Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the duodenum.
A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.
A disease marked by repeated episodes of increased bone resorption followed by excessive attempts at repair, resulting in weakened, deformed bones of increased mass. The resultant architecture of the bone assumes a mosaic pattern in which the fibers take on a haphazard pattern instead of the normal parallel symmetry.
An intraductal carcinoma of the breast extending to involve the nipple and areola, characterized clinically by eczema-like inflammatory skin changes and histologically by infiltration of the dermis by malignant cells (Paget's cells). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. Sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. The sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. Familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. Both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)
A surgical technique used primarily in the treatment of skin neoplasms, especially basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. This procedure is a microscopically controlled excision of cutaneous tumors either after fixation in vivo or after freezing the tissue. Serial examinations of fresh tissue specimens are most frequently done.
A cutaneous pouch of skin containing the testicles and spermatic cords.
The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.
Tumors or cancer of the VULVA.
Oleagenous substances used topically to soothe, soften or protect skin or mucous membranes. They are used also as vehicles for other dermatologic agents.
A group of desmosomal cadherins with cytoplasmic tails that are divergent from those of classical CADHERINS. Their intracytoplasmic domains bind PLAKOGLOBIN; PLAKOPHILINS; and DESMOPLAKINS.
A group of desmosomal cadherins with cytoplasmic tails that resemble those of classical CADHERINS.
A desmosomal cadherin that is an autoantigen in the acquired skin disorder PEMPHIGUS FOLIACEUS.
Organic compounds which contain P-C-P bonds, where P stands for phosphonates or phosphonic acids. These compounds affect calcium metabolism. They inhibit ectopic calcification and slow down bone resorption and bone turnover. Technetium complexes of diphosphonates have been used successfully as bone scanning agents.
A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
A rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. It develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. The lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. The clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. It is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1478)
Desmoplakins are cytoskeletal linker proteins that anchor INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS to the PLASMA MEMBRANE at DESMOSOMES.
A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.
A noninvasive (noninfiltrating) carcinoma of the breast characterized by a proliferation of malignant epithelial cells confined to the mammary ducts or lobules, without light-microscopy evidence of invasion through the basement membrane into the surrounding stroma.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.1.
Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.
Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body.
The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The conic organs which usually give outlet to milk from the mammary glands.

Duodenoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a duodenoscope, which is a flexible, lighted tube with a camera and tiny tools on the end, through the mouth and down the throat to examine the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) and the opening of the bile and pancreatic ducts.

During the procedure, the doctor can take tissue samples for biopsy, remove polyps or other abnormal growths, or perform other interventions as needed. Duodenoscopy is commonly used to diagnose and treat conditions such as gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammation, infection, and cancer.

It's important to note that duodenoscopes have been associated with the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in some cases, so healthcare providers must follow strict cleaning and disinfection protocols to minimize this risk.

Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, which can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and malnutrition.

The specific causes of Crohn's disease are not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. The disease can affect people of any age, but it is most commonly diagnosed in young adults between the ages of 15 and 35.

There is no cure for Crohn's disease, but treatments such as medications, lifestyle changes, and surgery can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options depend on the severity and location of the disease, as well as the individual patient's needs and preferences.

Osteitis deformans, also known as Paget's disease of bone, is a chronic disorder of the bone characterized by abnormal turnover and remodeling of the bone. In this condition, the bone becomes enlarged, thickened, and deformed due to excessive and disorganized bone formation and resorption.

The process begins when the bone-remodeling cycle is disrupted, leading to an imbalance between the activity of osteoclasts (cells that break down bone) and osteoblasts (cells that form new bone). In Paget's disease, osteoclasts become overactive and increase bone resorption, followed by an overzealous response from osteoblasts, which attempt to repair the damage but do so in a disorganized manner.

The affected bones can become weakened, prone to fractures, and may cause pain, deformities, or other complications such as arthritis, hearing loss, or neurological symptoms if the skull or spine is involved. The exact cause of Paget's disease remains unknown, but it is believed that genetic and environmental factors play a role in its development.

Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications associated with osteitis deformans. Treatment options include medications to slow down bone turnover, pain management, and orthopedic interventions when necessary.

Paget's disease of the nipple, also known as Paget's disease of the breast, is a rare type of cancer that starts in the breast ducts and spreads to the skin of the nipple and areola. The symptoms often include redness, itching, tingling, or burning of the nipple, which can also become flaky, scaly, or crusty. There may also be a discharge from the nipple.

The exact cause of Paget's disease is not known, but it is thought to be associated with underlying breast cancer in about 90% of cases. It is more common in women over the age of 50 and is usually diagnosed through a biopsy of the affected skin. Treatment typically involves removing the affected breast tissue, which may include a mastectomy, followed by radiation therapy.

It's important to note that Paget's disease of the nipple is different from benign paget's disease of the breast, which is a non-cancerous condition that can cause similar symptoms but does not spread to other parts of the body.

Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a rare inflammatory muscle disease characterized by progressive weakness and wasting (atrophy) of skeletal muscles. The term "inclusion body" refers to the presence of abnormal protein accumulations within muscle fibers, which are observed under a microscope during muscle biopsy. These inclusions are primarily composed of aggregated forms of amyloid-β and tau proteins, similar to those found in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease.

IBM typically affects individuals over 50 years old, and it is more common in men than women. The disease usually starts with weakness in the wrist and finger flexors, making it difficult to perform tasks such as gripping, buttoning shirts, or lifting objects. Over time, the weakness spreads to other muscle groups, including the thigh muscles (quadriceps), resulting in difficulty climbing stairs or rising from a seated position.

The exact cause of inclusion body myositis remains unclear; however, both immune-mediated and degenerative mechanisms are believed to contribute to its pathogenesis. Currently, there is no cure for IBM, and treatment options are primarily aimed at managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Immunosuppressive medications may be used to target the inflammatory component of the disease; however, their efficacy varies among patients. Physical therapy and exercise programs can help maintain muscle strength and function as much as possible.

Mohs surgery, also known as Mohs micrographic surgery, is a precise surgical technique used to treat common types of skin cancer. It's primarily used for basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas that have recurred, are large, aggressive, or in critical areas where preservation of healthy tissue is important, such as the face.

The procedure involves removing the visible tumor along with a thin layer of surrounding tissue. This layer is then processed and examined under a microscope while the patient waits. If cancer cells are found in the margin of the removed tissue, another layer of tissue is taken from that specific area and examined. This process continues until no cancer cells are found in the margins, ensuring complete removal of the tumor while minimizing the removal of healthy tissue.

The main advantage of Mohs surgery is its ability to accurately assess the depth and extent of the cancer, leading to high cure rates and improved cosmetic outcomes. However, it's a specialized procedure that requires extensive training and should be performed by a fellowship-trained Mohs surgeon.

The scrotum is a part of the external male genitalia. It's a sac-like structure made up of several layers of skin and smooth muscle, which hangs down behind and beneath the penis. The primary function of the scrotum is to maintain the testicles at a temperature slightly lower than the core body temperature, which is optimal for sperm production.

The scrotum contains two compartments, each one housing a testicle. It's located in the pubic region and is usually visible externally. The skin of the scrotum is thin and wrinkled, which allows it to expand and contract depending on the temperature, accommodating the shrinking or swelling of the testicles.

Please note that while I strive to provide accurate information, this definition is intended to be a general overview and should not replace professional medical advice.

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a group of disorders caused by progressive degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. These areas of the brain are associated with personality, behavior, and language.

There are three main types of FTD:

1. Behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD): This type is characterized by changes in personality, behavior, and judgment. Individuals may become socially inappropriate, emotionally indifferent, or impulsive. They may lose interest in things they used to enjoy and have difficulty with tasks that require planning and organization.

2. Primary progressive aphasia (PPA): This type affects language abilities. There are two main subtypes of PPA: semantic dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Semantic dementia is characterized by difficulty understanding words and objects, while progressive nonfluent aphasia is characterized by problems with speech production and articulation.

3. Motor neuron disease (MND) associated FTD: Some individuals with FTD may also develop motor neuron disease, which affects the nerves that control muscle movement. This can lead to weakness, stiffness, and wasting of muscles, as well as difficulty swallowing and speaking.

FTD is a degenerative disorder, meaning that symptoms get worse over time. There is no cure for FTD, but there are treatments available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. The exact cause of FTD is not known, but it is believed to be related to abnormalities in certain proteins in the brain. In some cases, FTD may run in families and be caused by genetic mutations.

Vulvar neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the vulvar region, which is the exterior female genital area including the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and the vaginal vestibule. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign vulvar neoplasms may include conditions such as vulvar cysts, fibromas, lipomas, or condylomas (genital warts). They are typically slow-growing and less likely to spread or invade surrounding tissues.

Malignant vulvar neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancers that can invade nearby tissues and potentially metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body. The most common types of malignant vulvar neoplasms are squamous cell carcinoma, vulvar melanoma, and adenocarcinoma.

Early detection and treatment of vulvar neoplasms are essential for improving prognosis and reducing the risk of complications or recurrence. Regular gynecological examinations, self-examinations, and prompt attention to any unusual symptoms or changes in the vulvar area can help ensure timely diagnosis and management.

Emollients are medical substances or preparations used to soften and soothe the skin, making it more supple and flexible. They work by forming a barrier on the surface of the skin that helps to prevent water loss and protect the skin from irritants and allergens. Emollients can be in the form of creams, lotions, ointments, or gels, and are often used to treat dry, scaly, or itchy skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis. They may contain ingredients such as petroleum jelly, lanolin, mineral oil, or various plant-derived oils and butters. Emollients can also help to reduce inflammation and promote healing of the skin.

Desmocollins are a type of cadherin, which is a transmembrane protein involved in cell-cell adhesion. Specifically, desmocollins are found in the desmosomes, which are specialized structures that help to mechanically connect adjacent epithelial cells. There are three main isoforms of desmocollin (Desmocollin-1, -2, and -3) that are encoded by different genes. Mutations in the genes encoding desmocollins have been associated with several skin blistering disorders, including certain forms of epidermolysis bullosa.

Desmogleins are a group of proteins that are part of the desmosomes, which are structures that help to strengthen and maintain the integrity of epithelial tissues. Desmogleins play a crucial role in cell-to-cell adhesion by forming intercellular junctions known as desmoglein adherens junctions. These junctions help to anchor intermediate filaments, such as keratin, to the plasma membrane and provide structural support to epithelial cells.

There are four main types of desmogleins (Dsg1-4), each with distinct expression patterns in different tissues. For example, Dsg1 is primarily expressed in the upper layers of the epidermis, while Dsg3 is found in the lower layers and in mucous membranes. Mutations in desmoglein genes have been associated with several skin disorders, including pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus, which are autoimmune blistering diseases characterized by the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion in the epidermis.

Desmoglein 1 is a type of desmosomal cadherin, which is a transmembrane protein involved in cell-to-cell adhesion. It is primarily expressed in the upper layers of the epidermis and plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and stability of the skin. Desmoglein 1 forms desmosomes, specialized intercellular junctions that connect adjacent keratinocytes and help to resist shearing forces.

Desmoglein 1 is also a target for autoantibodies in certain blistering diseases, such as pemphigus foliaceus, where the binding of these antibodies to desmoglein 1 results in the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion and formation of skin blisters.

Diphosphonates are a class of medications that are used to treat bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease. They work by binding to the surface of bones and inhibiting the activity of bone-resorbing cells called osteoclasts. This helps to slow down the breakdown and loss of bone tissue, which can help to reduce the risk of fractures.

Diphosphonates are typically taken orally in the form of tablets, but some forms may be given by injection. Commonly prescribed diphosphonates include alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), and ibandronate (Boniva). Side effects of diphosphonates can include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, heartburn, and abdominal pain. In rare cases, they may also cause esophageal ulcers or osteonecrosis of the jaw.

It is important to follow the instructions for taking diphosphonates carefully, as they must be taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water and the patient must remain upright for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication to reduce the risk of esophageal irritation. Regular monitoring of bone density and kidney function is also recommended while taking these medications.

Human chromosome pair 18 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell of the human body. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, protein, and RNA, and they carry genetic information that determines an individual's physical characteristics, biochemical processes, and susceptibility to disease.

Chromosome pair 18 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that make up the human genome. Each member of chromosome pair 18 has a length of about 75 million base pairs and contains around 600 genes. Chromosome pair 18 is also known as the "smart chromosome" because it contains many genes involved in brain development, function, and cognition.

Abnormalities in chromosome pair 18 can lead to genetic disorders such as Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), in which there is an extra copy of chromosome 18, or deletion of a portion of the chromosome, leading to various developmental and cognitive impairments.

Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a rare skin condition that typically affects the genital or anal areas, but can also occur in other areas such as the axillae (armpits) or male nipples. It is named similar to Paget's disease of the breast, but they are different conditions. EMPD is not related to breast cancer.

EMPD is characterized by the presence of abnormal cells called Paget cells in the skin. These cells can invade the surrounding tissue and may spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). The exact cause of EMPD is unknown, but it's thought to be associated with an underlying malignancy such as an adenocarcinoma in the adjacent area.

Symptoms of EMPD can include redness, itching, burning, or pain in the affected area. There may also be scaling, crusting, or oozing of the skin. The lesions associated with EMPD are typically slow-growing and can be mistaken for eczema, psoriasis, or other benign skin conditions.

Diagnosis of EMPD is usually made through a biopsy of the affected skin. Treatment typically involves surgical excision of the lesion, with wide margins to ensure complete removal of the abnormal cells. In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be recommended if there are signs of spread (metastasis) to other parts of the body. Regular follow-up is important to monitor for recurrence or metastasis.

Desmoplakins are important proteins that play a crucial role in the structural integrity and function of certain types of cell-to-cell junctions called desmosomes. Desmosomes are specialized structures that connect adjacent cells in tissues that undergo significant mechanical stress, such as the skin, heart, and gut.

Desmoplakins are large proteins that are composed of several domains, including a plakin domain, which interacts with other desmosomal components, and a spectrin-like repeat domain, which binds to intermediate filaments. By linking desmosomes to the intermediate filament network, desmoplakins help to provide mechanical strength and stability to tissues.

Mutations in the genes that encode desmoplakins have been associated with several human genetic disorders, including arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), a heart condition characterized by abnormal heart rhythms and structural changes in the heart muscle, and epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), a skin disorder characterized by blistering and fragility of the skin.

Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. This reaction releases energy, which is used to drive various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, transport of ions across membranes, and synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.

ATPases are classified into several types based on their structure, function, and mechanism of action. Some examples include:

1. P-type ATPases: These ATPases form a phosphorylated intermediate during the reaction cycle and are involved in the transport of ions across membranes, such as the sodium-potassium pump and calcium pumps.
2. F-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria, and are responsible for generating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used to synthesize ATP.
3. V-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in vacuolar membranes and endomembranes, and are involved in acidification of intracellular compartments.
4. A-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in the plasma membrane and are involved in various functions such as cell signaling and ion transport.

Overall, ATPases play a crucial role in maintaining the energy balance of cells and regulating various physiological processes.

Intraductal carcinoma, noninfiltrating is a medical term used to describe a type of breast cancer that is confined to the milk ducts of the breast. It is also sometimes referred to as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Noninfiltrating means that the cancer cells have not spread beyond the ducts into the surrounding breast tissue or elsewhere in the body.

In this type of cancer, abnormal cells line the milk ducts and fill the inside of the ducts. These abnormal cells may look like cancer cells under a microscope, but they have not grown through the walls of the ducts into the surrounding breast tissue. However, if left untreated, noninfiltrating intraductal carcinoma can progress to an invasive form of breast cancer where the cancer cells spread beyond the milk ducts and invade the surrounding breast tissue.

It is important to note that while noninfiltrating intraductal carcinoma is considered a precancerous condition, it still requires medical treatment to prevent the development of invasive breast cancer. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy, depending on the size and location of the tumor and other individual factors.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in various body tissues, including the liver, bile ducts, digestive system, bones, and kidneys. It plays a role in breaking down proteins and minerals, such as phosphate, in the body.

The medical definition of alkaline phosphatase refers to its function as a hydrolase enzyme that removes phosphate groups from molecules at an alkaline pH level. In clinical settings, ALP is often measured through blood tests as a biomarker for various health conditions.

Elevated levels of ALP in the blood may indicate liver or bone diseases, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, bone fractures, or cancer. Therefore, physicians may order an alkaline phosphatase test to help diagnose and monitor these conditions. However, it is essential to interpret ALP results in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical findings for accurate diagnosis and treatment.

Cell cycle proteins are a group of regulatory proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle, which is the series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell leading to its division and duplication. These proteins can be classified into several categories based on their functions during different stages of the cell cycle.

The major groups of cell cycle proteins include:

1. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs): CDKs are serine/threonine protein kinases that regulate key transitions in the cell cycle. They require binding to a regulatory subunit called cyclin to become active. Different CDK-cyclin complexes are activated at different stages of the cell cycle.
2. Cyclins: Cyclins are a family of regulatory proteins that bind and activate CDKs. Their levels fluctuate throughout the cell cycle, with specific cyclins expressed during particular phases. For example, cyclin D is important for the G1 to S phase transition, while cyclin B is required for the G2 to M phase transition.
3. CDK inhibitors (CKIs): CKIs are regulatory proteins that bind to and inhibit CDKs, thereby preventing their activation. CKIs can be divided into two main families: the INK4 family and the Cip/Kip family. INK4 family members specifically inhibit CDK4 and CDK6, while Cip/Kip family members inhibit a broader range of CDKs.
4. Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C): APC/C is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets specific proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. During the cell cycle, APC/C regulates the metaphase to anaphase transition and the exit from mitosis by targeting securin and cyclin B for degradation.
5. Other regulatory proteins: Several other proteins play crucial roles in regulating the cell cycle, such as p53, a transcription factor that responds to DNA damage and arrests the cell cycle, and the polo-like kinases (PLKs), which are involved in various aspects of mitosis.

Overall, cell cycle proteins work together to ensure the proper progression of the cell cycle, maintain genomic stability, and prevent uncontrolled cell growth, which can lead to cancer.

A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:

1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.

2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.

3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.

4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.

5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.

After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.

I must clarify that the term "pedigree" is not typically used in medical definitions. Instead, it is often employed in genetics and breeding, where it refers to the recorded ancestry of an individual or a family, tracing the inheritance of specific traits or diseases. In human genetics, a pedigree can help illustrate the pattern of genetic inheritance in families over multiple generations. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical definition.

Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the breast tissue that can be benign or malignant. Benign breast neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors or growths, while malignant breast neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

Breast neoplasms can arise from different types of cells in the breast, including milk ducts, milk sacs (lobules), or connective tissue. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and can spread to other parts of the breast and nearby structures.

Breast neoplasms are usually detected through screening methods such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI, or through self-examination or clinical examination. Treatment options for breast neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.

Chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or genetic markers on a chromosome. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques to identify landmarks along the chromosome, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or patterns of DNA sequence repeats. The resulting map provides important information about the organization and structure of the genome, and can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying the location of genes associated with genetic diseases, studying evolutionary relationships between organisms, and developing genetic markers for use in breeding or forensic applications.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

A nipple is a small projection or tubular structure located at the center of the areola, which is the darker circle of skin surrounding the nipple on the breast. The primary function of the nipple is to provide a pathway for milk flow from the mammary glands during lactation in females.

The nipple contains smooth muscle fibers that contract and cause the nipple to become erect when stimulated, such as during sexual arousal or cold temperatures. Nipples can come in various shapes, sizes, and colors, and some individuals may have inverted or flat nipples. It is essential to monitor any changes in the appearance or sensation of the nipples, as these could be indicative of underlying medical conditions, such as breast cancer.

... of all Paget's disease. The clinical presentation of this disease is similar to the characteristics of mammary Paget's disease ... "Paget's disease of the vulva: prevalence of associated vulvar carcinoma, invasive Paget's disease, and recurrence after ... Zhou S, Zhong W, Mai R, Zhang G (2017). "Mammary and Extramammary Paget's Disease Presented Different Expression Pattern of ... Lloyd J, Flanagan AM (October 2000). "Mammary and extramammary Paget's disease". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 53 (10): 742-9 ...
... (also known as mammary Paget's disease) is a rare skin change at the nipple nearly always ... Markarian, Sione (2022-05-14). "Mammary Paget's Disease: An Update". Cancers. Karakas, Cansu (2011). "Paget's disease of the ... Paget's disease of the breast was first described by Sir James Paget in 1874. The condition is an uncommon disease accounting ... "Paget's disease of the nipple". nhs.uk. 2017-10-23. Retrieved 2023-10-09. "Paget's disease of the nipple - Treatment". nhs.uk. ...
Inflammatory adenocarcinoma M8540/3 Paget disease, mammary (C50._) Paget disease of breast M8541/3 Paget disease and ... M8542/3 Paget disease, extramammary (except Paget disease of bone) M8543/3 Paget disease and intraductal carcinoma of breast ( ... M9762/3 Heavy chain disease, NOS Alpha heavy chain disease Mu heavy chain disease Gamma heavy chain disease Franklin disease ... M9768/1 T-gamma lymphoproliferative disease M9769/1 Immunoglobulin deposition disease Systemic light chain disease Primary ...
... carcinoma not otherwise specified Basal cell carcinoma Squamous intraepithelial neoplasia Benign squamous lesions Paget disease ... fibroepithelial polyps Nevus Seborrheic keratosis Adenosis Syringoma Hidradenoma papilliferum Anogential mammary-like glands ... Bartholin gland Tumors: carcinomas, adenoma and adenomyoma Tumor arising from specialized ano-genital mammary-like glands ...
... paget's disease, mammary MeSH C04.557.470.200.025.290 - carcinoma, islet cell MeSH C04.557.470.200.025.290.500 - gastrinoma ... paget's disease, mammary MeSH C04.557.470.615.305 - carcinoma, lobular MeSH C04.557.470.615.315 - carcinoma, medullary MeSH ... paget's disease, extramammary MeSH C04.557.470.200.025.715 - pulmonary adenomatosis, ovine MeSH C04.557.470.200.150 - carcinoma ... paget's disease, extramammary MeSH C04.557.470.615.670 - papilloma, intraductal MeSH C04.557.470.625 - neoplasms, ...
Also called: fibrocystic breast disease, chronic cystic mastitis, diffuse cystic mastopathy, mammary dysplasia These may be ... retromammary abscess actinomycosis of the breast duct ectasia syndrome breast engorgement Mondor's disease Paget's disease of ... Breast diseases make up a number of conditions. The most common symptoms are a breast mass, breast pain, and nipple discharge. ... A majority of breast diseases are noncancerous. A breast tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue in the breast as a result of ...
Paget's disease of the breast, and invasive lobular carcinoma. Mammary secretory carcinoma and invasive cribriform carcinoma of ... Klinefelter syndrome is a rare genetic disease in which males have inherited an extra X chromosome. Men with this disease have ... Before puberty, male and female mammary tissues consist primarily of ducts connected to poorly developed mammary lobules, i.e. ... The study reported that the percentage of cases presenting with purely local disease (i.e. no metastases) was 63.1% in males ...
... or ptosis Breast cancer Breast carcinoma Paget's disease Inflammatory breast cancer Breast infections or inflammations Mammary ...
As Paget's disease of the breast advances, symptoms may include tingling, itching, increased sensitivity, burning, and pain. ... Mammary secretory carcinoma (MSC) is a rare form of the secretory carcinomas that occurs exclusively in the breast. It usually ... Approximately half the women diagnosed with Paget's disease of the breast also have a lump in the breast. Inflammatory breast ... Ashikari R, Park K, Huvos AG, Urban JA (September 1970). "Paget's disease of the breast". Cancer. 26 (3): 680-5. doi:10.1002/ ...
Paget's disease, periodontal disease, and bone tumors and malignancies. RANK has also been shown to be a key in the ... RANKL expression in infiltrating T cells within mammary carcinomas activate RANK-expressing neoplastic mammary epithelial cells ... Cody JD, Singer FR, Roodman GD, Otterund B, Lewis TB, Leppert M, Leach RJ (1997). "Genetic linkage of Paget disease of the bone ... "Paget's disease of bone: evidence for a susceptibility locus on chromosome 18q and for genetic heterogeneity". J. Bone Miner. ...
Using them, he was able to prove that Paget's disease of the breast was the result of an underlying breast cancer, and that the ... This was called "the first modern textbook of mammary pathology". The textbook said that if there was only one "blue dome cyst ... However, it was safer to remove the whole breast in cases of generalised cystic disease. Cheatle had found that such breasts ... Mansel, Robert E.; Sweetland, Helen M..; Hughes, L. E. (2009). Hughes, Mansel & Webster's Benign Disorders and Diseases of the ...
... complex tumors intermixed with other malignancies such as extramammary Paget disease, melanoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. ... "Molecular alterations in lesions of anogenital mammary-like glands and their mammary counterparts including hidradenoma ... nodular lesions in extramammary Paget disease, dermatofibroma, focal areas of mucinosis, colloid milium, and sebaceous adenomas ... Arora K, El-Zaatari ZM, Schwartz MR, Ro JY (August 2020). "Lesions of anogenital mammary-like glands: Four cases including ...
The main stages are: Stage 0 which is in situ disease or Paget's disease of the nipple. Stage 0 is a pre-cancerous or marker ... Metastases in 1-3 axillary lymph nodes and/or in internal mammary nodes; and/or in clinically negative internal mammary nodes ... or Paget's disease T1: Less than 2 cm T1a: 0.1 to 0.5 cm T1b: 0.5 to 1.0 cm T1c: 1.0 to 2.0 cm T2: 2 to 5 cm T3: Larger than 5 ... which estimate disease outcomes such as disease-free or overall survival in the absence of therapy, or true predictive factors ...
Cancers such as Paget's disease (a rare type of cancer involving the skin of the nipple) can also cause nipple discharge. ... In mammals, a nipple (also called mammary papilla or teat) is a small projection of skin containing the outlets for 15-20 ... Flaking, scaly, or itchy nipples can be a sign of Paget's disease. Thickened skin with large pores - This is called peau ... Changes in appearance may be normal or related to disease. Inverted nipples - This is normal if the nipples have always been ...
Regauer S (May 2006). "Extramammary Paget's disease--a proliferation of adnexal origin?". Histopathology. 48 (6): 723-9. doi: ... Smalley MJ, Clarke RB (January 2005). "The mammary gland "side population": a putative stem/progenitor cell marker?". Journal ... Clarke RB (December 2005). "Isolation and characterization of human mammary stem cells". Cell Proliferation. 38 (6): 375-86. ... of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 10 (1): 37-47. doi:10.1007/s10911-005-2539-0. PMID 15886885. S2CID 10879813. Furue M, ...
Stephen Paget's seed and soil theory suggests, the microenvironment in bone creates a sufficient 'soil' for secondary tumors to ... Ultimately, impaired lobuloalveolar mammary structures resulted in death of the fetus. Those who suffer from osteoporosis often ... In addition to degenerative bone diseases, bone metastases can also induce pain and other abnormal health complexities that can ... MPA causes a substantial induction of RANKL in mammary-gland epithelial cells while deletion of RANKL decreases the incidence ...
This was first discussed as the "seed and soil" theory by Stephen Paget in 1889. The propensity for a metastatic cell to spread ... In patients diagnosed with CUP it is often still possible to treat the disease even when the primary tumor cannot be located. ... Drabsch Y, ten Dijke P (June 2011). "TGF-β signaling in breast cancer cell invasion and bone metastasis". Journal of Mammary ... When the organ gets a metastatic disease it begins to shrink until its lymph nodes burst, or undergo lysis. Metastatic tumors ...
Naot D, Wilson LC, Allgrove J, Adviento E, Piec I, Musson DS, Cundy T, Calder AD (2019). "Juvenile Paget's disease with ... "Estrogen receptor beta as epigenetic mediator of miR-10b and miR-145 in mammary cancer". Matrix Biology. 64: 94-111. doi: ... 49) Osteoporosis is a bone-related disease caused by increased rates of bone resorption compared to bone formation. A higher ... OPG has been identified as having a role in tumour growth and metastasis, heart disease, immune system development and ...
... and in distinguishing Paget's disease from malignant melanoma. It also reacts with neuroendocrine tumors. Keratin 8 is often ... 1988). "Monoclonal antibody mapping of keratins 8 and 17 and of vimentin in normal human mammary gland, benign tumors, ... modulation by a keratin 1-like disease causing mutation". J. Biol. Chem. United States. 277 (13): 10775-82. doi:10.1074/jbc. ... Circulate in the Peripheral Blood of All Major Carcinomas but not in Healthy Subjects or Patients With Nonmalignant Diseases". ...
Bourneville disease, epiloia) Turner syndrome Ulnar-mammary syndrome Van Der Woude syndrome Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome Watson ... Paget's disease of the breast Papillary eccrine adenoma (tubular apocrine adenoma) Papillary hidradenoma (hidradenoma ... Adult linear IgA disease Bullous pemphigoid Bullous lupus erythematosus Childhood linear IgA disease (chronic bullous disease ... Weil's disease) Listeriosis Ludwig's angina Lupoid sycosis Lyme disease (Afzelius' disease, Lyme borreliosis) Lymphogranuloma ...
The interplay between the tumor and its microenvironment was part of Stephen Paget's 1889 "seed and soil" theory, in which he ... Clayton A, Tabi Z (May-June 2005). "Exosomes and the MICA-NKG2D system in cancer". Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases. 34 (3): ... Among such strategies are antibodies to the interleukin-10 receptor (IL10R). In a mammary carcinoma mouse model it neutralized ... Witz IP, Levy-Nissenbaum O (October 2006). "The tumor microenvironment in the post-PAGET era". Cancer Letters. 242 (1): 1-10. ...
Paget's disease of bone - Paget's disease of the nipple - PALA - palatine uvula - palliative care - palliative therapy - Palmar ... mammary - mammogram - mammography - Mammotome - mantle field - marimastat - mast cell - mastectomy - mastocytoma - matrix ... disease progression - disease-free survival - disease-specific survival - distal - distal pancreatectomy - distant cancer - ... systemic disease - systemic lupus erythematosus - systemic therapy T cell - T-3 - T-cell depletion - T-cell lymphoma - T138067 ...
In advanced disease, tamoxifen is now only recognized as effective in ER+ patients, but the early trials did not select ER+ ... Fentiman IS (January 2018). "Managing Male Mammary Maladies". Eur J Breast Health. 14 (1): 5-9. doi:10.5152/ejbh.2017.3841. PMC ... Paget and J. K. Walley, who focused primarily on the biological side. Tamoxifen is one of three drugs in an anti-angiogenetic ... It is also approved by the FDA for the prevention of breast cancer in women at high risk of developing the disease. It has been ...
... breast masses with 2 of them associated with a nipple discharge and 2 of them diagnosed in females with Paget's disease of the ... is a rare carcinoma derived from the epithelial cells in the lactiferous ducts of the mammary gland. The mammary gland is an ... The difference in disease-free survival rates (but not the overall survival rates) between individuals with PABC and ALIC was ... Also rarely, individuals previously treated for PACB have later presented with recurrence of their disease in sites where the ...
KRT6A Paget disease of bone; 602080; PDB4 Paget disease of bone; 602080; SQSTM1 Paget disease of bone; 602080; TNFRSF11A Paget ... LIG4 Limb-mammary syndrome; 603543; TP63 Lipase deficiency, combined; 246650; LMF1 Lipodystrophy, congenital generalized, type ... RNF212 Refsum disease; 266500; PEX7 Refsum disease; 266500; PHYH Refsum disease, infantile form; 266510; PEX26 Refsum disease, ... PSEN1 Alzheimer disease-10; 104300; AD10 Alzheimer disease-2; 104310; APOE Alzheimer disease-4; 606889; PSEN2 Alzheimer disease ...
He reported a chronic eczematous disease on the skin of the nipple and the areola in 15 women, with an associated intraductal ... Sir James Paget first described Paget disease (PD) of the breast in 1874. ... Pigmented mammary paget disease with reticulated features: a rare variant of mammary paget disease. Ann Dermatol. 2011 Feb. 23( ... encoded search term (Mammary Paget Disease) and Mammary Paget Disease What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour tissue from 22 patients with mammary and extramammary Pagets disease have ... c-erbB-2 oncoprotein expression in mammary and extramammary Pagets disease: an immunohistochemical study Histopathology. 1990 ... All 12 cases of mammary Pagets disease showed membrane staining of intra-epidermal cells, indicating c-erbB-2 over-expression ... The possible implications of these findings for the histogenesis of both mammary and extramammary Pagets disease are discussed ...
Comparison of the biomarkers for targeted therapies in primary extra-mammary and mammary Pagets disease. ... Primary Extra-mammary Pagets disease (EMPD) is a very rare cutaneous adenocarcinoma affecting anogenital or axillary regions. ... Eighteen EMPD (13 vulvar and five scrotal) and ten mammary Pagets disease (MPD) cases were comprehensively profiled for gene ... EMPD shares some targetable biomarkers with its mammary counterpart (steroid receptors, PIK3CA signaling pathways, TOP2A ...
Morbus Paget, cancer eczema, Paget`s disease, Paget`s disease of the nipple. ... Immunohistochemical study of mammary and extra-mammary Pagets disease. Histopathology 1984;8:1013-23. ... Lopes Filho LL, Lopes IM, Lopes LR, Enokihara MM, Michalany AO, Matsunaga N. Mammary and extramammary Pagets disease. An Bras ... Kanitakis J. Mammary and extramammary Pagets disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21:581-90. ...
He reported a chronic eczematous disease on the skin of the nipple and the areola in 15 women, with an associated intraductal ... Sir James Paget first described Paget disease (PD) of the breast in 1874. ... Pigmented mammary paget disease with reticulated features: a rare variant of mammary paget disease. Ann Dermatol. 2011 Feb. 23( ... encoded search term (Mammary Paget Disease) and Mammary Paget Disease What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Mammary Pagets disease (MPD) is a rare histological condition, accounting for 1-4% of female breast cancers, which may appear ... HER2 Negative Mammary Pagets Disease or In Situ Melanoma? A Case Report and Review of the Literature ... was to corroborate the existing data concerning the potential peculiar immunohistochemical profile that mammary Pagets disease ... polymorphism of this disease and the utmost importance of immunohistochemistry in the thorough process of Pagets disease ...
Mammary Paget Disease. High Quality Pathology Images of Breast, Breast Carcinomas, Paget Disease of Breast. ... Mammary Paget Disease. Home "> Breast "> Breast Carcinomas "> Paget Disease of Breast "> Mammary Paget Disease ...
... of all Pagets disease. The clinical presentation of this disease is similar to the characteristics of mammary Pagets disease ... "Pagets disease of the vulva: prevalence of associated vulvar carcinoma, invasive Pagets disease, and recurrence after ... Zhou S, Zhong W, Mai R, Zhang G (2017). "Mammary and Extramammary Pagets Disease Presented Different Expression Pattern of ... Lloyd J, Flanagan AM (October 2000). "Mammary and extramammary Pagets disease". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 53 (10): 742-9 ...
2021). Mammary Paget disease. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563228/. ... Pagets disease of the nipple is a rare form of breast cancer that involves the nipple and surrounding areas. It accounts for ... The symptoms of Pagets disease of the nipple can appear similar to those of eczema or dermatitis. If a person experiences any ... However, if Pagets disease of the nipple has spread, the outlook may not be as good, and doctors will treat it similarly to ...
Paget disease of the Vulva(TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 715 ... Mammary duct ectasia (periductal or plasma cell mastitis) (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 742 ... Paget disease of the nipple (TOPNOTCH) Robbins Basic Pathology, 8th ed., p 746 ... Disease of women in active reproductive life; causes infertility, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain. Endometrial glands and stroma ...
... and Extra-mammary Pagets Disease.. Dr. Brewer is a Professor of Dermatology and the program director of the Micrographic ...
Bowen disease pathology, SCCIS pathology. Authoritative facts from DermNet New Zealand. ... Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is helpful in the distinction of extra-mammary Pagets disease from ... Pigmented SCCIS, Melanophages, Pagetoid SCCIS, Clear cell SCCIS, Paget disease, Bowenoid papulosis, Clonal seborrhoeic ... Paget disease: The changes can mimic the pagetoid variant of SCCIS. Immunostaining should be used in inconclusive cases. ...
... who lost his daughter to the disease, hopes to raise £10,000 for Macmillan Cancer Support. ... Extra-Mammary Pagets disease, which required an operation to remove part of his large intestine during which doctors ... Olle Nash, who lost his daughter to the disease, hopes to raise £10,000 for Macmillan Cancer Support. ...
... in all cases of Pagets disease irrespective of tissue site (extramammary, mammary), albeit it appeared that the immunostaining ... Walts AE, Bose S. Bd ProEx C immunostaining in extramammary pagets disease and perineal melanoma. Mod Pathol. 2009;22(2):246- ... 9. Siddiqui MT, Cohen C, Nassar A. Detecting high-grade cervical disease on ASC-H cytology: role of BD ProEx C and Digene ... Molecular diagnostic assays for cervical neoplasia: emerging markers for the detection of high-grade cervical disease. ...
Immunohistochemical Expression of TRPS1 in Mammary Paget Disease, Extramammary Paget Disease, and Their Close Histopathologic ... TRPS1 expression in primary and secondary extramammary Paget diseases: An immunohistochemical analysis of 93 cases (** ... Evaluation of Immune Profile in Cutaneous Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease and Drug Cutaneous Eruption to Improve Diagnostic ...
Immunohistochemical expression of TRPS1 in mammary Paget disease, extramammary Paget disease, and their close histopathologic ... TRPS1 Expression is Frequently Seen in Mammary and Extramammary Paget Diseases, Except for Those Arising in the Perianal Skin. ... Pigmented extramammary Paget disease of the thigh mimicking a melanocytic tumor: report of a case and review of the literature ... Expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in Extramammary Paget Disease: Implications for Immune-Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 11(6), ...
p> SM Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases is an open access peer reviewed journal publishing articles focused on ... Diagnosis of Mammary Pagets Disease by Cytology Sampling. Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature Christina Rolquin, ... B: The Better Predictive Marker of Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death ... SM Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases SM Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases is an open access ...
We provide an overview and evaluate the key clinicopathological and healing aspects of mammary Pagets disease. Patients ... Pagets disease of the breast is an uncommon kind of cancer of the nipple-areola complex and that is time and again connected ... Pagets disease of the breast has been acknowledged as a separate clinical unit for over one hundred and twenty years. Since ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) noted that one in every eight people living with AIDs are not aware of ...
Treatment of Mammary Paget Disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of real-world data. Lin, C. W., Chiang, M. H. & Tam, ... Should we change the treatment plan in early hepatocellular carcinoma with chronic kidney disease?. Chao, W. P., Chai, S. W., ... Disease Markers. 2022, 8446629.. 研究成果: 雜誌貢獻 › 文章 › 同行評審 ...
Pagets disease, mammary (morphologic abnormality). Code System Preferred Concept Name. Pagets disease, mammary (morphologic ... Mammary Pagets disease Active Synonym false false 2838268016 Paget disease, mammary Active Synonym false false ... Pagets disease, mammary Active Synonym false false 6068012 Pagets disease of breast Active Synonym false false ...
Pagets Disease, Mammary, Radiotherapy, Adjuvant, Survival Rate, Treatment Outcome",. author = "Forrest, {A. P. M.} and D ... clearance 21 percent versus sampling 12 percent in patients with node-positive disease). There was only a minor difference in ... clearance 21 percent versus sampling 12 percent in patients with node-positive disease). There was only a minor difference in ... clearance 21 percent versus sampling 12 percent in patients with node-positive disease). There was only a minor difference in ...
Mammary duct ectasia. *Fibroadenoma. *Pagets disease of the breast. Our Team. Our Team ...
Hailey-Hailey disease), toxic epidermal necrolysis, and extramammary Paget disease. A form of extensive papulonodular and ... Paget disease, or benign familial pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey disease). ... extramammary Paget disease, psoriasis, pilonidal cyst, decubitus dermatitis, or baboon syndrome from contact allergy systemic ... Andrews Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2019. ...
8. PAGET`S DISEASE, EXTRA-MAMMARY [ՊԱՋԵՏԻ ՔԱՂՑԿԵՂ ԱՐՏԱՊՏԻԿԱՅԻՆ (ԷՔՍՏՐԱՄԱՄԻԼԱՅԻՆ)] 58. PANIC [ԽՈՒՃԱՊ] ... 7. PAGET`S DISEASE OF BREAST [ՊԱՋԵՏԻ ՔԱՂՑԿԵՂ ԿՐԾՔԱԳԵՂՁԻ ՊՏԿԻ] 57. PANGAMIC ACID [ՊԱՆԳԱՄԱԹԹՈՒ] ... 43. PANCREATIC DISEASES [ԵՆԹԱՍՏԱՄՈՔՍԱՅԻՆ ԳԵՂՁԻ ՀԻՎԱՆԴՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐ] 93. PARAKEETS [ԹՈՒԹԱԿՆԵՐ ՓՈՔՐ] 44. PANCREATIC DUCTS [ ...
MAMMARY PAGETS DISEASE - A CASE PRESENTATION CONTENT CONTENT Volume 67. Year 2022 ...
... transformation theory has been proposed to explain the development of this disorder in patients in whom an underlying mammary ... title = "Pagets disease of the breast: A clinical perspective",. abstract = "Pagets disease of the breast is a rare disorder ... Pagets disease of the breast: A clinical perspective. / Sakorafas, George H.; Kay Blanchard, D.; Sarr, Michael G. et al. In: ... Pagets disease of the breast: A clinical perspective. George H. Sakorafas, D. Kay Blanchard, Michael G. Sarr, David R. Parley ...
Extra Mammary Pagets Disease of the Vulva. *Hidradenitis Suppurativa. *Vaginal Discharge. *Vaginitis ...
DermNet NZ - Mammary Paget Disease, retrieved March 2017.. Patient.info - Breast cancer, retrieved October 2016. ...
Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is clinically and histologically identical to mammary Paget disease of the nipple, however, ... In contrast to mammary Paget disease where it is a secondary disease process (colonization of the epidermis by an underlying ... Mammary Paget disease is the colonization of the epidermis by an underlying ductal carcinoma of the breast i.e. a secondary ... Only ~25% are secondary processes (like mammary Paget disease), where there is an underlying adenocarcinoma from a deeper ...
  • A similar disease involving the skin of female and male external genitalia (ie, vulva, glans penis) is known as extramammary Paget disease . (medscape.com)
  • The vulvar squamous epithlium contains large cells with pale blue cytoplasm consistent with extramammary Paget disease. (surgpath4u.com)
  • Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is clinically and histologically identical to mammary Paget disease of the nipple, however, important differences must be noted. (surgpath4u.com)
  • One must also look for secondary involvement from adjacent malignancies (secondary extramammary Paget disease). (surgpath4u.com)
  • Sandu N. Extramammary Paget Disease: eMedicine. (surgpath4u.com)
  • Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) on the other hand is a rare adenocarcinoma of the skin and should be treated accordingly. (jcimcr.org)
  • DIRECT EXTENSION Paget disease and extramammary Paget disease. (mhmedical.com)
  • Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour tissue from 22 patients with mammary and extramammary Paget's disease have been stained immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody (NCL-CB11) raised against a synthetic peptide from the C-terminal end of the predicted sequence of the c-erbB-2 protein product. (nih.gov)
  • All 12 cases of mammary Paget's disease showed membrane staining of intra-epidermal cells, indicating c-erbB-2 over-expression. (nih.gov)
  • The possible implications of these findings for the histogenesis of both mammary and extramammary Paget's disease are discussed. (nih.gov)
  • Primary Extra-mammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a very rare cutaneous adenocarcinoma affecting anogenital or axillary regions. (carislifesciences.com)
  • Eighteen EMPD (13 vulvar and five scrotal) and ten mammary Paget's disease (MPD) cases were comprehensively profiled for gene mutations, fusions and copy number alterations, and for therapy-relevant protein biomarkers). (carislifesciences.com)
  • Helme S, Harvey K, Agrawal A. Breast-conserving surgery in patients with Paget's disease. (dermacompass.net)
  • A case report of pigmented mammary Paget's disease mimicking nevus of the nipple. (dermacompass.net)
  • Immunohistochemical study of mammary and extra-mammary Paget's disease. (dermacompass.net)
  • Kanitakis J. Mammary and extramammary Paget's disease. (dermacompass.net)
  • Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare and slow-growing malignancy which occurs within the epithelium and accounts for 6.5% of all Paget's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • The clinical presentation of this disease is similar to the characteristics of mammary Paget's disease (MPD). (wikipedia.org)
  • Vulvar Paget's disease affect women and presents as erythematous (red), eczematous lesions. (wikipedia.org)
  • CFTR positivity has also been suggested to support the diagnosis of extramammary Paget's disease. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is helpful in the distinction of extra-mammary Paget's disease from squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen's disease). (dermnetnz.org)
  • The 63-year-old enjoyed a relatively clean bill of health until 2018, when he was diagnosed and treated for a rare condition - Extra-Mammary Paget's disease, which required an operation to remove part of his large intestine during which doctors discovered a growth. (stv.tv)
  • Diagnosis of Mammary Paget's Disease by Cytology Sampling. (jsmcentral.org)
  • Paget's disease of the breast is a rare disorder of the nipple-areola complex often associated with an underlying in situ or invasive carcinoma. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The histogenesis of Paget's disease of the breast continues to be debated and is important when considering treatment options. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The current standard treatment of biopsy-proven Paget's disease involves mastectomy, although some studies have proposed the use of breast conservation therapy for patients in whom an underlying breast cancer cannot be located. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We propose a treatment algorithm for patients presenting with Paget's disease of the breast. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Lloyd J, Flanagan AM. Mammary and extramammary Paget's disease. (surgpath4u.com)
  • Extramammary Paget's disease is a rare malignancy of the skin. (jcimcr.org)
  • Skin biopsy showed presence of Paget's Disease. (jcimcr.org)
  • In eczematous lesions not responding to topical treatment, a biopsy is needed for further diagnosis and to exclude Paget's disease. (jcimcr.org)
  • Mammary Paget's Disease (MPD) is defined as an in situ carcinoma of the nipple and areola. (jcimcr.org)
  • We present a case of Paget's disease located in the inframammary fold without any relation to the nipple or mammary glandular tissue. (jcimcr.org)
  • Paget's disease was confirmed and she was referred to a gynecologist. (jcimcr.org)
  • Pathology review of the skin biopsy at our center confirmed presence of Paget's disease, additional imaging excluded intramammary lesions. (jcimcr.org)
  • 10. Synchronous bilateral Paget's disease of the nipple associated with bilateral breast carcinoma. (gianlucafranceschini.com)
  • 14. Conservative management of an unusual Paget's disease of the nipple: a case report and review of the literature. (gianlucafranceschini.com)
  • Paget's disease of the breast and inflammatory breast cancers are as frequent in men as they are in women. (gotoper.com)
  • Its causes can be congenital caused by aging caused by mammary duct ectasia, Paget's disease, breast carcinoma, mastitis etc. (drberbecarzeca.ro)
  • Perianal Paget's disease (PPD) is a rare malignant cutaneous tumor. (csu.edu.cn)
  • Porter C. A disease of the mammary areola preceding cancer of the mammary glands, Paget's disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 1882, 106: 412-414. (csu.edu.cn)
  • Crocker H. Paget's disease affecting the scrotum and penis[J]. Trans Pathol Soc London, 1889(40): 187-191. (csu.edu.cn)
  • Asel M, LeBoeuf NR. Extramammary Paget's disease[J]. Oncol Clin N Am, 2019, 33(1): 73-85. (csu.edu.cn)
  • Perianal Paget's disease: presentation of six cases and literature review[J]. Int J Colorectal Dis, 2010, 25(1): 1-7. (csu.edu.cn)
  • Management and outcome of perianal Paget's disease: a 6-decade institutional experience[J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 2014, 57(6): 747-751. (csu.edu.cn)
  • Breast cancer is represented macroscopically nodular and diffuse forms, as well as cancer in the nipple and the nipple from the field (Paget's disease from the breast). (quartermainesterms.com)
  • This type of cancer include, particularly, infiltrating ductal and lobular carcinoma, which often contains the structure of scirrhus, in addition to Paget's disease. (quartermainesterms.com)
  • Breast cancer is represented macroscopically nodular and diffuse forms, in addition to cancer in the nipple as well as the nipple from the field (Paget's disease of the breast). (quartermainesterms.com)
  • This type of cancer include, in particular, infiltrating ductal and lobular carcinoma, which will has the structure of scirrhus, and also Paget's disease. (quartermainesterms.com)
  • Tumors underneath the nipple can cause it to invert, as well as Paget's disease, a form of cancer that can form in the nipple. (psna.net)
  • Long-term suppression of bone turnover with intensive bisphosphonate therapy in patients with Paget's disease of bone does not appear to provide any clinical benefit over less intensive symptomatic therapy, suggest findings from the extension study of the Paget's Disease: Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Symptomatic Management (PRISM-EZ). (medscape.com)
  • Under lead author Adrian Tan, MB ChB, of the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Scotland, investigators evaluated whether an additional 3 years of a treatment strategy designed to normalize bone turnover in Paget's disease of bone (PDB) improved clinical outcomes relative to symptomatic treatment, especially clinical fracture, the primary end point of the PRISM-EZ study. (medscape.com)
  • Paget's disease of the nipple, also known as Paget's disease of the breast, is a rare condition associated with breast cancer . (knowbreastcancer.org)
  • He reported a chronic eczematous disease on the skin of the nipple and the areola in 15 women, with an associated intraductal carcinoma of the underlying mammary gland. (medscape.com)
  • It is now widely accepted that mammary PD is always associated with an underlying carcinoma of the breast. (medscape.com)
  • Paget cells and underlying ductal carcinoma cells have been shown to be positive for the oncogene HER2/neu, suggesting common genetic alterations for both the epidermal and breast tumor cells. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] reported on the immunohistochemical expression of apomucin MUC1, MUC2, and MUC5AC in PD and concluded that both epidermal Paget cells and underlying ductal carcinoma exhibit the same phenotypic apomucins that are also expressed by the Toker cells. (medscape.com)
  • [ 7 ] reported that the chromosomal alterations seen in Paget cells (eg, loss of heterozygosity and mitochondrial DNA displacement loop sequence analysis) are different from those seen in underlying breast carcinoma cells. (medscape.com)
  • They suggested that the epidermal Paget cells are genetically different from those of breast carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • A concept of a "collision" between the neoplastic lesion of mammary PD and the underlying carcinoma is therefore presented. (medscape.com)
  • Because cytology alone is not highly sensitive for detection of low grade urothelial carcinoma and recurrence of the disease, several adjunct markers and urine based tests for urothelial carcinoma have been developed, which can help in the final diagnosis. (medsci.org)
  • Malignancies include metastatic carcinoma, Paget disease, or Bowen disease. (medscape.com)
  • The in situ transformation theory has been proposed to explain the development of this disorder in patients in whom an underlying mammary carcinoma is not found or when there is an underlying carcinoma anatomically remote from the nipple-areola complex. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Mammary Paget disease is the colonization of the epidermis by an underlying ductal carcinoma of the breast i.e. a secondary process. (surgpath4u.com)
  • In contrast to mammary Paget disease where it is a secondary disease process (colonization of the epidermis by an underlying ductal carcinoma of the breast). (surgpath4u.com)
  • The first line treatment of mammary PD is mastectomy (radical or modified) and lymph node clearance for patients with a palpable mass and underlying invasive breast carcinoma. (healthplexus.net)
  • Paget disease of the nipple NOT associated with invasive carcinoma and/or carcinoma in situ (DCIS and/or LCIS) in the underlying breast parenchyma. (medscape.com)
  • staining intensity was generally weaker than that observed in the cases of mammary disease. (nih.gov)
  • Malignant epithelial (Paget) cells infiltrate and proliferate in the epidermis, causing thickening of the nipple and the areolar skin. (medscape.com)
  • Malignant Paget cells are derived from luminal lactiferous ductal epithelium (A) of breast tissue with retrograde extension of cancerous Paget cells into epidermis of overlying nipple (B). Enlarged circle shows details that reveal thickening both of lining epithelium of breast duct and of nipple skin. (medscape.com)
  • However, unlike MPD, which occurs in large lactiferous ducts and then extends into the epidermis, EMPD originates in glandular regions rich in apocrine secretions outside the mammary glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • EMPD occurs due to an invasion of the epidermis by Paget cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metastasis of Paget cells from the epidermis to distant regions is a multistep process that involves: Invasion of local lymph nodes and venous system Movement out from lymph nodes and venous system Proliferation at new site Protein molecules HER2 and mTOR expressed in Paget cells are responsible for providing characteristics of proliferation and survival. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paget cells often have a large, round appearance under a microscope they may be found as single cells or as small groups of cells within the epidermis. (breastcancertalk.net)
  • During the sixth week of development, the mammary glands first develop as solid downgrowths of the epidermis that extend into the mesenchyme from the axilla to the inguinal regions. (medscape.com)
  • Mammary Paget cells are malignant epithelial cells derived from underlying ductal adenocarcinoma of the breast that invade into the skin of nipple and areolar areas. (medscape.com)
  • Malignant cells known as Paget cells are a telltale sign of Paget disease of the breast. (breastcancertalk.net)
  • The mammary gland and endometrium (lining in the uterus) are most responsive to these changes, the breast type tissue begins to dissolve and be replaced by fat. (quartermainesterms.com)
  • It can be expressed as a metastatic mammary gland or primary mammary melanin of the mammary gland. (knowbreastcancer.org)
  • Cancer is a disease of the chromosomes, and chromosomal instability in cancer disrupts gene function by either inactivating tumor suppressor genes or activating growth-promoting oncogenes. (nshealth.ca)
  • Patients with mammary Paget disease (PD) present with a relatively long history of an eczematous skin lesion or persistent dermatitis in the nipple and adjacent areas. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Patients with Paget disease frequently present with a chronic, eczematous rash on the nipple and adjacent areolar skin. (medscape.com)
  • A non-significant increase in the rate of locoregional relapse was observed for those treated by axillary node clearance, this being due mainly to increased relapse on the unirradiated chest wall (clearance 21 percent versus sampling 12 percent in patients with node-positive disease). (dundee.ac.uk)
  • There has been no study of work productivity and activity in AD patients in relation to disease severity. (bvsalud.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of disease severity on work productivity and activity impairment (WPAI) in adult AD patients using the Japanese version of the questionnaire. (bvsalud.org)
  • For the first couple of forms are characteristic indications of inflammation: pain with the breast, a bright beautiful red colors from the skin it raises body temperature to 39 degrees C. In view of the symptoms often occur, and errors in diagnosing patients treated for inflammatory diseases, which can be named and are described these forms cancer of the breast. (quartermainesterms.com)
  • Sir James Paget first described Paget disease (PD) of the breast in 1874. (medscape.com)
  • Paget disease of the breast is named after the 19th century British doctor Sir James Paget, who, in 1874, noted a relationship between changes in the nipple and breast cancer. (breastcancertalk.net)
  • Nipple invagination, deformed nipple-areola complex, marked erythema, and alternating hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation noted in adjacent skin of breast in 65-year-old woman with biopsy-proven Paget disease. (medscape.com)
  • Eczematoid changes of the nipple-areola complex and persistent soreness or itching should raise suspicion of this disease. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Mammary Paget disease (PD) is a less common form of breast cancer which involves the nipple-areola complex and occurs almost exclusively in females. (healthplexus.net)
  • Paget disease of the breast is a rare type of cancer involving the skin of the nipple and, usually, the darker circle of skin around it, which is called the areola. (breastcancertalk.net)
  • 10 Lobular cancers are rare because of the lack of terminal lobular duct units in male mammary tissue. (gotoper.com)
  • Mastitis and mammary duct clogs or infections may also cause inverted nipples. (psna.net)
  • Excisional biopsy confirmed diagnosis of mammary PD. (medscape.com)
  • Cutaneous involvement by systemic DLBCL NOS is an infrequent clinical presentation, encountered in only 1.5-3.5% of cases, while disseminated cutaneous disease with multiple subcutaneous nodules at the time of diagnosis is unusual and can present a diagnostic challenge. (hindawi.com)
  • Paget cells contain mucin and cytokeratins which can be used in the diagnosis of EMPD [8] MUC5A2 is found in EMPD of the vulvar and male genitalia regions whereas MUC2 is expressed in perianal EMPD. (wikipedia.org)
  • Key entities on the differential diagnosis include melanoma in situ (use melanocyte markers), and Bowen disease (positive for AE1:AE3). (surgpath4u.com)
  • The time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis in men is longer than in women (approximately 22 months) and as a result men often present with later stage disease, most likely due to a lack of awareness that men can develop breast cancer. (gotoper.com)
  • Providing continuing information on changes over time in the extent of disease at diagnosis, trends in therapy, and associated changes in patient survival. (cdc.gov)
  • No recurrence or metastatic disease was noted at 6-year follow-up. (medscape.com)
  • Inframammillae: Consider inverse psoriasis, candidal infection, inflammatory metastatic breast cancer, Paget disease, or benign familial pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey disease). (medscape.com)
  • In addition predisposition to breast cancers can cause harmful environmental factors: the environment, and also inflammatory diseases previously deferred breast - mastitis. (quartermainesterms.com)
  • EMPD shares some targetable biomarkers with its mammary counterpart (steroid receptors, PIK3CA signaling pathways, TOP2A amplification). (carislifesciences.com)
  • Due to the rarity of EMPD and lack of clinical knowledge, the disease is not very commonly diagnosed. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 5 ] Like Paget cells of both mammary and extramammary sites, Toker cells contain prominent clear (vacuolated) cytoplasm, and they are considered benign counterparts of Paget cells. (medscape.com)
  • Axillae: Consider inverse psoriasis, erythrasma, seborrheic dermatitis, irritant or allergic contact dermatitis from deodorants/shaving, benign familial pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey disease) , or axillary granuloma parakeratosis. (medscape.com)
  • This is primarily a benign mammary dysplasia and papilloma ducts. (quartermainesterms.com)
  • Benign breast diseases like fibrocystic breast disease, or fibroadenoz intraduct papillomatosis alone do not lead to cancer, but simultaneously, create an unfavorable background due to the development. (quartermainesterms.com)
  • The pathogenesis of mammary PD and the origin of Paget cells were once controversial. (medscape.com)
  • Schematic diagram of female breast depicting widely accepted concept of pathogenesis of mammary Paget disease. (medscape.com)
  • Biopsy-proven Paget disease involving nipple of 56-year-old woman. (medscape.com)
  • The prognosis of mammary PD is determined by the disease stage and is similar to that of other types of breast cancer. (healthplexus.net)
  • The disease can be classified as being either primary or secondary depending on the presence or absence of associated malignancies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by chronic and persisting pruritic and eczematous lesions. (bvsalud.org)
  • The cause of cancer of the breast could be the results of radiation, such as irradiation with the chest for other diseases (lung tumors, the lymphatic system), prolonged and frequent chest X-ray studies on inflammatory diseases or pulmonary tuberculosis. (quartermainesterms.com)
  • Rarely, a rash and soreness can be signs of inflammatory breast cancer, a form of the disease that can grow quickly, often in weeks or months. (knowbreastcancer.org)
  • Cancers will recur in 30-80% of cases, with a progression to muscle invasive disease of 1-45% within 5 year [ 2 , 3 ]. (medsci.org)
  • An erythematous patch in mammary PD is usually sharply demarcated and infiltrated (unlike eczematous dermatitis). (medscape.com)
  • Bowenoid papulosis: This entity may well represent Bowen disease on the genitalia , and is typically histologically indistinguishable. (dermnetnz.org)
  • Pigmented mammary PD and pigmented extramammary PD are rare clinical entities in both males and females. (medscape.com)
  • It has been speculated that Paget cells may derive from glandular stem cells or epidermal Toker cells (clear cells of the nipple epithelium). (medscape.com)
  • Monoclonal Antibody Analysis of Keratin Expression in Epidermal Diseases: A 48- and 56-kdalton Keratin as Molecular Markers for Hyperproliferative Keratinocytes. (novodiax.com)
  • Vulvar Paget disease may appear as a dermatitis (eczema, psoriasis), lichen sclerosis, thus, there may be a delay in biopsying and treating the lesion. (surgpath4u.com)
  • Lack of positivity for hormone receptors and HER2 protein is overexpressed meaning that the cells are dividing rapidly and can be indicate an aggressive and more recurrent disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Soon after birth, the nipples are raised from the shallow mammary pits by proliferation of the surrounding connective tissue. (medscape.com)
  • however, bilateral mammary PD has occasionally been reported. (medscape.com)
  • The cause of the disease is still under debate with recent research indicating that the disease may be associated with Toker cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pathology showed M. Paget but the results were not discussed with the patient. (jcimcr.org)
  • The degree of chromosomal instability and the degree of intratumor heterogeneity have profound consequences for disease outcome and for therapeutic stratification. (nshealth.ca)
  • Telomere Dysfunction, Chromosomal Instability and Cancer -- Genetic Instability and Disease Prognostication -- Causes of Chromosomal Instability -- Patterns of Chromosomal Aberrations in Solid Tumors -- Yeast as Models of Mitotic Fidelity -- The Diverse Effects of Complex Chromosome Rearrangements and Chromothripsis in Cancer Development. (nshealth.ca)
  • Although TIGIT plays an important role in various autoimmune diseases, its role in atopic dermatitis (AD) remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)