Osteoarthropathy, Secondary Hypertrophic
Osteoarthropathy, Primary Hypertrophic
Arthropathy, Neurogenic
Tarsal Bones
Foot Deformities, Acquired
Periostitis
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate
Joint Diseases
Immobilization
Bone Malalignment
Arthritis
Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma. (1/66)
Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma is a rare pulmonary neoplasm with less than 40 cases described world wide. We describe the only case to have presented with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy who has been treated with azathioprine and has remained alive and well with no deterioration in pulmonary function since being diagnosed 16 years ago. The progression of the chest radiograph and spiral CT appearances of this rare neoplasm are described, and current views regarding the cellular origin of the neoplasm, its cytological appearance, clinical presentation and prognosis are discussed. (+info)Palmar fasciitis and polyarthritis associated with gastric carcinoma: complete resolution after total gastrectomy. (2/66)
Palmar fasciitis and polyarthritis (PFA) is a rare paraneoplastic rheumatic syndrome characterized by flexion contractures of both hands and thickening of palmar fascia. Several reports have suggested that this syndrome is a tumor-associated autoimmune disorder. We report a 44-year-old Japanese man who presented with flexion contractures of both hands associated with thickening of palmar fascia and polyarthritis. These clinical pictures were suggestive of PFA associated with occult neoplasm. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examination revealed advanced gastric cancer. Resection of the cancer resulted in a gradual resolution of palmar fasciitis and polyarthritis. This clinical course suggests an underlying tumor-related immunologic process in this syndrome. (+info)Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy associated with non-small cell lung cancer demonstrated growth hormone-releasing hormone by immunohistochemical analysis. (3/66)
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPO) associated with non-small cell lung cancer in a 58-year-old man was accompanied by an elevated serum level of growth hormone (GH). HPO rapidly disappeared after resection of the primary tumor and the elevation of serum GH was resolved. Immunohistochemically the tumor contained growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) but not GH. These findings suggest that the high serum GH level due to ectopic GHRH production in the tumor, was a contributing factor in HPO. This is the second reported case of non-small cell lung cancer which was immunohistochemically positive for GHRH associated with HPO. (+info)The pulmonary circulation in cystic fibrosis. (4/66)
The hearts and lungs of 36 patients dying of cystic fibrosis have been studied to establish the relationship between right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), pathological changes in the pulmonary circulation, and the clinical features. The presence and degree of RVH were measured by Fulton's technique of weighing the ventricles separately. Of the subjects who died after the age of 3 years, one in six had no RVH, although the mean age of this group was not significantly different from that of the remainder. There was no correlation between duration of cyanosis, haemoglobin levels, and RVH. Although not statistically significant, the cases without RVH tended to have had clubbing of the finger-nails for longer periods before death. The electrocardiogram was useful in the diagnosis of RVH. Right ventricular hypertrophy was common in children with lungs of large volume as judged by the radiographic centile of lung length. Cases with RVH show reduced background haze in the arteriogram and fewer arteries per unit area of lung. For the first time thickening of the medial muscle layer proportional to the degree of RVH has been demonstrated, only in the smaller arteries. Arterial subintimal fibrosis is more common in cases with RVH, as is thickening of the walls of small pulmonary veins. The implications of these findings are discussed. (+info)Exophthalmus-myxoedema circumscriptum praetibiale-osteoarthropathia hypertrophicans (E.M.O.) syndrome in Graves' disease: a review of eight cases reported in Japan. (5/66)
Case 1 showed recurrence of hyperthyroidism accompanied by pretibial myxedema and digital clubbing 14 years after thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. Case 2 had had pretibial myxedema for the past 20 years and myxedema tuberosum at the right shoulder for the past 10 years, and on admission showed exophthalmos and digital clubbing with thyroid gland demonstrating histological picture of chronic thyroiditis. This case was in slight hypothyroidism and serum LATS was highly positive. Eight cases of E.M.O. syndrome have so far been reported in Japan, including our own. Six cases of these were males. Two cases did not show any sign of hyperthyroidism throughout their entire courses, including our Case 2 described here. Three cases had never received treatment for Graves' disease prior to the occurrence of this syndrome. The serum LATS was positive in all 5 cases thus far reported. (+info)Assessment of digital clubbing in medical inpatients by digital photography and computerized analysis. (6/66)
BACKGROUND: Digital clubbing has been associated with a large number of disorders. To overcome the limitation of subjective clinical assessment, several objective measurements have been developed among which the hyponychial angle was considered most accurate for quantification of finger clubbing. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here we investigated hyponychial angles in 123 healthy subjects and 515 medical inpatients from a tertiary hospital. Healthy subjects had a mean angle of 178.87 +/- 4.70 degrees (range: 164.78-192.10 degrees ), a finding that is well in accordance with previous results obtained using other techniques, underlining the accuracy of the chosen method of assessment. The mean angle of patients was 181.65 +/- 7.18 degrees (range: 162.22-209.19; p <0.0001 compared to healthy controls). When the upper limit of normality, i.e. 192.10 degrees, was used to define digital clubbing, the prevalence of digital clubbing in our patients was 8.9%; the percentage of clubbed fingers varied substantially among the various disease states (up to 80% in patients with cystic fibrosis). CONCLUSION: The use of digital photography with computerised analysis was found to be an easy, fast and inexpensive method for the quantification of hyponychial angles with excellent intra and inter observer reliability whilst causing no discomfort to patients. This tool may therefore be useful in further longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of finger morphology and may become an accepted standard in the diagnosis of digital clubbing. (+info)Unusual presentation of thymic carcinoma: hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. (7/66)
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is characterized by clubbing and periosteal new bone formation along the shaft of the long bones of the extremities. Although various intrathoracic malignancies have been associated with the development of HOA, it has been extremely rare for HOA to occur in a patient with a thymic carcinoma. Recently, we experienced a 63-year-old woman diagnosed as a thymic carcinoma with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. She had both digital clubbing and cortical thickening in her lower extremities identified radiologically. We herein describe this case with a review of the literature. (+info)BRONCHIOLAR EMPHYSEMA. A REPORT OF A NECROPSIED CASE OF DIFFUSE BRONCHIOLECTASIS AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE. (8/66)
Bronchiolar emphysema is a rare, insidious, progressive, bilateral pulmonary fibrosis with diffusion defect. Death follows in five to 10 years after the onset of symptoms because of respiratory failure, cor pulmonale or pneumothorax. In the 20 cases reviewed, the lungs typically showed bosselation of their pleural surfaces, giving the appearance and consistency of a liver involved by Laennec's cirrhosis. Cross sections showed honeycombing chiefly along the lung margins. Microscopically, cystic dilatation of terminal bronchioles was present, with obliteration of the remaining peripheral lung tissue by a dense pulmonary fibrosis. Hyperplasia of smooth muscle and elastica was prominent.Bronchiolar emphysema is a clinicopathologic entity, the etiology of which is unknown and likely multiple. Bronchiolectasis and superimposed recurrent infection are essential in its pathogenesis. Thickening of alveolar walls may play a decisive role in determining the characteristic site of the bronchiolar dilatation. (+info)Secondary hyertrophic osteoarthropathy, also known as secondary musculoskeletal hypertrophy or Pierre Marie-Bamberger syndrome, is a condition characterized by the proliferation of new bone formation (osteophytes) and thickening of the bones (hyertrophy) in the joints, typically affecting the hands and feet. This condition is a reactive process that occurs as a secondary response to an underlying medical disorder, most commonly chronic hypoxia or ischemia due to conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cyanotic congenital heart disease, or malignancy.
The exact pathophysiology of this condition is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to the release of growth factors and cytokines in response to the underlying medical disorder. The clinical manifestations of secondary hyertrophic osteoarthropathy include joint pain, swelling, stiffness, and limited range of motion, as well as characteristic radiographic findings such as periostitis, bone resorption, and new bone formation.
Treatment of this condition involves addressing the underlying medical disorder and providing supportive care for the musculoskeletal symptoms. This may include pain management, physical therapy, and orthopedic interventions as needed.
Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO), also known as pachydermoperiostosis, is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by the thickening of the skin (pachydermia) and abnormal growth of the bones (periostitis). This condition primarily affects the bones and joints, causing pain, swelling, and limited mobility.
The key features of PHO include:
1. Digits: Clubbing of the fingers and toes, with overgrowth of the bone tissue at the ends of the digits (periostitis) leading to characteristic "drumstick" appearance.
2. Skin: Thickening of the skin, particularly on the face, hands, and feet, giving a leathery or rough texture. Seborrheic dermatitis and increased sweating may also be present.
3. Bones: Periosteal new bone formation, leading to painful swelling and enlargement of the affected bones, most commonly in the long bones of the legs and arms.
4. Joints: Arthritis-like symptoms, including joint pain, stiffness, and limited mobility.
5. Other features: May include coarse hair, high arched palate, and bowing of the limbs.
The exact cause of primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is not fully understood but is believed to involve genetic mutations affecting the regulation of bone growth and remodeling. It is typically inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the condition if one parent is affected.
Treatment for PHO focuses on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include pain relief medications, physical therapy, and surgical interventions to correct bone deformities or improve joint mobility.
Neurogenic arthropathy is a joint disease that occurs as a result of nerve damage or dysfunction. Also known as Charcot joint, this condition is characterized by joint destruction and deformity due to the loss of sensation and proprioception, which normally help protect the joint from excessive stress and injury.
Neurogenic arthropathy often affects people with diabetes, syphilis, leprosy, spinal cord injuries, or other conditions that damage nerves. The damage impairs the ability to feel pain, temperature, and position, making it difficult for individuals to notice or respond to joint injuries. Over time, this can lead to joint degeneration, fractures, dislocations, and severe deformities if left untreated.
Treatment typically involves managing the underlying nerve condition, immobilizing the affected joint with a brace or cast, and in some cases, surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged joints. Regular exercise, physical therapy, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can also help manage symptoms and prevent further complications.
The tarsal bones are a group of seven articulating bones in the foot that make up the posterior portion of the foot, located between the talus bone of the leg and the metatarsal bones of the forefoot. They play a crucial role in supporting the body's weight and facilitating movement.
There are three categories of tarsal bones:
1. Proximal row: This includes the talus, calcaneus (heel bone), and navicular bones. The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle joint, while the calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone and forms the heel. The navicular bone is located between the talus and the cuneiform bones.
2. Intermediate row: This includes the cuboid bone, which is located laterally (on the outside) to the navicular bone and articulates with the calcaneus, fourth and fifth metatarsals, and the cuneiform bones.
3. Distal row: This includes three cuneiform bones - the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms - which are located between the navicular bone proximally and the first, second, and third metatarsal bones distally. The medial cuneiform is the largest of the three and articulates with the navicular bone, first metatarsal, and the intermediate cuneiform. The intermediate cuneiform articulates with the medial and lateral cuneiforms and the second metatarsal. The lateral cuneiform articulates with the intermediate cuneiform, cuboid, and fourth metatarsal.
Together, these bones form a complex network of joints that allow for movement and stability in the foot. Injuries or disorders affecting the tarsal bones can result in pain, stiffness, and difficulty walking.
Acquired foot deformities refer to structural abnormalities of the foot that develop after birth, as opposed to congenital foot deformities which are present at birth. These deformities can result from various factors such as trauma, injury, infection, neurological conditions, or complications from a medical condition like diabetes or arthritis.
Examples of acquired foot deformities include:
1. Hammertoe - A deformity where the toe bends downward at the middle joint, resembling a hammer.
2. Claw toe - A more severe form of hammertoe where the toe also curls under, forming a claw-like shape.
3. Mallet toe - A condition where the end joint of a toe is bent downward, causing it to resemble a mallet.
4. Bunions - A bony bump that forms on the inside of the foot at the big toe joint, often causing pain and difficulty wearing shoes.
5. Tailor's bunion (bunionette) - A similar condition to a bunion, but it occurs on the outside of the foot near the little toe joint.
6. Charcot foot - A severe deformity that can occur in people with diabetes or other neurological conditions, characterized by the collapse and dislocation of joints in the foot.
7. Cavus foot - A condition where the arch of the foot is excessively high, causing instability and increasing the risk of ankle injuries.
8. Flatfoot (pes planus) - A deformity where the arch of the foot collapses, leading to pain and difficulty walking.
9. Pronation deformities - Abnormal rotation or tilting of the foot, often causing instability and increasing the risk of injury.
Treatment for acquired foot deformities varies depending on the severity and underlying cause but may include orthotics, physical therapy, medication, or surgery.
Periostitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the periosteum, which is the highly vascularized tissue that covers the outer surface of bones. The periosteum contains nerves and blood vessels that supply the bone and assist in bone repair and remodeling. Periostitis can occur as a result of various factors such as repetitive trauma, infection, or inflammatory diseases, leading to pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area. In some cases, periostitis may also lead to the formation of new bone tissue, resulting in bony outgrowths known as exostoses.
Technetium Tc 99m Medronate is a radiopharmaceutical agent used in nuclear medicine for bone scintigraphy. It is a technetium-labeled bisphosphonate compound, which accumulates in areas of increased bone turnover and metabolism. This makes it useful for detecting and evaluating various bone diseases and conditions, such as fractures, tumors, infections, and arthritis.
The "Tc 99m" refers to the radioisotope technetium-99m, which has a half-life of approximately 6 hours and emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera. The medronate component is a bisphosphonate molecule that binds to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone tissue, allowing the radiolabeled compound to accumulate in areas of active bone remodeling.
Overall, Technetium Tc 99m Medronate is an important tool in nuclear medicine for diagnosing and managing various musculoskeletal disorders.
Joint diseases is a broad term that refers to various conditions affecting the joints, including but not limited to:
1. Osteoarthritis (OA): A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage and underlying bone, leading to pain, stiffness, and potential loss of function.
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): An autoimmune disorder causing inflammation in the synovial membrane lining the joints, resulting in swelling, pain, and joint damage if left untreated.
3. Infectious Arthritis: Joint inflammation caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections that spread through the bloodstream or directly enter the joint space.
4. Gout: A type of arthritis resulting from the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, typically affecting the big toe and characterized by sudden attacks of severe pain, redness, and swelling.
5. Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA): An inflammatory joint disease associated with psoriasis, causing symptoms such as pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints and surrounding tissues.
6. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA): A group of chronic arthritis conditions affecting children, characterized by joint inflammation, pain, and stiffness.
7. Ankylosing Spondylitis: A form of arthritis primarily affecting the spine, causing inflammation, pain, and potential fusion of spinal vertebrae.
8. Bursitis: Inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs (bursae) that cushion joints, leading to pain and swelling.
9. Tendinitis: Inflammation or degeneration of tendons, which connect muscles to bones, often resulting in pain and stiffness near joints.
These conditions can impact the function and mobility of affected joints, causing discomfort and limiting daily activities. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing joint diseases and preserving joint health.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tibet" is not a medical term. It is a region in Asia that is currently under the political control of China, although it has a distinct cultural and historical heritage. Tibet is geographically located in the Tibetan Plateau, which is the highest region on Earth, with an average elevation of over 14,000 feet (4,267 meters) above sea level.
If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you!
Immobilization is a medical term that refers to the restriction of normal mobility or motion of a body part, usually to promote healing and prevent further injury. This is often achieved through the use of devices such as casts, splints, braces, slings, or traction. The goal of immobilization is to keep the injured area in a fixed position so that it can heal properly without additional damage. It may be used for various medical conditions, including fractures, dislocations, sprains, strains, and soft tissue injuries. Immobilization helps reduce pain, minimize swelling, and protect the injured site from movement that could worsen the injury or impair healing.
Bone malalignment is a term used to describe the abnormal alignment or positioning of bones in relation to each other. This condition can occur as a result of injury, deformity, surgery, or disease processes that affect the bones and joints. Bone malalignment can cause pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and an increased risk of further injury. In some cases, bone malalignment may require treatment such as bracing, physical therapy, or surgery to correct the alignment and improve function.
Arthritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation in one or more joints, leading to symptoms such as pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion. There are many different types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, and lupus, among others.
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and is caused by wear and tear on the joints over time. Rheumatoid arthritis, on the other hand, is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the joint lining, causing inflammation and damage.
Arthritis can affect people of all ages, including children, although it is more common in older adults. Treatment for arthritis may include medications to manage pain and reduce inflammation, physical therapy, exercise, and in some cases, surgery.
"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.
Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.
The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.