Crohn Disease
Osteitis Deformans
Paget's Disease, Mammary
Myositis, Inclusion Body
Mohs Surgery
Frontotemporal Dementia
Emollients
Desmocollins
Desmogleins
Desmoglein 1
Diphosphonates
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18
Paget Disease, Extramammary
Desmoplakins
Adenosine Triphosphatases
Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating
Alkaline Phosphatase
Cell Cycle Proteins
Biopsy
Pedigree
Chromosome Mapping
Mutation
Duodenoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a duodenoscope, which is a flexible, lighted tube with a camera and tiny tools on the end, through the mouth and down the throat to examine the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum) and the opening of the bile and pancreatic ducts.
During the procedure, the doctor can take tissue samples for biopsy, remove polyps or other abnormal growths, or perform other interventions as needed. Duodenoscopy is commonly used to diagnose and treat conditions such as gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammation, infection, and cancer.
It's important to note that duodenoscopes have been associated with the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in some cases, so healthcare providers must follow strict cleaning and disinfection protocols to minimize this risk.
Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the anus. It is characterized by chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, which can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and malnutrition.
The specific causes of Crohn's disease are not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. The disease can affect people of any age, but it is most commonly diagnosed in young adults between the ages of 15 and 35.
There is no cure for Crohn's disease, but treatments such as medications, lifestyle changes, and surgery can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options depend on the severity and location of the disease, as well as the individual patient's needs and preferences.
Osteitis deformans, also known as Paget's disease of bone, is a chronic disorder of the bone characterized by abnormal turnover and remodeling of the bone. In this condition, the bone becomes enlarged, thickened, and deformed due to excessive and disorganized bone formation and resorption.
The process begins when the bone-remodeling cycle is disrupted, leading to an imbalance between the activity of osteoclasts (cells that break down bone) and osteoblasts (cells that form new bone). In Paget's disease, osteoclasts become overactive and increase bone resorption, followed by an overzealous response from osteoblasts, which attempt to repair the damage but do so in a disorganized manner.
The affected bones can become weakened, prone to fractures, and may cause pain, deformities, or other complications such as arthritis, hearing loss, or neurological symptoms if the skull or spine is involved. The exact cause of Paget's disease remains unknown, but it is believed that genetic and environmental factors play a role in its development.
Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications associated with osteitis deformans. Treatment options include medications to slow down bone turnover, pain management, and orthopedic interventions when necessary.
Paget's disease of the nipple, also known as Paget's disease of the breast, is a rare type of cancer that starts in the breast ducts and spreads to the skin of the nipple and areola. The symptoms often include redness, itching, tingling, or burning of the nipple, which can also become flaky, scaly, or crusty. There may also be a discharge from the nipple.
The exact cause of Paget's disease is not known, but it is thought to be associated with underlying breast cancer in about 90% of cases. It is more common in women over the age of 50 and is usually diagnosed through a biopsy of the affected skin. Treatment typically involves removing the affected breast tissue, which may include a mastectomy, followed by radiation therapy.
It's important to note that Paget's disease of the nipple is different from benign paget's disease of the breast, which is a non-cancerous condition that can cause similar symptoms but does not spread to other parts of the body.
Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a rare inflammatory muscle disease characterized by progressive weakness and wasting (atrophy) of skeletal muscles. The term "inclusion body" refers to the presence of abnormal protein accumulations within muscle fibers, which are observed under a microscope during muscle biopsy. These inclusions are primarily composed of aggregated forms of amyloid-β and tau proteins, similar to those found in neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease.
IBM typically affects individuals over 50 years old, and it is more common in men than women. The disease usually starts with weakness in the wrist and finger flexors, making it difficult to perform tasks such as gripping, buttoning shirts, or lifting objects. Over time, the weakness spreads to other muscle groups, including the thigh muscles (quadriceps), resulting in difficulty climbing stairs or rising from a seated position.
The exact cause of inclusion body myositis remains unclear; however, both immune-mediated and degenerative mechanisms are believed to contribute to its pathogenesis. Currently, there is no cure for IBM, and treatment options are primarily aimed at managing symptoms and improving quality of life. Immunosuppressive medications may be used to target the inflammatory component of the disease; however, their efficacy varies among patients. Physical therapy and exercise programs can help maintain muscle strength and function as much as possible.
Mohs surgery, also known as Mohs micrographic surgery, is a precise surgical technique used to treat common types of skin cancer. It's primarily used for basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas that have recurred, are large, aggressive, or in critical areas where preservation of healthy tissue is important, such as the face.
The procedure involves removing the visible tumor along with a thin layer of surrounding tissue. This layer is then processed and examined under a microscope while the patient waits. If cancer cells are found in the margin of the removed tissue, another layer of tissue is taken from that specific area and examined. This process continues until no cancer cells are found in the margins, ensuring complete removal of the tumor while minimizing the removal of healthy tissue.
The main advantage of Mohs surgery is its ability to accurately assess the depth and extent of the cancer, leading to high cure rates and improved cosmetic outcomes. However, it's a specialized procedure that requires extensive training and should be performed by a fellowship-trained Mohs surgeon.
The scrotum is a part of the external male genitalia. It's a sac-like structure made up of several layers of skin and smooth muscle, which hangs down behind and beneath the penis. The primary function of the scrotum is to maintain the testicles at a temperature slightly lower than the core body temperature, which is optimal for sperm production.
The scrotum contains two compartments, each one housing a testicle. It's located in the pubic region and is usually visible externally. The skin of the scrotum is thin and wrinkled, which allows it to expand and contract depending on the temperature, accommodating the shrinking or swelling of the testicles.
Please note that while I strive to provide accurate information, this definition is intended to be a general overview and should not replace professional medical advice.
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a group of disorders caused by progressive degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. These areas of the brain are associated with personality, behavior, and language.
There are three main types of FTD:
1. Behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD): This type is characterized by changes in personality, behavior, and judgment. Individuals may become socially inappropriate, emotionally indifferent, or impulsive. They may lose interest in things they used to enjoy and have difficulty with tasks that require planning and organization.
2. Primary progressive aphasia (PPA): This type affects language abilities. There are two main subtypes of PPA: semantic dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Semantic dementia is characterized by difficulty understanding words and objects, while progressive nonfluent aphasia is characterized by problems with speech production and articulation.
3. Motor neuron disease (MND) associated FTD: Some individuals with FTD may also develop motor neuron disease, which affects the nerves that control muscle movement. This can lead to weakness, stiffness, and wasting of muscles, as well as difficulty swallowing and speaking.
FTD is a degenerative disorder, meaning that symptoms get worse over time. There is no cure for FTD, but there are treatments available to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. The exact cause of FTD is not known, but it is believed to be related to abnormalities in certain proteins in the brain. In some cases, FTD may run in families and be caused by genetic mutations.
Vulvar neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the vulvar region, which is the exterior female genital area including the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and the vaginal vestibule. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Benign vulvar neoplasms may include conditions such as vulvar cysts, fibromas, lipomas, or condylomas (genital warts). They are typically slow-growing and less likely to spread or invade surrounding tissues.
Malignant vulvar neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancers that can invade nearby tissues and potentially metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body. The most common types of malignant vulvar neoplasms are squamous cell carcinoma, vulvar melanoma, and adenocarcinoma.
Early detection and treatment of vulvar neoplasms are essential for improving prognosis and reducing the risk of complications or recurrence. Regular gynecological examinations, self-examinations, and prompt attention to any unusual symptoms or changes in the vulvar area can help ensure timely diagnosis and management.
Emollients are medical substances or preparations used to soften and soothe the skin, making it more supple and flexible. They work by forming a barrier on the surface of the skin that helps to prevent water loss and protect the skin from irritants and allergens. Emollients can be in the form of creams, lotions, ointments, or gels, and are often used to treat dry, scaly, or itchy skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis. They may contain ingredients such as petroleum jelly, lanolin, mineral oil, or various plant-derived oils and butters. Emollients can also help to reduce inflammation and promote healing of the skin.
Desmocollins are a type of cadherin, which is a transmembrane protein involved in cell-cell adhesion. Specifically, desmocollins are found in the desmosomes, which are specialized structures that help to mechanically connect adjacent epithelial cells. There are three main isoforms of desmocollin (Desmocollin-1, -2, and -3) that are encoded by different genes. Mutations in the genes encoding desmocollins have been associated with several skin blistering disorders, including certain forms of epidermolysis bullosa.
Desmogleins are a group of proteins that are part of the desmosomes, which are structures that help to strengthen and maintain the integrity of epithelial tissues. Desmogleins play a crucial role in cell-to-cell adhesion by forming intercellular junctions known as desmoglein adherens junctions. These junctions help to anchor intermediate filaments, such as keratin, to the plasma membrane and provide structural support to epithelial cells.
There are four main types of desmogleins (Dsg1-4), each with distinct expression patterns in different tissues. For example, Dsg1 is primarily expressed in the upper layers of the epidermis, while Dsg3 is found in the lower layers and in mucous membranes. Mutations in desmoglein genes have been associated with several skin disorders, including pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus, which are autoimmune blistering diseases characterized by the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion in the epidermis.
Desmoglein 1 is a type of desmosomal cadherin, which is a transmembrane protein involved in cell-to-cell adhesion. It is primarily expressed in the upper layers of the epidermis and plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and stability of the skin. Desmoglein 1 forms desmosomes, specialized intercellular junctions that connect adjacent keratinocytes and help to resist shearing forces.
Desmoglein 1 is also a target for autoantibodies in certain blistering diseases, such as pemphigus foliaceus, where the binding of these antibodies to desmoglein 1 results in the loss of cell-to-cell adhesion and formation of skin blisters.
Diphosphonates are a class of medications that are used to treat bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease. They work by binding to the surface of bones and inhibiting the activity of bone-resorbing cells called osteoclasts. This helps to slow down the breakdown and loss of bone tissue, which can help to reduce the risk of fractures.
Diphosphonates are typically taken orally in the form of tablets, but some forms may be given by injection. Commonly prescribed diphosphonates include alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), and ibandronate (Boniva). Side effects of diphosphonates can include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, heartburn, and abdominal pain. In rare cases, they may also cause esophageal ulcers or osteonecrosis of the jaw.
It is important to follow the instructions for taking diphosphonates carefully, as they must be taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water and the patient must remain upright for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication to reduce the risk of esophageal irritation. Regular monitoring of bone density and kidney function is also recommended while taking these medications.
Human chromosome pair 18 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell of the human body. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, protein, and RNA, and they carry genetic information that determines an individual's physical characteristics, biochemical processes, and susceptibility to disease.
Chromosome pair 18 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that make up the human genome. Each member of chromosome pair 18 has a length of about 75 million base pairs and contains around 600 genes. Chromosome pair 18 is also known as the "smart chromosome" because it contains many genes involved in brain development, function, and cognition.
Abnormalities in chromosome pair 18 can lead to genetic disorders such as Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), in which there is an extra copy of chromosome 18, or deletion of a portion of the chromosome, leading to various developmental and cognitive impairments.
Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a rare skin condition that typically affects the genital or anal areas, but can also occur in other areas such as the axillae (armpits) or male nipples. It is named similar to Paget's disease of the breast, but they are different conditions. EMPD is not related to breast cancer.
EMPD is characterized by the presence of abnormal cells called Paget cells in the skin. These cells can invade the surrounding tissue and may spread to other parts of the body (metastasize). The exact cause of EMPD is unknown, but it's thought to be associated with an underlying malignancy such as an adenocarcinoma in the adjacent area.
Symptoms of EMPD can include redness, itching, burning, or pain in the affected area. There may also be scaling, crusting, or oozing of the skin. The lesions associated with EMPD are typically slow-growing and can be mistaken for eczema, psoriasis, or other benign skin conditions.
Diagnosis of EMPD is usually made through a biopsy of the affected skin. Treatment typically involves surgical excision of the lesion, with wide margins to ensure complete removal of the abnormal cells. In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be recommended if there are signs of spread (metastasis) to other parts of the body. Regular follow-up is important to monitor for recurrence or metastasis.
Desmoplakins are important proteins that play a crucial role in the structural integrity and function of certain types of cell-to-cell junctions called desmosomes. Desmosomes are specialized structures that connect adjacent cells in tissues that undergo significant mechanical stress, such as the skin, heart, and gut.
Desmoplakins are large proteins that are composed of several domains, including a plakin domain, which interacts with other desmosomal components, and a spectrin-like repeat domain, which binds to intermediate filaments. By linking desmosomes to the intermediate filament network, desmoplakins help to provide mechanical strength and stability to tissues.
Mutations in the genes that encode desmoplakins have been associated with several human genetic disorders, including arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), a heart condition characterized by abnormal heart rhythms and structural changes in the heart muscle, and epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), a skin disorder characterized by blistering and fragility of the skin.
Adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. This reaction releases energy, which is used to drive various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, transport of ions across membranes, and synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids.
ATPases are classified into several types based on their structure, function, and mechanism of action. Some examples include:
1. P-type ATPases: These ATPases form a phosphorylated intermediate during the reaction cycle and are involved in the transport of ions across membranes, such as the sodium-potassium pump and calcium pumps.
2. F-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria, and are responsible for generating a proton gradient across the membrane, which is used to synthesize ATP.
3. V-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in vacuolar membranes and endomembranes, and are involved in acidification of intracellular compartments.
4. A-type ATPases: These ATPases are found in the plasma membrane and are involved in various functions such as cell signaling and ion transport.
Overall, ATPases play a crucial role in maintaining the energy balance of cells and regulating various physiological processes.
Intraductal carcinoma, noninfiltrating is a medical term used to describe a type of breast cancer that is confined to the milk ducts of the breast. It is also sometimes referred to as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Noninfiltrating means that the cancer cells have not spread beyond the ducts into the surrounding breast tissue or elsewhere in the body.
In this type of cancer, abnormal cells line the milk ducts and fill the inside of the ducts. These abnormal cells may look like cancer cells under a microscope, but they have not grown through the walls of the ducts into the surrounding breast tissue. However, if left untreated, noninfiltrating intraductal carcinoma can progress to an invasive form of breast cancer where the cancer cells spread beyond the milk ducts and invade the surrounding breast tissue.
It is important to note that while noninfiltrating intraductal carcinoma is considered a precancerous condition, it still requires medical treatment to prevent the development of invasive breast cancer. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, or hormone therapy, depending on the size and location of the tumor and other individual factors.
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an enzyme found in various body tissues, including the liver, bile ducts, digestive system, bones, and kidneys. It plays a role in breaking down proteins and minerals, such as phosphate, in the body.
The medical definition of alkaline phosphatase refers to its function as a hydrolase enzyme that removes phosphate groups from molecules at an alkaline pH level. In clinical settings, ALP is often measured through blood tests as a biomarker for various health conditions.
Elevated levels of ALP in the blood may indicate liver or bone diseases, such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, bone fractures, or cancer. Therefore, physicians may order an alkaline phosphatase test to help diagnose and monitor these conditions. However, it is essential to interpret ALP results in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical findings for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Cell cycle proteins are a group of regulatory proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle, which is the series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell leading to its division and duplication. These proteins can be classified into several categories based on their functions during different stages of the cell cycle.
The major groups of cell cycle proteins include:
1. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs): CDKs are serine/threonine protein kinases that regulate key transitions in the cell cycle. They require binding to a regulatory subunit called cyclin to become active. Different CDK-cyclin complexes are activated at different stages of the cell cycle.
2. Cyclins: Cyclins are a family of regulatory proteins that bind and activate CDKs. Their levels fluctuate throughout the cell cycle, with specific cyclins expressed during particular phases. For example, cyclin D is important for the G1 to S phase transition, while cyclin B is required for the G2 to M phase transition.
3. CDK inhibitors (CKIs): CKIs are regulatory proteins that bind to and inhibit CDKs, thereby preventing their activation. CKIs can be divided into two main families: the INK4 family and the Cip/Kip family. INK4 family members specifically inhibit CDK4 and CDK6, while Cip/Kip family members inhibit a broader range of CDKs.
4. Anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C): APC/C is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets specific proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. During the cell cycle, APC/C regulates the metaphase to anaphase transition and the exit from mitosis by targeting securin and cyclin B for degradation.
5. Other regulatory proteins: Several other proteins play crucial roles in regulating the cell cycle, such as p53, a transcription factor that responds to DNA damage and arrests the cell cycle, and the polo-like kinases (PLKs), which are involved in various aspects of mitosis.
Overall, cell cycle proteins work together to ensure the proper progression of the cell cycle, maintain genomic stability, and prevent uncontrolled cell growth, which can lead to cancer.
A biopsy is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope for the presence of disease. This can help doctors diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer, infections, or autoimmune disorders. The type of biopsy performed will depend on the location and nature of the suspected condition. Some common types of biopsies include:
1. Incisional biopsy: In this procedure, a surgeon removes a piece of tissue from an abnormal area using a scalpel or other surgical instrument. This type of biopsy is often used when the lesion is too large to be removed entirely during the initial biopsy.
2. Excisional biopsy: An excisional biopsy involves removing the entire abnormal area, along with a margin of healthy tissue surrounding it. This technique is typically employed for smaller lesions or when cancer is suspected.
3. Needle biopsy: A needle biopsy uses a thin, hollow needle to extract cells or fluid from the body. There are two main types of needle biopsies: fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA extracts loose cells, while a core needle biopsy removes a small piece of tissue.
4. Punch biopsy: In a punch biopsy, a round, sharp tool is used to remove a small cylindrical sample of skin tissue. This type of biopsy is often used for evaluating rashes or other skin abnormalities.
5. Shave biopsy: During a shave biopsy, a thin slice of tissue is removed from the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like instrument. This technique is typically used for superficial lesions or growths on the skin.
After the biopsy sample has been collected, it is sent to a laboratory where a pathologist will examine the tissue under a microscope and provide a diagnosis based on their findings. The results of the biopsy can help guide further treatment decisions and determine the best course of action for managing the patient's condition.
I must clarify that the term "pedigree" is not typically used in medical definitions. Instead, it is often employed in genetics and breeding, where it refers to the recorded ancestry of an individual or a family, tracing the inheritance of specific traits or diseases. In human genetics, a pedigree can help illustrate the pattern of genetic inheritance in families over multiple generations. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical definition.
Breast neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the breast tissue that can be benign or malignant. Benign breast neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors or growths, while malignant breast neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.
Breast neoplasms can arise from different types of cells in the breast, including milk ducts, milk sacs (lobules), or connective tissue. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and can spread to other parts of the breast and nearby structures.
Breast neoplasms are usually detected through screening methods such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI, or through self-examination or clinical examination. Treatment options for breast neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type and stage of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and personal preferences. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.
Chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or genetic markers on a chromosome. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques to identify landmarks along the chromosome, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or patterns of DNA sequence repeats. The resulting map provides important information about the organization and structure of the genome, and can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying the location of genes associated with genetic diseases, studying evolutionary relationships between organisms, and developing genetic markers for use in breeding or forensic applications.
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.
A nipple is a small projection or tubular structure located at the center of the areola, which is the darker circle of skin surrounding the nipple on the breast. The primary function of the nipple is to provide a pathway for milk flow from the mammary glands during lactation in females.
The nipple contains smooth muscle fibers that contract and cause the nipple to become erect when stimulated, such as during sexual arousal or cold temperatures. Nipples can come in various shapes, sizes, and colors, and some individuals may have inverted or flat nipples. It is essential to monitor any changes in the appearance or sensation of the nipples, as these could be indicative of underlying medical conditions, such as breast cancer.
Extramammary Paget's disease
Paget's disease of the breast
International Classification of Diseases for Oncology
Vulvar tumors
List of MeSH codes (C04)
Breast disease
Male breast cancer
Inverted nipple
Breast cancer
RANK
George Lenthal Cheatle
Papillary hidradenoma
Breast cancer classification
Nipple
Stem cell marker
RANKL
Metastasis
Osteoprotegerin
Keratin 8
List of skin conditions
Tumor microenvironment
Index of oncology articles
Tamoxifen
Pure apocrine carcinoma of the breast
List of OMIM disorder codes
Mammary Paget Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology
c-erbB-2 oncoprotein expression in mammary and extramammary Paget's disease: an immunohistochemical study
Comparison of the biomarkers for targeted therapies in primary extra-mammary and mammary Paget's disease | Caris Life Sciences
DermaCompass - Mammary Paget's disease
Mammary Paget Disease: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology and Etiology
Case Reports in Pathology | Hindawi
Webpathology.com: A Collection of Surgical Pathology Images
Extramammary Paget's disease - Wikipedia
Breast cancer types: Definitions, symptoms, treatments, and more
XIX - Female Genital System and the Breast Flashcards by Paula Victoria Catherine Cheng | Brainscape
Jerry D. Brewer, M.D., M.S. - Doctors and Medical Staff - Mayo Clinic
Squamous cell carcinoma in situ pathology | DermNet
Cancer patient sailing 1800 mile around British Isles | STV News
ProEx C as Diagnostic Marker for Detection of Urothelial Carcinoma in Urinary Samples: A Review
Woo Cheal Cho | MD Anderson Cancer Center
Carlos Antonio Torres-Cabala | MD Anderson Cancer Center
Archive - SM Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Diseases - JSMCentral
Discovery
一般外科 - 研究成果 - 臺北醫學大學
Code System Concept
The Edinburgh randomized trial of axillary sampling or clearance after mastectomy<...
Breast Clinic - Hong Kong Adventist Hospital - Stubbs Road
Intertrigo Differential Diagnoses
English-Armenian Medical - Terms starting with 'P' - MEDINDEX.AM
Filters - SRD Magazine
Paget's disease of the breast: A clinical perspective<...
Vulvar Disorders
Reducing your risk of breast cancer
SurgPath4U Case Viewer
Extramammary Paget d7
- A similar disease involving the skin of female and male external genitalia (ie, vulva, glans penis) is known as extramammary Paget disease . (medscape.com)
- The vulvar squamous epithlium contains large cells with pale blue cytoplasm consistent with extramammary Paget disease. (surgpath4u.com)
- Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is clinically and histologically identical to mammary Paget disease of the nipple, however, important differences must be noted. (surgpath4u.com)
- One must also look for secondary involvement from adjacent malignancies (secondary extramammary Paget disease). (surgpath4u.com)
- Sandu N. Extramammary Paget Disease: eMedicine. (surgpath4u.com)
- Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) on the other hand is a rare adenocarcinoma of the skin and should be treated accordingly. (jcimcr.org)
- DIRECT EXTENSION Paget disease and extramammary Paget disease. (mhmedical.com)
Paget's Disease46
- Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumour tissue from 22 patients with mammary and extramammary Paget's disease have been stained immunohistochemically using a monoclonal antibody (NCL-CB11) raised against a synthetic peptide from the C-terminal end of the predicted sequence of the c-erbB-2 protein product. (nih.gov)
- All 12 cases of mammary Paget's disease showed membrane staining of intra-epidermal cells, indicating c-erbB-2 over-expression. (nih.gov)
- The possible implications of these findings for the histogenesis of both mammary and extramammary Paget's disease are discussed. (nih.gov)
- Primary Extra-mammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a very rare cutaneous adenocarcinoma affecting anogenital or axillary regions. (carislifesciences.com)
- Eighteen EMPD (13 vulvar and five scrotal) and ten mammary Paget's disease (MPD) cases were comprehensively profiled for gene mutations, fusions and copy number alterations, and for therapy-relevant protein biomarkers). (carislifesciences.com)
- Helme S, Harvey K, Agrawal A. Breast-conserving surgery in patients with Paget's disease. (dermacompass.net)
- A case report of pigmented mammary Paget's disease mimicking nevus of the nipple. (dermacompass.net)
- Immunohistochemical study of mammary and extra-mammary Paget's disease. (dermacompass.net)
- Kanitakis J. Mammary and extramammary Paget's disease. (dermacompass.net)
- Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare and slow-growing malignancy which occurs within the epithelium and accounts for 6.5% of all Paget's disease. (wikipedia.org)
- The clinical presentation of this disease is similar to the characteristics of mammary Paget's disease (MPD). (wikipedia.org)
- Vulvar Paget's disease affect women and presents as erythematous (red), eczematous lesions. (wikipedia.org)
- CFTR positivity has also been suggested to support the diagnosis of extramammary Paget's disease. (dermnetnz.org)
- Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is helpful in the distinction of extra-mammary Paget's disease from squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen's disease). (dermnetnz.org)
- The 63-year-old enjoyed a relatively clean bill of health until 2018, when he was diagnosed and treated for a rare condition - Extra-Mammary Paget's disease, which required an operation to remove part of his large intestine during which doctors discovered a growth. (stv.tv)
- Diagnosis of Mammary Paget's Disease by Cytology Sampling. (jsmcentral.org)
- Paget's disease of the breast is a rare disorder of the nipple-areola complex often associated with an underlying in situ or invasive carcinoma. (elsevierpure.com)
- The histogenesis of Paget's disease of the breast continues to be debated and is important when considering treatment options. (elsevierpure.com)
- The current standard treatment of biopsy-proven Paget's disease involves mastectomy, although some studies have proposed the use of breast conservation therapy for patients in whom an underlying breast cancer cannot be located. (elsevierpure.com)
- We propose a treatment algorithm for patients presenting with Paget's disease of the breast. (elsevierpure.com)
- Lloyd J, Flanagan AM. Mammary and extramammary Paget's disease. (surgpath4u.com)
- Extramammary Paget's disease is a rare malignancy of the skin. (jcimcr.org)
- Skin biopsy showed presence of Paget's Disease. (jcimcr.org)
- In eczematous lesions not responding to topical treatment, a biopsy is needed for further diagnosis and to exclude Paget's disease. (jcimcr.org)
- Mammary Paget's Disease (MPD) is defined as an in situ carcinoma of the nipple and areola. (jcimcr.org)
- We present a case of Paget's disease located in the inframammary fold without any relation to the nipple or mammary glandular tissue. (jcimcr.org)
- Paget's disease was confirmed and she was referred to a gynecologist. (jcimcr.org)
- Pathology review of the skin biopsy at our center confirmed presence of Paget's disease, additional imaging excluded intramammary lesions. (jcimcr.org)
- 10. Synchronous bilateral Paget's disease of the nipple associated with bilateral breast carcinoma. (gianlucafranceschini.com)
- 14. Conservative management of an unusual Paget's disease of the nipple: a case report and review of the literature. (gianlucafranceschini.com)
- Paget's disease of the breast and inflammatory breast cancers are as frequent in men as they are in women. (gotoper.com)
- Its causes can be congenital caused by aging caused by mammary duct ectasia, Paget's disease, breast carcinoma, mastitis etc. (drberbecarzeca.ro)
- Perianal Paget's disease (PPD) is a rare malignant cutaneous tumor. (csu.edu.cn)
- Porter C. A disease of the mammary areola preceding cancer of the mammary glands, Paget's disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 1882, 106: 412-414. (csu.edu.cn)
- Crocker H. Paget's disease affecting the scrotum and penis[J]. Trans Pathol Soc London, 1889(40): 187-191. (csu.edu.cn)
- Asel M, LeBoeuf NR. Extramammary Paget's disease[J]. Oncol Clin N Am, 2019, 33(1): 73-85. (csu.edu.cn)
- Perianal Paget's disease: presentation of six cases and literature review[J]. Int J Colorectal Dis, 2010, 25(1): 1-7. (csu.edu.cn)
- Management and outcome of perianal Paget's disease: a 6-decade institutional experience[J]. Dis Colon Rectum, 2014, 57(6): 747-751. (csu.edu.cn)
- Breast cancer is represented macroscopically nodular and diffuse forms, as well as cancer in the nipple and the nipple from the field (Paget's disease from the breast). (quartermainesterms.com)
- This type of cancer include, particularly, infiltrating ductal and lobular carcinoma, which often contains the structure of scirrhus, in addition to Paget's disease. (quartermainesterms.com)
- Breast cancer is represented macroscopically nodular and diffuse forms, in addition to cancer in the nipple as well as the nipple from the field (Paget's disease of the breast). (quartermainesterms.com)
- This type of cancer include, in particular, infiltrating ductal and lobular carcinoma, which will has the structure of scirrhus, and also Paget's disease. (quartermainesterms.com)
- Tumors underneath the nipple can cause it to invert, as well as Paget's disease, a form of cancer that can form in the nipple. (psna.net)
- Long-term suppression of bone turnover with intensive bisphosphonate therapy in patients with Paget's disease of bone does not appear to provide any clinical benefit over less intensive symptomatic therapy, suggest findings from the extension study of the Paget's Disease: Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Symptomatic Management (PRISM-EZ). (medscape.com)
- Under lead author Adrian Tan, MB ChB, of the University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Scotland, investigators evaluated whether an additional 3 years of a treatment strategy designed to normalize bone turnover in Paget's disease of bone (PDB) improved clinical outcomes relative to symptomatic treatment, especially clinical fracture, the primary end point of the PRISM-EZ study. (medscape.com)
- Paget's disease of the nipple, also known as Paget's disease of the breast, is a rare condition associated with breast cancer . (knowbreastcancer.org)
Carcinoma14
- He reported a chronic eczematous disease on the skin of the nipple and the areola in 15 women, with an associated intraductal carcinoma of the underlying mammary gland. (medscape.com)
- It is now widely accepted that mammary PD is always associated with an underlying carcinoma of the breast. (medscape.com)
- Paget cells and underlying ductal carcinoma cells have been shown to be positive for the oncogene HER2/neu, suggesting common genetic alterations for both the epidermal and breast tumor cells. (medscape.com)
- [ 6 ] reported on the immunohistochemical expression of apomucin MUC1, MUC2, and MUC5AC in PD and concluded that both epidermal Paget cells and underlying ductal carcinoma exhibit the same phenotypic apomucins that are also expressed by the Toker cells. (medscape.com)
- [ 7 ] reported that the chromosomal alterations seen in Paget cells (eg, loss of heterozygosity and mitochondrial DNA displacement loop sequence analysis) are different from those seen in underlying breast carcinoma cells. (medscape.com)
- They suggested that the epidermal Paget cells are genetically different from those of breast carcinoma. (medscape.com)
- A concept of a "collision" between the neoplastic lesion of mammary PD and the underlying carcinoma is therefore presented. (medscape.com)
- Because cytology alone is not highly sensitive for detection of low grade urothelial carcinoma and recurrence of the disease, several adjunct markers and urine based tests for urothelial carcinoma have been developed, which can help in the final diagnosis. (medsci.org)
- Malignancies include metastatic carcinoma, Paget disease, or Bowen disease. (medscape.com)
- The in situ transformation theory has been proposed to explain the development of this disorder in patients in whom an underlying mammary carcinoma is not found or when there is an underlying carcinoma anatomically remote from the nipple-areola complex. (elsevierpure.com)
- Mammary Paget disease is the colonization of the epidermis by an underlying ductal carcinoma of the breast i.e. a secondary process. (surgpath4u.com)
- In contrast to mammary Paget disease where it is a secondary disease process (colonization of the epidermis by an underlying ductal carcinoma of the breast). (surgpath4u.com)
- The first line treatment of mammary PD is mastectomy (radical or modified) and lymph node clearance for patients with a palpable mass and underlying invasive breast carcinoma. (healthplexus.net)
- Paget disease of the nipple NOT associated with invasive carcinoma and/or carcinoma in situ (DCIS and/or LCIS) in the underlying breast parenchyma. (medscape.com)
Cases of mammary1
- staining intensity was generally weaker than that observed in the cases of mammary disease. (nih.gov)
Epidermis7
- Malignant epithelial (Paget) cells infiltrate and proliferate in the epidermis, causing thickening of the nipple and the areolar skin. (medscape.com)
- Malignant Paget cells are derived from luminal lactiferous ductal epithelium (A) of breast tissue with retrograde extension of cancerous Paget cells into epidermis of overlying nipple (B). Enlarged circle shows details that reveal thickening both of lining epithelium of breast duct and of nipple skin. (medscape.com)
- However, unlike MPD, which occurs in large lactiferous ducts and then extends into the epidermis, EMPD originates in glandular regions rich in apocrine secretions outside the mammary glands. (wikipedia.org)
- EMPD occurs due to an invasion of the epidermis by Paget cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Metastasis of Paget cells from the epidermis to distant regions is a multistep process that involves: Invasion of local lymph nodes and venous system Movement out from lymph nodes and venous system Proliferation at new site Protein molecules HER2 and mTOR expressed in Paget cells are responsible for providing characteristics of proliferation and survival. (wikipedia.org)
- Paget cells often have a large, round appearance under a microscope they may be found as single cells or as small groups of cells within the epidermis. (breastcancertalk.net)
- During the sixth week of development, the mammary glands first develop as solid downgrowths of the epidermis that extend into the mesenchyme from the axilla to the inguinal regions. (medscape.com)
Malignant2
- Mammary Paget cells are malignant epithelial cells derived from underlying ductal adenocarcinoma of the breast that invade into the skin of nipple and areolar areas. (medscape.com)
- Malignant cells known as Paget cells are a telltale sign of Paget disease of the breast. (breastcancertalk.net)
Gland2
- The mammary gland and endometrium (lining in the uterus) are most responsive to these changes, the breast type tissue begins to dissolve and be replaced by fat. (quartermainesterms.com)
- It can be expressed as a metastatic mammary gland or primary mammary melanin of the mammary gland. (knowbreastcancer.org)
Tumor1
- Cancer is a disease of the chromosomes, and chromosomal instability in cancer disrupts gene function by either inactivating tumor suppressor genes or activating growth-promoting oncogenes. (nshealth.ca)
Patients6
- Patients with mammary Paget disease (PD) present with a relatively long history of an eczematous skin lesion or persistent dermatitis in the nipple and adjacent areas. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] Patients with Paget disease frequently present with a chronic, eczematous rash on the nipple and adjacent areolar skin. (medscape.com)
- A non-significant increase in the rate of locoregional relapse was observed for those treated by axillary node clearance, this being due mainly to increased relapse on the unirradiated chest wall (clearance 21 percent versus sampling 12 percent in patients with node-positive disease). (dundee.ac.uk)
- There has been no study of work productivity and activity in AD patients in relation to disease severity. (bvsalud.org)
- The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of disease severity on work productivity and activity impairment (WPAI) in adult AD patients using the Japanese version of the questionnaire. (bvsalud.org)
- For the first couple of forms are characteristic indications of inflammation: pain with the breast, a bright beautiful red colors from the skin it raises body temperature to 39 degrees C. In view of the symptoms often occur, and errors in diagnosing patients treated for inflammatory diseases, which can be named and are described these forms cancer of the breast. (quartermainesterms.com)
James Paget2
- Sir James Paget first described Paget disease (PD) of the breast in 1874. (medscape.com)
- Paget disease of the breast is named after the 19th century British doctor Sir James Paget, who, in 1874, noted a relationship between changes in the nipple and breast cancer. (breastcancertalk.net)
Nipple-areola complex3
- Nipple invagination, deformed nipple-areola complex, marked erythema, and alternating hyperpigmentation and hypopigmentation noted in adjacent skin of breast in 65-year-old woman with biopsy-proven Paget disease. (medscape.com)
- Eczematoid changes of the nipple-areola complex and persistent soreness or itching should raise suspicion of this disease. (elsevierpure.com)
- Mammary Paget disease (PD) is a less common form of breast cancer which involves the nipple-areola complex and occurs almost exclusively in females. (healthplexus.net)
Areola1
- Paget disease of the breast is a rare type of cancer involving the skin of the nipple and, usually, the darker circle of skin around it, which is called the areola. (breastcancertalk.net)
Duct2
- 10 Lobular cancers are rare because of the lack of terminal lobular duct units in male mammary tissue. (gotoper.com)
- Mastitis and mammary duct clogs or infections may also cause inverted nipples. (psna.net)
Diagnosis6
- Excisional biopsy confirmed diagnosis of mammary PD. (medscape.com)
- Cutaneous involvement by systemic DLBCL NOS is an infrequent clinical presentation, encountered in only 1.5-3.5% of cases, while disseminated cutaneous disease with multiple subcutaneous nodules at the time of diagnosis is unusual and can present a diagnostic challenge. (hindawi.com)
- Paget cells contain mucin and cytokeratins which can be used in the diagnosis of EMPD [8] MUC5A2 is found in EMPD of the vulvar and male genitalia regions whereas MUC2 is expressed in perianal EMPD. (wikipedia.org)
- Key entities on the differential diagnosis include melanoma in situ (use melanocyte markers), and Bowen disease (positive for AE1:AE3). (surgpath4u.com)
- The time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis in men is longer than in women (approximately 22 months) and as a result men often present with later stage disease, most likely due to a lack of awareness that men can develop breast cancer. (gotoper.com)
- Providing continuing information on changes over time in the extent of disease at diagnosis, trends in therapy, and associated changes in patient survival. (cdc.gov)
Metastatic2
- No recurrence or metastatic disease was noted at 6-year follow-up. (medscape.com)
- Inframammillae: Consider inverse psoriasis, candidal infection, inflammatory metastatic breast cancer, Paget disease, or benign familial pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey disease). (medscape.com)
Mastitis1
- In addition predisposition to breast cancers can cause harmful environmental factors: the environment, and also inflammatory diseases previously deferred breast - mastitis. (quartermainesterms.com)
EMPD2
- EMPD shares some targetable biomarkers with its mammary counterpart (steroid receptors, PIK3CA signaling pathways, TOP2A amplification). (carislifesciences.com)
- Due to the rarity of EMPD and lack of clinical knowledge, the disease is not very commonly diagnosed. (wikipedia.org)
Benign4
- [ 5 ] Like Paget cells of both mammary and extramammary sites, Toker cells contain prominent clear (vacuolated) cytoplasm, and they are considered benign counterparts of Paget cells. (medscape.com)
- Axillae: Consider inverse psoriasis, erythrasma, seborrheic dermatitis, irritant or allergic contact dermatitis from deodorants/shaving, benign familial pemphigus (Hailey-Hailey disease) , or axillary granuloma parakeratosis. (medscape.com)
- This is primarily a benign mammary dysplasia and papilloma ducts. (quartermainesterms.com)
- Benign breast diseases like fibrocystic breast disease, or fibroadenoz intraduct papillomatosis alone do not lead to cancer, but simultaneously, create an unfavorable background due to the development. (quartermainesterms.com)
Pathogenesis2
- The pathogenesis of mammary PD and the origin of Paget cells were once controversial. (medscape.com)
- Schematic diagram of female breast depicting widely accepted concept of pathogenesis of mammary Paget disease. (medscape.com)
Biopsy-proven1
- Biopsy-proven Paget disease involving nipple of 56-year-old woman. (medscape.com)
Melanoma1
- This mimics Paget disease and melanoma in situ. (dermnetnz.org)
Prognosis1
- The prognosis of mammary PD is determined by the disease stage and is similar to that of other types of breast cancer. (healthplexus.net)
Malignancies1
- The disease can be classified as being either primary or secondary depending on the presence or absence of associated malignancies. (wikipedia.org)
Inflammatory3
- Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease that is characterized by chronic and persisting pruritic and eczematous lesions. (bvsalud.org)
- The cause of cancer of the breast could be the results of radiation, such as irradiation with the chest for other diseases (lung tumors, the lymphatic system), prolonged and frequent chest X-ray studies on inflammatory diseases or pulmonary tuberculosis. (quartermainesterms.com)
- Rarely, a rash and soreness can be signs of inflammatory breast cancer, a form of the disease that can grow quickly, often in weeks or months. (knowbreastcancer.org)
Invasive1
- Cancers will recur in 30-80% of cases, with a progression to muscle invasive disease of 1-45% within 5 year [ 2 , 3 ]. (medsci.org)
Erythematous1
- An erythematous patch in mammary PD is usually sharply demarcated and infiltrated (unlike eczematous dermatitis). (medscape.com)
Bowen1
- Bowenoid papulosis: This entity may well represent Bowen disease on the genitalia , and is typically histologically indistinguishable. (dermnetnz.org)
Clinical1
- Pigmented mammary PD and pigmented extramammary PD are rare clinical entities in both males and females. (medscape.com)
Epidermal2
- It has been speculated that Paget cells may derive from glandular stem cells or epidermal Toker cells (clear cells of the nipple epithelium). (medscape.com)
- Monoclonal Antibody Analysis of Keratin Expression in Epidermal Diseases: A 48- and 56-kdalton Keratin as Molecular Markers for Hyperproliferative Keratinocytes. (novodiax.com)
Eczema1
- Vulvar Paget disease may appear as a dermatitis (eczema, psoriasis), lichen sclerosis, thus, there may be a delay in biopsying and treating the lesion. (surgpath4u.com)
Recurrent1
- Lack of positivity for hormone receptors and HER2 protein is overexpressed meaning that the cells are dividing rapidly and can be indicate an aggressive and more recurrent disease. (wikipedia.org)
Tissue1
- Soon after birth, the nipples are raised from the shallow mammary pits by proliferation of the surrounding connective tissue. (medscape.com)
Bilateral1
- however, bilateral mammary PD has occasionally been reported. (medscape.com)
Toker1
- The cause of the disease is still under debate with recent research indicating that the disease may be associated with Toker cells. (wikipedia.org)
Pathology1
- Pathology showed M. Paget but the results were not discussed with the patient. (jcimcr.org)
Chromosomal2
- The degree of chromosomal instability and the degree of intratumor heterogeneity have profound consequences for disease outcome and for therapeutic stratification. (nshealth.ca)
- Telomere Dysfunction, Chromosomal Instability and Cancer -- Genetic Instability and Disease Prognostication -- Causes of Chromosomal Instability -- Patterns of Chromosomal Aberrations in Solid Tumors -- Yeast as Models of Mitotic Fidelity -- The Diverse Effects of Complex Chromosome Rearrangements and Chromothripsis in Cancer Development. (nshealth.ca)
Atopic dermatitis1
- Although TIGIT plays an important role in various autoimmune diseases, its role in atopic dermatitis (AD) remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)