A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.
The transference of a pancreas from one human or animal to another.
The major component (about 80%) of the PANCREAS composed of acinar functional units of tubular and spherical cells. The acinar cells synthesize and secrete several digestive enzymes such as TRYPSINOGEN; LIPASE; AMYLASE; and RIBONUCLEASE. Secretion from the exocrine pancreas drains into the pancreatic ductal system and empties into the DUODENUM.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.
Ducts that collect PANCREATIC JUICE from the PANCREAS and supply it to the DUODENUM.
Devices for simulating the activity of the pancreas. They can be either electromechanical, consisting of a glucose sensor, computer, and insulin pump or bioartificial, consisting of isolated islets of Langerhans in an artificial membrane.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
Irregular microscopic structures consisting of cords of endocrine cells that are scattered throughout the PANCREAS among the exocrine acini. Each islet is surrounded by connective tissue fibers and penetrated by a network of capillaries. There are four major cell types. The most abundant beta cells (50-80%) secrete INSULIN. Alpha cells (5-20%) secrete GLUCAGON. PP cells (10-35%) secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE. Delta cells (~5%) secrete SOMATOSTATIN.
Surgical removal of the pancreas. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A group of amylolytic enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen, and related alpha-1,4-glucans. (Stedman, 25th ed) EC 3.2.1.-.
A mass of histologically normal tissue present in an abnormal location.
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.
The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum.
A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)
A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.
A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)
A type of pancreatic cell representing about 50-80% of the islet cells. Beta cells secrete INSULIN.
A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.
A 36-amino acid pancreatic hormone that is secreted mainly by endocrine cells found at the periphery of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS and adjacent to cells containing SOMATOSTATIN and GLUCAGON. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), when administered peripherally, can suppress gastric secretion, gastric emptying, pancreatic enzyme secretion, and appetite. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) has been associated with OBESITY in rats and mice.
The excision of the head of the pancreas and the encircling loop of the duodenum to which it is connected.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.
A multilocular tumor with mucin secreting epithelium. They are most often found in the ovary, but are also found in the pancreas, appendix, and rarely, retroperitoneal and in the urinary bladder. They are considered to have low-grade malignant potential.
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A cystic tumor of the ovary, containing thin, clear, yellow serous fluid and varying amounts of solid tissue, with a malignant potential several times greater than that of mucinous cystadenoma (CYSTADENOMA, MUCINOUS). It can be unilocular, parvilocular, or multilocular. It is often bilateral and papillary. The cysts may vary greatly in size. (Dorland, 27th ed; from Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972)
Cells lining the saclike dilatations known as acini of various glands or the lungs.
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.
A malignant tumor arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands. Racemose (Latin racemosus, full of clusters) refers, as does acinar (Latin acinus, grape), to small saclike dilatations in various glands. Acinar cell carcinomas are usually well differentiated and account for about 13% of the cancers arising in the parotid gland. Lymph node metastasis occurs in about 16% of cases. Local recurrences and distant metastases many years after treatment are common. This tumor appears in all age groups and is most common in women. (Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1240; from DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p575)
The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.
A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.
A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The transference of pancreatic islets within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species.
The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
Chymotrypsinogen is a zymogen, specifically an inactive precursor form of the enzyme chymotrypsin, which is produced in the pancreas and activated in the small intestine to help digest proteins by cleaving specific peptide bonds.
Non-invasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the PANCREATIC DUCTS and BILE DUCTS without the use of injected CONTRAST MEDIA or x-ray. MRI scans provide excellent sensitivity for duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and intraductal abnormalities.
Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).
Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
A type of pancreatic cell representing about 5-20% of the islet cells. Alpha cells secrete GLUCAGON.
A severe form of acute INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS characterized by one or more areas of NECROSIS in the pancreas with varying degree of involvement of the surrounding tissues or organ systems. Massive pancreatic necrosis may lead to DIABETES MELLITUS, and malabsorption.
Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.
A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)
A primary malignant neoplasm of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the non-INSULIN-producing cell types, the PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS) in GLUCAGONOMA and SOMATOSTATINOMA, respectively.
Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with ENDOSCOPY which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously.
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.
Secretory cells of the ductless glands. They secrete HORMONES directly into the blood circulation (internal secretion) to be carried to the target cells. The secreted chemicals can be PEPTIDES; STEROIDS; NEUROPEPTIDES; or BIOGENIC AMINES.
A benign neoplasm of the ovary.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.
The inner of the three germ layers of an embryo.
Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue organization to provide specialized functions.
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the DUODENUM.
Glucose in blood.
Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the COMMON BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.
Diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by PANCREATECTOMY.
Acute or chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS due to excessive ALCOHOL DRINKING. Alcoholic pancreatitis usually presents as an acute episode but it is a chronic progressive disease in alcoholics.
Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.
Cell surface proteins that bind cholecystokinin (CCK) with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholecystokinin receptors are activated by GASTRIN as well as by CCK-4; CCK-8; and CCK-33. Activation of these receptors evokes secretion of AMYLASE by pancreatic acinar cells, acid and PEPSIN by stomach mucosal cells, and contraction of the PYLORUS and GALLBLADDER. The role of the widespread CCK receptors in the central nervous system is not well understood.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Characteristic restricted to a particular organ of the body, such as a cell type, metabolic response or expression of a particular protein or antigen.
A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The amount of a substance secreted by cells or by a specific organ or organism over a given period of time; usually applies to those substances which are formed by glandular tissues and are released by them into biological fluids, e.g., secretory rate of corticosteroids by the adrenal cortex, secretory rate of gastric acid by the gastric mucosa.
Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
A malignant neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. The neoplastic cells manifest varying degrees of anaplasia and invasiveness, and local extension and metastases occur. Cystadenocarcinomas develop frequently in the ovaries, where pseudomucinous and serous types are recognized. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
A group of organs stretching from the MOUTH to the ANUS, serving to breakdown foods, assimilate nutrients, and eliminate waste. In humans, the digestive system includes the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT and the accessory glands (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).
The process by which organs are kept viable outside of the organism from which they were removed (i.e., kept from decay by means of a chemical agent, cooling, or a fluid substitute that mimics the natural state within the organism).
Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.
The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host.
Star-shaped, myofibroblast-like cells located in the periacinar, perivascular, and periductal regions of the EXOCRINE PANCREAS. They play a key role in the pathobiology of FIBROSIS; PANCREATITIS; and PANCREATIC CANCER.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
Pathological processes involving the STOMACH.
A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF.
The common precursor polypeptide of pancreatic GLUCAGON and intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Proglucagon is the 158-amino acid segment of preproglucagon without the N-terminal signal sequence. Proglucagon is expressed in the PANCREAS; INTESTINES; and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Posttranslational processing of proglucagon is tissue-specific yielding numerous bioactive peptides.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
The proteinaceous component of the pancreatic stone in patients with PANCREATITIS.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.
An almost always malignant GLUCAGON-secreting tumor derived from the PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS. It is characterized by a distinctive migratory ERYTHEMA; WEIGHT LOSS; STOMATITIS; GLOSSITIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; hypoaminoacidemia; and normochromic normocytic ANEMIA.
Carboxypeptidases that are primarily found the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM that catalyze the release of C-terminal amino acids. Carboxypeptidases A have little or no activity for hydrolysis of C-terminal ASPARTIC ACID; GLUTAMIC ACID; ARGININE; LYSINE; or PROLINE. This enzyme requires ZINC as a cofactor and was formerly listed as EC 3.4.2.1 and EC 3.4.12.2.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
An antibiotic that is produced by Stretomyces achromogenes. It is used as an antineoplastic agent and to induce diabetes in experimental animals.
Conducting a fine needle biopsy with the aid of ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.
An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.
Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.
Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery.
Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.
Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Determination of human body burden baseline date of platinum through autopsy tissue analysis. (1/8132)

Results of analysis for platinum in 97 autopsy sets are presented. Analysis was performed by a specially developed emission spectrochemical method. Almost half of the individuals studied were found to have detectable platinum in one or more tissue samples. Platinum was found to be deposited in 13 of 21 tissue types investigated. Surprisingly high values were observed in subcutaneous fat, previously not considered to be a target site for platinum deposition. These data will serve as a human tissue platinum burden baseline in EPA's Catalyst Research Program.  (+info)

Tissue-specific knockout of the insulin receptor in pancreatic beta cells creates an insulin secretory defect similar to that in type 2 diabetes. (2/8132)

Dysfunction of the pancreatic beta cell is an important defect in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, although its exact relationship to the insulin resistance is unclear. To determine whether insulin signaling has a functional role in the beta cell we have used the Cre-loxP system to specifically inactivate the insulin receptor gene in the beta cells. The resultant mice exhibit a selective loss of insulin secretion in response to glucose and a progressive impairment of glucose tolerance. These data indicate an important functional role for the insulin receptor in glucose sensing by the pancreatic beta cell and suggest that defects in insulin signaling at the level of the beta cell may contribute to the observed alterations in insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes.  (+info)

Freeze-fracture replication of organized tissue without cryoprotection. (3/8132)

Fresh pieces of rat liver and pancreas were rapidly frozen without prior chemical fixation or cryoprotection, and replicated folloing freeze-fracture. Replicas revealed small peripheral areas free of ice crystals or damage and, within such areas, general ultrastructural morphology was essentially similar to that seen in conventionally processed material. On fracture faces of plasma and nuclear membranes a population of less prominent particles in addition to conventional membrane-associated particles was seen, and smooth areas devoid of particles of any type were seen on some nuclear membranes. These smooth areas did not appear to be similar to smooth areas allegedly arising as artifacts of conventional processing. Tight junctions and gap junctions appeared as they do in cryoprotected specimens. The results provide a base-line for assessing the possible effects of processing steps or agents on the ultrastructure of organized tissues as revealed in freeze-fracture replicas.  (+info)

Further studies on the mechanism of adrenaline-induced lipolysis in lipid micelles. (4/8132)

Lipase [EC 3.1.1.3] depleted lipid micelles, in which lipolysis was not elicited by adrenaline, were prepared from lipid micelles. When these lipase-depleted lipid micelles incubated with adipose tissue extract containing lipase activity, adrenaline-induced lipolysis was restored to almost the same level as that of native lipid micelles. Adrenaline-induced lipolysis was not restored when the lipase-depleted lipid micelles were homogenized or sonicated. Various tissue extracts from kidney, lung, liver, and pancreas, and post-heparin plasma, which contained lipase activity, restored adrenaline-induced lipolysis in lipase-depleted lipid micelles.  (+info)

Efficient binding of regulated secretory protein aggregates to membrane phospholipids at acidic pH. (5/8132)

Some regulated secretory proteins are thought to be targeted to secretory granules through an acidic-dependent aggregation in the trans-Golgi network. In this report we use pancreatic zymogens, a paradigm of regulated proteins, to test this hypothesis, because they qualitatively aggregate upon acidification in vitro. Pig zymogens were found to start to aggregate significantly at pH approximately 6.0, a pH slightly lower than that at which rat zymogens aggregate, but still compatible with the pH of the cell-sorting compartments. When pig zymogen granule membranes were mixed with the zymogens in the aggregation assay, membranes that normally floated on 1 M sucrose were observed to be pelleted by the aggregating zymogens. Rat membranes were pelleted by pig zymogens and vice versa. Igs, typical constitutively secreted proteins, which needed chemical cross-linking to serve as an aggregated protein control, pelleted membranes almost independently of pH. Corresponding cross-linked zymogen-binding ability and pH dependence was unaffected by the chemical modification. Membranes treated with sodium carbonate, pH 11, or with protease K, were still pelleted by zymogens, suggesting that the aggregated zymogens bound to membrane lipids. This hypothesis was confirmed by the efficient pelleting of unilamellar vesicles composed of granule membrane lipids. Vesicles composed of single classes of phospholipids were also pelleted, but with various efficacies. We conclude that pancreatic zymogen aggregates, formed under the acidic conditions of the secretory pathway sorting compartments, have the capacity to bind firmly to membranes through their phospholipid constituents.  (+info)

His ... Asp catalytic dyad of ribonuclease A: histidine pKa values in the wild-type, D121N, and D121A enzymes. (6/8132)

Bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) has a conserved His ... Asp catalytic dyad in its active site. Structural analyses had indicated that Asp121 forms a hydrogen bond with His119, which serves as an acid during catalysis of RNA cleavage. The enzyme contains three other histidine residues including His12, which is also in the active site. Here, 1H-NMR spectra of wild-type RNase A and the D121N and D121A variants were analyzed thoroughly as a function of pH. The effect of replacing Asp121 on the microscopic pKa values of the histidine residues is modest: none change by more than 0.2 units. There is no evidence for the formation of a low-barrier hydrogen bond between His119 and either an aspartate or an asparagine residue at position 121. In the presence of the reaction product, uridine 3'-phosphate (3'-UMP), protonation of one active-site histidine residue favors protonation of the other. This finding is consistent with the phosphoryl group of 3'-UMP interacting more strongly with the two active-site histidine residues when both are protonated. Comparison of the titration curves of the unliganded enzyme with that obtained in the presence of different concentrations of 3'-UMP shows that a second molecule of 3'-UMP can bind to the enzyme. Together, the data indicate that the aspartate residue in the His ... Asp catalytic dyad of RNase A has a measurable but modest effect on the ionization of the adjacent histidine residue.  (+info)

Characterization of functional residues in the interfacial recognition domain of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). (7/8132)

Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is an interfacial enzyme active on both high-density (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Threading alignments of LCAT with lipases suggest that residues 50-74 form an interfacial recognition site and this hypothesis was tested by site-directed mutagenesis. The (delta56-68) deletion mutant had no activity on any substrate. Substitution of W61 with F, Y, L or G suggested that an aromatic residue is required for full enzymatic activity. The activity of the W61F and W61Y mutants was retained on HDL but decreased on LDL, possibly owing to impaired accessibility to the LDL lipid substrate. The decreased activity of the single R52A and K53A mutants on HDL and LDL and the severer effect of the double mutation suggested that these conserved residues contribute to the folding of the LCAT lid. The membrane-destabilizing properties of the LCAT 56-68 helical segment were demonstrated using the corresponding synthetic peptide. An M65N-N66M substitution decreased both the fusogenic properties of the peptide and the activity of the mutant enzyme on all substrates. These results suggest that the putative interfacial recognition domain of LCAT plays an important role in regulating the interaction of the enzyme with its organized lipoprotein substrates.  (+info)

Cloning and characterization of a secreted frizzled-related protein that is expressed by the retinal pigment epithelium. (8/8132)

The Wnt/frizzled cell signaling pathway has been implicated in the determination of polarity in a number of systems, including the Drosophila retina. The vertebrate retina develops from an undifferentiated neuroepithelium into an organized and laminated structure that demonstrates a high degree of polarity at both the tissue and cellular levels. In the process of searching for molecules that are preferentially expressed by the vertebrate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), we identified secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5), a member of the SFRP family that appears to act by modulating Wnt signal transduction. SFRP5 is highly expressed by RPE cells, and is also expressed in the pancreas. Within the retina, the related molecule SFRP2 is expressed specifically by cells of the inner nuclear layer. Thus, photoreceptors are likely to be bathed by two opposing gradients of SFRP molecules. Consistent with SFRP5 's postulated role in modulating Wnt signaling in the retina, it inhibits the ability of Xwnt-8 mRNA to induce axis duplication in Xenopus embryos. The human SFRP5 gene consists of three coding exons and it maps to chromosome 10q24.1; human SFRP2 maps to 4q31.3. Based on the biology and complementary expression patterns of SFRP2 and SFRP5, we suggest that they may be involved in determining the polarity of photoreceptor, and perhaps other, cells in the retina.  (+info)

The pancreas is a glandular organ located in the abdomen, posterior to the stomach. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of acinar cells that produce and secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. These enzymes help in the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in food.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which include alpha, beta, delta, and F cells. These cells produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin and glucagon are critical regulators of blood sugar levels, with insulin promoting glucose uptake and storage in tissues and glucagon stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose when it is low.

Pancreas transplantation is a surgical procedure that involves implanting a healthy pancreas from a deceased donor into a recipient with diabetes. The primary goal of this procedure is to restore the recipient's insulin production and eliminate the need for insulin injections, thereby improving their quality of life and reducing the risk of long-term complications associated with diabetes.

There are three main types of pancreas transplantation:

1. Simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation: This is the most common type of pancreas transplant, performed simultaneously with a kidney transplant in patients with diabetes and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The new pancreas not only restores insulin production but also helps prevent further kidney damage.
2. Pancreas after kidney (PAK) transplantation: In this procedure, a patient receives a kidney transplant first, followed by a pancreas transplant at a later time. This is typically performed in patients who have already undergone a successful kidney transplant and wish to improve their diabetes management.
3. Pancreas transplantation alone (PTA): In rare cases, a pancreas transplant may be performed without a concurrent kidney transplant. This is usually considered for patients with brittle diabetes who experience severe hypoglycemic episodes despite optimal medical management and lifestyle modifications.

The success of pancreas transplantation has significantly improved over the years, thanks to advancements in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive medications, and post-transplant care. However, it is essential to weigh the benefits against the risks, such as potential complications related to surgery, infection, rejection, and long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs. Ultimately, the decision to undergo pancreas transplantation should be made in consultation with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, considering each patient's unique medical history and personal circumstances.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas refers to the part that releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum, which is the first section of the small intestine. These enzymes help in the breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in food, enabling their absorption and utilization by the body.

The exocrine pancreas is made up of acinar cells that cluster together to form acini (singular: acinus), which are small sac-like structures. When stimulated by hormones such as secretin and cholecystokinin, these acinar cells release digestive enzymes like amylase, lipase, and trypsin into a network of ducts that ultimately merge into the main pancreatic duct. This duct then joins the common bile duct, which carries bile from the liver and gallbladder, before emptying into the duodenum.

It is important to note that the pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of the islets of Langerhans, which release hormones like insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream, regulating blood sugar levels.

Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the pancreas that can be benign or malignant. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic neoplasms can interfere with the normal functioning of the pancreas, leading to various health complications.

Benign pancreatic neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. They are usually removed through surgery to prevent any potential complications, such as blocking the bile duct or causing pain.

Malignant pancreatic neoplasms, also known as pancreatic cancer, are cancerous growths that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or bones. Pancreatic cancer is often aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis.

There are several types of pancreatic neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and cystic neoplasms. The specific type of neoplasm is determined through various diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Pancreatic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the structure and function of the pancreas, a vital organ located in the abdomen. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function, which involves the production of digestive enzymes that help break down food in the small intestine, and an endocrine function, which involves the production of hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels.

Pancreatic diseases can be broadly classified into two categories: inflammatory and non-inflammatory. Inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as acute pancreatitis, which is characterized by sudden inflammation of the pancreas, and chronic pancreatitis, which is a long-term inflammation that can lead to scarring and loss of function.

Non-inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as pancreatic cancer, which is a malignant tumor that can arise from the cells of the pancreas, and benign tumors such as cysts or adenomas. Other non-inflammatory conditions include pancreatic insufficiency, which can occur when the pancreas does not produce enough digestive enzymes, and diabetes mellitus, which can result from impaired insulin production or action.

Overall, pancreatic diseases can have serious consequences on a person's health and quality of life, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for optimal outcomes.

The pancreatic ducts are a set of tubular structures within the pancreas that play a crucial role in the digestive system. The main pancreatic duct, also known as the duct of Wirsung, is responsible for transporting pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid from the pancreas to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas contains numerous smaller ducts called interlobular ducts and intralobular ducts that merge and ultimately join the main pancreatic duct. This system ensures that the digestive enzymes and fluids produced by the pancreas are effectively delivered to the small intestine, where they aid in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food.

In addition to the main pancreatic duct, there is an accessory pancreatic duct, also known as Santorini's duct, which can sometimes join the common bile duct before emptying into the duodenum through a shared opening called the ampulla of Vater. However, in most individuals, the accessory pancreatic duct usually drains into the main pancreatic duct before entering the duodenum.

An artificial pancreas is not a literal organ like a biological pancreas. Instead, it refers to a closed-loop system that integrates a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) with an insulin pump to automatically regulate blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes. This system mimics the functions of a healthy pancreas by constantly monitoring blood sugar levels and delivering the appropriate amount of insulin as needed, without requiring manual input from the user.

The artificial pancreas is still an area of active research and development, and various prototypes and systems are being tested in clinical trials to improve their accuracy, safety, and effectiveness. The ultimate goal of developing an artificial pancreas is to provide a more effective and convenient way to manage diabetes, reduce the risk of complications, and improve quality of life for people with diabetes.

Pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen that plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. The inflammation can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (persistent and recurring), and it can lead to various complications if left untreated.

Acute pancreatitis often results from gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, while chronic pancreatitis may be caused by long-term alcohol abuse, genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, or metabolic disorders like high triglyceride levels. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate, while chronic pancreatitis may present with ongoing abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and malabsorption issues due to impaired digestive enzyme production. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, pain management, and addressing the underlying cause. In severe cases, hospitalization and surgery may be necessary.

The Islets of Langerhans are clusters of specialized cells within the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. These islets are named after Paul Langerhans, who first identified them in 1869. They constitute around 1-2% of the total mass of the pancreas and are distributed throughout its substance.

The Islets of Langerhans contain several types of cells, including:

1. Alpha (α) cells: These produce and release glucagon, a hormone that helps to regulate blood sugar levels by promoting the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver when blood sugar levels are low.
2. Beta (β) cells: These produce and release insulin, a hormone that promotes the uptake and utilization of glucose by cells throughout the body, thereby lowering blood sugar levels.
3. Delta (δ) cells: These produce and release somatostatin, a hormone that inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon and helps regulate their secretion in response to changing blood sugar levels.
4. PP cells (gamma or γ cells): These produce and release pancreatic polypeptide, which plays a role in regulating digestive enzyme secretion and gastrointestinal motility.

Dysfunction of the Islets of Langerhans can lead to various endocrine disorders, such as diabetes mellitus, where insulin-producing beta cells are damaged or destroyed, leading to impaired blood sugar regulation.

A pancreatectomy is a surgical procedure in which all or part of the pancreas is removed. There are several types of pancreatectomies, including:

* **Total pancreatectomy:** Removal of the entire pancreas, as well as the spleen and nearby lymph nodes. This type of pancreatectomy is usually done for patients with cancer that has spread throughout the pancreas or for those who have had multiple surgeries to remove pancreatic tumors.
* **Distal pancreatectomy:** Removal of the body and tail of the pancreas, as well as nearby lymph nodes. This type of pancreatectomy is often done for patients with tumors in the body or tail of the pancreas.
* **Partial (or segmental) pancreatectomy:** Removal of a portion of the head or body of the pancreas, as well as nearby lymph nodes. This type of pancreatectomy is often done for patients with tumors in the head or body of the pancreas that can be removed without removing the entire organ.
* **Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD):** A type of surgery used to treat tumors in the head of the pancreas, as well as other conditions such as chronic pancreatitis. In this procedure, the head of the pancreas, duodenum, gallbladder, and bile duct are removed, but the stomach and lower portion of the esophagus (pylorus) are left in place.

After a pancreatectomy, patients may experience problems with digestion and blood sugar regulation, as the pancreas plays an important role in these functions. Patients may need to take enzyme supplements to help with digestion and may require insulin therapy to manage their blood sugar levels.

Amylases are enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates, such as starch and glycogen, into simpler sugars like maltose, glucose, and maltotriose. There are several types of amylases found in various organisms, including humans.

In humans, amylases are produced by the pancreas and salivary glands. Pancreatic amylase is released into the small intestine where it helps to digest dietary carbohydrates. Salivary amylase, also known as alpha-amylase, is secreted into the mouth and begins breaking down starches in food during chewing.

Deficiency or absence of amylases can lead to difficulties in digesting carbohydrates and may cause symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Elevated levels of amylase in the blood may indicate conditions such as pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or other disorders affecting the pancreas.

A choristoma is a type of growth that occurs when normally functioning tissue is found in an abnormal location within the body. It is not cancerous or harmful, but it can cause problems if it presses on surrounding structures or causes symptoms. Choristomas are typically congenital, meaning they are present at birth, and are thought to occur due to developmental errors during embryonic growth. They can be found in various organs and tissues throughout the body, including the brain, eye, skin, and gastrointestinal tract.

Pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDC) is a specific type of cancer that forms in the ducts that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas. It's the most common form of exocrine pancreatic cancer, making up about 90% of all cases.

The symptoms of PDC are often vague and can include abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), unexplained weight loss, and changes in bowel movements. These symptoms can be similar to those caused by other less serious conditions, which can make diagnosis difficult.

Pancreatic ductal carcinoma is often aggressive and difficult to treat. The prognosis for PDC is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of only about 9%. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. However, because PDC is often not detected until it has advanced, treatment is frequently focused on palliative care to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

Pancreatic juice is an alkaline fluid secreted by the exocrine component of the pancreas, primarily containing digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and trypsin. These enzymes aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, respectively, in the small intestine during the digestion process. The bicarbonate ions present in pancreatic juice help neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach, creating an optimal environment for enzymatic activity.

A pancreatic cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the pancreas, a gland located behind the stomach that produces enzymes to help with digestion and hormones to regulate blood sugar levels. Pancreatic cysts can be classified into several types, including congenital (present at birth), retention (formed due to blockage of pancreatic ducts), and pseudocysts (formed as a result of injury or inflammation).

While some pancreatic cysts may not cause any symptoms, others can lead to abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, or jaundice. Some cysts may also have the potential to become cancerous over time. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and evaluate pancreatic cysts through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and in some cases, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) may be necessary for further evaluation.

Treatment options for pancreatic cysts depend on the type, size, location, and symptoms of the cyst, as well as the patient's overall health condition. Some cysts may require surgical removal, while others can be managed with regular monitoring and follow-up care. It is essential to consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and management of pancreatic cysts.

Ceruletide is a synthetic analog of the natural hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). It is a decapeptide with the following sequence: cyclo(D-Asp-Tic-Phe-Ser-Leu-Hand-Ala-Lys-Thr-Nle-NH2).

Ceruletide has several pharmacological actions, including stimulation of the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas, contraction of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi, and inhibition of gastric acid secretion. It is used in clinical medicine for diagnostic purposes to test the motor function of the biliary tract and to diagnose gastrointestinal motility disorders.

Ceruletide has also been investigated as a potential treatment for certain conditions such as pancreatitis, gallstones, and intestinal obstruction, but its use is limited due to its side effects, which include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.

Glucagon is a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas. Its main function is to regulate glucose levels in the blood by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which can then be released into the bloodstream. This process helps to raise blood sugar levels when they are too low, such as during hypoglycemia.

Glucagon is a 29-amino acid polypeptide that is derived from the preproglucagon protein. It works by binding to glucagon receptors on liver cells, which triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that lead to the activation of enzymes involved in glycogen breakdown.

In addition to its role in glucose regulation, glucagon has also been shown to have other physiological effects, such as promoting lipolysis (the breakdown of fat) and inhibiting gastric acid secretion. Glucagon is often used clinically in the treatment of hypoglycemia, as well as in diagnostic tests to assess pancreatic function.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, primarily in response to elevated levels of glucose in the circulating blood. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels and facilitating the uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue, for energy production and storage. Insulin also inhibits glucose production in the liver and promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen or triglycerides.

Deficiency in insulin secretion or action leads to impaired glucose regulation and can result in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications. Exogenous insulin is used as a replacement therapy in individuals with diabetes to help manage their blood glucose levels and prevent long-term complications.

Secretin is a hormone that is produced and released by the S cells in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. It is released in response to the presence of acidic chyme (partially digested food) entering the duodenum from the stomach. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate-rich alkaline secretions, which help neutralize the acidity of the chyme and create an optimal environment for enzymatic digestion in the small intestine.

Additionally, secretin also promotes the production of watery fluids from the liver, which aids in the digestion process. Overall, secretin plays a crucial role in maintaining the pH balance and facilitating proper nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

Insulin-secreting cells, also known as beta cells, are a type of cell found in the pancreas. They are responsible for producing and releasing insulin, a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by allowing cells in the body to take in glucose from the bloodstream. Insulin-secreting cells are clustered together in the pancreatic islets, along with other types of cells that produce other hormones such as glucagon and somatostatin. In people with diabetes, these cells may not function properly, leading to an impaired ability to regulate blood sugar levels.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that is produced in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) and in the brain. It is released into the bloodstream in response to food, particularly fatty foods, and plays several roles in the digestive process.

In the digestive system, CCK stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder, which releases bile into the small intestine to help digest fats. It also inhibits the release of acid from the stomach and slows down the movement of food through the intestines.

In the brain, CCK acts as a neurotransmitter and has been shown to have effects on appetite regulation, mood, and memory. It may play a role in the feeling of fullness or satiety after eating, and may also be involved in anxiety and panic disorders.

CCK is sometimes referred to as "gallbladder-stimulating hormone" or "pancreozymin," although these terms are less commonly used than "cholecystokinin."

Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a hormone that is produced and released by the pancreas, specifically by the F cells located in the islets of Langerhans. It is a small protein consisting of 36 amino acids, and it plays a role in regulating digestive functions, particularly by inhibiting pancreatic enzyme secretion and gastric acid secretion.

PP is released into the bloodstream in response to food intake, especially when nutrients such as proteins and fats are present in the stomach. It acts on the brain to produce a feeling of fullness or satiety, which helps to regulate appetite and eating behavior. Additionally, PP has been shown to have effects on glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, and energy balance.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in the potential therapeutic uses of PP for a variety of conditions, including obesity, diabetes, and gastrointestinal disorders. However, more research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and clinical applications.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy, also known as the Whipple procedure, is a complex surgical operation that involves the removal of the head of the pancreas, the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), the gallbladder, and the distal common bile duct. In some cases, a portion of the stomach may also be removed. The remaining parts of the pancreas, bile duct, and intestines are then reconnected to allow for the digestion of food and drainage of bile.

This procedure is typically performed as a treatment for various conditions affecting the pancreas, such as tumors (including pancreatic cancer), chronic pancreatitis, or traumatic injuries. It is a major surgical operation that requires significant expertise and experience to perform safely and effectively.

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammation of the pancreas that leads to irreversible structural changes and impaired function of the pancreas. It is characterized by recurrent or persistent abdominal pain, often radiating to the back, and maldigestion with steatorrhea (fatty stools) due to exocrine insufficiency. The pancreatic damage results from repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis, alcohol abuse, genetic predisposition, or autoimmune processes. Over time, the pancreas may lose its ability to produce enough digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin, which can result in diabetes mellitus. Chronic pancreatitis also increases the risk of developing pancreatic cancer.

Mucinous cystadenoma is a type of benign tumor that arises from the epithelial cells lining the mucous membranes of the body. It is most commonly found in the ovary, but can also occur in other locations such as the pancreas or appendix.

Mucinous cystadenomas are characterized by the production of large amounts of mucin, a slippery, gel-like substance that accumulates inside the tumor and causes it to grow into a cystic mass. These tumors can vary in size, ranging from a few centimeters to over 20 centimeters in diameter.

While mucinous cystadenomas are generally benign, they have the potential to become cancerous (mucinous cystadenocarcinoma) if left untreated. Symptoms of mucinous cystadenoma may include abdominal pain or swelling, bloating, and changes in bowel movements or urinary habits. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor.

Adenocarcinoma, mucinous is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells that line certain organs and produce mucin, a substance that lubricates and protects tissues. This type of cancer is characterized by the presence of abundant pools of mucin within the tumor. It typically develops in organs such as the colon, rectum, lungs, pancreas, and ovaries.

Mucinous adenocarcinomas tend to have a distinct appearance under the microscope, with large pools of mucin pushing aside the cancer cells. They may also have a different clinical behavior compared to other types of adenocarcinomas, such as being more aggressive or having a worse prognosis in some cases.

It is important to note that while a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, mucinous can be serious, the prognosis and treatment options may vary depending on several factors, including the location of the cancer, the stage at which it was diagnosed, and the individual's overall health.

A serous cystadenoma is a type of benign tumor that arises from the epithelial cells lining the serous glands, which are glands that produce a watery, lubricating fluid. This type of tumor typically develops in the ovary or the pancreas.

Serous cystadenomas of the ovary are usually filled with a clear, watery fluid and have multiple loculations (compartments). They can vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. Although these tumors are benign, they can cause symptoms if they become large enough to press on surrounding organs or if they rupture and release their contents into the abdominal cavity.

Serous cystadenomas of the pancreas are less common than ovarian serous cystadenomas. They typically occur in the tail of the pancreas and can range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters in diameter. These tumors are usually asymptomatic, but they can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain or discomfort if they become large enough to press on surrounding organs.

It is important to note that while serous cystadenomas are generally benign, there is a small risk that they may undergo malignant transformation and develop into a type of cancer known as a serous cystadenocarcinoma. For this reason, it is important for patients with these tumors to be followed closely by a healthcare provider and to have regular imaging studies and/or surgical excision to monitor for any changes in the tumor.

Acinar cells are the type of exocrine gland cells that produce and release enzymes or other secretory products into a lumen or duct. These cells are most commonly found in the acini (plural of acinus) of the pancreas, where they produce digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine to help break down food.

The acinar cells in the pancreas are arranged in clusters called acini, which are surrounded by a network of ducts that transport the secreted enzymes to the duodenum. Each acinus contains a central lumen, into which the digestive enzymes are released by the acinar cells.

Acinar cells have a distinctive morphology, with a large, centrally located nucleus and abundant cytoplasm that contains numerous secretory granules. These granules contain the enzymes that are synthesized and stored within the acinar cells until they are released in response to hormonal or neural signals.

In addition to their role in digestion, acinar cells can also be found in other exocrine glands, such as the salivary glands, where they produce and release enzymes that help to break down food in the mouth.

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin. This results in an inability to regulate blood glucose levels, causing hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). Type 1 diabetes typically presents in childhood or early adulthood, although it can develop at any age. It is usually managed with regular insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, along with monitoring of blood glucose levels and adjustments to diet and physical activity. Uncontrolled type 1 diabetes can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, nerve damage, blindness, and cardiovascular disease.

Carcinoma, acinar cell is a type of pancreatic cancer that originates in the acinar cells of the pancreas. The acinar cells are responsible for producing digestive enzymes. This type of cancer is relatively rare and accounts for less than 5% of all pancreatic cancers. It typically presents with symptoms such as abdominal pain, weight loss, and jaundice. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, immediately following the stomach. It is a C-shaped structure that is about 10-12 inches long and is responsible for continuing the digestion process that begins in the stomach. The duodenum receives partially digested food from the stomach through the pyloric valve and mixes it with digestive enzymes and bile produced by the pancreas and liver, respectively. These enzymes help break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules, allowing for efficient absorption in the remaining sections of the small intestine.

An islet cell adenoma is a rare, typically benign tumor that develops in the islets of Langerhans, which are clusters of hormone-producing cells in the pancreas. The islets of Langerhans contain several types of cells, including beta cells that produce insulin, alpha cells that produce glucagon, and delta cells that produce somatostatin.

Islet cell adenomas can cause various endocrine disorders depending on the type of hormone-producing cells involved. For example, if the tumor consists mainly of beta cells, it may secrete excessive amounts of insulin, leading to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Conversely, if the tumor is composed primarily of alpha cells, it may produce too much glucagon, resulting in hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) and a condition known as glucagonoma.

Islet cell adenomas are usually slow-growing and small but can become quite large in some cases. They are typically diagnosed through imaging tests such as CT scans or MRI, and hormone levels may be measured to determine the type of cells involved. Treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor, medication to manage hormonal imbalances, and, in rare cases, radiofrequency ablation or embolization.

Somatostatin is a hormone that inhibits the release of several hormones and also has a role in slowing down digestion. It is produced by the body in various parts of the body, including the hypothalamus (a part of the brain), the pancreas, and the gastrointestinal tract.

Somatostatin exists in two forms: somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28, which differ in their length. Somatostatin-14 is the predominant form found in the brain, while somatostatin-28 is the major form found in the gastrointestinal tract.

Somatostatin has a wide range of effects on various physiological processes, including:

* Inhibiting the release of several hormones such as growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, and gastrin
* Slowing down digestion by inhibiting the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and reducing blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract
* Regulating neurotransmission in the brain

Somatostatin is used clinically as a diagnostic tool for detecting certain types of tumors that overproduce growth hormone or other hormones, and it is also used as a treatment for some conditions such as acromegaly (a condition characterized by excessive growth hormone production) and gastrointestinal disorders.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Islets of Langerhans transplantation is a surgical procedure that involves the transplantation of isolated islets from a deceased donor's pancreas into another person with type 1 diabetes. The islets of Langerhans are clusters of cells within the pancreas that produce hormones, including insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels.

In type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys these insulin-producing cells, leading to high blood sugar levels. Islet transplantation aims to replace the damaged islets with healthy ones from a donor, allowing the recipient's body to produce and regulate its own insulin again.

The procedure involves extracting the islets from the donor pancreas and infusing them into the recipient's liver through a small incision in the abdomen. Once inside the liver, the islets can sense glucose levels in the bloodstream and release insulin as needed to maintain normal blood sugar levels.

Islet transplantation has shown promising results in improving blood sugar control and reducing the risk of severe hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) in people with type 1 diabetes. However, it requires long-term immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the transplanted islets, which can have side effects and increase the risk of infections.

Trypsinogen is a precursor protein that is converted into the enzyme trypsin in the small intestine. It is produced by the pancreas and released into the duodenum, where it is activated by enterokinase, an enzyme produced by the intestinal mucosa. Trypsinogen plays a crucial role in digestion by helping to break down proteins into smaller peptides and individual amino acids.

In medical terms, an elevated level of trypsinogen in the blood may indicate pancreatic disease or injury, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Therefore, measuring trypsinogen levels in the blood is sometimes used as a diagnostic tool to help identify these conditions.

Pancreatic hormones are chemical messengers produced and released by the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen. The two main types of pancreatic hormones are insulin and glucagon, which are released by specialized cells called islets of Langerhans.

Insulin is produced by beta cells and helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing cells in the body to take in sugar (glucose) from the bloodstream. It also helps the body store excess glucose in the liver for later use.

Glucagon is produced by alpha cells and has the opposite effect of insulin. When blood sugar levels are low, glucagon stimulates the release of stored glucose from the liver to raise blood sugar levels.

Together, insulin and glucagon help maintain balanced blood sugar levels and are essential for the proper functioning of the body's metabolism. Other hormones produced by the pancreas include somatostatin, which regulates the release of insulin and glucagon, and gastrin, which stimulates the production of digestive enzymes in the stomach.

Chymotrypsinogen is the inactive precursor form of the enzyme chymotrypsin, which is produced in the pancreas and plays a crucial role in digesting proteins in the small intestine. This zymogen is activated when it is cleaved by another protease called trypsin, resulting in the formation of the active enzyme chymotrypsin. Chymotrypsinogen is synthesized and stored in the pancreas as a proenzyme to prevent premature activation and potential damage to the pancreatic tissue. Once released into the small intestine, trypsin-mediated cleavage of chymotrypsinogen leads to the formation of chymotrypsin, which then contributes to protein breakdown and absorption in the gut.

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the bile ducts and pancreatic duct. This diagnostic test does not use radiation like other imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) scans or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

During an MRCP, the patient lies on a table that slides into the MRI machine. Contrast agents may be used to enhance the visibility of the ducts. The MRI machine uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the internal structures, allowing radiologists to assess any abnormalities or blockages in the bile and pancreatic ducts.

MRCP is often used to diagnose conditions such as gallstones, tumors, inflammation, or strictures in the bile or pancreatic ducts. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions. However, it does not allow for therapeutic interventions like ERCP, which can remove stones or place stents.

Homeodomain proteins are a group of transcription factors that play crucial roles in the development and differentiation of cells in animals and plants. They are characterized by the presence of a highly conserved DNA-binding domain called the homeodomain, which is typically about 60 amino acids long. The homeodomain consists of three helices, with the third helix responsible for recognizing and binding to specific DNA sequences.

Homeodomain proteins are involved in regulating gene expression during embryonic development, tissue maintenance, and organismal growth. They can act as activators or repressors of transcription, depending on the context and the presence of cofactors. Mutations in homeodomain proteins have been associated with various human diseases, including cancer, congenital abnormalities, and neurological disorders.

Some examples of homeodomain proteins include PAX6, which is essential for eye development, HOX genes, which are involved in body patterning, and NANOG, which plays a role in maintaining pluripotency in stem cells.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a medical procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the bile ducts and pancreas.

During ERCP, a flexible endoscope (a long, thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) is passed through the patient's mouth and throat, then through the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A narrow plastic tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope and into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter, and X-rays are taken to visualize the ducts.

ERCP can be used to diagnose a variety of conditions affecting the bile ducts and pancreas, including gallstones, tumors, strictures (narrowing of the ducts), and chronic pancreatitis. It can also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing gallstones from the bile duct or placing stents to keep the ducts open in cases of stricture.

ERCP is an invasive procedure that carries a risk of complications, including pancreatitis, infection, bleeding, and perforation (a tear in the lining of the GI tract). It should only be performed by experienced medical professionals in a hospital setting.

Glucagon-secreting cells, also known as alpha (α) cells, are a type of cell located in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. These cells are responsible for producing and secreting the hormone glucagon, which plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels.

Glucagon works in opposition to insulin, another hormone produced by different cells in the pancreas called beta (β) cells. When blood glucose levels are low, such as during fasting or exercise, glucagon is released into the bloodstream and travels to the liver, where it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen (stored glucose) into glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream to raise blood glucose levels.

Abnormalities in glucagon-secreting cells can contribute to various endocrine disorders, such as diabetes and hypoglycemia.

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis is a severe and potentially life-threatening form of acute pancreatitis, which is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas. In acute necrotizing pancreatitis, there is widespread death (necrosis) of pancreatic tissue due to autodigestion caused by the activation and release of digestive enzymes within the pancreas. This condition can lead to systemic inflammation, organ failure, and infection of the necrotic areas in the pancreas. It typically has a more complicated clinical course and worse prognosis compared to acute interstitial pancreatitis, which is another form of acute pancreatitis without significant necrosis.

Azaserine is a antineoplastic and antibiotic agent. Its chemical name is O-diazoacetyl-L-serine. It is an analog of the amino acid serine, which inhibits the enzyme necessary for the synthesis of DNA and RNA, thus preventing the growth of cancer cells. Azaserine is used in research but not in clinical medicine due to its high toxicity.

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the mucin-producing cells in the lining of a cyst. It is a subtype of cystadenocarcinoma, which is a malignant tumor that develops within a cyst. Mucinous cystadenocarcinomas are typically found in the ovary or pancreas but can also occur in other organs such as the appendix and the respiratory tract.

These tumors are characterized by the production of large amounts of mucin, a gel-like substance that can accumulate within the cyst and cause it to grow. Mucinous cystadenocarcinomas tend to grow slowly but can become quite large and may eventually spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body if left untreated.

Symptoms of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma depend on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, changes in bowel movements, or vaginal bleeding. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for mucinous cystadenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis and the patient's overall health.

Carcinoma, islet cell, also known as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor or pancreatic endocrine carcinoma, is a type of malignancy that arises from the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas. These tumors can produce and release hormones such as insulin, glucagon, gastrin, and somatostatin, leading to various clinical syndromes depending on the specific hormone produced.

Islet cell carcinomas are relatively rare, accounting for less than 5% of all pancreatic malignancies. They can occur at any age but are more common in adults between 40 and 60 years old. The prognosis for islet cell carcinoma varies widely depending on the stage and grade of the tumor, as well as the presence or absence of metastases. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies.

Endosonography, also known as endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), is a medical procedure that combines endoscopy and ultrasound to obtain detailed images and information about the digestive tract and surrounding organs. An endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip, is inserted through the mouth or rectum to reach the area of interest. A high-frequency ultrasound transducer at the tip of the endoscope generates sound waves that bounce off body tissues and create echoes, which are then translated into detailed images by a computer.

Endosonography allows doctors to visualize structures such as the esophageal, stomach, and intestinal walls, lymph nodes, blood vessels, and organs like the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. It can help diagnose conditions such as tumors, inflammation, and infections, and it can also be used to guide biopsies or fine-needle aspirations of suspicious lesions.

Overall, endosonography is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of various gastrointestinal and related disorders.

Carcinoma, papillary is a type of cancer that begins in the cells that line the glandular structures or the lining of organs. In a papillary carcinoma, the cancerous cells grow and form small finger-like projections, called papillae, within the tumor. This type of cancer most commonly occurs in the thyroid gland, but can also be found in other organs such as the lung, breast, and kidney. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland is usually slow-growing and has a good prognosis, especially when it is diagnosed at an early stage.

A pancreatic pseudocyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the abdomen, usually as a result of pancreatitis or trauma to the pancreas. It is composed of cells and tissues from the pancreas, along with enzymes, debris, and fluids. Unlike true cysts, pseudocysts do not have an epithelial lining. They can vary in size and may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or fever. In some cases, they may resolve on their own, but larger or symptomatic pseudocysts may require medical intervention, such as drainage or surgery.

Endocrine cells are a type of cell that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream. These cells are part of the endocrine system, which is responsible for regulating various functions and processes in the body through the production of hormones. Endocrine cells can be found in endocrine glands, such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and pancreas, as well as in other organs, such as the gonads and placenta. When these cells release hormones, they are transported through the bloodstream to target cells or organs, where they bind to specific receptors and elicit a response. This allows endocrine cells to play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and coordinating various physiological processes in the body.

Papillary cystadenoma is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from the glandular cells in various organs. It is characterized by the growth of finger-like projections (papillae) inside the cysts. These tumors can occur in different parts of the body, including the ovaries, pancreas, and the lining of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum).

In general, papillary cystadenomas are slow-growing and do not typically spread to other organs. However, they can cause symptoms such as pain or discomfort if they become large enough to press on surrounding tissues. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor. It is important to note that while papillary cystadenomas are generally benign, there is a small risk that they may undergo malignant transformation and develop into cancerous tumors over time. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is recommended to monitor for any changes in the tumor or the development of new symptoms.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from glandular epithelial cells. These cells line the inside of many internal organs, including the breasts, prostate, colon, and lungs. Adenocarcinomas can occur in any of these organs, as well as in other locations where glands are present.

The term "adenocarcinoma" is used to describe a cancer that has features of glandular tissue, such as mucus-secreting cells or cells that produce hormones. These cancers often form glandular structures within the tumor mass and may produce mucus or other substances.

Adenocarcinomas are typically slow-growing and tend to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or bloodstream. They can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these treatments. The prognosis for adenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the location and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and age.

Lipase is an enzyme that is produced by the pancreas and found in the digestive system of most organisms. Its primary function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of fats (triglycerides) into smaller molecules, such as fatty acids and glycerol, which can then be absorbed by the intestines and utilized for energy or stored for later use.

In medical terms, lipase levels in the blood are often measured to diagnose or monitor conditions that affect the pancreas, such as pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), pancreatic cancer, or cystic fibrosis. Elevated lipase levels may indicate damage to the pancreas and its ability to produce digestive enzymes.

Endoderm is the innermost of the three primary germ layers in a developing embryo, along with the ectoderm and mesoderm. The endoderm gives rise to several internal tissues and organs, most notably those found in the digestive system and respiratory system. Specifically, it forms the lining of the gut tube, which eventually becomes the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, pancreas, lungs, and other associated structures.

During embryonic development, the endoderm arises from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst, following a series of cell divisions and migrations that help to establish the basic body plan of the organism. As the embryo grows and develops, the endoderm continues to differentiate into more specialized tissues and structures, playing a critical role in the formation of many essential bodily functions.

Organogenesis is the process of formation and development of organs during embryonic growth. It involves the complex interactions of cells, tissues, and signaling molecules that lead to the creation of specialized structures in the body. This process begins in the early stages of embryonic development, around week 4-8, and continues until birth. During organogenesis, the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) differentiate into various cell types and organize themselves into specific structures that will eventually form the functional organs of the body. Abnormalities in organogenesis can result in congenital disorders or birth defects.

Cystadenoma is a type of benign tumor (not cancerous), which arises from glandular epithelial cells and is covered by a thin layer of connective tissue. These tumors can develop in various locations within the body, including the ovaries, pancreas, and other organs that contain glands.

There are two main types of cystadenomas: serous and mucinous. Serous cystadenomas are filled with a clear or watery fluid, while mucinous cystadenomas contain a thick, gelatinous material. Although they are generally not harmful, these tumors can grow quite large and cause discomfort or other symptoms due to their size or location. In some cases, cystadenomas may undergo malignant transformation and develop into cancerous tumors, known as cystadenocarcinomas. Regular medical follow-up and monitoring are essential for individuals diagnosed with cystadenomas to ensure early detection and treatment of any potential complications.

Duodenal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine that receives digestive secretions from the pancreas and bile duct. These growths can be benign or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms include adenomas, leiomyomas, lipomas, and hamartomas. They are usually slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. However, they may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bleeding, or obstruction of the intestine.

Malignant neoplasms include adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoids), lymphomas, and sarcomas. They are more aggressive and can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, anemia, or bowel obstruction.

The diagnosis of duodenal neoplasms is usually made through imaging tests such as CT scans, MRI, or endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment depends on the type and stage of the tumor and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these modalities.

Blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, is the concentration of glucose in the blood. Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as the main source of energy for the body's cells. It is carried to each cell through the bloodstream and is absorbed into the cells with the help of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas.

The normal range for blood glucose levels in humans is typically between 70 and 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) when fasting, and less than 180 mg/dL after meals. Levels that are consistently higher than this may indicate diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

Blood glucose levels can be measured through a variety of methods, including fingerstick blood tests, continuous glucose monitoring systems, and laboratory tests. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is important for people with diabetes to help manage their condition and prevent complications.

Neoplasms: Neoplasms refer to abnormal growths of tissue that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They occur when the normal control mechanisms that regulate cell growth and division are disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Cystic Neoplasms: Cystic neoplasms are tumors that contain fluid-filled sacs or cysts. These tumors can be benign or malignant and can occur in various organs of the body, including the pancreas, ovary, and liver.

Mucinous Neoplasms: Mucinous neoplasms are a type of cystic neoplasm that is characterized by the production of mucin, a gel-like substance produced by certain types of cells. These tumors can occur in various organs, including the ovary, pancreas, and colon. Mucinous neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and malignant forms are often aggressive and have a poor prognosis.

Serous Neoplasms: Serous neoplasms are another type of cystic neoplasm that is characterized by the production of serous fluid, which is a thin, watery fluid. These tumors commonly occur in the ovary and can be benign or malignant. Malignant serous neoplasms are often aggressive and have a poor prognosis.

In summary, neoplasms refer to abnormal tissue growths that can be benign or malignant. Cystic neoplasms contain fluid-filled sacs and can occur in various organs of the body. Mucinous neoplasms produce a gel-like substance called mucin and can also occur in various organs, while serous neoplasms produce thin, watery fluid and commonly occur in the ovary. Both mucinous and serous neoplasms can be benign or malignant, with malignant forms often being aggressive and having a poor prognosis.

Tissue distribution, in the context of pharmacology and toxicology, refers to the way that a drug or xenobiotic (a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced by or expected to be present within that organism) is distributed throughout the body's tissues after administration. It describes how much of the drug or xenobiotic can be found in various tissues and organs, and is influenced by factors such as blood flow, lipid solubility, protein binding, and the permeability of cell membranes. Understanding tissue distribution is important for predicting the potential effects of a drug or toxin on different parts of the body, and for designing drugs with improved safety and efficacy profiles.

The ampulla of Vater, also known as hepatopancreatic ampulla, is a dilated portion of the common bile duct where it joins the main pancreatic duct and empties into the second part of the duodenum. It serves as a conduit for both bile from the liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas to reach the small intestine, facilitating the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The ampulla of Vater is surrounded by a muscular sphincter, the sphincter of Oddi, which controls the flow of these secretions into the duodenum.

Insulinoma is a rare type of neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the beta cells of the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans). These tumors produce and secrete excessive amounts of insulin, leading to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels) even when the person hasn't eaten for a while. Insulinomas are typically slow-growing and benign (noncancerous), but about 10% of them can be malignant (cancerous) and may spread to other parts of the body. Common symptoms include sweating, confusion, dizziness, and weakness due to low blood sugar levels. The diagnosis is often confirmed through imaging tests like CT scans or MRI, and measuring insulin and C-peptide levels in the blood during a fasting test. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor.

I couldn't find a medical definition specifically for "Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental." However, I can provide you with information about experimental diabetes research and its relevance to understanding the disease.

Experimental diabetes models are used in biomedical research to study the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus and to test potential therapies or treatments. These models can be broadly categorized into two types: chemically-induced and genetically modified.

1. Chemically-induced diabetes models: These involve administering chemicals, such as alloxan or streptozotocin, to animals (commonly mice or rats) to destroy their pancreatic β-cells, which produce insulin. This results in hyperglycemia and symptoms similar to those seen in type 1 diabetes in humans.
2. Genetically modified diabetes models: These involve altering the genes of animals (commonly mice) to create a diabetes phenotype. Examples include non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which develop an autoimmune form of diabetes similar to human type 1 diabetes, and various strains of obese mice with insulin resistance, such as ob/ob or db/db mice, which model aspects of type 2 diabetes.

These experimental models help researchers better understand the mechanisms behind diabetes development and progression, identify new therapeutic targets, and test potential treatments before moving on to human clinical trials. However, it's essential to recognize that these models may not fully replicate all aspects of human diabetes, so findings from animal studies should be interpreted with caution.

Alcoholic pancreatitis is a specific type of pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas. This condition is caused by excessive and prolonged consumption of alcohol. The exact mechanism by which alcohol induces pancreatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed that alcohol causes damage to the cells of the pancreas, leading to inflammation. This can result in abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate. Chronic alcoholic pancreatitis can also lead to serious complications such as diabetes, malnutrition, and pancreatic cancer. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as hydration, pain management, and nutritional support, along with abstinence from alcohol. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or to relieve blockages in the pancreas.

Duodenal obstruction is a medical condition characterized by the blockage or impediment of the normal flow of contents through the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. This blockage can be partial or complete and can be caused by various factors such as:

1. Congenital abnormalities: Duodenal atresia or stenosis, where there is a congenital absence or narrowing of a portion of the duodenum.
2. Inflammatory conditions: Duodenitis, Crohn's disease, or tumors that cause swelling and inflammation in the duodenum.
3. Mechanical obstructions: Gallstones, tumors, strictures, or adhesions (scar tissue) from previous surgeries can physically block the duodenum.
4. Neuromuscular disorders: Conditions like progressive systemic sclerosis or amyloidosis that affect the neuromuscular function of the intestines can lead to duodenal obstruction.

Symptoms of duodenal obstruction may include nausea, vomiting (often with bilious or fecal matter), abdominal pain, distention, and decreased bowel movements. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or upper gastrointestinal series to visualize the blockage. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve surgery, endoscopic procedures, or medications to manage symptoms and address the obstruction.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that bind to and are activated by the hormone cholecystokinin. CCK is a peptide hormone that is released by cells in the duodenum in response to the presence of nutrients, particularly fat and protein. It has several physiological roles, including stimulating the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas, promoting the contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi (which controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum), and inhibiting gastric emptying.

There are two main types of CCK receptors, known as CCK-A and CCK-B receptors. CCK-A receptors are found in the pancreas, gallbladder, and gastrointestinal tract, where they mediate the effects of CCK on digestive enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction, and gastric emptying. CCK-B receptors are found primarily in the brain, where they play a role in regulating appetite and satiety.

CCK receptors have been studied as potential targets for the development of drugs to treat various gastrointestinal disorders, such as pancreatitis, gallstones, and obesity. However, more research is needed to fully understand their roles and therapeutic potential.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Sincalide is a synthetic hormone that stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder and the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. It is used in diagnostic procedures to help diagnose conditions such as gallstones or obstructions of the bile ducts.

Sincalide is a synthetic form of cholecystokinin (CCK), a hormone that is naturally produced in the body and stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder and the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. When sincalide is administered, it mimics the effects of CCK and causes the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the small intestine. This can help doctors see if there are any obstructions or abnormalities in the bile ducts or gallbladder.

Sincalide is usually given as an injection, and its effects can be monitored through imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans. It is important to note that sincalide should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can cause side effects such as abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting.

Glucose is a simple monosaccharide (or single sugar) that serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms. It's a fundamental molecule in biology, often referred to as "dextrose" or "grape sugar." Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and is vital to the functioning of cells, especially those in the brain and nervous system.

In the body, glucose is derived from the digestion of carbohydrates in food, and it's transported around the body via the bloodstream to cells where it can be used for energy. Cells convert glucose into a usable form through a process called cellular respiration, which involves a series of metabolic reactions that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the main currency of energy in cells.

Glucose is also stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen, a polysaccharide (multiple sugar) that can be broken down back into glucose when needed for energy between meals or during physical activity. Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is crucial for overall health, and imbalances can lead to conditions such as diabetes mellitus.

Organ specificity, in the context of immunology and toxicology, refers to the phenomenon where a substance (such as a drug or toxin) or an immune response primarily affects certain organs or tissues in the body. This can occur due to various reasons such as:

1. The presence of specific targets (like antigens in the case of an immune response or receptors in the case of drugs) that are more abundant in these organs.
2. The unique properties of certain cells or tissues that make them more susceptible to damage.
3. The way a substance is metabolized or cleared from the body, which can concentrate it in specific organs.

For example, in autoimmune diseases, organ specificity describes immune responses that are directed against antigens found only in certain organs, such as the thyroid gland in Hashimoto's disease. Similarly, some toxins or drugs may have a particular affinity for liver cells, leading to liver damage or specific drug interactions.

Gabexate is a medicinal drug that belongs to the class of agents known as serine protease inhibitors. It is used in the treatment and prevention of inflammation and damage to tissues caused by various surgical procedures, pancreatitis, and other conditions associated with the activation of proteolytic enzymes.

Gabexate works by inhibiting the activity of certain enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and thrombin, which play a key role in the inflammatory response and blood clotting cascade. By doing so, it helps to reduce the release of inflammatory mediators, prevent further tissue damage, and promote healing.

Gabexate is available in various forms, including injectable solutions and enteric-coated tablets, and its use is typically reserved for clinical settings under the supervision of a healthcare professional. As with any medication, it should be used only under the direction of a qualified medical practitioner, and its potential benefits and risks should be carefully weighed against those of other available treatment options.

Developmental gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the activation or repression of specific genes during embryonic and fetal development. These regulatory mechanisms ensure that genes are expressed at the right time, in the right cells, and at appropriate levels to guide proper growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of an organism.

Developmental gene expression regulation is a complex and dynamic process involving various molecular players, such as transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, non-coding RNAs, and signaling molecules. These regulators can interact with cis-regulatory elements, like enhancers and promoters, to fine-tune the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development.

Dysregulation of developmental gene expression can lead to various congenital disorders and developmental abnormalities. Therefore, understanding the principles and mechanisms governing developmental gene expression regulation is crucial for uncovering the etiology of developmental diseases and devising potential therapeutic strategies.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Secretory rate refers to the amount or volume of a secretion produced by a gland or an organ over a given period of time. It is a measure of the productivity or activity level of the secreting structure. The secretory rate can be quantified for various bodily fluids, such as saliva, sweat, digestive enzymes, hormones, or milk, depending on the context and the specific gland or organ being studied.

In clinical settings, measuring the secretory rate might involve collecting and analyzing samples over a certain duration to estimate the production rate of the substance in question. This information can be helpful in diagnosing conditions related to impaired secretion, monitoring treatment responses, or understanding the physiological adaptations of the body under different circumstances.

Transgenic mice are genetically modified rodents that have incorporated foreign DNA (exogenous DNA) into their own genome. This is typically done through the use of recombinant DNA technology, where a specific gene or genetic sequence of interest is isolated and then introduced into the mouse embryo. The resulting transgenic mice can then express the protein encoded by the foreign gene, allowing researchers to study its function in a living organism.

The process of creating transgenic mice usually involves microinjecting the exogenous DNA into the pronucleus of a fertilized egg, which is then implanted into a surrogate mother. The offspring that result from this procedure are screened for the presence of the foreign DNA, and those that carry the desired genetic modification are used to establish a transgenic mouse line.

Transgenic mice have been widely used in biomedical research to model human diseases, study gene function, and test new therapies. They provide a valuable tool for understanding complex biological processes and developing new treatments for a variety of medical conditions.

Cystadenocarcinoma is a type of tumor that arises from the epithelial lining of a cyst, and it has the potential to invade surrounding tissues and spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. It typically affects glandular organs such as the ovaries, pancreas, and salivary glands.

Cystadenocarcinomas can be classified into two types: serous and mucinous. Serous cystadenocarcinomas produce a watery fluid, while mucinous cystadenocarcinomas produce a thick, mucus-like fluid. Both types of tumors can be benign or malignant, but malignant cystadenocarcinomas are more aggressive and have a higher risk of metastasis.

Symptoms of cystadenocarcinoma depend on the location and size of the tumor. In some cases, there may be no symptoms until the tumor has grown large enough to cause pain or other problems. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, along with any affected surrounding tissue. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may also be used in some cases to help prevent recurrence or spread of the cancer.

Kidney transplantation is a surgical procedure where a healthy kidney from a deceased or living donor is implanted into a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or permanent kidney failure. The new kidney takes over the functions of filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, producing urine, and maintaining the body's electrolyte balance.

The transplanted kidney is typically placed in the lower abdomen, with its blood vessels connected to the recipient's iliac artery and vein. The ureter of the new kidney is then attached to the recipient's bladder to ensure proper urine flow. Following the surgery, the patient will require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ by their immune system.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

The digestive system is a complex group of organs and glands that process food. It converts the food we eat into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. The digestive system also eliminates waste from the body. It is made up of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and other organs that help the body break down and absorb food.

The GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Other organs that are part of the digestive system include the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands.

The process of digestion begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva. The food then travels down the esophagus and into the stomach, where it is broken down further by stomach acids. The digested food then moves into the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining waste material passes into the large intestine, where it is stored until it is eliminated through the anus.

The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play important roles in the digestive process as well. The liver produces bile, a substance that helps break down fats in the small intestine. The pancreas produces enzymes that help digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed in the small intestine.

Overall, the digestive system is responsible for breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste. It plays a critical role in maintaining our health and well-being.

Organ preservation is a medical technique used to maintain the viability and functionality of an organ outside the body for a certain period, typically for transplantation purposes. This process involves cooling the organ to slow down its metabolic activity and prevent tissue damage, while using specialized solutions that help preserve the organ's structure and function. Commonly preserved organs include hearts, livers, kidneys, lungs, and pancreases. The goal of organ preservation is to ensure that the transplanted organ remains in optimal condition until it can be successfully implanted into a recipient.

Trans-activators are proteins that increase the transcriptional activity of a gene or a set of genes. They do this by binding to specific DNA sequences and interacting with the transcription machinery, thereby enhancing the recruitment and assembly of the complexes needed for transcription. In some cases, trans-activators can also modulate the chromatin structure to make the template more accessible to the transcription machinery.

In the context of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection, the term "trans-activator" is often used specifically to refer to the Tat protein. The Tat protein is a viral regulatory protein that plays a critical role in the replication of HIV by activating the transcription of the viral genome. It does this by binding to a specific RNA structure called the Trans-Activation Response Element (TAR) located at the 5' end of all nascent HIV transcripts, and recruiting cellular cofactors that enhance the processivity and efficiency of RNA polymerase II, leading to increased viral gene expression.

Graft survival, in medical terms, refers to the success of a transplanted tissue or organ in continuing to function and integrate with the recipient's body over time. It is the opposite of graft rejection, which occurs when the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and attacks it, leading to its failure.

Graft survival depends on various factors, including the compatibility between the donor and recipient, the type and location of the graft, the use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection, and the overall health of the recipient. A successful graft survival implies that the transplanted tissue or organ has been accepted by the recipient's body and is functioning properly, providing the necessary physiological support for the recipient's survival and improved quality of life.

Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are adult, tissue-specific mesenchymal cells that are found in the exocrine portion of the pancreas. They are star-shaped and are located in the periacinar area, where they normally remain quiescent. However, in response to injury or inflammation, such as in chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer, PSCs become activated and transform into a myofibroblast-like phenotype.

Activated PSCs play a key role in the pathogenesis of pancreatic fibrosis, which is characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as collagen and fibronectin. This process can lead to the destruction of the normal pancreatic architecture and function. Activated PSCs also produce various growth factors and cytokines that promote the growth and survival of pancreatic cancer cells, contributing to the aggressive behavior of this disease.

Overall, PSCs play a critical role in the development and progression of pancreatic diseases, making them an important target for therapeutic intervention.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Duodenal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. Here are some examples of duodenal diseases:

1. Duodenitis: This is inflammation of the duodenum, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating. Duodenitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or chronic inflammation due to conditions like Crohn's disease.
2. Peptic ulcers: These are sores that develop in the lining of the duodenum, usually as a result of infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or long-term use of NSAIDs. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, bloating, and heartburn.
3. Duodenal cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the duodenum. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, weight loss, and blood in the stool.
4. Celiac disease: This is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the lining of the small intestine in response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This can lead to inflammation and damage to the duodenum.
5. Duodenal diverticulosis: This is a condition in which small pouches form in the lining of the duodenum. While many people with duodenal diverticulosis do not experience symptoms, some may develop complications such as inflammation or infection.
6. Duodenal atresia: This is a congenital condition in which the duodenum does not form properly, leading to blockage of the intestine. This can cause symptoms such as vomiting and difficulty feeding in newborns.

Stomach diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the stomach, a muscular sac located in the upper part of the abdomen and is responsible for storing and digesting food. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, indigestion, loss of appetite, and bloating. Some common stomach diseases include:

1. Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining that can cause pain, irritation, and ulcers.
2. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and damage to the esophageal lining.
3. Peptic ulcers: Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infections or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. Stomach cancer: Abnormal growth of cancerous cells in the stomach, which can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
5. Gastroparesis: A condition where the stomach muscles are weakened or paralyzed, leading to difficulty digesting food and emptying the stomach.
6. Functional dyspepsia: A chronic disorder characterized by symptoms such as pain, bloating, and fullness in the upper abdomen, without any identifiable cause.
7. Eosinophilic esophagitis: A condition where eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, accumulate in the esophagus, causing inflammation and difficulty swallowing.
8. Stomal stenosis: Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and small intestine, often caused by scar tissue or surgical complications.
9. Hiatal hernia: A condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, causing symptoms such as heartburn and difficulty swallowing.

These are just a few examples of stomach diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the stomach. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing these conditions and preventing complications.

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factors are a type of proteins that regulate gene expression through binding to specific DNA sequences. They play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. The bHLH domain is composed of two amphipathic α-helices separated by a loop region. This structure allows the formation of homodimers or heterodimers, which then bind to the E-box DNA motif (5'-CANNTG-3') to regulate transcription.

The bHLH family can be further divided into several subfamilies based on their sequence similarities and functional characteristics. Some members of this family are involved in the development and function of the nervous system, while others play critical roles in the development of muscle and bone. Dysregulation of bHLH transcription factors has been implicated in various human diseases, including cancer and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Proglucagon is a precursor protein that gets cleaved into several hormones, including glucagon, GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1), and GLP-2 (Glucagon-like peptide-2). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating blood sugar levels, energy balance, and gut function. Proglucagon is primarily produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas and L cells in the intestine. Glucagon helps to raise blood sugar levels during fasting or hypoglycemia, while GLP-1 and GLP-2 contribute to glucose regulation, satiety, and gut motility, among other functions.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

Lithostathine is a protein that is primarily produced in the pancreas. It is a component of pancreatic stones or calculi, also known as pancreatic lithiasis. These stones can cause blockages in the pancreatic ducts, leading to inflammation (pancreatitis) and damage to the pancreas. Lithostathine is believed to play a role in the formation of these stones, although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. It's worth noting that the medical literature might use the term "lithostathine" or "pancreatic lithostathine" to refer to this protein.

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

Endocrine gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths (tumors) that develop in the endocrine glands. These glands are responsible for producing hormones, which are chemical messengers that regulate various functions and processes in the body. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms tend to grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may also metastasize (spread) to distant sites.

Endocrine gland neoplasms can occur in any of the endocrine glands, including:

1. Pituitary gland: located at the base of the brain, it produces several hormones that regulate growth and development, as well as other bodily functions.
2. Thyroid gland: located in the neck, it produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and calcium balance.
3. Parathyroid glands: located near the thyroid gland, they produce parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood.
4. Adrenal glands: located on top of each kidney, they produce hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone that regulate stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure.
5. Pancreas: located behind the stomach, it produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels, and digestive enzymes that help break down food.
6. Pineal gland: located in the brain, it produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.
7. Gonads (ovaries and testicles): located in the pelvis (ovaries) and scrotum (testicles), they produce sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone that regulate reproductive function and secondary sexual characteristics.

Endocrine gland neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on the type and location of the tumor. For example, a pituitary gland neoplasm may cause headaches, vision problems, or hormonal imbalances, while an adrenal gland neoplasm may cause high blood pressure, weight gain, or mood changes.

Diagnosis of endocrine gland neoplasms typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to measure hormone levels. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormonal therapy, depending on the type and stage of the tumor.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Adenocarcinoma, papillary is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells and grows in a finger-like projection (called a papilla). This type of cancer can occur in various organs, including the lungs, pancreas, thyroid, and female reproductive system. The prognosis and treatment options for papillary adenocarcinoma depend on several factors, such as the location and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood (hyperglycemia) due to absolute or relative deficiency in insulin secretion and/or insulin action. There are two main types: Type 1 diabetes, which results from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to insulin deficiency, and Type 2 diabetes, which is associated with insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.

Type 1 diabetes typically presents in childhood or young adulthood, while Type 2 diabetes tends to occur later in life, often in association with obesity and physical inactivity. Both types of diabetes can lead to long-term complications such as damage to the eyes, kidneys, nerves, and cardiovascular system if left untreated or not well controlled.

The diagnosis of diabetes is usually made based on fasting plasma glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance tests, or hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Treatment typically involves lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise, along with medications to lower blood glucose levels and manage associated conditions.

A glucagonoma is a rare type of neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the alpha cells of the pancreas, where the hormone glucagon is produced. This tumor can lead to an overproduction of glucagon, resulting in a characteristic syndrome known as the "glucagonoma syndrome."

The symptoms of glucagonoma syndrome may include:

1. A distinctive rash called necrolytic migratory erythema, which is characterized by red, swollen, and painful skin lesions that can affect various parts of the body.
2. Weight loss
3. Diabetes or high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)
4. Anemia
5. Deep vein thrombosis (blood clots in the deep veins)
6. Depression and confusion
7. A decreased appetite
8. Fatigue and weakness
9. Diarrhea or steatorrhea (fatty stools)
10. High levels of amino acids, fatty acids, and zinc in the blood.

Glucagonomas are typically slow-growing tumors, but they can metastasize (spread) to other organs such as the liver, lymph nodes, and bones. Treatment options for glucagonoma may include surgery to remove the tumor, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiation therapy. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor the tumor's progression and manage any associated symptoms.

Carboxypeptidases A are a group of enzymes that play a role in the digestion of proteins. They are found in various organisms, including humans, and function to cleave specific amino acids from the carboxyl-terminal end of protein substrates. In humans, Carboxypeptidase A is primarily produced in the pancreas and secreted into the small intestine as an inactive zymogen called procarboxypeptidase A.

Procarboxypeptidase A is activated by trypsin, another proteolytic enzyme, to form Carboxypeptidase A1 and Carboxypeptidase A2. These enzymes have different substrate specificities, with Carboxypeptidase A1 preferentially cleaving aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine and tyrosine, while Carboxypeptidase A2 cleaves basic amino acids such as arginine and lysine.

Carboxypeptidases A play a crucial role in the final stages of protein digestion by breaking down large peptides into smaller di- and tripeptides, which can then be absorbed by the intestinal epithelium and transported to other parts of the body for use as building blocks or energy sources.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Streptozocin is an antibiotic and antineoplastic agent, which is primarily used in the treatment of metastatic pancreatic islet cell carcinoma (a type of pancreatic cancer). It is a naturally occurring compound produced by the bacterium Streptomyces achromogenes.

Medically, streptozocin is classified as an alkylating agent due to its ability to interact with DNA and RNA, disrupting the growth and multiplication of malignant cells. However, it can also have adverse effects on non-cancerous cells, particularly in the kidneys and pancreas, leading to potential side effects such as nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar).

It is essential that streptozocin be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional, who can monitor its effectiveness and potential side effects. The drug is typically given through intravenous infusion, with the dosage and duration tailored to individual patient needs and treatment responses.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a medical procedure that combines the use of endoscopy and ultrasound to guide the fine needle aspiration biopsy of internal organs or lesions. This technique allows for the sampling of tissue from inside the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent organs such as the pancreas, lymph nodes, and liver.

During the procedure, an endoscope equipped with an ultrasound probe is inserted through the patient's mouth and advanced to the area of interest. The ultrasound probe provides real-time images of the internal organs and lesions, allowing the physician to guide the fine needle into the target tissue. Once the needle is in position, suction is applied to collect a sample of cells or fluid for further examination under a microscope.

EUS-FNA is commonly used to diagnose and stage various types of cancer, as well as to evaluate other conditions such as pancreatitis, chronic liver disease, and gastrointestinal submucosal tumors. The procedure is generally safe and well-tolerated, with minimal risks and complications. However, as with any medical procedure, there are potential risks and benefits that should be discussed with a healthcare provider before undergoing EUS-FNA.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

A pancreatic fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the pancreas and another organ, often the digestive system. It usually occurs as a complication following trauma, surgery, or inflammation of the pancreas (such as pancreatitis). The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes, and when these enzymes escape the pancreas through a damaged or disrupted duct, they can cause irritation and inflammation in nearby tissues, leading to the formation of a fistula.

Pancreatic fistulas are typically characterized by the drainage of pancreatic fluid, which contains high levels of digestive enzymes, into other parts of the body. This can lead to various symptoms, including abdominal pain, swelling, fever, and malnutrition. Treatment may involve surgical repair of the fistula, as well as supportive care such as antibiotics, nutritional support, and drainage of any fluid collections.

Graft rejection is an immune response that occurs when transplanted tissue or organ (the graft) is recognized as foreign by the recipient's immune system, leading to the activation of immune cells to attack and destroy the graft. This results in the failure of the transplant and the need for additional medical intervention or another transplant. There are three types of graft rejection: hyperacute, acute, and chronic. Hyperacute rejection occurs immediately or soon after transplantation due to pre-existing antibodies against the graft. Acute rejection typically occurs within weeks to months post-transplant and is characterized by the infiltration of T-cells into the graft. Chronic rejection, which can occur months to years after transplantation, is a slow and progressive process characterized by fibrosis and tissue damage due to ongoing immune responses against the graft.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a diverse group of neoplasms that arise from cells of the neuroendocrine system, which is composed of dispersed neuroendocrine cells throughout the body, often in close association with nerves and blood vessels. These cells have the ability to produce and secrete hormones or hormone-like substances in response to various stimuli. NETs can occur in a variety of organs, including the lungs, pancreas, small intestine, colon, rectum, stomach, and thyroid gland, as well as in some less common sites such as the thymus, adrenal glands, and nervous system.

NETs can be functional or nonfunctional, depending on whether they produce and secrete hormones or hormone-like substances that cause specific symptoms related to hormonal excess. Functional NETs may give rise to a variety of clinical syndromes, such as carcinoid syndrome, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor syndrome (also known as Verner-Morrison or WDHA syndrome), and others. Nonfunctional NETs are more likely to present with symptoms related to the size and location of the tumor, such as abdominal pain, intestinal obstruction, or bleeding.

The diagnosis of NETs typically involves a combination of imaging studies, biochemical tests (e.g., measurement of serum hormone levels), and histopathological examination of tissue samples obtained through biopsy or surgical resection. Treatment options depend on the type, location, stage, and grade of the tumor, as well as the presence or absence of functional symptoms. They may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and/or peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT).

The splenic vein is a large, thin-walled vein that carries oxygenated blood from the spleen and pancreas to the liver. It is formed by the union of several smaller veins that drain the upper part of the stomach, the pancreas, and the left side of the colon (splenic flexure). The splenic vein runs along the top border of the pancreas and merges with the superior mesenteric vein to form the portal vein. This venous system allows for the filtration and detoxification of blood by the liver before it is distributed to the rest of the body.

"Inbred strains of rats" are genetically identical rodents that have been produced through many generations of brother-sister mating. This results in a high degree of homozygosity, where the genes at any particular locus in the genome are identical in all members of the strain.

Inbred strains of rats are widely used in biomedical research because they provide a consistent and reproducible genetic background for studying various biological phenomena, including the effects of drugs, environmental factors, and genetic mutations on health and disease. Additionally, inbred strains can be used to create genetically modified models of human diseases by introducing specific mutations into their genomes.

Some commonly used inbred strains of rats include the Wistar Kyoto (WKY), Sprague-Dawley (SD), and Fischer 344 (F344) rat strains. Each strain has its own unique genetic characteristics, making them suitable for different types of research.

'Digestive System Neoplasms' refer to new and abnormal growths of tissue in the digestive system that can be benign or malignant. These growths are also known as tumors, and they can occur in any part of the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon and rectum), liver, bile ducts, pancreas, and gallbladder. Neoplasms in the digestive system can interfere with normal digestion and absorption of nutrients, cause bleeding, obstruct the digestive tract, and spread to other parts of the body (metastasis) if they are malignant.

Benign neoplasms are not cancerous and do not usually spread to other parts of the body. They can often be removed surgically and may not require further treatment. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and organs and spread to other parts of the body. Treatment for malignant neoplasms in the digestive system typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

The causes of digestive system neoplasms are varied and include genetic factors, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors (such as diet and smoking), and infectious agents. Prevention strategies may include maintaining a healthy diet, avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, practicing safe sex, getting vaccinated against certain viral infections, and undergoing regular screenings for certain types of neoplasms (such as colonoscopies for colorectal cancer).

... of a human embryo at end of sixth week The pancreas and its surrounding structures Duodenum and pancreas. Deep ... The word pancreas comes from the Greek πᾶν (pân, "all") & κρέας (kréas, "flesh"). The function of the pancreas in diabetes has ... Anatomically, the pancreas is divided into a head, neck, body, and tail. The pancreas stretches from the inner curvature of the ... The pancreas contains tissue with an endocrine and exocrine role, and this division is also visible when the pancreas is viewed ...
"Pancreas" is a song by American musician Weird Al Yankovic from his 2006 album Straight Outta Lynwood. It is a parody of the ... Yankovic joked that the reason the song was written was because "my pancreas has given so much to me over the years, I felt ... Jim Blashfield created a video for "Pancreas" using stock footage from the Prelinger Archives.[citation needed] In his review ... "Pancreas" among Yankovic's eight best parodies. Moss, Corey (September 26, 2006). "Track By Track: In Weird Al's Lynwood, Green ...
... is a small cluster of pancreas cells detached from the pancreas and sometimes found in the wall of the ... Accessory pancreas is a rare condition in which small groups of pancreatic cells are separate from the pancreas. They may occur ... Treatment of accessory pancreas depends on the location and extent of the injured tissue. Surgery may be an option, or some ... Klob J. Pancreas accessorium. Zeitschrift der Kaiserl. Königl. Gesellschaft der Aerzte zu Wien 1859; 15:732. (Articles with ...
Therefore in pancreas divisum, where fusion of the ducts does not occur, the major drainage of the pancreas is done by the ... As a result, pancreas divisum is found more commonly in patients with pancreatitis. Pancreas divisum in individuals with no ... This test can demonstrate the presence of two separately draining ducts within the pancreas Pancreas divisum has been suggested ... Pancreatic divisum is a congenital anomaly in the anatomy of the ducts of the pancreas in which a single pancreatic duct is not ...
"Coexistence of annular pancreas with carcinoma in the dorsal part of pancreas divisum: diagnostic value of magnetic resonance ... Annular pancreas is a rare condition in which the second part of the duodenum is surrounded by a ring of pancreatic tissue ... This portion of the pancreas can constrict the duodenum and block or impair the flow of food to the rest of the intestines. It ... 1975). "The pancreas in infants and children". Surg Clin North Am. 55 (2): 377-85. doi:10.1016/S0039-6109(16)40587-6. PMID ...
The Pancreas is an organ of animal bodies. Pancreas may also refer to: Pancreas divisum Exocrine pancreas Pancreas (song), by " ... "Weird Al" Yankovic St Pancras, London This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pancreas. If an ...
The healthy pancreas comes from a donor who has just died or it may be a partial pancreas from a living donor. At present, ... A pancreas transplant is an organ transplant that involves implanting a healthy pancreas (one that can produce insulin) into a ... Because the pancreas is a vital organ, performing functions necessary in the digestion process, the recipient's native pancreas ... Pancreas-after-kidney transplant (PAK), when a cadaveric, or deceased, donor pancreas transplant is performed after a previous ...
It is a congenital disease and is also known as heterotopic, accessory, or aberrant pancreas. Often, heterotopic pancreas is ... An ectopic pancreas is an anatomical abnormality in which pancreatic tissue has grown outside its normal location and without ... Often heterotopic pancreas is recognized as an incidental finding on imaging studies performed for an unrelated reason. Ectopic ... The incidence of heterotopic pancreas is relatively low. Yuan, Z; Chen, J; Zheng, Q; Huang, XY; Yang, Z; Tang, J (7 August 2009 ...
An exocrine pancreas cell is a pancreatic cell that produces enzymes that are secreted into the small intestine. These enzymes ... Exocrine pancreas cell entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms This article incorporates public domain ...
Artificial pancreas may refer to any of the various technologies that seek to replicate the endocrine functions of the pancreas ... Automated insulin delivery systems, the most common meaning of "artificial pancreas" as diabetes mellitus is the most common ... cell transplants Automated glucose clamps This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Artificial pancreas ...
... the dorsal pancreas and the ventral pancreas. The dorsal pancreas appears first, at around day 26, opposite the developing ... There is also a common condition called pancreas divisum where the dorsal and ventral pancreas do not fuse properly. This ... "The Pancreas" Anatomy figure: 39:03-11 at Human Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The duodenum and pancreas." ... The ventral pancreas develops at the junction of the hepatic duct and the rest of the foregut. During development, differential ...
Salmon Pancreas disease (PD or SPD) is caused by a species of Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV) called Salmon pancreas disease virus ( ... Skjold, Pål; Sommerset, Ingunn; Frost, Petter; Villoing, Stephane (December 2016). "Vaccination against pancreas disease in ... "Effect of pancreas disease caused by SAV 2 on protein and fat digestion in Atlantic salmon". Journal of Fish Diseases. 42 (1): ... "The epidemiology of pancreas disease in salmonid aquaculture: a summary of the current state of knowledge". Journal of Fish ...
... are a group of pancreatic lesions characterized by a cystic appearance. They can be benign or ...
... (Japanese: 君の膵臓をたべたい, Hepburn: Kimi no Suizō o Tabetai), also known as Let Me Eat Your Pancreas, is ... Novel I Want to Eat Your Pancreas novel at Seven Seas Entertainment I Want to Eat Your Pancreas (novel) at Anime News Network's ... "劇場アニメ「君の膵臓をたべたい」Blu-ray&DVD2019年4月発売!". "I want to eat your pancreas". 君の膵臓をたべたい. Futabasha (in Japanese). Archived from the ... 君の膵臓をたべたい 下 [Let Me Eat Your Pancreas Part 2]. Futabasha
"Let Me Eat Your Pancreas - South Korea". The Numbers. Retrieved 13 May 2020. "I Want to Eat Your Pancreas". Box Office Mojo. ... Let Me Eat Your Pancreas (Japanese: 君の膵臓をたべたい, Hepburn: Kimi no Suizō o Tabetai) is a 2017 Japanese romance drama film starring ... Directed by Shō Tsukikawa, it is based on the 2015 novel I Want to Eat Your Pancreas by Yoru Sumino. An introvert boy, Haruki ... Official website (in Japanese) Let Me Eat Your Pancreas at IMDb (Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, CS1 Japanese- ...
... , also acinar cell carcinoma, is a rare malignant exocrine tumour of the pancreas. It ... ACC can be treated with a Whipple procedure or (depending on the location within the pancreas) with left partial resection of ... They can arise in any part of the pancreas. Histomorphologically, the tumour resembles the cells of the pancreatic acini and, ... 2011). "Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of solid and cystic lesions of the pancreas". Radiographics. 31 (3): E47-64. doi:10.1148/ ...
ユナイテッド・シネマ豊洲で劇場アニメ「君の膵臓をたべたい」特別試写会 開催決定! [Special preview of the anime film I Want to Eat Your Pancreas will be held at United ... 劇場アニメ「君の膵臓をたべたい」がシッチェス・カタロニア国際映画祭の最優秀長編作品賞にノミネート! [Anime film I Want to Eat Your Pancreas nominated for Best Animated Feature ... 劇場アニメ「君の膵臓をたべたい」オフィシャルガイドブックの発売が決定!! [The official guidebook for the anime film I Want to Eat Your Pancreas will be on sale!]. ... I
Pancreas. 2007;34(1):161-4. PMID 17198200 Galvañ VG. Sister Mary Joseph's nodule. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128(5):410. PMID ... mostly of the tail and body of the pancreas), and men are even more likely to have an underlying cancer of the gastrointestinal ...
Pancreas. 39 (6): 775-83. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ebb4f0. PMC 3419007. PMID 20664475. Sutton MG, Sheps SG, Lie JT (June 1981 ...
Frey, CF; Smith GJ (1987). "Description and rationale of a new operation for chronic pancreatitis". Pancreas. 2 (6): 701-7. doi ... a loop of the jejunum is then mobilized and attached over the exposed pancreatic duct to allow better drainage of the pancreas ... procedure is a surgical technique used in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis in which the diseased portions of the pancreas ...
Pancreas. Pearson syndrome causes the exocrine pancreas to not function properly because of scarring and atrophy. Individuals ... With the pancreas not functioning properly, this leads to high levels of fats in the liver. PMPS can also lead to diabetes and ... Pearson marrow pancreas syndrome (PMPS) is a condition that presents itself with severe reticulocyto-penic anemia. ... Specifically, Pearson syndrome is a combination of syndromes that involves the bone marrow and the exocrine pancreas. ...
... pancreas. Research foci: drug resistance; cancer genomics; tumor microenvironment; cancer metabolism; growth control in ...
Pancreas. 16 (4): 515-20. doi:10.1097/00006676-199805000-00010. PMID 9598814. S2CID 35807441. Bondar C, Plaza-Izurieta L, ... phosphatase kappa and SHP-1 are involved in the regulation of cell-cell contacts at adherens junctions in the exocrine pancreas ...
Pancreas. 25 (1): 39-44. doi:10.1097/00006676-200207000-00010. PMID 12131769. S2CID 2098747. "CC Detect - Serum-Based ...
August 2005). "Serous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas: management of a rare entity". Pancreas. 31 (2): 182-187. doi:10.1097/ ... Rare occurrence in the pancreas has been reported, although this is not typical, with the majority of microcystic pancreatic ...
May 1998). "Up-regulation of cytochrome P450 1A2, 2C9, and 2E1 in chronic pancreatitis". Pancreas. 16 (4): 521-528. doi:10.1097 ...
Pancreas. 35 (3): e9-15. doi:10.1097/MPA.0b013e318153fa42. PMID 17895837. S2CID 31006962. Marui T, Koishi S, Funatogawa I, et ...
... where tenderness on pressure exists in disease of the pancreas. At this point the tail of pancreas is projected on the ... there is inflammation and edema of the pancreas. In severe pancreatitis, there is necrosis of the pancreas, and nearby organs ... Due to the pancreas lacking a capsule, the inflammation and necrosis can extend to include fascial layers in the immediate ... It is scored through the mnemonic, PANCREAS: P - PaO2 55-years-old N - Neutrophilia: WCC >15x10(9)/L C - Calcium 16 mmol/L E - ...
... s are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. Microbiota play key roles in the ... Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce ... Kiba T (August 2004). "Relationships between the autonomic nervous system and the pancreas including regulation of regeneration ... They modulate bile secretion, exocrine pancreas secretion, and satiety. Stomach enteroendocrine cells, which release gastrin, ...
"Long-Term Clinical Outcomes After Endoscopic Minor Papilla Therapy in Symptomatic Patients with Pancreas Divisum". Pancreas. 38 ...
Pancreas of a human embryo at end of sixth week The pancreas and its surrounding structures Duodenum and pancreas. Deep ... The word pancreas comes from the Greek πᾶν (pân, "all") & κρέας (kréas, "flesh"). The function of the pancreas in diabetes has ... Anatomically, the pancreas is divided into a head, neck, body, and tail. The pancreas stretches from the inner curvature of the ... The pancreas contains tissue with an endocrine and exocrine role, and this division is also visible when the pancreas is viewed ...
A pancreas transplant is surgery to place a healthy pancreas from a donor into a person with a diseased pancreas. Learn more. ... A pancreas transplant is surgery to place a healthy pancreas from a donor into a person with a diseased pancreas. It is mostly ... Kidney-Pancreas Transplant (National Kidney Foundation) * Pancreas transplant - series -- Normal anatomy (Medical Encyclopedia) ... Getting a New Pancreas: Facts about Pancreas Transplants (American Society of Transplantation) - PDF ...
... and pancreas transplantation is the only treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus that can induce insulin-independent ... Pancreas Transplant : Kidney transplantation is the treatment of choice for most patients with end-stage renal disease, ...
PRNewswire/ -- SummaryGlobalDatas Medical Devices sector report, Artificial Pancreas - Pipeline Review, 2015 provides an ... The report reviews the major players involved in the development of Artificial Pancreas and list all their pipeline projects. ... Identify and understand important and diverse types of Artificial Pancreas under development. - Develop market-entry and market ... Extensive coverage of the Artificial Pancreas products under development. - The report reviews details of major pipeline ...
... and function of the endocrine pancreas as well as clinical studies on islet transplantation for the treatment of typ ... The Endocrine Pancreas program supports research on the basic biology, development, ... The Endocrine Pancreas program supports research on the basic biology, development, and function of the endocrine pancreas, as ... Endocrine Pancreas. Biology, development, and function of the endocrine pancreas and clinical studies on islet transplantation ...
The first successful pancreas transplantation in conjunction with a simultaneous kidney transplantation was performed by W. ... The purpose of pancreas transplantation is to ameliorate type I diabetes and produce complete insulin independence. ... In addition, pancreas transplantation in patients with type 2 diabetes has increased steadily in recent years. [1] The pancreas ... The new pancreas graft failure definition was implemented in February 2018. It was used in the first full year of pancreas ...
... nutrition with pancreas news, facts, tips, & other information. Educate yourself about pancreas & help yourself and others live ...
Artificial-Pancreas Systems Outperform Comparators Overall, the artificial-pancreas systems produced a 12.59% increase in time ... The "artificial pancreas," also known as a "closed-loop" system, consists of an insulin infusion pump, a continuous glucose ... Investigational artificial-pancreas systems uniformly appeared to improve glycemic control in outpatients in a new systematic ... He has a patent application related to aspects of glucose control with a bionic pancreas (single-hormone and dual-hormone ...
Pancreas transplantation is a type of surgery in which you receive a healthy donor pancreas. It is an option for some people ... In a pancreas transplant, your own pancreas remains in your body. The surgeon generally connects the new pancreas to your ... During a pancreas transplant, youll receive a healthy pancreas from a donor who has died. If you have kidney failure from your ... The wait for a pancreas can be quite long-on average, about 3 years. Surgeons may plan to do a pancreas transplant at the same ...
... inflammation of the pancreas). Learn more about the causes and symptoms here. ... Pediatric pancreas disease can include acute and chronic episodes of pancreatitis ( ... Pancreas disease can also be caused by a birth defect called pancreatic divisum. This causes two ducts to form in the pancreas ... Who is at risk for pancreas disease?. Your child is at risk for pancreas disease if they inherit the gene mutation. There is ...
https://www.mediafire.com/file/ezhrdbarqw0zmgc/I_WANT_TO_EAT_YOUR_PANCREAS_HINDI_DUBBED_720PHD.mp4/file. .header { position: ...
Meta-analysis confirms efficacy and safety of artificial pancreas, or closed-loop systems, in type 1 diabetes, but overall data ... Artificial pancreas treatment, also known as closed-loop glucose control, involves the combination of an insulin pump, ... The editorialists, one of whom is a patient who uses an open-source artificial pancreas system, also note that "the overall ... Cite this: Artificial Pancreas Systems for Diabetes Are Works in Progress - Medscape - Apr 24, 2018. ...
Pancreas The pancreas is a wing-shaped gland that extends from the duodenum (the upper portion of the small intestine) to the ... Pancreas. Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical Network. The pancreas is a glandular organ that produces a number of ... People whose pancreases do not produce enough insulin have a condition known as diabetes. Type 1 diabetics have a pancreas that ... Pancreas and Spleen. Medically reviewed by the Healthline Medical Network - By The Healthline Editorial Team on January 20, ...
... at Carnegie Mellon University are developing lipid nanoparticles that are designed to carry mRNA specifically to the pancreas. ... Lipid nanoparticles engineered to specifically target pancreas in mouse model. Therapeutics that use mRNA-like some of the ... Designing such lipid nanoparticles that can target hard-to-reach organs, such as the heart or pancreas, could revolutionize ... When the authors investigated where exactly their optimized nanoparticles were going in the pancreas, they were surprised to ...
Researchers say study participants with type 1 diabetes who used a bionic pancreas had more stable blood sugar levels ... "The bionic pancreas is an exciting new technology that provides glucose control for those with type 1 diabetes," said Leslie ... A bionic pancreas is an automated insulin delivery system. It tracks the users blood sugar through a continuous glucose ... People with type 1 diabetes using a bionic pancreas had greater blood sugar stability than those who used their usual insulin ...
... Written by Miriam E. Tucker. ... because they reside in the islets of Langerhans part of the pancreas) are destroyed by the bodys own immune reactions. People ... as well as insulin from the pancreas to the liver in people without type 1 diabetes. ...
There are varying symptoms of pancreas problems in dogs that can be indicative of multiple ailments. The pancreas provides ... Laboratory blood tests can show elevated amylase or lipase levels and an abdominal ultrasound may show an enlarged pancreas in ... Effective treatment requires administration of intravenous fluids to allow the pancreas to rest. The dog may need to be treated ... Pancreatic abscesses, collections of pus near the pancreas, may occur secondary to pancreatitis resulting in continuation of ...
... a successful pancreas transplant can improve health issues caused by type 1 diabetes. Learn more. ... Patients can undergo pancreas transplant six months to a year after a kidney transplant if a pancreas becomes available. ... Patients who need a pancreas transplant or a combined kidney-pancreas transplant typically dont have to wait as long as those ... Patients with type 1 diabetes may be evaluated for pancreas transplants or combined kidney-pancreas transplants. Patients with ...
pancreas. · July 11, 2006. · 28 Comments I have a theory about cookbooks, that publishers deliberately insert mistakes into the ... The pancreas had a weird texture but overall a nice taste. Its not as good as my mums tandoori chicken, but then what is? ... The pancreas I managed to procure came not from a female human, sadly, but from a Dutch calf, courtesy once again of the ... First up, the pancreas is soaked overnight. This removes any traces of blood from the tissue, leaving our mucilaginous friend ...
More Within After Your Pancreas Transplant After Your Pancreas Transplant * What to Watch For ... When you have recovered enough to be at home safely, have learned how to care for yourself, and your new pancreas function is ... Pancreas and Liver Institute Pancreatic Cancer Program Parkinsons Disease and Movement Disorders Center Pathology Pelvic Floor ...
The Healthy Pancreas. Your pancreas is a slender gland located between your stomach and spinal cord. The pancreas performs two ... The pancreas is also placed in the lower part of your abdomen. Blood vessels are connected to supply blood flow to the pancreas ... About Pancreas Transplant. If you or someone you know is considering a pancreas transplant, it is important that you completely ... Pancreas Transplant Program. Kidney-pancreas transplant is a possible treatment option for patients with insulin-dependent ...
The normal position of the pancreas is next to, but not surrounding the duodenum. ... An annular pancreas is a ring of pancreatic tissue that encircles the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). ... Annular pancreas is problem present at birth (congenital defect). Symptoms occur when the ring of pancreas squeezes and narrows ... An annular pancreas is a ring of pancreatic tissue that encircles the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). The ...
... Lancet. 1968 May 18;1(7551):1061-3. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(68)91412-8 ...
PRNewswire/ -- The global artificial pancreas device system (APDS) market is expected to reach USD 390 million by 2024, ... Browse full research report with TOC on "Artificial Pancreas Device System (APDS) Market Analysis by Type (Threshold Suspended ... Global Artificial Pancreas Device System Market by Device Type (USD Million), 2013 - 2024 *Threshold Suspended Device System ... Artificial Pancreas Device System Market by Region (USD Million), 2013 - 2024 *North America *U.S. ...
... Pancreatology. 2015 Sep-Oct;15(5):463-469. doi: ... 10 Pancreas and Biliary Program, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA ... 9 Pancreas Unit, Department of Digestive System, SantOrsola-Malpighi Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy. ... 2 Pancreas Interest Group, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. ...
Here we present a giant microcystic adenoma of the pancreas, possibly the largest ever malignant type in this group ever ... Microcystic adenoma of the pancreas is a tumor that is benign in nature. Malignant transformation in the tumor with metastases ... Tumors of the pancreas that contain substantial cystic components include mainly mucinous cystic neoplasm, intraductal ... Microcystic adenomas are found throughout the pancreas with around 50% located in the head of the pancreas. These tumors have ...
... with a clinical history of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas, predating her pregnancy. The patient had undergone ... Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is a rare tumor seen in predominately young women and carries a low malignant ... Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm of the pancreas, predominately affecting the exocrine function ... Pregnancy following Radical Resection of Solid Pseudopapillary Tumor of the Pancreas. James M. OBrien. ,1Debra Gussman. ,1 ...
PancreasBowl National Pancreas Foundation October-November, 2022 PancreasBowl is the National Pancreas Foundations (NPF) ... Animated Pancreas. NPF Cook Book. INSPIRE Online Patient Community. Camp Hope. Black/African American Initiative. Mental Health ... The National Pancreas Foundation. 3 Bethesda Metro Center, Suite 700. Bethesda, MD 20814. U.S.A. ... 2022 Wine Dinner To benefit the National Pancreas Foundation. 6:30 pm VIP Champagne Reception 7:15 pm Five Course Dinner ...
Colon, Esophagus, Liver, PancreasAn Open-label, Multicenter, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab ... PancreasPhase II Study to Evaluate Modified Folfirinox and Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Non-metastatic Unresectable ... PancreasA Phase III Trial of Perioperative Versus Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Resectable Pancreatic CancerPrincipal Investigator ... Other Endocrine System, PancreasRandomized Phase II Trial of Postoperative Adjuvant Capecitabine and Temozolomide Versus ...
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  • Biology, development, and function of the endocrine pancreas and clinical studies on islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes treatment. (nih.gov)
  • In an accompanying editorial, Steven J Russell, MD, of the Diabetes Research Center at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, said, "These results support the growing conviction of those closely following this field that artificial-pancreas technologies will soon change the standard of care for patients with type 1 diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • A pancreas transplant is a choice for some people with type 1 diabetes. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the pancreas stops producing the hormone insulin. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Candidates for pancreas transplantation generally have type 1 diabetes, usually along with kidney damage, nerve damage, eye problems, or another complication of the disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Pancreas transplantation is principally performed to ameliorate type 1 diabetes mellitus and produce complete independence from injected insulin. (medscape.com)
  • The currently marketed artificial pancreas system and those in development are efficacious and safe approaches for treating outpatients with type 1 diabetes, a new meta-analysis has found. (medscape.com)
  • In view of all the available evidence from randomized controlled trials, artificial pancreas treatment significantly improves glycemic control while reducing the burden of hypoglycemia in outpatients with type 1 diabetes," Bekiari and colleagues write. (medscape.com)
  • Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells (often called just "islets," because they reside in the islets of Langerhans part of the pancreas) are destroyed by the body's own immune reactions. (webmd.com)
  • Both types of islets are infused into the portal vein, which carries blood from several organs to the liver, as well as insulin from the pancreas to the liver in people without type 1 diabetes. (webmd.com)
  • Researchers say newly developed bionic pancreas machines can help people with type 1 diabetes manage their blood sugar levels. (healthline.com)
  • People with type 1 diabetes using a bionic pancreas had greater blood sugar stability than those who used their usual insulin delivery method. (healthline.com)
  • The relatively long-term, 13-week trial provides convincing evidence that the bionic pancreas is effective and safe for managing type 1 diabetes," said Dr. Qin Yang , the medical director at the UCI Health Diabetes Center in California. (healthline.com)
  • The bionic pancreas is an exciting new technology that provides glucose control for those with type 1 diabetes," said Leslie Hussey , Ph.D., RN, CNE, an academic residency coordinator in the Nursing Ph.D. Program at the College of Nursing at Walden University in Minnesota. (healthline.com)
  • The bionic pancreas is designed to make managing type 1 diabetes easier," she continued. (healthline.com)
  • Patients with type 1 diabetes may be evaluated for pancreas transplants or combined kidney-pancreas transplants. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • In type 1 diabetes, your body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Hybrid closed loop technology - also known as the artificial pancreas - automates many of the decisions that you have to make on a daily basis when you have type 1 diabetes. (jdrf.org.uk)
  • The researchers have previously shown that an artificial pancreas run by a similar algorithm is effective for patients living with type 1 diabetes, from adults through to very young children . (cam.ac.uk)
  • Unlike the artificial pancreas used for type 1 diabetes, this new version is a fully closed loop system - whereas patients with type 1 diabetes need to tell their artificial pancreas that they are about to eat to allow adjustment of insulin, for example, with this version they can leave the device to function entirely automatically. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The finding is the latest in what has become a race to develop a fully functioning artificial pancreas that can give patients with type 1 diabetes an automated way to control their blood sugar. (medgadget.com)
  • The primary pancreas transplant criteria for evaluation and admission into Tampa General Hospital's Pancreas Transplant program is the diagnosis of Type 1 diabetes and stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). (tgh.org)
  • An experimental procedure called islet cell transplantation transplants only the parts of the pancreas that make insulin. (medlineplus.gov)
  • People who have transplants must take drugs to keep their body from rejecting the new pancreas for the rest of their lives. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Select people with type 2 diabetes have received pancreas transplants as well. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • People who receive simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplants also tend to have less chance of rejection. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The number of pancreas transplants in the United States decreased from 2004 (when approximately 1500 were performed) to 2015. (medscape.com)
  • Subsequently, pancreas transplants have risen, mainly because of increased simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplants, while pancreas transplant alone (PTA) continued on a downward trend. (medscape.com)
  • PAK represented less than 10% of pancreas transplants in 2019. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreas transplants aren't recommended for patients who can manage their diabetes through diet, medication and other means, since the procedure carries all the risks and recovery issues of major surgery, as well as the possibility that the body's immune system will reject the transplanted organ. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Successful combined kidney-pancreas transplants prevent diabetes from damaging transplanted kidneys and eliminate the need for insulin therapy. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Improvements in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive medications have made it possible to perform pancreas transplants in diabetic patients who don't yet have serious kidney disease but who have problems maintaining normal blood sugar and insulin levels. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • With these improvements, people who receive pancreas transplants alone are achieving the same excellent results as those who get simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplants. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • All kidney-pancreas transplants at Emory are performed using organs from deceased donors. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Doctors have achieved this in a limitd number of cases by carrying out pancreas transplants, but the number of diabetics far outstrips the supply of donor organs. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • At the Nazih Zuhdi Transplant Institute in Oklahoma City, we offer world-class outcomes for kidney transplants from both living and deceased donors, from one of the largest and most experienced transplant teams in the U.S. For more information, see our pancreas and kidney transplant referral criteria list . (integrisok.com)
  • 1043 pancreas transplants were performed in 2012. (medscape.com)
  • However, the percentage of pancreas transplants performed as part of a multi-organ transplant has increased since 2004. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreas transplantation is a type of surgery in which you receive a healthy donor pancreas. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • In addition, pancreas transplantation in patients with type 2 diabetes has increased steadily in recent years. (medscape.com)
  • Simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation with enteric drainage. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreas transplantations are also performed after successful kidney transplantation (ie, pancreas-after-kidney [PAK] transplantation). (medscape.com)
  • Pancreas and islet cell transplantation can be considered complementary transplant options and undergoing one or the other is not mutually exclusive. (medscape.com)
  • In an analysis of 40 pancreas transplantations (50% PTA, 27.5% SPK, 22.5% PAK) after islet cell transplantation graft failure, overall survival rates (97% at 1 year and 83% at 5 years) were not adversely affected. (medscape.com)
  • Experiments in pancreas transplantation began long before the discovery of insulin. (medscape.com)
  • With improved immunosuppressive regimens and newer surgical techniques, the 1980s ushered in a new era in pancreas transplantation. (medscape.com)
  • therefore, pancreas transplantation is typically performed simultaneously with kidney transplantation . (medscape.com)
  • In patients undergoing pancreas transplantation, various technical concerns must be considered, including whether or not the venous drainage should be into the systemic circulation or into the portal vein. (medscape.com)
  • The complications of graft pancreatitis and bladder leakage that plagued early experiences with pancreas transplantation have largely been resolved as a result of both better technical expertise and fewer rejection- and immunosuppression-related complications. (medscape.com)
  • If standard treatments don't work, pancreas transplantation may be an option. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • If you or someone you know is considering a pancreas transplant, it is important that you completely understand the benefits, risks, and limitations of transplantation so you can make an informed decision. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Kidney-pancreas transplantation is a chance to return to a more normal, productive lifestyle. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • If following the kidney-pancreas transplant evaluation process it is determined that kidney-pancreas transplantation is the best treatment option for you, your name will be placed on a waiting list. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network's Kidney Transplantation and Pancreas Transplantation Committees have made key modifications to proposals to replace donation service area (DSA) and region as distribution units in kidney and pancreas allocation policy. (unos.org)
  • After loss of organ function due to chronic rejection, she underwent combined kidney-pancreas transplantation 5 years later, in 1990. (cdc.gov)
  • [ 2 ] The first successful pancreas transplantation was performed in 1966, simultaneously with kidney graft. (medscape.com)
  • About 75% of pancreas transplantations are performed simultaneously with a kidney transplantation from the same deceased donor. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4 ] About 15% of pancreas transplantations are performed after a previously successful kidney transplantation from a living or deceased donor. (medscape.com)
  • This is referred to as a pancreas-after-kidney transplantation. (medscape.com)
  • The remaining 10% of cases are performed as pancreas transplantation alone in patients who have normal renal function, but with very labile and problematic diabetes, such as patients with life-threatening hypoglycemic unawareness. (medscape.com)
  • An alternative therapy that may also ameliorate diabetes is islet cell transplantation, but this procedure is experimental and has not yet demonstrated equivalence to whole-graft pancreas transplantation. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, normalizing glucose through successful pancreas transplantation might be expected to stabilize or reverse microvascular complications. (medscape.com)
  • The resulting benefits of pancreas and kidney transplantation are discussed below. (medscape.com)
  • Most pancreas transplantation candidates have had diabetes for 20-25 years on average prior to consideration for transplantation, so many have had laser surgery for retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • The severity of these ophthalmologic changes may obviate a clear salutary effect of pancreas transplantation alone (PTA) or simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation on retinopathy. (medscape.com)
  • Neuropathy improves after both kidney and pancreas transplantation, suggesting that renal failure and diabetes contribute to the sensory neuropathy commonly observed at the time of transplantation. (medscape.com)
  • Two ducts, the main pancreatic duct and a smaller accessory pancreatic duct run through the body of the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
  • The peritoneum sits on top of the body of the pancreas, and the transverse colon in front of the peritoneum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Below the body of the pancreas sits some of the small intestine, specifically the last part of the duodenum and the jejunum to which it connects, as well as the suspensory ligament of the duodenum which falls between these two. (wikipedia.org)
  • The splenic artery and vein, which also passes behind the body of the pancreas, pass behind the tail of the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pancreatic neck is the arbitrary junction between the head and body of the pancreas. (medscape.com)
  • Computed tomography scan of the body of the pancreas (*) with the splenic vein (arrow) behind it. (medscape.com)
  • The longest part of the pancreas, the body, stretches across behind the stomach, and the tail of the pancreas ends adjacent to the spleen. (wikipedia.org)
  • The splenic artery runs along the top of the pancreas, and supplies the left part of the body and the tail of the pancreas through its pancreatic branches, the largest of which is called the greater pancreatic artery. (wikipedia.org)
  • At surgery, a unilocular cystic mass was found anteriorly and caudally to the tail of the pancreas in the lesser sac. (medscape.com)
  • A small ventral bud (pouch) forms the lower (inferior) part of the head and the uncinate process of pancreas, whereas a large dorsal bud (pouch) forms the upper (superior) part of the head as well as the body and tail of the pancreas. (medscape.com)
  • The body and tail of the pancreas run obliquely upward to the left in front of the aorta and left kidney. (medscape.com)
  • The narrow tip of the tail of the pancreas reaches the splenic hilum in the splenorenal (lienorenal) ligament. (medscape.com)
  • The body and tail of the pancreas lie in the lesser sac (omental bursa) behind the stomach. (medscape.com)
  • Computed tomography scan of the tail of the pancreas (*) reaching the hilum of the spleen (arrow). (medscape.com)
  • The head of the pancreas sits within the curvature of the duodenum, and wraps around the superior mesenteric artery and vein. (wikipedia.org)
  • The neck of the pancreas separates the head of the pancreas, located in the curvature of the duodenum, from the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • The head of the pancreas lies in the duodenal C loop in front of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and the left renal vein (see the following images). (medscape.com)
  • Because of its role in the regulation of blood sugar, the pancreas is also a key organ in diabetes mellitus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The function of the pancreas in diabetes has been known since at least 1889, with its role in insulin production identified in 1921. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1891, pieces of dog pancreas were autotransplanted beneath the skin and were shown to prevent diabetes after removal of the intra-abdominal pancreas. (medscape.com)
  • People whose pancreases do not produce enough insulin have a condition known as diabetes. (healthline.com)
  • The standard treatment for diabetes is to take insulin to replace what the pancreas isn't producing. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Patients with type 2 diabetes are less likely to be candidates because they may be insulin-resistant, meaning their body's cells don't respond normally to insulin, and wouldn't reap the benefits of a pancreas transplant. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Kidney-pancreas transplant is a possible treatment option for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes who are on, or close to requiring, dialysis. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, or the pancreas makes insulin but the body is unable to use that insulin properly. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • The global artificial pancreas device system (APDS) market is expected to reach USD 390 million by 2024, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. Rising occurrence of diabetes, increasing incidence of adverse effects due to improper insulin administration, and the growing interest of industry participants in the development of innovative treatments are some vital impact rendering drivers. (prnewswire.com)
  • Diabetes occurs when so-called beta cells in the pancreas fail to produce insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels, which sufferers manage by injecting additional insulin through the skin. (thenakedscientists.com)
  • Cambridge scientists have successfully trialled an artificial pancreas for use by patients living with type 2 diabetes. (cam.ac.uk)
  • For decades, researchers in the pancreas development and diabetes fields have been trying to understand how endocrine cells are made. (cshlpress.com)
  • At this stage, we can''t confirm whether the cells'' ability to turn into stem-like cells occur naturally in a healthy pancreas, but the results are very encouraging for the development of regenerative therapies to fight diabetes," he added. (medindia.net)
  • We are very excited to be participating in Insulet's artificial pancreas clinical trials," said Jordan Pinsker, M.D., senior research physician at William Sansum Diabetes Center. (businesswire.com)
  • With the first clinical study of our innovative artificial pancreas underway, we have taken another important step in fulfilling our mission to improve the lives of people with diabetes. (businesswire.com)
  • The pancreas is an organ located behind the lower part of the stomach, in front of the spine and plays an important part in diabetes. (diabetes.co.uk)
  • As more beta cells get killed off, the pancreas struggles to produce enough insulin to keep blood sugar levels down and the symptoms of diabetes begin to appear. (diabetes.co.uk)
  • If the pancreas can no longer produce enough insulin to bring down sugar levels, the symptoms of diabetes will begin to appear. (diabetes.co.uk)
  • Further development of type 2 diabetes can lead to loss of insulin producing beta cells from the pancreas which can lead to the need for insulin to be administered. (diabetes.co.uk)
  • Researchers at MGH and Boston University have reported that an "artificial pancreas" has worked in 11 patients enrolled in a study sponsored by the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. (medgadget.com)
  • When life gives you diabetes, you gotta laugh - and snuggle your pancreas plushie! (iheartguts.com)
  • Studies show your diabetes care packages and gift baskets are 100% cuter with our pancreas plush stuffed in there. (iheartguts.com)
  • A pancreas transplant is surgery to place a healthy pancreas from a donor into a person with a diseased pancreas. (medlineplus.gov)
  • During a pancreas transplant, you'll receive a healthy pancreas from a donor who has died. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • It can lead to permanent damage to the pancreas or loss of function. (childrens.com)
  • Chronic inflammation of the pancreas must be treated to avoid permanent damage to the pancreas, which will result in serious digestive problems. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • The pancreas stretches from the inner curvature of the duodenum, where the head surrounds two blood vessels: the superior mesenteric artery and vein. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pancreas is a wing-shaped gland that extends from the duodenum (the upper portion of the small intestine) to the spleen. (healthline.com)
  • An annular pancreas is a ring of pancreatic tissue that encircles the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The normal position of the pancreas is next to, but not surrounding the duodenum. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum and hormones into the bloodstream. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The pancreas develops as 2 buds (outpouchings) of endoderm from the primitive duodenum at the junction of the foregut and the midgut. (medscape.com)
  • The duodenum and pancreas. (medscape.com)
  • The pancreas is an organ that in humans lies in the abdomen, stretching from behind the stomach to the left upper abdomen near the spleen. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pancreas narrows towards the tail, which sits near to the spleen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gross surgical specimen showing the distal pancreas and the spleen. (hindawi.com)
  • Your child's pancreas produces hormones and enzymes that help control blood sugar and digest food. (childrens.com)
  • The pancreas is a glandular organ that produces a number of hormones essential to the body. (healthline.com)
  • Similar outcomes have been achieved for the three additional types of cells which make up the islets of Lagerhans, and which produce insulin and other hormones in the pancreas. (medindia.net)
  • Your pancreas produces hormones (endocrine gland, meaning stuff that goes into your blood) that go into the bloodstream that help turn food into energy. (iheartguts.com)
  • And if we can geek out a bit more, here is how one of the pancreas' most famous hormones -- insulin -- works inside your body to help you transform lunch into energy. (iheartguts.com)
  • The anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery travels in front of the neck of the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Portal vein lies behind the neck of the pancreas. (medscape.com)
  • Because the pancreas lies obliquely, all parts of the pancreas are not at the same transverse level and are not seen in 1 section (cut) of the CT scan-the pancreatic head is lower (at the level of L2) than its body (L1) and tail (T12). (medscape.com)
  • It predominately affects the exocrine function of the pancreas. (hindawi.com)
  • Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm of the pancreas, predominately affecting the exocrine function of the pancreas. (hindawi.com)
  • The main function of the pancreas has to do with digestion. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • Inflammation of the pancreas is known as pancreatitis, with common causes including chronic alcohol use and gallstones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pediatric pancreas disease can include acute (sudden) and chronic (ongoing) episodes of pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). (childrens.com)
  • Inflammation of the pancreas is called pancreatitis. (childrens.com)
  • Acute pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that causes sudden symptoms that resolve in a few days. (childrens.com)
  • The pancreas is an organ of the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
  • If you get a pancreas transplant, you must take special medicines as long as you have the transplanted organ in your body. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • [ 1 ] The pancreas is usually procured from a deceased organ donor, although select cases of living-donor pancreas transplantations have been performed. (medscape.com)
  • The pancreas is an organ, about 7 inches in length, that's located behind the stomach and below the liver. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • The pancreas plays a part in two different organ systems, the endocrine system and the exocrine system. (diabetes.co.uk)
  • The bionic pancreas: harbinger of a new era in organ replacement? (lifeboat.com)
  • For a deeper understanding of your pancreas, crack open that anatomy textbook and take a deeper dive into this amazing organ. (iheartguts.com)
  • The pancreas most commonly is procured from a deceased organ donor. (medscape.com)
  • The most common multi-organ transplant was kidney-pancreas transplant. (medscape.com)
  • The pancreas, named for the Greek words pan (all) and kreas (flesh), is a 12-15-cm long J-shaped (like a hockey stick), soft, lobulated, retroperitoneal organ. (medscape.com)
  • Here we present a giant microcystic adenoma of the pancreas, possibly the largest ever malignant type in this group ever reported in the literature with extensive metastases to the liver and causing extensive compression and encasement on surrounding structures. (hindawi.com)
  • Malignant transformation of cystic adenomas of the pancreas was first described in 1989 wherein the tumor showed invasion into surrounding structures and into the liver [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The Effects of Metformin Treatment on Diabetic Albino Rats' Pancreas, Liver, and Kidney Histology. (bvsalud.org)
  • Investigational artificial-pancreas systems uniformly appeared to improve glycemic control in outpatients in a new systematic review and meta-analysis, despite the different technologies tested and varying clinical conditions in the included clinical trials. (medscape.com)
  • Dr Russell, a researcher on the dual-hormone device now known as the " ILet ," also commented that upcoming data from larger trials for individual artificial-pancreas systems may obviate the need for future meta-analyses. (medscape.com)
  • But for now, "it is a measure of the progress in this field that sufficient data for meta-analysis have been generated and that the analysis shows that single-hormone and dual-hormone artificial-pancreas systems are both capable of increasing time in range and reducing hypoglycemia without increasing the use of insulin. (medscape.com)
  • Differences in hypoglycemia reduction were greater among studies that included remote monitoring of the artificial-pancreas systems (-3.92% vs -0.63%, P = .01). (medscape.com)
  • However, in a post hoc analysis of studies where monitoring was performed in both arms, there was still a reduction in hypoglycemia with the artificial-pancreas systems, suggesting that the reduction in hypoglycemia wasn't merely due to the remote monitoring, Dr Weisman explained. (medscape.com)
  • And, he noted that any remaining concerns about the remote-monitoring issue could be resolved with the results of a currently ongoing study that is directly assessing the effect of monitoring on hypoglycemia with the use of single- and dual-hormone artificial-pancreas systems. (medscape.com)
  • Results are consistent for people using artificial pancreas systems unsupervised under normal living conditions, and for both single hormone and dual hormone systems," they add. (medscape.com)
  • However, they also note that the current research evidence on artificial pancreas systems is limited by inconsistency in outcome reporting, small sample sizes, and short follow-up durations of trials. (medscape.com)
  • Compared with controls, patients using artificial pancreas systems spent a significant 9.6% more time in normal range, or an additional 140 minutes, over 24 hours. (medscape.com)
  • The pancreas provides digestive enzymes manufactured by the acinar cells and insulin for sugar metabolism produced by the iselet cells. (vetinfo.com)
  • This technology represents the closest to the fully automated artificial pancreas for type 1 diabetic patients. (healthline.com)
  • Insulin from your pancreas - or shot if you're diabetic - unlocks body cells so they can accept a special delivery of sugar (aka glucose). (iheartguts.com)
  • Recurrent diabetic nephropathy is observed as early as 2 years after KTA in a diabetic recipient or upon failure of the pancreas graft after SPK but has never been reported with a functioning SPK. (medscape.com)
  • They investigated mRNA delivery via intraperitoneal injection, which involves injecting a drug directly into the fluid that surrounds the organs of the peritoneal cavity (including the kidneys, intestines, and pancreas). (nih.gov)
  • They will meet weekly for the next month to determine a practical solution to the reallocation of kidneys and pancreata once DSA is removed from allocation. (unos.org)
  • The pancreas also produces large amounts of fluid that protects the lining of the small intestine from the acidic chyme (partially-digested food) that it receives from the stomach. (healthline.com)
  • The other function of your pancreas is to produce enzymes that are secreted into the small intestine to aid digestion. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • Symptoms occur when the ring of pancreas squeezes and narrows the small intestine so that food cannot pass easily or at all. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Enzymes from the pancreas help to break down nutrients in the small intestine. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • The pancreas becomes inflamed and problematic when something blocks the pancreatic enzymes from getting into the small intestine to do their job. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • If gallstones are the cause, it is because the stones are blocking the pathway for the pancreatic enzymes to leave the pancreas and enter into the small intestine. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • It also provides information about clinical trials in progress, which includes trial phase, trial status, trial start and end dates, and, the number of trials for the key Artificial Pancreas pipeline products. (prnewswire.com)
  • The pancreas is a mixed or heterocrine gland, i.e., it has both an endocrine and a digestive exocrine function. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pancreas is a gland behind your stomach and in front of your spine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There are two kinds of sweetbreads, the thymus gland - whose primary function is the production of cells used by the immune system to battle infection - and the pancreas, which secretes the various enzymes that allow the body to break down digestible foods. (blogjam.com)
  • Your pancreas is a slender gland located between your stomach and spinal cord. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • The pancreas also makes fluids that go directly into your digestive system (exocrine gland, meaning stuff that squirts directly into the body) to help break down food. (iheartguts.com)
  • In 1916, a sliced human pancreas was transplanted into two patients, but the grafts were wholly absorbed. (medscape.com)
  • This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) invites cooperative agreement applications to develop and operate a Human Pancreas Procurement and Analysis Program (HPPAP). (nih.gov)
  • However, select cases of living-donor pancreas transplantations have been performed. (medscape.com)
  • One used a bionic pancreas. (healthline.com)
  • A bionic pancreas is an automated insulin delivery system. (healthline.com)
  • The participants using the bionic pancreas experienced an average decrease in their A1C levels from 7.9% at the beginning of the trial to 7.3% at the end. (healthline.com)
  • Those using the bionic pancreas spent an average of 2.5 more hours per day within the targeted blood glucose range than the control group. (healthline.com)
  • If you haven't heard of the bionic pancreas, it's likely you soon will. (lifeboat.com)
  • Now a fully bionic pancreas similar in design to the Do-It-Yourself model is being developed by doctors at Massachusetts General Hospital and Boston University, with the goal of winning FDA approval. (lifeboat.com)
  • About 100 transplant centers in the United States perform pancreas transplantations. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatitis is an inflammation and swelling of the pancreas. (vetinfo.com)
  • Laboratory blood tests can show elevated amylase or lipase levels and an abdominal ultrasound may show an enlarged pancreas in cases of pancreatitis. (vetinfo.com)
  • Pancreatic abscesses, collections of pus near the pancreas, may occur secondary to pancreatitis resulting in continuation of pancreatitis symptoms after treatment. (vetinfo.com)
  • The official term for an inflamed pancreas is pancreatitis, and it can be an acute, sudden disease or a chronic condition. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • In some cases, pancreatitis patients will be given enzyme supplements to assist with digestion, but this is usually only when the pancreas is severely damaged. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • Dr. Rosenberg and his colleagues have demonstrated INGAP''s potential to induce new islet formation in the pancreas. (medindia.net)
  • This is the first artificial pancreas device that has used both insulin and glucagon," said Dr. Steven Russell of Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, who helped lead the study. (medgadget.com)
  • The "artificial pancreas," also known as a "closed-loop" system, consists of an insulin infusion pump, a continuous glucose monitor, and software with dosing algorithms that link the two devices to automate insulin delivery. (medscape.com)
  • Surgeons may plan to do a pancreas transplant at the same time as a kidney transplant, to help control blood glucose levels and reduce damage to the new kidney. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Artificial pancreas treatment, also known as closed-loop glucose control, involves the combination of an insulin pump, continuous glucose monitor (CGM), and control algorithm that enables the system to automatically deliver appropriate insulin doses. (medscape.com)
  • Researchers from the Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science at the University of Cambridge have developed an artificial pancreas that can help maintain healthy glucose levels. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Patients taking the control therapy spent two-thirds (67%) of their time with high glucose levels - this was halved to 33% when using the artificial pancreas. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Average glucose levels fell - from 12.6mmol/L when taking the control therapy to 9.2mmol/L while using the artificial pancreas. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The kidney transplant may be done earlier or even after the pancreas transplant. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • If you receive a kidney transplant without a pancreas transplant, you must continue to take insulin in addition to immunosupressive medications to protect the new kidney. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • DALLAS - Jan. 22, 2018 - UT Southwestern researchers report that development of the endocrine pancreas is promoted by a weblike network of epithelial tubes that exist only transiently in the developing embryo. (cshlpress.com)
  • Because of chronic rejection, the patient lost the kidney graft 5 years later, in 1995, and went back on dialysis with a well-functioning pancreas graft. (cdc.gov)
  • But they also point out that their meta-analysis "highlights some pitfalls in the conduct and reporting of artificial pancreas trials," including short duration and wide variation in outcomes reporting and metrics used, which they advise research groups standardize in consultation with relevant stakeholders including clinicians and patients. (medscape.com)
  • A kidney-pancreas transplant can improve the quality of life for such patients. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • The pancreas aids in digestion by producing enzymes that digest several types of nutrients, including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid, a common acid that acts as building block in DNA and is essential for all living things. (healthline.com)
  • A high-carb, low fat diet helps the pancreas function better by requiring less of the pancreatic enzymes for digestion. (healthandnutritiontips.net)
  • A pancreas transplant also works best on people without heart or blood vessel disease. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • A child with pancreas disease has trouble with these functions because the pancreas is inflamed. (childrens.com)
  • What are the signs and symptoms of Pediatric Pancreas Disease? (childrens.com)
  • What are the causes of Pediatric Pancreas Disease? (childrens.com)
  • Your child may be born with pancreas disease if they inherit a gene mutation (permanent change). (childrens.com)
  • This is called congenital (present at birth) pancreas disease. (childrens.com)
  • Pancreas disease can also be caused by a birth defect called pancreatic divisum. (childrens.com)
  • Who is at risk for pancreas disease? (childrens.com)
  • Your child is at risk for pancreas disease if they inherit the gene mutation. (childrens.com)
  • Eleven years ago, the patient underwent an open laparotomy for complicated symptomatic gall stone disease and was incidentally detected to have a space occupying lesion of the head of pancreas. (hindawi.com)
  • New research explains how environmental factors affect the outbreak and transmission of pancreas disease (PD) in farmed salmon. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Both infected and dead salmon can shed the salmonid pancreas disease virus into the sea and the virus particles can be spread by the wind and ocean currents from one fish farm to the next along the coast. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Pancreas disease (PD) is currently the most serious of the viral infections affecting Norwegian farmed salmon. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Also the pancreas has a ton of really fun nooks and crannies with colorful ye olde names like the Duct of Wirsung and the Islets of Langerhans, named after a bunch of dead anatomists. (iheartguts.com)
  • 99% of the pancreas is exocrine and 1% is endocrine. (wikipedia.org)
  • CT scan of the abdomen revealed a calcified cystic mass located in the distal portion of the pancreas. (hindawi.com)
  • Gross surgical specimen showing a well encapsulated cystic mass located in the distal pancreas. (hindawi.com)
  • Tumors of the pancreas that contain substantial cystic components include mainly mucinous cystic neoplasm, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, solid pseudopapillary tumor, and cystadenomas (which encompass microcystic, macrocystic/oligocystic, and rare solid serous adenomas). (hindawi.com)
  • The cystic structure was connected to the pancreas by a tubular structure, which was suture ligated and divided. (medscape.com)
  • Most cystic lesions of the pancreas are inflammatory pseudocysts, but approximately 10% are cystic neoplasms. (medscape.com)
  • Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is a rare tumor seen in predominately young women and carries a low malignant potential. (hindawi.com)
  • We discuss a patient, who presented to our high risk clinic, with a clinical history of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas, predating her pregnancy. (hindawi.com)
  • Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is considered a rare neoplasm, which predominately affects young African American women [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In addition to its rarity, pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is additionally associated with a relatively low malignant potential [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • She was treated two years earlier for a solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas. (hindawi.com)
  • Pathology slide showing hyalinized core, typical of pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas. (hindawi.com)
  • Microcystic adenoma of the pancreas is a tumor that is benign in nature. (hindawi.com)
  • Microcystic adenoma of the pancreas is a rare tumor that presents indolently with features of slow growth and abdominal pain secondary to mass effect. (hindawi.com)
  • My friend's father who was a doctor himself suffered from tumor of pancreas just when my friend entered medical school. (who.int)
  • Diagnosis was suggestive of tumor of pancreas. (who.int)
  • Behind the pancreas are several blood vessels, including the aorta, the splenic vein, and the left renal vein, as well as the beginning of the superior mesenteric artery. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most candidates considered for pancreas transplant evaluation meet the following criteria: take insulin, have appropriate financial and social support to handle the pancreas transplant procedure and subsequent care, are typically under the age of 55, and are in good health. (tgh.org)
  • 2022 Wine Dinner To benefit the National Pancreas Foundation. (pancreasfoundation.org)
  • PancreasBowl National Pancreas Foundation October-November, 2022 PancreasBowl is the National Pancreas Foundation's (NPF) signature national fundraiser. (pancreasfoundation.org)
  • The pancreas has a rich blood supply, with vessels originating as branches of both the coeliac artery and superior mesenteric artery. (wikipedia.org)
  • Computed tomography (CT) scan showing the pancreas head (*) and the superior mesenteric artery (black arrow) and vein (white arrow). (medscape.com)
  • In response to this need, researchers at Carnegie Mellon University are developing lipid nanoparticles that are designed to carry mRNA specifically to the pancreas. (nih.gov)
  • The researchers wanted to know if changing the charge of the helper lipid might affect the targeting of the nanoparticle and direct it towards the pancreas. (nih.gov)
  • IRVINE, May 15, 2019 ( Center for Medical Progress ) - The Center for Medical Progress (CMP), the citizen journalism organization responsible for the undercover video series exposing Planned Parenthood's sale of aborted baby body parts, revealed today that over the past month, government-funded researchers at University of California San Diego (UCSD) have sought to purchase hearts and pancreases from aborted fetuses from CMP. (lifesitenews.com)
  • The body is the largest part of the pancreas, and mostly lies behind the stomach, tapering along its length. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lower (terminal) part of the CBD runs behind (or sometimes through) the upper half of the head of pancreas before it joins the main pancreatic duct (MPD) to form a common channel (ampulla). (medscape.com)
  • With a new kidney, you will no longer experience renal failure, and your new pancreas will maintain your blood sugars at a normal level. (emoryhealthcare.org)