesses. Aspiration can occur in individuals with impaired swallowing function due to various conditions like neurological disorders, stroke, or anesthesia.

Pharyngeal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the pharynx, which is the part of the throat that lies behind the nasal cavity and mouth, and above the esophagus and larynx. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Pharyngeal neoplasms can occur in any part of the pharynx, which is divided into three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. The most common type of pharyngeal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the flat cells that line the mucosal surface of the pharynx.

Risk factors for developing pharyngeal neoplasms include tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Symptoms may include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, neck masses, and changes in voice or speech. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Tongue neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the tongue tissue. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign tongue neoplasms may include entities such as papillomas, fibromas, or granular cell tumors. They are typically slow growing and less likely to spread to other parts of the body.

Malignant tongue neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancers that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of malignant tongue neoplasm is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) that line the surface of the tongue.

Tongue neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as a lump or thickening on the tongue, pain or burning sensation in the mouth, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and unexplained bleeding from the mouth. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing complications.

The pharyngeal muscles, also known as the musculature of the pharynx, are a group of skeletal muscles that make up the walls of the pharynx, which is the part of the throat located just above the esophagus and behind the nasal and oral cavities. These muscles play a crucial role in several vital functions, including:

1. Swallowing (deglutition): The pharyngeal muscles contract in a coordinated sequence to propel food or liquids from the mouth through the pharynx and into the esophagus during swallowing.
2. Speech: The contraction and relaxation of these muscles help shape the sounds produced by the vocal cords, contributing to the production of speech.
3. Respiration: The pharyngeal muscles assist in maintaining an open airway during breathing, especially during sleep and when the upper airways are obstructed.

The pharyngeal muscles consist of three layers: the outer circular muscle layer, the middle longitudinal muscle layer, and the inner inferior constrictor muscle layer. The specific muscles that make up these layers include:

1. Superior constrictor muscle (outer circular layer)
2. Middle constrictor muscle (middle longitudinal layer)
3. Inferior constrictor muscle (inner inferior constrictor layer)
4. Stylopharyngeus muscle
5. Salpingopharyngeus muscle
6. Palatopharyngeus muscle
7. Buccinator muscle (partially contributes to the middle longitudinal layer)

These muscles work together to perform their various functions, and any dysfunction in these muscles can lead to problems like swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), speech impairments, or respiratory issues.

Otorhinolaryngologic surgical procedures are surgeries that are performed on the head and neck region, specifically involving the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) regions. This field is also known as otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. The procedures can range from relatively minor ones, such as removing a small nasal polyp or inserting ear tubes, to more complex surgeries like cochlear implantation, endoscopic sinus surgery, or removal of tumors in the head and neck region. These surgical procedures are typically performed by specialized physicians called otorhinolaryngologists (also known as ENT surgeons) who have completed extensive training in this area.

'Candida albicans' is a species of yeast that is commonly found in the human body, particularly in warm and moist areas such as the mouth, gut, and genital region. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any harm. However, under certain conditions like a weakened immune system, prolonged use of antibiotics or steroids, poor oral hygiene, or diabetes, it can overgrow and cause infections known as candidiasis. These infections can affect various parts of the body including the skin, nails, mouth (thrush), and genital area (yeast infection).

The medical definition of 'Candida albicans' is:

A species of yeast belonging to the genus Candida, which is commonly found as a commensal organism in humans. It can cause opportunistic infections when there is a disruption in the normal microbiota or when the immune system is compromised. The overgrowth of C. albicans can lead to various forms of candidiasis, such as oral thrush, vaginal yeast infection, and invasive candidiasis.

Glossectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the partial or total removal of the tongue. This type of surgery may be performed for various reasons, such as treating certain types of cancer (like oral or tongue cancer) that have not responded to other forms of treatment, or removing a portion of the tongue that's severely damaged or injured due to trauma.

The extent of the glossectomy depends on the size and location of the tumor or lesion. A partial glossectomy refers to the removal of a part of the tongue, while a total glossectomy involves the complete excision of the tongue. In some cases, reconstructive surgery may be performed to help restore speech and swallowing functions after the procedure.

It is essential to note that a glossectomy can significantly impact a patient's quality of life, as the tongue plays crucial roles in speaking, swallowing, and taste sensation. Therefore, multidisciplinary care involving speech therapists, dietitians, and other healthcare professionals is often necessary to help patients adapt to their new conditions and optimize their recovery process.

A laryngeal mask is a type of supraglottic airway device that is used in anesthesia and critical care to secure the airway during procedures or respiratory support. It consists of an inflatable cuff that is inserted into the hypopharynx, behind the tongue, and above the laryngeal opening. The cuff forms a low-pressure seal around the laryngeal inlet, allowing for the delivery of ventilated gases to the lungs while minimizing the risk of aspiration.

Laryngeal masks are often used as an alternative to endotracheal intubation, especially in cases where intubation is difficult or contraindicated. They are also used in emergency situations for airway management and during resuscitation efforts. Laryngeal masks come in various sizes and designs, with some models allowing for the placement of a gastric tube to decompress the stomach and reduce the risk of regurgitation and aspiration.

Overall, laryngeal masks provide a safe and effective means of securing the airway while minimizing trauma and discomfort to the patient.

Antifungal agents are a type of medication used to treat and prevent fungal infections. These agents work by targeting and disrupting the growth of fungi, which include yeasts, molds, and other types of fungi that can cause illness in humans.

There are several different classes of antifungal agents, including:

1. Azoles: These agents work by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key component of fungal cell membranes. Examples of azole antifungals include fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole.
2. Echinocandins: These agents target the fungal cell wall, disrupting its synthesis and leading to fungal cell death. Examples of echinocandins include caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin.
3. Polyenes: These agents bind to ergosterol in the fungal cell membrane, creating pores that lead to fungal cell death. Examples of polyene antifungals include amphotericin B and nystatin.
4. Allylamines: These agents inhibit squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme in ergosterol synthesis. Examples of allylamine antifungals include terbinafine and naftifine.
5. Griseofulvin: This agent disrupts fungal cell division by binding to tubulin, a protein involved in fungal cell mitosis.

Antifungal agents can be administered topically, orally, or intravenously, depending on the severity and location of the infection. It is important to use antifungal agents only as directed by a healthcare professional, as misuse or overuse can lead to resistance and make treatment more difficult.

The mouth mucosa refers to the mucous membrane that lines the inside of the mouth, also known as the oral mucosa. It covers the tongue, gums, inner cheeks, palate, and floor of the mouth. This moist tissue is made up of epithelial cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve endings. Its functions include protecting the underlying tissues from physical trauma, chemical irritation, and microbial infections; aiding in food digestion by producing enzymes; and providing sensory information about taste, temperature, and texture.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.

Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.

It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.

The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the anterior neck, superior to the thyroid cartilage. It does not articulate with any other bones and serves as an attachment point for various muscles, including those involved in swallowing, breathing, and speaking. The unique structure of the hyoid bone allows it to support the tongue and contribute to the stability of the airway.

Neoplasm staging is a systematic process used in medicine to describe the extent of spread of a cancer, including the size and location of the original (primary) tumor and whether it has metastasized (spread) to other parts of the body. The most widely accepted system for this purpose is the TNM classification system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC).

In this system, T stands for tumor, and it describes the size and extent of the primary tumor. N stands for nodes, and it indicates whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. M stands for metastasis, and it shows whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

Each letter is followed by a number that provides more details about the extent of the disease. For example, a T1N0M0 cancer means that the primary tumor is small and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant sites. The higher the numbers, the more advanced the cancer.

Staging helps doctors determine the most appropriate treatment for each patient and estimate the patient's prognosis. It is an essential tool for communication among members of the healthcare team and for comparing outcomes of treatments in clinical trials.

Multiple primary neoplasms refer to the occurrence of more than one primary malignant tumor in an individual, where each tumor is unrelated to the other and originates from separate cells or organs. This differs from metastatic cancer, where a single malignancy spreads to multiple sites in the body. Multiple primary neoplasms can be synchronous (occurring at the same time) or metachronous (occurring at different times). The risk of developing multiple primary neoplasms increases with age and is associated with certain genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption.

The uvula is a small, conical piece of soft tissue that hangs down from the middle part of the back of the soft palate (the rear-most portion of the roof of the mouth). It contains muscle fibers and mucous glands, and its function is associated with swallowing, speaking, and protecting the airway. During swallowing, the uvula helps to prevent food and liquids from entering the nasal cavity by blocking the opening between the oral and nasal cavities (the nasopharynx). In speech, it plays a role in shaping certain sounds like "a" and "u."

Hypopharyngeal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the hypopharynx, which is the lower part of the pharynx or throat. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant hypopharyngeal neoplasms are often squamous cell carcinomas and are aggressive with a poor prognosis due to their location and tendency to spread early. They can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, pain when swallowing, sore throat, ear pain, and neck masses. Risk factors for hypopharyngeal cancer include smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and poor nutrition.

Aspiration pneumonia is a type of pneumonia that occurs when foreign materials such as food, liquid, or vomit enter the lungs, resulting in inflammation or infection. It typically happens when a person inhales these materials involuntarily due to impaired swallowing mechanisms, which can be caused by various conditions such as stroke, dementia, Parkinson's disease, or general anesthesia. The inhalation of foreign materials can cause bacterial growth in the lungs, leading to symptoms like cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. Aspiration pneumonia can be a serious medical condition, particularly in older adults or individuals with weakened immune systems, and may require hospitalization and antibiotic treatment.

Papillomaviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that primarily infect the epithelial cells of mammals, birds, and reptiles. The name "papillomavirus" comes from the Latin word "papilla," which means nipple or small projection, reflecting the characteristic wart-like growths (papillomas) that these viruses can cause in infected host tissues.

The family Papillomaviridae includes more than 200 distinct papillomavirus types, with each type being defined by its specific DNA sequence. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which are the most well-studied members of this family, are associated with a range of diseases, from benign warts and lesions to malignant cancers such as cervical, anal, penile, vulvar, and oropharyngeal cancers.

Papillomaviruses have a circular, double-stranded DNA genome that is approximately 8 kbp in size. The viral genome encodes several early (E) proteins involved in viral replication and oncogenesis, as well as late (L) proteins that form the viral capsid. The life cycle of papillomaviruses is tightly linked to the differentiation program of their host epithelial cells, with productive infection occurring primarily in the differentiated layers of the epithelium.

In summary, Papillomaviridae is a family of DNA viruses that infect epithelial cells and can cause a variety of benign and malignant diseases. Human papillomaviruses are a significant public health concern due to their association with several cancer types.

Esophageal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. Here are some common esophageal diseases with their brief definitions:

1. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A chronic condition in which stomach acid or bile flows back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing.
2. Esophagitis: Inflammation of the esophageal lining, often caused by GERD, infection, or medication.
3. Esophageal stricture: Narrowing of the esophagus due to scarring or inflammation, which can make swallowing difficult.
4. Esophageal cancer: Cancer that forms in the tissues of the esophagus, often as a result of long-term GERD or smoking.
5. Esophageal motility disorders: Disorders that affect the normal movement and function of the esophagus, such as achalasia, diffuse spasm, and nutcracker esophagus.
6. Barrett's esophagus: A condition in which the lining of the lower esophagus changes, increasing the risk of esophageal cancer.
7. Esophageal diverticula: Small pouches that form in the esophageal wall, often causing difficulty swallowing or regurgitation.
8. Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): A chronic immune-mediated disorder characterized by inflammation of the esophagus due to an allergic reaction.

These are some of the common esophageal diseases, and their diagnosis and treatment may vary depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

'Candida' is a type of fungus (a form of yeast) that is commonly found on the skin and inside the body, including in the mouth, throat, gut, and vagina, in small amounts. It is a part of the normal microbiota and usually does not cause any problems. However, an overgrowth of Candida can lead to infections known as candidiasis or thrush. Common sites for these infections include the skin, mouth, throat, and genital areas. Some factors that can contribute to Candida overgrowth are a weakened immune system, certain medications (such as antibiotics and corticosteroids), diabetes, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing damp or tight-fitting clothing. Common symptoms of candidiasis include itching, redness, pain, and discharge. Treatment typically involves antifungal medication, either topical or oral, depending on the site and severity of the infection.

Pharyngitis is the medical term for inflammation of the pharynx, which is the back portion of the throat. This condition is often characterized by symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and scratchiness in the throat. Pharyngitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as the common cold), bacterial infections (such as strep throat), and irritants (such as smoke or chemical fumes). Treatment for pharyngitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to relieve symptoms or antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Bodily secretions are substances that are produced and released by various glands and organs in the body. These secretions help maintain the body's homeostasis, protect it from external threats, and aid in digestion and other physiological processes. Examples of bodily secretions include:

1. Sweat: A watery substance produced by sweat glands to regulate body temperature through evaporation.
2. Sebaceous secretions: Oily substances produced by sebaceous glands to lubricate and protect the skin and hair.
3. Saliva: A mixture of water, enzymes, electrolytes, and mucus produced by salivary glands to aid in digestion and speech.
4. Tears: A mixture of water, electrolytes, and proteins produced by the lacrimal glands to lubricate and protect the eyes.
5. Mucus: A slippery substance produced by mucous membranes lining various body cavities, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, to trap and remove foreign particles and pathogens.
6. Gastric juices: Digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach to break down food.
7. Pancreatic juices: Digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas to further break down food in the small intestine.
8. Bile: A greenish-brown alkaline fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, which helps digest fats and eliminate waste products.
9. Menstrual blood: The shedding of the uterine lining that occurs during menstruation, containing blood, mucus, and endometrial tissue.
10. Vaginal secretions: Fluid produced by the vagina to maintain its moisture, pH balance, and provide a protective barrier against infections.
11. Semen: A mixture of sperm cells, fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands that aids in the transportation and survival of sperm during sexual reproduction.

Alphapapillomavirus is a genus of Papillomaviridae, a family of small, non-enveloped DNA viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other animals. Members of this genus are known to cause various types of benign and malignant tumors in humans, including skin warts, genital warts, and cancers of the cervix, anus, penis, vulva, and oropharynx.

The Alphapapillomavirus genus is further divided into several species, each containing multiple types or strains of the virus. Some of the most well-known and studied types of Alphapapillomavirus include:

* Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and 18, which are associated with a high risk of cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers
* HPV type 6 and 11, which are commonly found in genital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis
* HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, which are also associated with an increased risk of cervical cancer and other malignancies.

Preventive measures such as vaccination against high-risk HPV types have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases. Regular screening for cervical cancer and other precancerous lesions is also an important part of prevention and early detection.

AIDS-related opportunistic infections (AROIs) are infections that occur more frequently or are more severe in people with weakened immune systems, such as those with advanced HIV infection or AIDS. These infections take advantage of a weakened immune system and can affect various organs and systems in the body.

Common examples of AROIs include:

1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), caused by the fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii
2. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection, caused by a type of bacteria called mycobacteria
3. Candidiasis, a fungal infection that can affect various parts of the body, including the mouth, esophagus, and genitals
4. Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii
5. Cryptococcosis, a fungal infection that affects the lungs and central nervous system
6. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, caused by a type of herpes virus
7. Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis
8. Cryptosporidiosis, a parasitic infection that affects the intestines
9. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a viral infection that affects the brain

Preventing and treating AROIs is an important part of managing HIV/AIDS, as they can cause significant illness and even death in people with weakened immune systems. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is used to treat HIV infection and prevent the progression of HIV to AIDS, which can help reduce the risk of opportunistic infections. In addition, medications to prevent specific opportunistic infections may be prescribed for people with advanced HIV or AIDS.

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16, also known as CDKN2A or INK4a, is a protein that regulates the cell cycle. It functions as an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 4 and 6, which are enzymes that play a crucial role in regulating the progression of the cell cycle.

The p16 protein is produced in response to various signals, including DNA damage and oncogene activation, and its main function is to prevent the phosphorylation and activation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) by CDK4/6. When pRb is not phosphorylated, it binds to and inhibits the E2F transcription factor, which results in the suppression of genes required for cell cycle progression.

Therefore, p16 acts as a tumor suppressor protein by preventing the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that can lead to cancer. Mutations or deletions in the CDKN2A gene, which encodes the p16 protein, have been found in many types of human cancers, including lung, breast, and head and neck cancers.

Kidney neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the kidney tissues that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from various types of kidney cells, including the renal tubules, glomeruli, and the renal pelvis.

Malignant kidney neoplasms are also known as kidney cancers, with renal cell carcinoma being the most common type. Benign kidney neoplasms include renal adenomas, oncocytomas, and angiomyolipomas. While benign neoplasms are generally not life-threatening, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to compromise kidney function or if they undergo malignant transformation.

Early detection and appropriate management of kidney neoplasms are crucial for improving patient outcomes and overall prognosis. Regular medical check-ups, imaging studies, and urinalysis can help in the early identification of these growths, allowing for timely intervention and treatment.

A carrier state is a condition in which a person carries and may be able to transmit a genetic disorder or infectious disease, but does not show any symptoms of the disease themselves. This occurs when an individual has a recessive allele for a genetic disorder or is infected with a pathogen, but does not have the necessary combination of genes or other factors required to develop the full-blown disease.

For example, in the case of cystic fibrosis, which is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, a person who carries one normal allele and one mutated allele for the disease is considered a carrier. They do not have symptoms of cystic fibrosis themselves, but they can pass the mutated allele on to their offspring, who may then develop the disease if they inherit the mutation from both parents.

Similarly, in the case of infectious diseases, a person who is infected with a pathogen but does not show any symptoms may still be able to transmit the infection to others. This is known as being an asymptomatic carrier or a healthy carrier. For example, some people who are infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) may not develop any symptoms of liver disease, but they can still transmit the virus to others through contact with their blood or other bodily fluids.

It's important to note that in some cases, carriers of certain genetic disorders or infectious diseases may have mild or atypical symptoms that do not meet the full criteria for a diagnosis of the disease. In these cases, they may be considered to have a "reduced penetrance" or "incomplete expression" of the disorder or infection.

Lip neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the lip tissue. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign lip neoplasms include conditions such as papillomas, fibromas, and mucocele, while malignant lip neoplasms are typically squamous cell carcinomas.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip is the most common type of lip cancer, accounting for about 90% of all lip cancers. It usually develops on the lower lip, and is often associated with prolonged sun exposure, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Symptoms may include a sore or lump on the lip that does not heal, bleeding, pain, numbness, or difficulty moving the lips.

It's important to note that any abnormal growth or change in the lips should be evaluated by a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a complex structure in the neck that plays a crucial role in protection of the lower respiratory tract and in phonation. It is composed of cartilaginous, muscular, and soft tissue structures. The primary functions of the larynx include:

1. Airway protection: During swallowing, the larynx moves upward and forward to close the opening of the trachea (the glottis) and prevent food or liquids from entering the lungs. This action is known as the swallowing reflex.
2. Phonation: The vocal cords within the larynx vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound that forms the basis of human speech and voice production.
3. Respiration: The larynx serves as a conduit for airflow between the upper and lower respiratory tracts during breathing.

The larynx is located at the level of the C3-C6 vertebrae in the neck, just above the trachea. It consists of several important structures:

1. Cartilages: The laryngeal cartilages include the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages, as well as the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages. These form a framework for the larynx and provide attachment points for various muscles.
2. Vocal cords: The vocal cords are thin bands of mucous membrane that stretch across the glottis (the opening between the arytenoid cartilages). They vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound.
3. Muscles: There are several intrinsic and extrinsic muscles associated with the larynx. The intrinsic muscles control the tension and position of the vocal cords, while the extrinsic muscles adjust the position and movement of the larynx within the neck.
4. Nerves: The larynx is innervated by both sensory and motor nerves. The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor innervation to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles, except for one muscle called the cricothyroid, which is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Sensory innervation is provided by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

The larynx plays a crucial role in several essential functions, including breathing, speaking, and protecting the airway during swallowing. Dysfunction or damage to the larynx can result in various symptoms, such as hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, or stridor (a high-pitched sound heard during inspiration).

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, mucous membranes (such as the mouth and vagina), and internal organs (like the esophagus, lungs, or blood).

The symptoms of candidiasis depend on the location of the infection:

1. Oral thrush: White patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, or roof of the mouth. These patches may be painful and can bleed slightly when scraped.
2. Vaginal yeast infection: Itching, burning, redness, and swelling of the vagina and vulva; thick, white, odorless discharge from the vagina.
3. Esophageal candidiasis: Difficulty swallowing, pain when swallowing, or feeling like food is "stuck" in the throat.
4. Invasive candidiasis: Fever, chills, and other signs of infection; multiple organ involvement may lead to various symptoms depending on the affected organs.

Risk factors for developing candidiasis include diabetes, HIV/AIDS, use of antibiotics or corticosteroids, pregnancy, poor oral hygiene, and wearing tight-fitting clothing that traps moisture. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as fluconazole, nystatin, or clotrimazole, depending on the severity and location of the infection.

The soft palate, also known as the velum, is the rear portion of the roof of the mouth that is made up of muscle and mucous membrane. It extends from the hard palate (the bony front part of the roof of the mouth) to the uvula, which is the small piece of tissue that hangs down at the back of the throat.

The soft palate plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and breathing. During swallowing, it moves upward and backward to block off the nasal cavity, preventing food and liquids from entering the nose. In speech, it helps to direct the flow of air from the mouth into the nose, which is necessary for producing certain sounds.

Anatomically, the soft palate consists of several muscles that allow it to change shape and move. These muscles include the tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and palatoglossus. The soft palate also contains a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide sensation and help regulate its function.

Decontamination is the process of removing, inactivating or destroying harmful contaminants from a person, object, environment or substance. In a medical context, decontamination typically refers to the removal of pathogens, toxic chemicals, or radioactive substances from patients, equipment, or surfaces in order to prevent infection or illness.

There are different methods and techniques for decontamination depending on the type and extent of contamination. For example, mechanical cleaning (such as washing with soap and water), chemical disinfection (using antimicrobial agents), radiation sterilization (using ionizing radiation), and heat sterilization (using steam or dry heat) are some common methods used in medical settings to decontaminate surfaces, equipment, and supplies.

Decontamination is an important process in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and clinics, as well as in emergency response situations involving hazardous materials or bioterrorism incidents. Proper decontamination procedures can help prevent the spread of infectious diseases, reduce the risk of chemical or radiation exposure, and protect the health and safety of patients, healthcare workers, and the public.

Tumor markers are substances that can be found in the body and their presence can indicate the presence of certain types of cancer or other conditions. Biological tumor markers refer to those substances that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer or certain benign (non-cancerous) conditions. These markers can be found in various bodily fluids such as blood, urine, or tissue samples.

Examples of biological tumor markers include:

1. Proteins: Some tumor markers are proteins that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to the presence of cancer. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by normal prostate cells and in higher amounts by prostate cancer cells.
2. Genetic material: Tumor markers can also include genetic material such as DNA, RNA, or microRNA that are shed by cancer cells into bodily fluids. For example, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is genetic material from cancer cells that can be found in the bloodstream.
3. Metabolites: Tumor markers can also include metabolic products produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer. For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that is released into the bloodstream when cancer cells break down glucose for energy.

It's important to note that tumor markers are not specific to cancer and can be elevated in non-cancerous conditions as well. Therefore, they should not be used alone to diagnose cancer but rather as a tool in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations.

Adenocarcinoma, mucinous is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells that line certain organs and produce mucin, a substance that lubricates and protects tissues. This type of cancer is characterized by the presence of abundant pools of mucin within the tumor. It typically develops in organs such as the colon, rectum, lungs, pancreas, and ovaries.

Mucinous adenocarcinomas tend to have a distinct appearance under the microscope, with large pools of mucin pushing aside the cancer cells. They may also have a different clinical behavior compared to other types of adenocarcinomas, such as being more aggressive or having a worse prognosis in some cases.

It is important to note that while a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, mucinous can be serious, the prognosis and treatment options may vary depending on several factors, including the location of the cancer, the stage at which it was diagnosed, and the individual's overall health.

A pharyngectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of all or part of the pharynx, which is the muscular tube that extends from the back of the nasal cavity and mouth to the esophagus. This procedure is typically performed to treat cancers of the head and neck, such as throat cancer, that have invaded the tissues of the pharynx.

During a pharyngectomy, an incision is made in the neck or chest, depending on the location of the tumor. The surgeon then carefully dissects the pharynx away from surrounding structures, such as the esophagus, carotid artery, and spinal cord. Depending on the extent of the cancer, nearby lymph nodes may also be removed.

After the pharynx has been removed, the surgeon will reconstruct the area using tissue from another part of the body, such as the forearm or leg. This reconstruction is necessary to restore normal functions such as swallowing and speaking.

Pharyngectomy is a complex surgical procedure that requires extensive training and expertise. It carries significant risks, including bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding structures. However, for some patients with advanced throat cancer, it may be the best option for achieving long-term survival.

Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can vary in size and may cause a noticeable lump or nodule in the neck. Thyroid neoplasms can also affect the function of the thyroid gland, leading to hormonal imbalances and related symptoms. The exact causes of thyroid neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. It is important to note that most thyroid nodules are benign, but a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

The nasopharynx is the uppermost part of the pharynx (throat), which is located behind the nose. It is a muscular cavity that serves as a passageway for air and food. The nasopharynx extends from the base of the skull to the lower border of the soft palate, where it continues as the oropharynx. Its primary function is to allow air to flow into the respiratory system through the nostrils while also facilitating the drainage of mucus from the nose into the throat. The nasopharynx contains several important structures, including the adenoids and the opening of the Eustachian tubes, which connect the middle ear to the back of the nasopharynx.

Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are a group of rare, chronic blood cancers that originate from the abnormal proliferation or growth of one or more types of blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. These disorders result in an overproduction of mature but dysfunctional blood cells, which can lead to serious complications such as blood clots, bleeding, and organ damage.

There are several subtypes of MPDs, including:

1. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of mature granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CML is caused by a genetic mutation that results in the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion protein, which drives uncontrolled cell growth and division.
2. Polycythemia Vera (PV): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of all three types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - in the bone marrow. This can lead to an increased risk of blood clots, bleeding, and enlargement of the spleen.
3. Essential Thrombocythemia (ET): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of platelets in the bone marrow, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and bleeding.
4. Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF): A disorder characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow tissue with scar tissue, leading to impaired blood cell production and anemia, enlargement of the spleen, and increased risk of infections and bleeding.
5. Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (CNL): A rare disorder characterized by the overproduction of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CNL can lead to an increased risk of infections and organ damage.

MPDs are typically treated with a combination of therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including the subtype of MPD, the patient's age and overall health, and the presence of any comorbidities.

Kingella kingae is a gram-negative, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive, coccobacillary bacterium that is part of the normal respiratory tract flora in children. It is an emerging cause of invasive diseases such as septicemia, meningitis, and joint infections, particularly in children under 5 years of age. The organism is fastidious and requires specialized media for isolation and identification. Infection with K. kingae can be treated with antibiotics such as ceftriaxone or azithromycin.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

A neoplasm is a tumor or growth that is formed by an abnormal and excessive proliferation of cells, which can be benign or malignant. Neoplasm proteins are therefore any proteins that are expressed or produced in these neoplastic cells. These proteins can play various roles in the development, progression, and maintenance of neoplasms.

Some neoplasm proteins may contribute to the uncontrolled cell growth and division seen in cancer, such as oncogenic proteins that promote cell cycle progression or inhibit apoptosis (programmed cell death). Others may help the neoplastic cells evade the immune system, allowing them to proliferate undetected. Still others may be involved in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels that supply the tumor with nutrients and oxygen.

Neoplasm proteins can also serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment response. For example, the presence or level of certain neoplasm proteins in biological samples such as blood or tissue may indicate the presence of a specific type of cancer, help predict the likelihood of cancer recurrence, or suggest whether a particular therapy will be effective.

Overall, understanding the roles and behaviors of neoplasm proteins can provide valuable insights into the biology of cancer and inform the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is a type of external beam radiation therapy that uses advanced technology to precisely target tumors while minimizing exposure to healthy tissues. In IMRT, the intensity of the radiation beam is modulated or varied during treatment, allowing for more conformal dose distributions and better sparing of normal structures. This is achieved through the use of computer-controlled linear accelerators that shape the radiation beam to match the three-dimensional shape of the tumor. The result is improved treatment accuracy, reduced side effects, and potentially higher cure rates compared to conventional radiotherapy techniques.

Intubation, intratracheal is a medical procedure in which a flexible plastic or rubber tube called an endotracheal tube (ETT) is inserted through the mouth or nose, passing through the vocal cords and into the trachea (windpipe). This procedure is performed to establish and maintain a patent airway, allowing for the delivery of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide during mechanical ventilation in various clinical scenarios, such as:

1. Respiratory failure or arrest
2. Procedural sedation
3. Surgery under general anesthesia
4. Neuromuscular disorders
5. Ingestion of toxic substances
6. Head and neck trauma
7. Critical illness or injury affecting the airway

The process of intubation is typically performed by trained medical professionals, such as anesthesiologists, emergency medicine physicians, or critical care specialists, using direct laryngoscopy or video laryngoscopy to visualize the vocal cords and guide the ETT into the correct position. Once placed, the ETT is secured to prevent dislodgement, and the patient's respiratory status is continuously monitored to ensure proper ventilation and oxygenation.

Neck dissection is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of lymph nodes and other tissues from the neck. It is typically performed as part of cancer treatment, particularly in cases of head and neck cancer, to help determine the stage of the cancer, prevent the spread of cancer, or treat existing metastases. There are several types of neck dissections, including radical, modified radical, and selective neck dissection, which vary based on the extent of tissue removal. The specific type of neck dissection performed depends on the location and extent of the cancer.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

Haemophilus parainfluenzae is a gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, and non-motile bacterium that frequently colonizes the upper respiratory tract of humans. It is part of the Haemophilus genus in the Pasteurellaceae family. This organism can cause opportunistic infections in various parts of the body, including the respiratory system, bloodstream, and heart valves (endocarditis). However, it is less virulent compared to other Haemophilus species like H. influenzae type b (Hib), which causes more severe invasive diseases.

The medical definition of Haemophilus parainfluenzae includes its taxonomic classification and the characteristics of its growth and potential pathogenicity:

Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Pasteurellales
Family: Pasteurellaceae
Genus: Haemophilus
Species: parainfluenzae

It is important to note that while H. parainfluenzae can cause infections, it is also commonly found as a commensal organism in the human body. The clinical significance of its presence should be evaluated based on the patient's symptoms and overall health condition.

Laryngoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the examination of the larynx, which is the upper part of the windpipe (trachea), and the vocal cords using a specialized instrument called a laryngoscope. The laryngoscope is inserted through the mouth or nose to provide a clear view of the larynx and surrounding structures. This procedure can be performed for diagnostic purposes, such as identifying abnormalities like growths, inflammation, or injuries, or for therapeutic reasons, such as removing foreign objects or taking tissue samples for biopsy. There are different types of laryngoscopes and techniques used depending on the reason for the examination and the patient's specific needs.

Neisseriaceae infections refer to illnesses caused by bacteria belonging to the family Neisseriaceae, which includes several genera of gram-negative diplococci. The most common pathogens in this family are Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis.

* N. gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection that can affect the genital tract, rectum, and throat. It can also cause conjunctivitis in newborns who contract the bacteria during childbirth.
* N. meningitidis is responsible for meningococcal disease, which can present as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord) or septicemia (bloodstream infection). Meningococcal disease can be severe and potentially life-threatening, with symptoms including high fever, headache, stiff neck, and a rash.

Other Neisseriaceae species that can cause human infections, though less commonly, include Moraxella catarrhalis (a cause of respiratory tract infections, particularly in children), Kingella kingae (associated with bone and joint infections in young children), and various other Neisseria species (which can cause skin and soft tissue infections, endocarditis, and other invasive diseases).

The term "DNA, neoplasm" is not a standard medical term or concept. DNA refers to deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the genetic material present in the cells of living organisms. A neoplasm, on the other hand, is a tumor or growth of abnormal tissue that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

In some contexts, "DNA, neoplasm" may refer to genetic alterations found in cancer cells. These genetic changes can include mutations, amplifications, deletions, or rearrangements of DNA sequences that contribute to the development and progression of cancer. Identifying these genetic abnormalities can help doctors diagnose and treat certain types of cancer more effectively.

However, it's important to note that "DNA, neoplasm" is not a term that would typically be used in medical reports or research papers without further clarification. If you have any specific questions about DNA changes in cancer cells or neoplasms, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional or conducting further research on the topic.

Lung neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the lung tissue. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant lung neoplasms are further classified into two main types: small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung neoplasms can cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and weight loss. They are often caused by smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, but can also occur due to genetic factors, radiation exposure, and other environmental carcinogens. Early detection and treatment of lung neoplasms is crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates.

Parotid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the parotid gland, which is the largest of the salivary glands and is located in front of the ear and extends down the neck. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign parotid neoplasms are typically slow-growing, painless masses that may cause facial asymmetry or difficulty in chewing or swallowing if they become large enough to compress surrounding structures. The most common type of benign parotid tumor is a pleomorphic adenoma.

Malignant parotid neoplasms, on the other hand, are more aggressive and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. They may present as rapidly growing masses that are firm or fixed to surrounding structures. Common types of malignant parotid tumors include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

The diagnosis of parotid neoplasms typically involves a thorough clinical evaluation, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) to determine the nature of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the neoplasm but may include surgical excision, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

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Conditions contributing to lung abscess Aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastric secretion Septic emboli Necrotizing pneumonia ... Vasculitis: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis Necrotizing tumors: 8% to 18% are due to neoplasms across all age groups, higher ...
... unlike other head and neck primary tumours that may have associated second neoplasms, that may occur at the same time ( ... "Time to change perspectives on HPV in oropharyngeal cancer. A systematic review of HPV prevalence per oropharyngeal sub-site ... HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer awareness and prevention N stage, AJCC 7th ed. N1: one ipsilateral node involved, 3 cm or ... Human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-positive OPC or HPV+OPC), is a cancer (squamous cell carcinoma) of the ...
The neoplasms are often associated with the presence of unerupted teeth, displacement of adjacent teeth and resorption of roots ... it can obstruct the nasal and oral airways making it impossible to breathe without oropharyngeal intervention. The term " ... Smaller mandibular neoplasms have been enucleated where the cavity of the tumour is curetted, allowing preservation of the bone ... Thus, surgery is the most common treatment of this neoplasm. A case of giant ameloblastoma was recently reported and managed ...
... nasopharyngeal neoplasms MeSH C09.775.549.685 - oropharyngeal neoplasms MeSH C09.775.549.685.800 - tonsillar neoplasms The list ... nasopharyngeal neoplasms MeSH C09.647.710.685 - oropharyngeal neoplasms MeSH C09.647.710.685.800 - tonsillar neoplasms MeSH ... paranasal sinus neoplasms MeSH C09.603.669.693.575 - maxillary sinus neoplasms MeSH C09.603.692.503 - paranasal sinus neoplasms ... paranasal sinus neoplasms MeSH C09.647.685.693.575 - maxillary sinus neoplasms MeSH C09.647.710.485 - hypopharyngeal neoplasms ...
Esophageal cancer Head and neck cancer Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Oral cancer Oropharyngeal cancer Paranasal sinus and nasal ... Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma Mast cell leukemia Mediastinal large B cell lymphoma Multiple myeloma/plasma cell neoplasm ...
... nasopharyngeal neoplasms MeSH C07.550.745.671 - oropharyngeal neoplasms MeSH C07.550.745.671.800 - tonsillar neoplasms MeSH ... lip neoplasms MeSH C07.465.565.692 - palatal neoplasms MeSH C07.465.565.824 - salivary gland neoplasms MeSH C07.465.565.824.695 ... salivary gland neoplasms MeSH C07.465.815.718.589 - parotid neoplasms MeSH C07.465.815.718.870 - sublingual gland neoplasms ... mandibular neoplasms MeSH C07.320.515.601 - maxillary neoplasms MeSH C07.320.515.692 - palatal neoplasms MeSH C07.320.610.291 ...
Anjum F, Zohaib J (4 December 2020). "Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma". Definitions. doi:10.32388/G6TG1L. PMID 33085415. ... Benign neoplasms, Glandular and epithelial neoplasia, Histopathology). ... and HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. Most viral warts are caused by human papillomavirus infection (HPV), of which there are ...
For patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, using immunohistochemistry to detect the presence of the p16 biomarker ... However, p16 can be expressed in other neoplasms and in several normal human tissues. More than a third of urinary bladder SCCs ... In a retrospective trial analysis of patients with Stage III and IV oropharyngeal cancer, HPV status was assessed and it was ... p16 status is so prognostic that the AJCC staging system has been revised to include p16 status in oropharyngeal squamous cell ...
μ Heavy chain disease presents with a picture of a lymphoid neoplasm resembling either chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small ... oropharyngeal cavity, conjunctiva, or gastrointestinal tract; and c) no lymphoma (9% to 17% of cases) associated typically with ... or other B cell-associated neoplasm, that has developed, often in a stepwise manner, from their MGUS precursors. The clinical ... of patients lack any evidence of a lymphoplasmacytic neoplasm. A majority of the latter patients have an autoimmune disease or ...
Stewart SE, Eddy BE, Borgese N (June 1958). "Neoplasms in mice inoculated with a tumor agent carried in tissue culture". ... Anjum T, Zohaib J (4 December 2020). "Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma". Definitions. doi:10.32388/G6TG1L. PMID 33085415. ... Rous P (September 1910). "A Transmissible Avian Neoplasm. (Sarcoma of the Common Fowl.)". The Journal of Experimental Medicine ... and HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. There are nearly 200 distinct human papillomaviruses (HPVs), and many HPV types are ...
Replication of this virus can occur in the oropharyngeal epithelial tissue and nasopharyngeal tissue. EBV primarily targets B ... Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, also known as nasopharyngeal cancer, is classified as a malignant neoplasm, or cancer, arising from ...
... oropharyngeal mucosa, or angles of their mouth). Balsam of Peru is used in foods and drinks for flavoring, in perfumes and ... creates immunodeficiencies which allow opportunistic infections or neoplasms to proliferate. Bacterial processes leading to ...
... which may be benign neoplasms) or else a malignant neoplasm (cancer). These neoplasms are also indicated, in the diagram below ... oropharyngeal/laryngeal cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, bile duct ... Neoplasms are mosaics of different mutant cells with both genetic and epigenetic changes that distinguish them from normal ... In this way, a population of mutant cells, called a clone, can expand in the neoplasm. Clonal expansion is the signature of ...
Pleomorphic adenoma is seen to be a common benign neoplasm of the salivary gland and has an overall incidence of 54-68%. The ... the stomodeum itself is created from the rupturing of the oropharyngeal membrane at about 26 days.) These buds grow posteriorly ... Pain is more common in patients with parotid cancer (10-29% feel pain) than those with benign neoplasms (only 2.5-4%), but pain ... Steve C Lee, MD, PhD (22 December 2022). "Salivary Gland Neoplasms". Medscape.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: ...
... oropharyngeal neoplasms MeSH C04.588.443.665.710.684.800 - tonsillar neoplasms MeSH C04.588.443.680 - parathyroid neoplasms ... skull base neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.828 - spinal neoplasms MeSH C04.588.180.260 - breast neoplasms, male MeSH C04.588.180.390 ... bile duct neoplasms MeSH C04.588.274.120.250.250 - common bile duct neoplasms MeSH C04.588.274.120.401 - gallbladder neoplasms ... femoral neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721 - skull neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721.450 - jaw neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721.450.583 ...
Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTCL-NT): ENKTCL-NT is a lymphoma that usually involves nasal and oropharyngeal ... Matutes E (May 2018). "The 2017 WHO update on mature T- and natural killer (NK) cell neoplasms". International Journal of ...
Saito K, Katsumata Y, Hirabuki T, Kato K, Yamanaka M (2007). "Fetus-in-fetu: parasite or neoplasm? A study of two cases". Fetal ... Epignathus is a rare teratoma originating in the oropharyngeal area that occurs in utero. It presents with a mass protruding ... It can be confused with other small round cell neoplasms such as neuroblastoma, small cell carcinoma of hypercalcemic type, ... Ovarian Neoplasm Imaging. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 165. ISBN 9781461486336. "NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms". ...
Hypopituitarism commonly develops after radiation therapy for sellar and parasellar neoplasms, extrasellar brain tumours, head ... In the treatment of nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas VMAT provides equivalent or better protection ... and TomoHD compared with classical step and shoot and sliding window intensity modulated radiotherapy in an oropharyngeal ...
"Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy for Oropharyngeal Cancer". mdanderson.org. August 2020. "Study of Proton Versus Photon Beam ... Two prominent examples are pediatric neoplasms (such as medulloblastoma) and prostate cancer. Irreversible long-term side ...
Oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal and tonsillar neoplasms benign. *. Oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal and tonsillar neoplasms ... Oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal and tonsillar neoplasms malignant and unspecified. Primary tabs. *Innovative solutions (1)(active ... You are looking for all the solutions related to Oropharyngeal, nasopharyngeal and tonsillar neoplasms malignant and ...
ClinicalTrials.gov: Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms (National Institutes of Health) * ClinicalTrials.gov: Oropharyngeal Neoplasms ( ... ClinicalTrials.gov: Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms (National Institutes of Health) * ClinicalTrials.gov: Laryngeal Neoplasms ( ... General Information about Oropharyngeal Cancer (National Cancer Institute) Also in Spanish * Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and ... Treatment Options for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer by Stage (American Cancer Society) Also in Spanish ...
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / complications* * Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / metabolism * Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / virology * Pain ... Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were injected with a murine model of human papillomavirus (HPV+)-induced oropharyngeal squamous cell ...
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / prevention & control * Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / virology * Papillomavirus Infections / complications ... Results: HPV DNA was detected in 90.6% of cervical, 91.1% of anal, 75.0% of vaginal, 70.1% of oropharyngeal, 68.8% of vulvar, ... With the exception of oropharyngeal cancers and CCIS, HPV 16/18 prevalence was similar across racial/ethnic groups. ... oropharyngeal (60.2%), and vaginal (55.1%) cancers, as well as many penile (47.9%), vulvar (48.6%) cancers: 24 858 cases ...
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/pathology, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Papillomavirus Infections/metabolism, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase ... Oropharyngeal Neoplasms/pathology; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections/metabolism; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase ... The estimated α/β-ratio for p16-positive oropharyngeal tumors aligns with previous HNSCC studies, whereas the impact of ... The estimated α/β-ratio for p16-positive oropharyngeal tumors aligns with previous HNSCC studies, whereas the impact of ...
... persistence of cutaneous lesions after successful treatment of an associated oropharyngeal neoplasm. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg ... 12] Morbidity and mortality in acrokeratosis paraneoplastica are related directly to the underlying neoplasm. The skin lesions ...
Significance of microRNA-related variants in susceptibility to recurrence of oropharyngeal cancer patients after definitive ... Browsing by Subject "Head and Neck Neoplasms". 0-9. A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V. W. X. Y. ...
The Head and Neck Cancer Patient: Neoplasm Management, An Issue of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America. The ... Global Oropharyngeal Cancer Diagnosis and Therapeutics Market Share by Geography, 2021 Vs 2028 (%). 22. Us Oropharyngeal Cancer ... Global Oropharyngeal Cancer Diagnosis and Therapeutics Market Share Treatment Type, 2021 Vs 2028 (%). 12. Global Oropharyngeal ... Global Oropharyngeal Cancer Diagnosis and Therapeutics Market Share End-Users, 2021 Vs 2028 (%). 18. Global Oropharyngeal ...
Nasopharynx: Benign and Malignant Neoplasms. *Oropharyngeal Carcinoma, Surgical Approaches, Reconstruction. *Hypopharyngeal and ...
In adults the most common source of aspiration pneumonia is aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions or gastric contents. In ... malignant neoplasms intestinal obstruction; decubitus ulcers; dental extraction; sickle cell disease; diabetes mellitus; ... with all infection sources, but mostly with oropharyngeal, pulmonary and female genital tract locations. The association of ... Hematogenous spread of the infection into the CNS often occurs after oropharyngeal, dental, or pulmonary infection. ...
Thyroid Neoplasms, Parathyroid Surgery, Oropharyngeal Cancer, Throat, Otolaryngology ... and other benign neoplasms defined using the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. The primary outcome ... and other benign neoplasms defined using the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. The primary outcome ... and other benign neoplasms defined using the 10th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases. The primary outcome ...
Urothelial neoplasms: papilloma, papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP), urothelial carcinoma in ... Classification of naso- and oropharyngeal carcinoma: keratinizing and non-keratinizing squamous carcinomas, NUT carcinoma, ... Classification, cystic neoplasms, IPMN (Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm), solid pseudopapillary tumor, ductal and ... Uncommon breast neoplasms: main features.. Breast cancer in young and adolescents: general features and criteria for early ...
Head and Neck Neoplasms, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms, Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms, Laryngeal Neoplasms, ...
Salivary Gland Neoplasms, Anus Neoplasms, Gallbladder Neoplasms, Bile Duct Neoplasms, Oropharyngeal Neoplasms, Nasopharyngeal ... Penile Neoplasms, Ureteral Neoplasms, Neoplasms, Plasma Cell, Peritoneal Neoplasms, Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms, Neoplasms, ... Conditions: Neoplasms, Multiple Myeloma, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Esophageal Neoplasms, Endometrial Neoplasms, Thyroid Neoplasms, ... Urethral Neoplasms, Vaginal Neoplasms, Laryngeal Neoplasms, Mouth Neoplasms, Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Colorectal Neoplasms, ...
Neo NeoplasmsThe Therapeutics. Translation:Humans * Short- and long-term outcomes of oropharyngeal cancer care in the elderly. ... Quality indicators of oropharyngeal cancer care in the elderly. Laryngoscope. 2018 10; 128(10):2312-2319. Gourin CG, Herbert RJ ... Treatment, survival, and costs of oropharyngeal cancer care in the elderly. Laryngoscope. 2018 05; 128(5):1103-1112. Gourin CG ... The role of human papillomavirus on the prognosis and treatment of oropharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2017 09; 36( ...
... "head and neck neoplasms"] OR ["oropharyngeal neoplasms"] OR ["oral squamous cell carcinoma"] OR ["mouth neoplasms"]). Filters ... Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma--an update. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(5):401-421. doi:10.3322/caac.21293 ... Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histological subtype of oral and oropharyngeal malignant tumors, accounting for ... Is periodontitis associated with oral neoplasms?. J Periodontol. 2005;76(3):406-410. DOI:10.1902/jop.2005.76.3.406. ...
Central Compartment Neoplasms Masquerading as Thyroid Tumors: Presentation of two Unusual Cases and Review of the Literature. ... Extratumoral Invasion: A Unique Phenomenon of Aggressive Recurrent Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. ...
Maté: A risk factor for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Goldenberg, D., 2002, In: Oral Oncology. 38, 7, p. 646-649 4 p.. ...
Soft palate carcinomas are staged as oropharyngeal cancers according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (see Staging). ... distribution of hard palate malignant neoplasms and the histologic types and frequencies of minor salivary gland neoplasms of ... Nonsquamous malignancies account for the other 20%. The prevalence of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer has geographic ... Role of panendoscopy to identify synchronous second primary malignancies in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal ...
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms 97% * Quality-Adjusted Life Years 74% * Head and Neck Neoplasms 73% ... A positron emission tomography radiomic signature for distant metastases risk in oropharyngeal cancer patients treated with ... Individualized quality of life benefit and cost-effectiveness estimates of proton therapy for patients with oropharyngeal ... A Quantitative Clinical Decision-Support Strategy Identifying Which Patients With Oropharyngeal Head and Neck Cancer May ...
Anus Neoplasms 18% * Oropharyngeal Neoplasms 17% * Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions 17% * Sexual Behavior 12% ...
Oropharyngeal Cancer. Some oropharyngeal cancers are attributable to HPV. Although tobacco smoking, tobacco chewing, and ... Incidence of potentially human papillomavirus-related neoplasms in the United States, 1978 to 2007. Cancer 2013;119:2291-9. ... Cervical and oropharyngeal cancers were the most common with an estimated 10,400 cervical cancers and 9,000 oropharyngeal ... Persistent infection with oncogenic HPV types can cause cervical cancer in women as well as other anogenital and oropharyngeal ...
Query Trace: Oropharyngeal Neoplasms and EGFR[original query]. Relationship between epidermal growth factor receptor status, ...
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Medicine & Life Sciences 18% * Mouth Neoplasms Medicine & Life Sciences 15% ... therabite use compared with wooden spatula in ameliorating trismus in patients treated for stage 3 and 4 oral and oropharyngeal ... therabite use compared with wooden spatula in ameliorating trismus in patients treated for stage 3 and 4 oral and oropharyngeal ... therabite use compared with wooden spatula in ameliorating trismus in patients treated for stage 3 and 4 oral and oropharyngeal ...
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Medicine & Life Sciences 56% * Dental Research Medicine & Life Sciences 15% ...
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms Medicine & Life Sciences 22% * Neoplasms Medicine & Life Sciences 18% View full fingerprint ... N2 - Background: Survivors of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer frequently experience difficulties in swallowing; tasting; ... AB - Background: Survivors of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer frequently experience difficulties in swallowing; tasting; ... Background: Survivors of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer frequently experience difficulties in swallowing; tasting; ...
Quantitative diffusion-weighted MRI parameters and human papillomavirus status in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In: ... Quantitative diffusion-weighted MRI parameters and human papillomavirus status in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. ... MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas underwent pretreatment DWI. ADC values ... CONCLUSIONS: No significant association between ADC and human papillomavirus status was found in oropharyngeal squamous cell ...
Oropharyngeal Neoplasms 1 0 Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament 1 0 Osteitis Deformans 1 0 ...
  • For example, having HPV is a risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Our results demonstrate strong evidence for an independent causal effect of smoking on oral/oropharyngeal cancer (IVW OR 2.6, 95% CI = 1.7, 3.9 per standard deviation increase in lifetime smoking behaviour) and an independent causal effect of alcohol consumption when controlling for smoking (IVW OR 2.1, 95% CI = 1.1, 3.8 per standard deviation increase in drinks consumed per week). (nih.gov)
  • The global oropharyngeal cancer diagnosis and therapeutics market are anticipated to grow at a substantial CAGR of 4.5% during the forecast period. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • However, the High costs of oropharyngeal cancer treatment along with low awareness of this cancer act as major restraints for the market growth. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The global oropharyngeal cancer diagnosis and therapeutics market are segmented based on the diagnostic type, treatment type, and end-users. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Geographically the global oropharyngeal cancer diagnosis and therapeutics market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Rest of the World. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The growth of this region can be attributed to rising incidences of oropharyngeal cancer, and increasing awareness about oropharyngeal. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The market study of the global oropharyngeal cancer diagnosis and therapeutics market is incorporated by extensive primary and secondary research conducted by the research team at research has been conducted to refine the available data to break down the market into various segments, and derive the total market size, market forecast, and growth rate. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The prevalence of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer has geographic variations, with the highest rate reported in India, accounting for 50% of all cancer cases in that country. (medscape.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ Des études en milieu hospitalier ont révélé des fréquences relatives très élevées du cancer oropharyngé au Yémen. (who.int)
  • La présente étude a estimé les fréquences relatives du cancer de la cavité buccale et du pharynx chez des patients yéménites atteints de cancers enregistrés en 2007 et 2008. (who.int)
  • For the included cases, Of the 541 cases of oropharyngeal are believed to reflect different preva- tumour staging was reclassified and cancer 19.2%, 11.8%, 8.7% and 7.8% lences and patterns of risk habits such coded according to the SEER summary were referred from Al-Hodeida, Taiz, as khat chewing and waterpipe smoking staging manual 2000 [16]. (who.int)
  • Persistent infection with oncogenic HPV types can cause cervical cancer in women as well as other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers in women and men. (cdc.gov)
  • Although most infections cause no symptoms and are self-limited, persistent HPV infection can cause cervical cancer in women as well as other anogenital cancers, oropharyngeal cancer, and genital warts in men and women. (cdc.gov)
  • Methods and analysis This is a randomised, openlabel, controlled, two-centre feasibility study, to assess the objective and subjective effectiveness and costeffectiveness of therabite use compared with wooden spatula in ameliorating trismus in patients treated for stage 3 and 4 oral and oropharyngeal cancer, managed either by primary surgery followed by (chemo) radiotherapy or primary (chemo)radiotherapy. (edgehill.ac.uk)
  • This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of oral cavity cancer (OCC) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) in Alberta. (jcda.ca)
  • 1 In 2019, 53 000 North Americans were diagnosed with oral and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), resulting in over 9750 deaths. (jcda.ca)
  • Background Heterogeneity within studies examining transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) has made it challenging to make clear conclusions on functional outcomes. (edu.au)
  • The purpose of this study is to elucidate the association between PM 2.5 and oral neoplasm, including oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD) and oral cancer (OC), taking into account the geographical heterogeneity. (aaqr.org)
  • Patients' experience with long-term percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding following primary surgery for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. (edgehill.ac.uk)
  • Cancer uterine icd 10 ICDCM BootCamp: Neoplasms retete pt detoxifiere Un vierme mic costache ioanid smoothie verde detoxifiant retete, rectal cancer x ray toxine botulique rat. (wishstudio.ro)
  • ICD - 10 Guidelines - Chapter 2 Neoplasms C00 D49 - class 1 - Medical Coding Guidelines enemas de la viermi la copii Papiloma virus cancer garganta preparate pentru tratarea helmintelor umane, endometrial cancer icd 10 papilloma gola ciuperci de plop. (wishstudio.ro)
  • Medical Coding of Neoplasms: Part 1 rectal cancer uk statistics Definition for toxine rectal cancer journal articles, squamous vestibular papillomatosis cancerul pancreasului endocrin. (wishstudio.ro)
  • ICDCM Coding Demonstration using Neoplasm Table cancerul gastric-intestinal Profilaxie helminti case laryngeal papilloma, papillomavirus homme oeil kako se leci hpv Condylomata acuminata definition hpv cervical cancer leep, papilloma virus e ciclo mestruale papilloma squamous eyelid. (wishstudio.ro)
  • Methods Between 2001 and 2011, we treated 207 patients with resectable pharyngeal cancer, including 98 patients with oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) and 109 patients with hypopharyngeal cancer (HPC) who received definitive RT or CRT. (elsevierpure.com)
  • It should be noted that much of the article pertains to human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative oropharyngeal cancer where applicable, as HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma carries a different natural history, different prognosis, and now different staging criteria. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We aimed to determine the MCID among patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer and to identify domains that are significantly affected during treatment. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • This study suggests benchmark values for MCID and variation in QOL scores of oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients after treatment. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • If oropharyngeal dysphagia is suspected, VFSS should be performed to prevent complications leading to mortality from lung cancer. (jkds.org)
  • To describe the epidemiological profile of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer treated at a referral hospital in Salvador, Brazil. (bvsalud.org)
  • Patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer are mostly male, older than 60 years, with low educational level, and working as farmers. (bvsalud.org)
  • The high prevalence as well as the high mortality rate of oral and oropharyngeal cancer in the Brazilian population need to be investigated through epidemiological studies, not only for monitoring this disease, but also in order to characterize at-risk populations and optimize the public health policies aimed at prevention, protection and health care [1,3]. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this sense, the purpose of this study was to analyze the epidemiological profile of the individuals with oral and oropharyngeal cancer treated at HAM in the period of 2008 to 2015, taking into account sociodemographic and disease-related aspects. (bvsalud.org)
  • Soft palate carcinomas are staged as oropharyngeal cancers according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (see Staging). (medscape.com)
  • As one of the most common mal ignant neoplasms and demonstrating low cure and fiveyear survival chances, oral and oropharyngeal cancer represents a pertinent public health problem worldwide 12 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Male C57BL/6 mice were injected with a murine model of human papillomavirus (HPV+)-induced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in their right hindlimb to induce tumor growth. (nih.gov)
  • Patients and Methods: Chart review identified 77 patients with oral or oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma treated with gross total surgical resection and postoperative radiation between 1981 and 1992. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • HPV-associated, p16-positive, oropharyngeal tumors (OPSCC) are more radiosensitive and have better outcome. (lu.se)
  • The estimated α/β-ratio for p16-positive oropharyngeal tumors aligns with previous HNSCC studies, whereas the impact of prolonged OTT was slightly less than previously reported. (lu.se)
  • Adamantinomatous tumors (seen predominantly in children) resemble enamel-forming oropharyngeal neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • Nonsquamous cell cancers, including minor salivary gland cancers, sarcomas, and melanomas, account for the other half (see the histologic distribution of hard palate malignant neoplasms and the histologic types and frequencies of minor salivary gland neoplasms of the palate, below). (medscape.com)
  • BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients with human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas have a better survival rate than those with human papillomavirus-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. (vu.nl)
  • MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas underwent pretreatment DWI. (vu.nl)
  • CONCLUSIONS: No significant association between ADC and human papillomavirus status was found in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. (vu.nl)
  • In our study population, differences in genetic and histologic features between human papillomavirus-positive and human papillomavirus-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas did not translate into different ADC values. (vu.nl)
  • We explored whether human papillomavirus status and ADC values are independent tumor characteristics.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas underwent pretreatment DWI. (vu.nl)
  • This study assesses the prognostic value of VEGF protein levels in a cohort of patients with oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • This case report describes a 57-year-old male patient with a Pancoast tumor who presented with oropharyngeal dysphagia. (jkds.org)
  • A video fluoroscopic swallow study confirmed the presence of oropharyngeal dysphagia, which was attributed to left glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve damage associated with the Pancoast tumor. (jkds.org)
  • This case highlights the need to be aware that a Pancoast tumor can cause oropharyngeal dysphagia. (jkds.org)
  • Here we report multivariable Mendelian randomization performed in a two-sample approach using summary data on 6,034 oral/oropharyngeal cases and 6,585 controls from a recent genome-wide association study. (nih.gov)
  • 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) and oral neoplasm has barely been addressed. (aaqr.org)
  • Rev. ed. of: Histological typing of oral and oropharyngeal tumours / P.N. Wahi, in collaboration with B. Cohen, Usha K. Luthra, H. Torloni. (who.int)
  • [ 12 ] Morbidity and mortality in acrokeratosis paraneoplastica are related directly to the underlying neoplasm. (medscape.com)
  • Hematogenous spread of the infection into the CNS often occurs after oropharyngeal, dental, or pulmonary infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • The possible presence of Pneumocystis among healthy adults was examined by detecting Pneumocystis jirovecii -specific DNA in prospectively obtained oropharyngeal wash samples from 50 persons without underlying lung disease or immunosuppression. (cdc.gov)
  • Trends in Human Papillomavirus-Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Incidence, Vermont 1999-2013. (medscape.com)
  • This study examines trends in age-adjusted incidence rates of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) in comparison to oral cavity proper squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in the population of Vermont from 1999 to 2013. (medscape.com)
  • Human papillomavirus 16 infection has been proven to be associated with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and is probably the main reason of the reported increase in the incidence. (nih.gov)
  • Human papillomavirus (HVP)-positive oropharyngeal cancer is the most common HPV-associated cancer in the United States. (nih.gov)
  • Targeted sequencing reveals clonal genetic changes in the progression of early lung neoplasms and paired circulating DNA. (uchicago.edu)
  • A number of methods for treating patients with oral cavity and oropharynx neoplasms with the use of transoral robotic assistance were developed in the plastic surgery clinic of the First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov. (hnj.science)
  • A benign or malignant neoplasm that affects the oropharynx. (nih.gov)
  • Serum Antibodies to HPV16 Early Proteins Warrant Investigation as Potential Biomarkers for Risk Stratification and Recurrence of HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer. (uchicago.edu)
  • HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: epidemiology, molecular biology and clinical management. (nih.gov)
  • The prognostic role of HR HPV infection in oropharyngeal oncology, with its potential clinical applications, underscores the need for a consensus on the most appropriate detection methods. (nih.gov)
  • Neoplasm Guidelines ICD 10 CM hpv uncommon symptoms Hpv warts in neck hpv virus causes what kind of cancer, cancer esofagian in romania papilloma skin growth. (grandordeluxe.ro)
  • Bochtler T, Löffler H, Krämer A. Diagnosis and management of metastatic neoplasms with unknown primary. (cancer.org)
  • Conferencia magistral oropharyngeal disorders: diagnosis and treatment. (northwestern.edu)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Conferencia magistral oropharyngeal disorders: diagnosis and treatment. (northwestern.edu)
  • A retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine the 5-year survival and prognostic factors for survival for 407 oropharyngeal cancer cases registered in the 3 main hospitals in Alexandria, Egypt, from 1996-2000. (who.int)
  • Development and Validation of Nomograms Predictive of Overall and Progression-Free Survival in Patients With Oropharyngeal Cancer. (mcw.edu)
  • ICDCM Coding Demonstration using Neoplasm Table papillomavirus vaccin a quel age Hpv oropharyngeal cancer nejm nasal ivertido papillomas nhs, papilloma virus vaccino 9 ceppi cancer renal nejm. (grandordeluxe.ro)
  • At QY 58, the note was changed from "Cf. QY 25 Laboratory manuals" to "Classify works on experimental neoplasms in QZ 206. (nih.gov)
  • Experimental neoplasms. (nih.gov)
  • The note was changed from "Classify works on specific topics by subject, e.g., on experimental work on the etiology of neoplasms in QZ 202" to "Classify here all works on experimental neoplasms regardless of type or site. (nih.gov)