INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.
A severe form of acute INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS characterized by one or more areas of NECROSIS in the pancreas with varying degree of involvement of the surrounding tissues or organ systems. Massive pancreatic necrosis may lead to DIABETES MELLITUS, and malabsorption.
Acute or chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS due to excessive ALCOHOL DRINKING. Alcoholic pancreatitis usually presents as an acute episode but it is a chronic progressive disease in alcoholics.
A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.
A group of amylolytic enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen, and related alpha-1,4-glucans. (Stedman, 25th ed) EC 3.2.1.-.
A nodular organ in the ABDOMEN that contains a mixture of ENDOCRINE GLANDS and EXOCRINE GLANDS. The small endocrine portion consists of the ISLETS OF LANGERHANS secreting a number of hormones into the blood stream. The large exocrine portion (EXOCRINE PANCREAS) is a compound acinar gland that secretes several digestive enzymes into the pancreatic ductal system that empties into the DUODENUM.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Fiberoptic endoscopy designed for duodenal observation and cannulation of VATER'S AMPULLA, in order to visualize the pancreatic and biliary duct system by retrograde injection of contrast media. Endoscopic (Vater) papillotomy (SPHINCTEROTOMY, ENDOSCOPIC) may be performed during this procedure.
Ducts that collect PANCREATIC JUICE from the PANCREAS and supply it to the DUODENUM.
Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.
Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.
The major component (about 80%) of the PANCREAS composed of acinar functional units of tubular and spherical cells. The acinar cells synthesize and secrete several digestive enzymes such as TRYPSINOGEN; LIPASE; AMYLASE; and RIBONUCLEASE. Secretion from the exocrine pancreas drains into the pancreatic ductal system and empties into the DUODENUM.
An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3.
Tests based on the biochemistry and physiology of the exocrine pancreas and involving analysis of blood, duodenal contents, feces, or urine for products of pancreatic secretion.
Cells lining the saclike dilatations known as acini of various glands or the lungs.
A condition with abnormally elevated level of AMYLASES in the serum. Hyperamylasemia due to PANCREATITIS or other causes may be differentiated by identifying the amylase isoenzymes.
Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.
Non-invasive diagnostic technique for visualizing the PANCREATIC DUCTS and BILE DUCTS without the use of injected CONTRAST MEDIA or x-ray. MRI scans provide excellent sensitivity for duct dilatation, biliary stricture, and intraductal abnormalities.
Incision of Oddi's sphincter or Vater's ampulla performed by inserting a sphincterotome through an endoscope (DUODENOSCOPE) often following retrograde cholangiography (CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY, ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE). Endoscopic treatment by sphincterotomy is the preferred method of treatment for patients with retained or recurrent bile duct stones post-cholecystectomy, and for poor-surgical-risk patients that have the gallbladder still present.
The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.
Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).
A serine proteinase inhibitor used therapeutically in the treatment of pancreatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and as a regional anticoagulant for hemodialysis. The drug inhibits the hydrolytic effects of thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein, but not of chymotrypsin and aprotinin.
Surgical removal of the pancreas. (Dorland, 28th ed)
An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones.
Surgical anastomosis of the pancreatic duct, or the divided end of the transected pancreas, with the jejunum. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
Star-shaped, myofibroblast-like cells located in the periacinar, perivascular, and periductal regions of the EXOCRINE PANCREAS. They play a key role in the pathobiology of FIBROSIS; PANCREATITIS; and PANCREATIC CANCER.
The pathological process occurring in cells that are dying from irreparable injuries. It is caused by the progressive, uncontrolled action of degradative ENZYMES, leading to MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, nuclear flocculation, and cell lysis. It is distinct it from APOPTOSIS, which is a normal, regulated cellular process.
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.
Surgical removal of the GALLBLADDER.
Ultrasonography of internal organs using an ultrasound transducer sometimes mounted on a fiberoptic endoscope. In endosonography the transducer converts electronic signals into acoustic pulses or continuous waves and acts also as a receiver to detect reflected pulses from within the organ. An audiovisual-electronic interface converts the detected or processed echo signals, which pass through the electronics of the instrument, into a form that the technologist can evaluate. The procedure should not be confused with ENDOSCOPY which employs a special instrument called an endoscope. The "endo-" of endosonography refers to the examination of tissue within hollow organs, with reference to the usual ultrasonography procedure which is performed externally or transcutaneously.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Gastrointestinal agents that stimulate the flow of bile into the duodenum (cholagogues) or stimulate the production of bile by the liver (choleretic).
A serine endopeptidase that is formed from TRYPSINOGEN in the pancreas. It is converted into its active form by ENTEROPEPTIDASE in the small intestine. It catalyzes hydrolysis of the carboxyl group of either arginine or lysine. EC 3.4.21.4.
The largest bile duct. It is formed by the junction of the CYSTIC DUCT and the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT.
Organic or functional motility disorder involving the SPHINCTER OF ODDI and associated with biliary COLIC. Pathological changes are most often seen in the COMMON BILE DUCT sphincter, and less commonly the PANCREATIC DUCT sphincter.
A malabsorption condition resulting from greater than 10% reduction in the secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes (LIPASE; PROTEASES; and AMYLASE) by the EXOCRINE PANCREAS into the DUODENUM. This condition is often associated with CYSTIC FIBROSIS and with chronic PANCREATITIS.
A subclass of alpha-amylase ISOENZYMES that are secreted into PANCREATIC JUICE.
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.
Hindrance of the passage of luminal contents in the DUODENUM. Duodenal obstruction can be partial or complete, and caused by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Simple obstruction is associated with diminished or stopped flow of luminal contents. Strangulating obstruction is associated with impaired blood flow to the duodenum in addition to obstructed flow of luminal contents.
Analyses for a specific enzyme activity, or of the level of a specific enzyme that is used to assess health and disease risk, for early detection of disease or disease prediction, diagnosis, and change in disease status.
A dilation of the duodenal papilla that is the opening of the juncture of the COMMON BILE DUCT and the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT, also known as the hepatopancreatic ampulla.
A peptide hormone of about 27 amino acids from the duodenal mucosa that activates pancreatic secretion and lowers the blood sugar level. (USAN and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names, 1994, p597)
An acronym for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, a scoring system using routinely collected data and providing an accurate, objective description for a broad range of intensive care unit admissions, measuring severity of illness in critically ill patients.
Organic compounds which contain tin in the molecule. Used widely in industry and agriculture.
Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.
A pancreatic trypsin inhibitor common to all mammals. It is secreted with the zymogens into the pancreatic juice. It is a protein composed of 56 amino acid residues and is different in amino acid composition and physiological activity from the Kunitz bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (APROTININ).
A true cyst of the PANCREAS, distinguished from the much more common PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST by possessing a lining of mucous EPITHELIUM. Pancreatic cysts are categorized as congenital, retention, neoplastic, parasitic, enterogenous, or dermoid. Congenital cysts occur more frequently as solitary cysts but may be multiple. Retention cysts are gross enlargements of PANCREATIC DUCTS secondary to ductal obstruction. (From Bockus Gastroenterology, 4th ed, p4145)
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.
An imaging test of the BILIARY TRACT in which a contrast dye (RADIOPAQUE MEDIA) is injected into the BILE DUCT and x-ray pictures are taken.
The proteinaceous component of the pancreatic stone in patients with PANCREATITIS.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the digestive tract.
A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7.
Abnormal passage communicating with the PANCREAS.
Diseases of the COMMON BILE DUCT including the AMPULLA OF VATER and the SPHINCTER OF ODDI.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A condition that is characterized by chronic fatty DIARRHEA, a result of abnormal DIGESTION and/or INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of FATS.
The sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla within the duodenal papilla. The COMMON BILE DUCT and main pancreatic duct pass through this sphincter.
Nutritional support given via the alimentary canal or any route connected to the gastrointestinal system (i.e., the enteral route). This includes oral feeding, sip feeding, and tube feeding using nasogastric, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy tubes.
An enzyme that hydrolyzes 1,6-alpha-glucosidic branch linkages in glycogen, amylopectin, and their beta-limit dextrins. It is distinguished from pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) by its inability to attack pullulan and by the feeble action of alpha-limit dextrins. It is distinguished from amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.69) by its action on glycogen. With EC 3.2.1.69, it produces the activity called "debranching enzyme". EC 3.2.1.68.
The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.
A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol.
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.
2-Amino-4-(ethylthio)butyric acid. An antimetabolite and methionine antagonist that interferes with amino acid incorporation into proteins and with cellular ATP utilization. It also produces liver neoplasms.

Rational sequence of tests for pancreatic function. (1/3000)

Of 144 patients with suspected pancreatic disease in whom a 75Se-selenomethionine scan was performed, endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) was successful in 108 (75%). The final diagnosis is known in 100 patients and has been compared with scan and ERP findings. A normal scan reliably indicated a normal pancreas, but the scan was falsely abnormal in 30%. ERP distinguished between carcinoma and chronic pancreatitis in 84% of cases but was falsely normal in five patients with pancreatic disease. In extrahepatic biliary disease both tests tended to give falsely abnormal results. A sequence of tests to provide a rapid and reliable assessment of pancreatic function should be a radio-isotope scan, followed by ERP if the results of the scan are abnormal, and a Lundh test if the scan is abnormal but the findings on ERP are normal.  (+info)

Activation of alveolar macrophages in lung injury associated with experimental acute pancreatitis is mediated by the liver. (2/3000)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate (1) whether alveolar macrophages are activated as a consequence of acute pancreatitis (AP), (2) the implication of inflammatory factors released by these macrophages in the process of neutrophil migration into the lungs observed in lung injury induced by AP, and (3) the role of the liver in the activation of alveolar macrophages. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Acute lung injury is the extrapancreatic complication most frequently associated with death and complications in severe AP. Neutrophil infiltration into the lungs seems to be related to the release of systemic and local mediators. The liver and alveolar macrophages are sources of mediators that have been suggested to participate in the lung damage associated with AP. METHODS: Pancreatitis was induced in rats by intraductal administration of 5% sodium taurocholate. The inflammatory process in the lung and the activation of alveolar macrophages were investigated in animals with and without portocaval shunting 3 hours after AP induction. Alveolar macrophages were obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage. The generation of nitric oxide, leukotriene B4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and MIP-2 by alveolar macrophages and the chemotactic activity of supernatants of cultured macrophages were evaluated. RESULTS: Pancreatitis was associated with increased infiltration of neutrophils into the lungs 3 hours after induction. This effect was prevented by the portocaval shunt. Alveolar macrophages obtained after induction of pancreatitis generated increased levels of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and MIP-2, but not leukotriene B4. In addition, supernatants of these macrophages exhibited a chemotactic activity for neutrophils when instilled into the lungs of unmanipulated animals. All these effects were abolished when portocaval shunting was carried out before induction of pancreatitis. CONCLUSION: Lung damage induced by experimental AP is associated with alveolar macrophage activation. The liver mediates the alveolar macrophage activation in this experimental model.  (+info)

Underestimation of acute pancreatitis: patients with only a small increase in amylase/lipase levels can also have or develop severe acute pancreatitis. (3/3000)

BACKGROUND: In most treatment studies on acute pancreatitis, pancreatologists base their diagnosis on amylase/lipase levels more than three times above the upper limit of normal (>3n) and thus exclude patients with smaller enzyme level increases. The recommendations derived from the results of treatment studies do not take into account such patients. Non-pancreatologists frequently believe that only patients with high enzyme levels have a serious prognosis. AIMS: To question the assumption that high enzyme levels indicate severe, and conversely low enzyme levels indicate mild, acute pancreatitis. PATIENTS/METHODS: This retrospective study includes 284 consecutive patients with a first attack of acute pancreatitis. The cause was biliary in 114 (40%) patients, alcoholism in 83 (29%), other in 21 (7%), and unknown in 66 (23%). Patients were divided into two groups according to their serum enzyme levels (amylase: 3n, n = 196; lipase: 3n, n = 233). Renal impairment, indication for dialysis and artificial ventilation, development of pseudocysts, necessity for surgery, and mortality were taken as parameters of severity. RESULTS: The incidence of severity was the same for both the 3n groups. CONCLUSIONS: The severity of acute pancreatitis is independent of the elevation in serum amylase/lipase level (3n) on admission. Patients with only a slight increase can also have or develop severe acute pancreatitis. Patients with +info)

Phospholipase A2 mediates nitric oxide production by alveolar macrophages and acute lung injury in pancreatitis. (4/3000)

OBJECTIVE: Reportedly, nitric oxide (NO) derived from alveolar macrophages (AMs) and increased serum phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity are associated with the pathogenesis of lung injury in acute pancreatitis. The authors examined the possibility that PLA2 causes, in part, the induction of NO production by AMs in pancreatitis. METHODS: Pancreatitis was induced in rats by selective pancreatic duct ligation (SPL). AMs were stimulated with PLA2 or SPL rat serum, with or without administration of the PLA2 inhibitor quinacrine. Then NO production from the AMs was measured by the Griess method, inducible NO synthase mRNA expression of AMs was analyzed by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and cytotoxic effects of AMs on human umbilical vein endothelial cells was examined by a 51Cr release assay. In vivo, the effect of quinacrine on lung injury was determined by measuring the arterial blood oxygen pressure (PaO2), lung weight, and lung permeability using Evans blue dye concentration of SPL rat. RESULTS: In vitro, the serum with high PLA2 activity induced NO production by rat AMs. PLA2 (50 ng/ml) induced significant amounts of NO production, inducible NO synthase mRNA expression, and cytotoxicity toward the human umbilical vein endothelial cells in normal rat AMs, and these activities were significantly inhibited by quinacrine. In vivo, rats with pancreatitis that were given quinacrine showed decreased concentrations of NO2- and NO3- in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the PaO2, lung edema, and lung permeability were improved significantly. CONCLUSION: PLA2 induces AMs to release NO, which contributes to lung injury in acute pancreatitis. This lung injury was prevented by the administration of the PLA2 inhibitor quinacrine.  (+info)

K-ras mutations in DNA extracted from the plasma of patients with pancreatic carcinoma: diagnostic utility and prognostic significance. (5/3000)

PURPOSE: Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of K-ras mutations in the plasma of patients with pancreatic carcinoma. However, the diagnostic utility and the prognostic significance of this finding have never been addressed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-four consecutive patients with histologically confirmed primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were included. A control group of 37 patients with chronic pancreatitis, 10 patients with other tumors of the pancreatic area, nine patients with acute pancreatitis, and four healthy volunteers was also included. Plasma DNA was isolated and K-ras codon-12 mutations were analyzed by means of restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism techniques. Patients were followed up to establish their clinical outcome. RESULTS: The mutant-type K-ras gene was found in plasma DNA samples of 12 (27%) of 44 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; this finding was related to the tumor stage (P = .05), mainly in the presence of distant metastases (P = .02). In addition, K-ras mutations were detected in the plasma DNA of two (5%) of 37 patients with chronic pancreatitis. In the subset of patients with pancreatic masses, the sensitivity and specificity of plasma K-ras analysis for pancreatic adenocarcinoma were 27% and 100%, respectively. Finally, pancreatic carcinoma patients with the mutant-type K-ras gene in plasma DNA exhibited a shorter survival time than patients with the wild-type gene (P<.005), and plasma K-ras mutations were identified as the only independent prognostic factor (odds ratio, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 2.23). CONCLUSION: Plasma K-ras analysis is a highly specific, low-sensitivity approach that has diagnostic and prognostic clinical implications in patients with pancreatic carcinoma.  (+info)

Transforming growth factor-beta-induced upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta receptor expression in pancreatic regeneration. (6/3000)

The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) signaling pathway is one important player in the regulation of extracellular matrix turnover and cell proliferation in epithelial regeneration. We used cerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats as a model to investigate the regulation of TGFbeta receptor type I and type II expression on protein and messenger RNA level during regeneration. In the regenerating pancreas, mRNA levels of TGFbeta receptor I and II were significantly increased with a maximum after 2 days. On protein level, expression of TGFbeta receptor II was significantly increased after three to 3-5 days. This elevated expression could be inhibited by neutralizing the endogenous biological activity of TGFbeta1 with a specific antibody. In cultured pancreatic epithelial cells, TGFbeta1 reduced cell proliferation as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. Furthermore the transcript levels of TGFbeta1 as well as mRNA and protein concentrations of type I and type II receptor increased during TGFbeta stimulation in vitro. These results indicate that epithelial pancreatic cells contribute to the enhanced TGFbeta1 synthesis during pancreatic regeneration by an autocrine mechanism. TGFbeta1, furthermore, upregulates the expression of its own receptors during the regenerative process, thereby contributing to the increase of the TGFbeta-induced cellular responses.  (+info)

The FHIT gene is expressed in pancreatic ductular cells and is altered in pancreatic cancers. (7/3000)

We examined 2 normal pancreata, 21 primary pancreatic ductal cancers, and 19 pancreatic cancer cell lines for Fhit expression and FHIT gene status. The normal pancreas expressed Fhit protein in the cytoplasm of ductular cells, whereas interlobular and larger ducts, acini, and insulae of Langerhans were negative. Fhit protein was detected by immunoblot assay in 11 pancreatic cancer cell lines; of the 8 cell lines lacking Fhit protein, 7 lacked FHIT mRNA and 1 showed an abnormally sized transcript. DNA from five of these eight cell lines showed homozygous loss of FHIT exon 5. In 8 of the 21 primary cancers, Fhit expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis of 6 of the 13 cases lacking Fhit showed normal-sized FHIT product in 3 cases and a mixture of normal and abnormal products in the other 3. Sequencing showed that abnormal bands were missing variable numbers of exons. Loss of microsatellite DNA markers internal to the FHIT gene was observed in 10 of 13 primary cancers lacking Fhit protein (homozygous in two cases) and in only 1 of the 8 cancers expressing Fhit protein. In nine primary cancers, four expressing and five lacking Fhit protein, it was possible to obtain pure cancer DNA by microdissection. Three of the five microdissected cases lacking Fhit protein exhibited homozygous deletion of FHIT exon 5. In conclusion, the lack of Fhit protein in pancreatic cancers correlated with absence or alteration of FHIT mRNA and was often associated with FHIT gene anomalies.  (+info)

Metastasis-induced acute pancreatitis in a patient with small cell carcinoma of the lung. (8/3000)

Acute pancreatitis in cancer patients can be secondary to the malignant process itself or a complication of antineoplastic agent administration. However, acute pancreatitis caused by metastatic carcinoma of the pancreas is an uncommon condition with a poor prognosis. We report a case of a 63-year-old man with small cell carcinoma of the lung, who developed acute pancreatitis lately. Thirteen months earlier, he developed small cell carcinoma of the lung and received 6 cycles of chemotherapy. Abdominal CT scan showed swelling of the pancreas with multiple masses. The patient was managed conservatively and pancreatitis subsided. This case indicates that metastasis induced acute pancreatitis can be a manifestation of lung cancer, especially in small cell carcinoma.  (+info)

Pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located in the abdomen that plays a crucial role in digestion and regulating blood sugar levels. The inflammation can be acute (sudden and severe) or chronic (persistent and recurring), and it can lead to various complications if left untreated.

Acute pancreatitis often results from gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption, while chronic pancreatitis may be caused by long-term alcohol abuse, genetic factors, autoimmune conditions, or metabolic disorders like high triglyceride levels. Symptoms of acute pancreatitis include severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate, while chronic pancreatitis may present with ongoing abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea, and malabsorption issues due to impaired digestive enzyme production. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, pain management, and addressing the underlying cause. In severe cases, hospitalization and surgery may be necessary.

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing inflammation of the pancreas that leads to irreversible structural changes and impaired function of the pancreas. It is characterized by recurrent or persistent abdominal pain, often radiating to the back, and maldigestion with steatorrhea (fatty stools) due to exocrine insufficiency. The pancreatic damage results from repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis, alcohol abuse, genetic predisposition, or autoimmune processes. Over time, the pancreas may lose its ability to produce enough digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin, which can result in diabetes mellitus. Chronic pancreatitis also increases the risk of developing pancreatic cancer.

Acute necrotizing pancreatitis is a severe and potentially life-threatening form of acute pancreatitis, which is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas. In acute necrotizing pancreatitis, there is widespread death (necrosis) of pancreatic tissue due to autodigestion caused by the activation and release of digestive enzymes within the pancreas. This condition can lead to systemic inflammation, organ failure, and infection of the necrotic areas in the pancreas. It typically has a more complicated clinical course and worse prognosis compared to acute interstitial pancreatitis, which is another form of acute pancreatitis without significant necrosis.

Alcoholic pancreatitis is a specific type of pancreatitis, which is inflammation of the pancreas. This condition is caused by excessive and prolonged consumption of alcohol. The exact mechanism by which alcohol induces pancreatitis is not fully understood, but it is believed that alcohol causes damage to the cells of the pancreas, leading to inflammation. This can result in abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and increased heart rate. Chronic alcoholic pancreatitis can also lead to serious complications such as diabetes, malnutrition, and pancreatic cancer. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as hydration, pain management, and nutritional support, along with abstinence from alcohol. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or to relieve blockages in the pancreas.

Ceruletide is a synthetic analog of the natural hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). It is a decapeptide with the following sequence: cyclo(D-Asp-Tic-Phe-Ser-Leu-Hand-Ala-Lys-Thr-Nle-NH2).

Ceruletide has several pharmacological actions, including stimulation of the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas, contraction of the gallbladder and sphincter of Oddi, and inhibition of gastric acid secretion. It is used in clinical medicine for diagnostic purposes to test the motor function of the biliary tract and to diagnose gastrointestinal motility disorders.

Ceruletide has also been investigated as a potential treatment for certain conditions such as pancreatitis, gallstones, and intestinal obstruction, but its use is limited due to its side effects, which include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.

Amylases are enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates, such as starch and glycogen, into simpler sugars like maltose, glucose, and maltotriose. There are several types of amylases found in various organisms, including humans.

In humans, amylases are produced by the pancreas and salivary glands. Pancreatic amylase is released into the small intestine where it helps to digest dietary carbohydrates. Salivary amylase, also known as alpha-amylase, is secreted into the mouth and begins breaking down starches in food during chewing.

Deficiency or absence of amylases can lead to difficulties in digesting carbohydrates and may cause symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Elevated levels of amylase in the blood may indicate conditions such as pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, or other disorders affecting the pancreas.

The pancreas is a glandular organ located in the abdomen, posterior to the stomach. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of acinar cells that produce and secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. These enzymes help in the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in food.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which include alpha, beta, delta, and F cells. These cells produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. Insulin and glucagon are critical regulators of blood sugar levels, with insulin promoting glucose uptake and storage in tissues and glucagon stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise blood glucose when it is low.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Trypsinogen is a precursor protein that is converted into the enzyme trypsin in the small intestine. It is produced by the pancreas and released into the duodenum, where it is activated by enterokinase, an enzyme produced by the intestinal mucosa. Trypsinogen plays a crucial role in digestion by helping to break down proteins into smaller peptides and individual amino acids.

In medical terms, an elevated level of trypsinogen in the blood may indicate pancreatic disease or injury, such as pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Therefore, measuring trypsinogen levels in the blood is sometimes used as a diagnostic tool to help identify these conditions.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a medical procedure that combines upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat certain problems of the bile ducts and pancreas.

During ERCP, a flexible endoscope (a long, thin, lighted tube with a camera on the end) is passed through the patient's mouth and throat, then through the stomach and into the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). A narrow plastic tube (catheter) is then inserted through the endoscope and into the bile ducts and/or pancreatic duct. Contrast dye is injected through the catheter, and X-rays are taken to visualize the ducts.

ERCP can be used to diagnose a variety of conditions affecting the bile ducts and pancreas, including gallstones, tumors, strictures (narrowing of the ducts), and chronic pancreatitis. It can also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing gallstones from the bile duct or placing stents to keep the ducts open in cases of stricture.

ERCP is an invasive procedure that carries a risk of complications, including pancreatitis, infection, bleeding, and perforation (a tear in the lining of the GI tract). It should only be performed by experienced medical professionals in a hospital setting.

The pancreatic ducts are a set of tubular structures within the pancreas that play a crucial role in the digestive system. The main pancreatic duct, also known as the duct of Wirsung, is responsible for transporting pancreatic enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid from the pancreas to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas contains numerous smaller ducts called interlobular ducts and intralobular ducts that merge and ultimately join the main pancreatic duct. This system ensures that the digestive enzymes and fluids produced by the pancreas are effectively delivered to the small intestine, where they aid in the breakdown and absorption of nutrients from food.

In addition to the main pancreatic duct, there is an accessory pancreatic duct, also known as Santorini's duct, which can sometimes join the common bile duct before emptying into the duodenum through a shared opening called the ampulla of Vater. However, in most individuals, the accessory pancreatic duct usually drains into the main pancreatic duct before entering the duodenum.

A pancreatic pseudocyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the abdomen, usually as a result of pancreatitis or trauma to the pancreas. It is composed of cells and tissues from the pancreas, along with enzymes, debris, and fluids. Unlike true cysts, pseudocysts do not have an epithelial lining. They can vary in size and may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, or fever. In some cases, they may resolve on their own, but larger or symptomatic pseudocysts may require medical intervention, such as drainage or surgery.

Pancreatic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the structure and function of the pancreas, a vital organ located in the abdomen. The pancreas has two main functions: an exocrine function, which involves the production of digestive enzymes that help break down food in the small intestine, and an endocrine function, which involves the production of hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels.

Pancreatic diseases can be broadly classified into two categories: inflammatory and non-inflammatory. Inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as acute pancreatitis, which is characterized by sudden inflammation of the pancreas, and chronic pancreatitis, which is a long-term inflammation that can lead to scarring and loss of function.

Non-inflammatory pancreatic diseases include conditions such as pancreatic cancer, which is a malignant tumor that can arise from the cells of the pancreas, and benign tumors such as cysts or adenomas. Other non-inflammatory conditions include pancreatic insufficiency, which can occur when the pancreas does not produce enough digestive enzymes, and diabetes mellitus, which can result from impaired insulin production or action.

Overall, pancreatic diseases can have serious consequences on a person's health and quality of life, and early diagnosis and treatment are essential for optimal outcomes.

The exocrine portion of the pancreas refers to the part that releases digestive enzymes into the duodenum, which is the first section of the small intestine. These enzymes help in the breakdown of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in food, enabling their absorption and utilization by the body.

The exocrine pancreas is made up of acinar cells that cluster together to form acini (singular: acinus), which are small sac-like structures. When stimulated by hormones such as secretin and cholecystokinin, these acinar cells release digestive enzymes like amylase, lipase, and trypsin into a network of ducts that ultimately merge into the main pancreatic duct. This duct then joins the common bile duct, which carries bile from the liver and gallbladder, before emptying into the duodenum.

It is important to note that the pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of the islets of Langerhans, which release hormones like insulin and glucagon directly into the bloodstream, regulating blood sugar levels.

Lipase is an enzyme that is produced by the pancreas and found in the digestive system of most organisms. Its primary function is to catalyze the hydrolysis of fats (triglycerides) into smaller molecules, such as fatty acids and glycerol, which can then be absorbed by the intestines and utilized for energy or stored for later use.

In medical terms, lipase levels in the blood are often measured to diagnose or monitor conditions that affect the pancreas, such as pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), pancreatic cancer, or cystic fibrosis. Elevated lipase levels may indicate damage to the pancreas and its ability to produce digestive enzymes.

Pancreatic function tests are a group of medical tests that are used to assess the functionality and health of the pancreas. The pancreas is a vital organ located in the abdomen, which has two main functions: an exocrine function, where it releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine to help break down food; and an endocrine function, where it produces hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels.

Pancreatic function tests typically involve measuring the levels of digestive enzymes in the blood or stool, or assessing the body's ability to digest and absorb certain nutrients. Some common pancreatic function tests include:

1. Serum amylase and lipase tests: These tests measure the levels of digestive enzymes called amylase and lipase in the blood. Elevated levels of these enzymes may indicate pancreatitis or other conditions affecting the pancreas.
2. Fecal elastase test: This test measures the level of elastase, an enzyme produced by the pancreas, in a stool sample. Low levels of elastase may indicate exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), a condition where the pancreas is not producing enough digestive enzymes.
3. Secretin stimulation test: This test involves administering a medication called secretin, which stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes. The levels of these enzymes are then measured in the blood or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).
4. Fat absorption tests: These tests involve measuring the amount of fat that is absorbed from a meal. High levels of fat in the stool may indicate EPI.
5. Glucose tolerance test: This test involves measuring blood sugar levels after consuming a sugary drink. Low levels of insulin or high levels of glucose may indicate diabetes or other endocrine disorders affecting the pancreas.

Overall, pancreatic function tests are important tools for diagnosing and monitoring conditions that affect the pancreas, such as pancreatitis, EPI, and diabetes.

Acinar cells are the type of exocrine gland cells that produce and release enzymes or other secretory products into a lumen or duct. These cells are most commonly found in the acini (plural of acinus) of the pancreas, where they produce digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestine to help break down food.

The acinar cells in the pancreas are arranged in clusters called acini, which are surrounded by a network of ducts that transport the secreted enzymes to the duodenum. Each acinus contains a central lumen, into which the digestive enzymes are released by the acinar cells.

Acinar cells have a distinctive morphology, with a large, centrally located nucleus and abundant cytoplasm that contains numerous secretory granules. These granules contain the enzymes that are synthesized and stored within the acinar cells until they are released in response to hormonal or neural signals.

In addition to their role in digestion, acinar cells can also be found in other exocrine glands, such as the salivary glands, where they produce and release enzymes that help to break down food in the mouth.

Hyperamylasemia is a medical condition characterized by an elevated level of amylase in the blood. Amylase is an enzyme that is primarily produced by the pancreas and salivary glands, and it plays a crucial role in digesting carbohydrates.

Normally, the levels of amylase in the blood are relatively low, but when there is damage to the pancreas or salivary glands, such as in cases of pancreatitis, salivary gland inflammation, or blockage, the levels of amylase can rise significantly. This condition is called hyperamylasemia.

Mild elevations in amylase levels may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered only during routine blood tests. However, more significant elevations can indicate a serious underlying medical condition that requires prompt treatment. Symptoms of hyperamylasemia may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and rapid heartbeat.

It is important to note that hyperamylasemia can also be caused by non-pancreatic conditions such as macroamylasemia, a benign condition where large amylase-containing protein complexes are formed and circulate in the bloodstream, leading to elevated amylase levels. Therefore, it is essential to perform further diagnostic tests to determine the underlying cause of hyperamylasemia.

Gallstones are small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder, a small organ located under the liver. They can range in size from as small as a grain of sand to as large as a golf ball. Gallstones can be made of cholesterol, bile pigments, or calcium salts, or a combination of these substances.

There are two main types of gallstones: cholesterol stones and pigment stones. Cholesterol stones are the most common type and are usually yellow-green in color. They form when there is too much cholesterol in the bile, which causes it to become saturated and form crystals that eventually grow into stones. Pigment stones are smaller and darker in color, ranging from brown to black. They form when there is an excess of bilirubin, a waste product produced by the breakdown of red blood cells, in the bile.

Gallstones can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating, especially after eating fatty foods. In some cases, gallstones can lead to serious complications, such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or blockage of the bile ducts, which can cause jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.

The exact cause of gallstones is not fully understood, but risk factors include being female, older age, obesity, a family history of gallstones, rapid weight loss, diabetes, and certain medical conditions such as cirrhosis or sickle cell anemia. Treatment for gallstones may involve medication to dissolve the stones, shock wave therapy to break them up, or surgery to remove the gallbladder.

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to visualize the bile ducts and pancreatic duct. This diagnostic test does not use radiation like other imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) scans or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).

During an MRCP, the patient lies on a table that slides into the MRI machine. Contrast agents may be used to enhance the visibility of the ducts. The MRI machine uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce detailed images of the internal structures, allowing radiologists to assess any abnormalities or blockages in the bile and pancreatic ducts.

MRCP is often used to diagnose conditions such as gallstones, tumors, inflammation, or strictures in the bile or pancreatic ducts. It can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions. However, it does not allow for therapeutic interventions like ERCP, which can remove stones or place stents.

Endoscopic sphincterotomy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope (a flexible tube with a light and camera) to cut the papilla of Vater, which contains the sphincter of Oddi muscle. This procedure is typically performed to treat gallstones or to manage other conditions related to the bile ducts or pancreatic ducts.

The sphincterotomy helps to widen the opening of the papilla, allowing stones or other obstructions to pass through more easily. It may also be used to relieve pressure and pain caused by spasms of the sphincter of Oddi muscle. The procedure is usually done under sedation or anesthesia and carries a risk of complications such as bleeding, infection, perforation, and pancreatitis.

Pancreatic juice is an alkaline fluid secreted by the exocrine component of the pancreas, primarily containing digestive enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and trypsin. These enzymes aid in the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, respectively, in the small intestine during the digestion process. The bicarbonate ions present in pancreatic juice help neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the duodenum from the stomach, creating an optimal environment for enzymatic activity.

Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the pancreas that can be benign or malignant. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic neoplasms can interfere with the normal functioning of the pancreas, leading to various health complications.

Benign pancreatic neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. They are usually removed through surgery to prevent any potential complications, such as blocking the bile duct or causing pain.

Malignant pancreatic neoplasms, also known as pancreatic cancer, are cancerous growths that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or bones. Pancreatic cancer is often aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis.

There are several types of pancreatic neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and cystic neoplasms. The specific type of neoplasm is determined through various diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Taurocholic acid is a bile salt, which is a type of organic compound that plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine. It is formed in the liver by conjugation of cholic acid with taurine, an amino sulfonic acid.

Taurocholic acid has a detergent-like effect on the lipids in our food, helping to break them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed through the intestinal wall and transported to other parts of the body for energy production or storage. It also helps to maintain the flow of bile from the liver to the gallbladder and small intestine, where it is stored until needed for digestion.

Abnormal levels of taurocholic acid in the body have been linked to various health conditions, including gallstones, liver disease, and gastrointestinal disorders. Therefore, it is important to maintain a healthy balance of bile salts, including taurocholic acid, for optimal digestive function.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Abdominal pain is defined as discomfort or painful sensation in the abdomen. The abdomen is the region of the body between the chest and the pelvis, and contains many important organs such as the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. Abdominal pain can vary in intensity from mild to severe, and can be acute or chronic depending on the underlying cause.

Abdominal pain can have many different causes, ranging from benign conditions such as gastritis, indigestion, or constipation, to more serious conditions such as appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, or abdominal aortic aneurysm. The location, quality, and duration of the pain can provide important clues about its cause. For example, sharp, localized pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen may indicate appendicitis, while crampy, diffuse pain in the lower abdomen may suggest irritable bowel syndrome.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience severe or persistent abdominal pain, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, vomiting, or bloody stools. A thorough physical examination, including a careful history and a focused abdominal exam, can help diagnose the underlying cause of the pain and guide appropriate treatment.

Cholelithiasis is a medical term that refers to the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver that stores bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. Gallstones are hardened deposits that can form in the gallbladder when substances in the bile, such as cholesterol or bilirubin, crystallize.

Gallstones can vary in size and may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. Some people with gallstones may not experience any symptoms, while others may have severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) if the gallstones block the bile ducts.

Cholelithiasis is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly women over the age of 40 and those with certain medical conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and rapid weight loss. If left untreated, gallstones can lead to serious complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), infection, or pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). Treatment options for cholelithiasis include medication, shock wave lithotripsy (breaking up the gallstones with sound waves), and surgery to remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy).

Gabexate is a medicinal drug that belongs to the class of agents known as serine protease inhibitors. It is used in the treatment and prevention of inflammation and damage to tissues caused by various surgical procedures, pancreatitis, and other conditions associated with the activation of proteolytic enzymes.

Gabexate works by inhibiting the activity of certain enzymes such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and thrombin, which play a key role in the inflammatory response and blood clotting cascade. By doing so, it helps to reduce the release of inflammatory mediators, prevent further tissue damage, and promote healing.

Gabexate is available in various forms, including injectable solutions and enteric-coated tablets, and its use is typically reserved for clinical settings under the supervision of a healthcare professional. As with any medication, it should be used only under the direction of a qualified medical practitioner, and its potential benefits and risks should be carefully weighed against those of other available treatment options.

A pancreatectomy is a surgical procedure in which all or part of the pancreas is removed. There are several types of pancreatectomies, including:

* **Total pancreatectomy:** Removal of the entire pancreas, as well as the spleen and nearby lymph nodes. This type of pancreatectomy is usually done for patients with cancer that has spread throughout the pancreas or for those who have had multiple surgeries to remove pancreatic tumors.
* **Distal pancreatectomy:** Removal of the body and tail of the pancreas, as well as nearby lymph nodes. This type of pancreatectomy is often done for patients with tumors in the body or tail of the pancreas.
* **Partial (or segmental) pancreatectomy:** Removal of a portion of the head or body of the pancreas, as well as nearby lymph nodes. This type of pancreatectomy is often done for patients with tumors in the head or body of the pancreas that can be removed without removing the entire organ.
* **Pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD):** A type of surgery used to treat tumors in the head of the pancreas, as well as other conditions such as chronic pancreatitis. In this procedure, the head of the pancreas, duodenum, gallbladder, and bile duct are removed, but the stomach and lower portion of the esophagus (pylorus) are left in place.

After a pancreatectomy, patients may experience problems with digestion and blood sugar regulation, as the pancreas plays an important role in these functions. Patients may need to take enzyme supplements to help with digestion and may require insulin therapy to manage their blood sugar levels.

"Calculi" is a medical term that refers to abnormal concretions or hard masses formed within the body, usually in hollow organs or cavities. These masses are typically composed of minerals such as calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or magnesium ammonium phosphate, and can vary in size from tiny granules to large stones. The plural form of the Latin word "calculus" (meaning "pebble"), calculi are commonly known as "stones." They can occur in various locations within the body, including the kidneys, gallbladder, urinary bladder, and prostate gland. The presence of calculi can cause a range of symptoms, such as pain, obstruction, infection, or inflammation, depending on their size, location, and composition.

Pancreaticojejunostomy is a surgical procedure that involves connecting the pancreas to a portion of the small intestine called the jejunum. This connection is typically created after the head of the pancreas has been removed, as in the case of a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple") procedure. The purpose of this anastomosis is to allow digestive enzymes from the pancreas to flow into the small intestine, where they can aid in the digestion of food.

The connection between the pancreas and jejunum can be created using several different techniques, including a hand-sewn anastomosis or a stapled anastomosis. The choice of technique may depend on various factors, such as the patient's individual anatomy, the surgeon's preference, and the reason for the surgery.

Pancreaticojejunostomy is a complex surgical procedure that requires significant skill and expertise to perform. It carries risks such as leakage of pancreatic enzymes into the abdominal cavity, which can lead to serious complications such as infection, bleeding, or even organ failure. As such, it is typically performed by experienced surgeons in specialized medical centers.

Biliary tract diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the biliary system, which includes the gallbladder, bile ducts, and liver. Bile is a digestive juice produced by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and released into the small intestine through the bile ducts to help digest fats.

Biliary tract diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, jaundice, fever, nausea, vomiting, and changes in stool color. Some of the common biliary tract diseases include:

1. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder or bile ducts made up of cholesterol or bilirubin.
2. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by gallstones.
3. Cholangitis: Infection or inflammation of the bile ducts.
4. Biliary dyskinesia: A motility disorder that affects the contraction and relaxation of the muscles in the biliary system.
5. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: A chronic autoimmune disease that causes scarring and narrowing of the bile ducts.
6. Biliary tract cancer: Rare cancers that affect the gallbladder, bile ducts, or liver.

Treatment for biliary tract diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, surgery, or a combination of both.

Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.

Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are adult, tissue-specific mesenchymal cells that are found in the exocrine portion of the pancreas. They are star-shaped and are located in the periacinar area, where they normally remain quiescent. However, in response to injury or inflammation, such as in chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer, PSCs become activated and transform into a myofibroblast-like phenotype.

Activated PSCs play a key role in the pathogenesis of pancreatic fibrosis, which is characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as collagen and fibronectin. This process can lead to the destruction of the normal pancreatic architecture and function. Activated PSCs also produce various growth factors and cytokines that promote the growth and survival of pancreatic cancer cells, contributing to the aggressive behavior of this disease.

Overall, PSCs play a critical role in the development and progression of pancreatic diseases, making them an important target for therapeutic intervention.

Necrosis is the premature death of cells or tissues due to damage or injury, such as from infection, trauma, infarction (lack of blood supply), or toxic substances. It's a pathological process that results in the uncontrolled and passive degradation of cellular components, ultimately leading to the release of intracellular contents into the extracellular space. This can cause local inflammation and may lead to further tissue damage if not treated promptly.

There are different types of necrosis, including coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, and gangrenous necrosis, each with distinct histological features depending on the underlying cause and the affected tissues or organs.

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the immune system, which normally protects the body from foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, mistakenly attacks the body's own cells and tissues. This results in inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues in the body.

In autoimmune diseases, the body produces autoantibodies that target its own proteins or cell receptors, leading to their destruction or malfunction. The exact cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully understood, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to their development.

There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Symptoms can vary widely depending on the specific autoimmune disease and the organs or tissues affected. Treatment typically involves managing symptoms and suppressing the immune system to prevent further damage.

Multiple Organ Failure (MOF) is a severe condition characterized by the dysfunction or failure of more than one organ system in the body. It often occurs as a result of serious illness, trauma, or infection, such as sepsis. The organs that commonly fail include the lungs, kidneys, liver, and heart. This condition can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

The definition of MOF has evolved over time, but a widely accepted one is the "Sequential Organ Failure Assessment" (SOFA) score, which evaluates six organ systems: respiratory, coagulation, liver, cardiovascular, renal, and neurologic. A SOFA score of 10 or more indicates MOF, and a higher score is associated with worse outcomes.

MOF can be classified as primary or secondary. Primary MOF occurs when the initial insult directly causes organ dysfunction, such as in severe trauma or septic shock. Secondary MOF occurs when the initial injury or illness has been controlled, but organ dysfunction develops later due to ongoing inflammation and other factors.

Early recognition and aggressive management of MOF are crucial for improving outcomes. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as mechanical ventilation, dialysis, and medication to support cardiovascular function. In some cases, surgery or other interventions may be necessary to address the underlying cause of organ dysfunction.

Cholecystectomy is a medical procedure to remove the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located on the right side of the abdomen, just beneath the liver. The primary function of the gallbladder is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver. During a cholecystectomy, the surgeon removes the gallbladder, usually due to the presence of gallstones or inflammation that can cause pain, infection, or other complications.

There are two primary methods for performing a cholecystectomy:

1. Open Cholecystectomy: In this traditional surgical approach, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen to access and remove the gallbladder. This method is typically used when there are complications or unique circumstances that make laparoscopic surgery difficult or risky.
2. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: This is a minimally invasive surgical procedure where the surgeon makes several small incisions in the abdomen, through which a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) and specialized surgical instruments are inserted. The surgeon then guides these tools to remove the gallbladder while viewing the internal structures on a video monitor.

After the gallbladder is removed, bile flows directly from the liver into the small intestine through the common bile duct, and the body continues to function normally without any significant issues.

Endosonography, also known as endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), is a medical procedure that combines endoscopy and ultrasound to obtain detailed images and information about the digestive tract and surrounding organs. An endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip, is inserted through the mouth or rectum to reach the area of interest. A high-frequency ultrasound transducer at the tip of the endoscope generates sound waves that bounce off body tissues and create echoes, which are then translated into detailed images by a computer.

Endosonography allows doctors to visualize structures such as the esophageal, stomach, and intestinal walls, lymph nodes, blood vessels, and organs like the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. It can help diagnose conditions such as tumors, inflammation, and infections, and it can also be used to guide biopsies or fine-needle aspirations of suspicious lesions.

Overall, endosonography is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and management of various gastrointestinal and related disorders.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Cholagogues and choleretics are terms used to describe medications or substances that affect bile secretion and flow in the body. Here is a medical definition for each:

1. Cholagogue: A substance that promotes the discharge of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum, often by stimulating the contraction of the gallbladder muscle. This helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. Examples include chenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, and some herbal remedies like dandelion root and milk thistle.
2. Choleretic: A substance that increases the production of bile by the liver or its flow through the biliary system. This can help with the digestion of fats and the elimination of waste products from the body. Examples include certain medications like ursodeoxycholic acid, as well as natural substances such as lemon juice, artichoke extract, and turmeric.

It is important to note that while cholagogues and choleretics can aid in digestion, they should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as improper use or overuse may lead to complications like diarrhea or gallstone formation.

Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme, specifically a serine protease, that is secreted by the pancreas as an inactive precursor, trypsinogen. Trypsinogen is converted into its active form, trypsin, in the small intestine by enterokinase, which is produced by the intestinal mucosa.

Trypsin plays a crucial role in digestion by cleaving proteins into smaller peptides at specific arginine and lysine residues. This enzyme helps to break down dietary proteins into amino acids, allowing for their absorption and utilization by the body. Additionally, trypsin can activate other zymogenic pancreatic enzymes, such as chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases, thereby contributing to overall protein digestion.

The common bile duct is a duct that results from the union of the cystic duct (which drains bile from the gallbladder) and the common hepatic duct (which drains bile from the liver). The common bile duct transports bile, a digestive enzyme, from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine.

The common bile duct runs through the head of the pancreas before emptying into the second part of the duodenum, either alone or in conjunction with the pancreatic duct, via a small opening called the ampulla of Vater. The common bile duct plays a crucial role in the digestion of fats by helping to break them down into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.

Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) is a condition characterized by abnormalities in the functioning of the Sphincter of Oddi, which is a muscular valve that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice from the pancreas and gallbladder into the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).

In SOD, the sphincter may either fail to relax properly or become overactive, leading to a variety of symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, and elevated liver enzymes. The condition can be classified into two types: Type I, which is associated with elevated liver enzymes and/or pancreatic enzymes, and Type II, which is characterized by abdominal pain without biochemical abnormalities.

The diagnosis of SOD typically involves a series of tests such as manometry (measuring the pressure inside the sphincter), endoscopic ultrasound, or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) to visualize the anatomy and function of the sphincter. Treatment options may include medications to relax the sphincter, endoscopic therapy to cut or stretch the muscle, or surgery in severe cases.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a condition characterized by the reduced ability to digest and absorb nutrients due to a lack of digestive enzymes produced by the exocrine glands in the pancreas. These enzymes, including lipases, amylases, and proteases, are necessary for breaking down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in food during the digestion process.

When EPI occurs, undigested food passes through the gastrointestinal tract, leading to malabsorption of nutrients, which can result in various symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, weight loss, and steatorrhea (fatty stools). EPI is often associated with chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, or other conditions that damage the exocrine glands in the pancreas.

EPI can be diagnosed through various tests, including fecal elastase testing, fecal fat quantification, and imaging studies to assess the structure and function of the pancreas. Treatment typically involves replacing the missing enzymes with oral supplements taken with meals and snacks to improve digestion and absorption of nutrients. In addition, dietary modifications and management of underlying conditions are essential for optimal outcomes.

Pancreatic alpha-amylases are a type of enzyme that is produced and secreted by the exocrine cells (acinar cells) of the pancreas. These enzymes play an essential role in digesting carbohydrates, particularly starches and glycogen, which are complex forms of carbohydrates found in various foods like grains, potatoes, and legumes.

Alpha-amylases break down these complex carbohydrates into smaller, simpler sugars, such as maltose, maltotriose, and glucose, allowing for their absorption and utilization by the body. The pancreatic alpha-amylases are released into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, along with other digestive enzymes during the process of digestion.

In addition to pancreatic alpha-amylases, salivary glands also produce a form of amylase called salivary alpha-amylase, which initiates the breakdown of starches in the mouth through mastication (chewing). However, the majority of carbohydrate digestion occurs in the small intestine with the help of pancreatic alpha-amylases and other enzymes produced by the intestinal lining.

Edema is the medical term for swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in the body tissues. It can affect any part of the body, but it's most commonly noticed in the hands, feet, ankles, and legs. Edema can be a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, such as heart failure, kidney disease, liver disease, or venous insufficiency.

The swelling occurs when the capillaries leak fluid into the surrounding tissues, causing them to become swollen and puffy. The excess fluid can also collect in the cavities of the body, leading to conditions such as pleural effusion (fluid around the lungs) or ascites (fluid in the abdominal cavity).

The severity of edema can vary from mild to severe, and it may be accompanied by other symptoms such as skin discoloration, stiffness, and pain. Treatment for edema depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or medical procedures.

Duodenal obstruction is a medical condition characterized by the blockage or impediment of the normal flow of contents through the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. This blockage can be partial or complete and can be caused by various factors such as:

1. Congenital abnormalities: Duodenal atresia or stenosis, where there is a congenital absence or narrowing of a portion of the duodenum.
2. Inflammatory conditions: Duodenitis, Crohn's disease, or tumors that cause swelling and inflammation in the duodenum.
3. Mechanical obstructions: Gallstones, tumors, strictures, or adhesions (scar tissue) from previous surgeries can physically block the duodenum.
4. Neuromuscular disorders: Conditions like progressive systemic sclerosis or amyloidosis that affect the neuromuscular function of the intestines can lead to duodenal obstruction.

Symptoms of duodenal obstruction may include nausea, vomiting (often with bilious or fecal matter), abdominal pain, distention, and decreased bowel movements. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or upper gastrointestinal series to visualize the blockage. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve surgery, endoscopic procedures, or medications to manage symptoms and address the obstruction.

Clinical enzyme tests are laboratory tests that measure the amount or activity of certain enzymes in biological samples, such as blood or bodily fluids. These tests are used to help diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, including organ damage, infection, inflammation, and genetic disorders.

Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body. Some enzymes are found primarily within specific organs or tissues, so elevated levels of these enzymes in the blood can indicate damage to those organs or tissues. For example, high levels of creatine kinase (CK) may suggest muscle damage, while increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) can indicate liver damage.

There are several types of clinical enzyme tests, including:

1. Serum enzyme tests: These measure the level of enzymes in the blood serum, which is the liquid portion of the blood after clotting. Examples include CK, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).
2. Urine enzyme tests: These measure the level of enzymes in the urine. An example is N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), which can indicate kidney damage.
3. Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs): These use antibodies to detect and quantify specific enzymes or proteins in a sample. They are often used for the diagnosis of infectious diseases, such as HIV or hepatitis.
4. Genetic enzyme tests: These can identify genetic mutations that cause deficiencies in specific enzymes, leading to inherited metabolic disorders like phenylketonuria (PKU) or Gaucher's disease.

It is important to note that the interpretation of clinical enzyme test results should be done by a healthcare professional, taking into account the patient's medical history, symptoms, and other diagnostic tests.

The ampulla of Vater, also known as hepatopancreatic ampulla, is a dilated portion of the common bile duct where it joins the main pancreatic duct and empties into the second part of the duodenum. It serves as a conduit for both bile from the liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas to reach the small intestine, facilitating the digestion and absorption of nutrients. The ampulla of Vater is surrounded by a muscular sphincter, the sphincter of Oddi, which controls the flow of these secretions into the duodenum.

Secretin is a hormone that is produced and released by the S cells in the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. It is released in response to the presence of acidic chyme (partially digested food) entering the duodenum from the stomach. Secretin stimulates the pancreas to produce bicarbonate-rich alkaline secretions, which help neutralize the acidity of the chyme and create an optimal environment for enzymatic digestion in the small intestine.

Additionally, secretin also promotes the production of watery fluids from the liver, which aids in the digestion process. Overall, secretin plays a crucial role in maintaining the pH balance and facilitating proper nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

"APACHE" stands for "Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation." It is a system used to assess the severity of illness in critically ill patients and predict their risk of mortality. The APACHE score is calculated based on various physiological parameters, such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, respiratory rate, and laboratory values, as well as age and chronic health conditions.

There are different versions of the APACHE system, including APACHE II, III, and IV, each with its own set of variables and scoring system. The most commonly used version is APACHE II, which includes 12 physiological variables measured during the first 24 hours of ICU admission, as well as age and chronic health points.

The APACHE score is widely used in research and clinical settings to compare the severity of illness and outcomes between different patient populations, evaluate the effectiveness of treatments and interventions, and make informed decisions about resource allocation and triage.

Organotin compounds are a group of chemical compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and tin. They have the general formula RnSnX4-n, where R represents an organic group (such as a methyl or phenyl group), X represents a halogen or other substituent, and n can range from 1 to 3. These compounds are used in a variety of applications, including as biocides, PVC stabilizers, and catalysts. However, they have also been found to have toxic effects on the immune system, endocrine system, and nervous system, and some organotin compounds have been restricted or banned for use in certain products due to these concerns.

Animal disease models are specialized animals, typically rodents such as mice or rats, that have been genetically engineered or exposed to certain conditions to develop symptoms and physiological changes similar to those seen in human diseases. These models are used in medical research to study the pathophysiology of diseases, identify potential therapeutic targets, test drug efficacy and safety, and understand disease mechanisms.

The genetic modifications can include knockout or knock-in mutations, transgenic expression of specific genes, or RNA interference techniques. The animals may also be exposed to environmental factors such as chemicals, radiation, or infectious agents to induce the disease state.

Examples of animal disease models include:

1. Mouse models of cancer: Genetically engineered mice that develop various types of tumors, allowing researchers to study cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.
2. Alzheimer's disease models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant human genes associated with Alzheimer's disease, which exhibit amyloid plaque formation and cognitive decline.
3. Diabetes models: Obese and diabetic mouse strains like the NOD (non-obese diabetic) or db/db mice, used to study the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, respectively.
4. Cardiovascular disease models: Atherosclerosis-prone mice, such as ApoE-deficient or LDLR-deficient mice, that develop plaque buildup in their arteries when fed a high-fat diet.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease models: Mice with genetic mutations affecting intestinal barrier function and immune response, such as IL-10 knockout or SAMP1/YitFc mice, which develop colitis.

Animal disease models are essential tools in preclinical research, but it is important to recognize their limitations. Differences between species can affect the translatability of results from animal studies to human patients. Therefore, researchers must carefully consider the choice of model and interpret findings cautiously when applying them to human diseases.

Trypsin Inhibitor, Kazal Pancreatic is a type of protein that is produced in the pancreas and functions as an inhibitor to trypsin, which is a proteolytic enzyme involved in digestion. Specifically, this inhibitor belongs to the Kazal-type serine protease inhibitors. It helps regulate the activity of trypsin within the pancreas, preventing premature activation and potential damage to pancreatic tissue. Any imbalance or deficiency in this inhibitor can lead to pancreatic diseases such as pancreatitis.

A pancreatic cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms in the pancreas, a gland located behind the stomach that produces enzymes to help with digestion and hormones to regulate blood sugar levels. Pancreatic cysts can be classified into several types, including congenital (present at birth), retention (formed due to blockage of pancreatic ducts), and pseudocysts (formed as a result of injury or inflammation).

While some pancreatic cysts may not cause any symptoms, others can lead to abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, or jaundice. Some cysts may also have the potential to become cancerous over time. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and evaluate pancreatic cysts through imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and in some cases, endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) may be necessary for further evaluation.

Treatment options for pancreatic cysts depend on the type, size, location, and symptoms of the cyst, as well as the patient's overall health condition. Some cysts may require surgical removal, while others can be managed with regular monitoring and follow-up care. It is essential to consult a healthcare provider for proper evaluation and management of pancreatic cysts.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

Duodenal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. Here are some examples of duodenal diseases:

1. Duodenitis: This is inflammation of the duodenum, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating. Duodenitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or chronic inflammation due to conditions like Crohn's disease.
2. Peptic ulcers: These are sores that develop in the lining of the duodenum, usually as a result of infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or long-term use of NSAIDs. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, bloating, and heartburn.
3. Duodenal cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the duodenum. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, weight loss, and blood in the stool.
4. Celiac disease: This is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the lining of the small intestine in response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This can lead to inflammation and damage to the duodenum.
5. Duodenal diverticulosis: This is a condition in which small pouches form in the lining of the duodenum. While many people with duodenal diverticulosis do not experience symptoms, some may develop complications such as inflammation or infection.
6. Duodenal atresia: This is a congenital condition in which the duodenum does not form properly, leading to blockage of the intestine. This can cause symptoms such as vomiting and difficulty feeding in newborns.

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that is produced in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) and in the brain. It is released into the bloodstream in response to food, particularly fatty foods, and plays several roles in the digestive process.

In the digestive system, CCK stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder, which releases bile into the small intestine to help digest fats. It also inhibits the release of acid from the stomach and slows down the movement of food through the intestines.

In the brain, CCK acts as a neurotransmitter and has been shown to have effects on appetite regulation, mood, and memory. It may play a role in the feeling of fullness or satiety after eating, and may also be involved in anxiety and panic disorders.

CCK is sometimes referred to as "gallbladder-stimulating hormone" or "pancreozymin," although these terms are less commonly used than "cholecystokinin."

Cholangiography is a medical procedure that involves taking X-ray images of the bile ducts (the tubes that carry bile from the liver to the small intestine). This is typically done by injecting a contrast dye into the bile ducts through an endoscope or a catheter that has been inserted into the body.

There are several types of cholangiography, including:

* Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): This procedure involves inserting an endoscope through the mouth and down the throat into the small intestine. A dye is then injected into the bile ducts through a small tube that is passed through the endoscope.
* Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC): This procedure involves inserting a needle through the skin and into the liver to inject the contrast dye directly into the bile ducts.
* Operative cholangiography: This procedure is performed during surgery to examine the bile ducts for any abnormalities or blockages.

Cholangiography can help diagnose a variety of conditions that affect the bile ducts, such as gallstones, tumors, or inflammation. It can also be used to guide treatment decisions, such as whether surgery is necessary to remove a blockage.

Lithostathine is a protein that is primarily produced in the pancreas. It is a component of pancreatic stones or calculi, also known as pancreatic lithiasis. These stones can cause blockages in the pancreatic ducts, leading to inflammation (pancreatitis) and damage to the pancreas. Lithostathine is believed to play a role in the formation of these stones, although the exact mechanisms are not fully understood. It's worth noting that the medical literature might use the term "lithostathine" or "pancreatic lithostathine" to refer to this protein.

Endoscopy of the digestive system, also known as gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, is a medical procedure that allows healthcare professionals to visually examine the inside lining of the digestive tract using a flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it, called an endoscope. This procedure can help diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the digestive system, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), ulcers, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and cancer.

There are several types of endoscopy procedures that focus on different parts of the digestive tract:

1. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). It is often used to investigate symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, abdominal pain, or bleeding in the upper GI tract.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure explores the large intestine (colon) and rectum. It is commonly performed to screen for colon cancer, as well as to diagnose and treat conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulosis, or polyps.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: Similar to a colonoscopy, this procedure examines the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) and rectum. It is often used as a screening tool for colon cancer and to investigate symptoms like rectal bleeding or changes in bowel habits.
4. Upper GI endoscopy: This procedure focuses on the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum, using a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera attached to it. It is used to diagnose and treat conditions such as GERD, ulcers, and difficulty swallowing.
5. Capsule endoscopy: This procedure involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera that captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through. It can help diagnose conditions in the small intestine that may be difficult to reach with traditional endoscopes.

Endoscopy is typically performed under sedation or anesthesia to ensure patient comfort during the procedure. The images captured by the endoscope are displayed on a monitor, allowing the healthcare provider to assess the condition of the digestive tract and make informed treatment decisions.

Peroxidase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction in which hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is broken down into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). This enzymatic reaction also involves the oxidation of various organic and inorganic compounds, which can serve as electron donors.

Peroxidases are widely distributed in nature and can be found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They play important roles in various biological processes, such as defense against oxidative stress, breakdown of toxic substances, and participation in metabolic pathways.

The peroxidase-catalyzed reaction can be represented by the following chemical equation:

H2O2 + 2e- + 2H+ → 2H2O

In this reaction, hydrogen peroxide is reduced to water, and the electron donor is oxidized. The peroxidase enzyme facilitates the transfer of electrons between the substrate (hydrogen peroxide) and the electron donor, making the reaction more efficient and specific.

Peroxidases have various applications in medicine, industry, and research. For example, they can be used for diagnostic purposes, as biosensors, and in the treatment of wastewater and medical wastes. Additionally, peroxidases are involved in several pathological conditions, such as inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, making them potential targets for therapeutic interventions.

A pancreatic fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the pancreas and another organ, often the digestive system. It usually occurs as a complication following trauma, surgery, or inflammation of the pancreas (such as pancreatitis). The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes, and when these enzymes escape the pancreas through a damaged or disrupted duct, they can cause irritation and inflammation in nearby tissues, leading to the formation of a fistula.

Pancreatic fistulas are typically characterized by the drainage of pancreatic fluid, which contains high levels of digestive enzymes, into other parts of the body. This can lead to various symptoms, including abdominal pain, swelling, fever, and malnutrition. Treatment may involve surgical repair of the fistula, as well as supportive care such as antibiotics, nutritional support, and drainage of any fluid collections.

Common bile duct diseases refer to conditions that affect the common bile duct, a tube that carries bile from the liver and gallbladder into the small intestine. Some common examples of common bile duct diseases include:

1. Choledocholithiasis: This is the presence of stones (calculi) in the common bile duct, which can cause blockage, inflammation, and infection.
2. Cholangitis: This is an infection or inflammation of the common bile duct, often caused by obstruction due to stones, tumors, or strictures.
3. Common bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma): This is a rare but aggressive cancer that arises from the cells lining the common bile duct.
4. Biliary strictures: These are narrowing or scarring of the common bile duct, which can be caused by injury, inflammation, or surgery.
5. Benign tumors: Non-cancerous growths in the common bile duct can also cause blockage and other symptoms.

Symptoms of common bile duct diseases may include abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and dark urine or light-colored stools. Treatment depends on the specific condition and severity but may include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Steatorrhea is a medical condition characterized by the excessive amount of fat in stools, which can make them appear greasy, frothy, and foul-smelling. This occurs due to poor absorption of dietary fats in the intestines, a process called malabsorption. The most common causes of steatorrhea include conditions that affect the pancreas, such as cystic fibrosis or chronic pancreatitis, celiac disease, and other gastrointestinal disorders. Symptoms associated with steatorrhea may include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, weight loss, and vitamin deficiencies due to malabsorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). The diagnosis typically involves testing stool samples for fat content and further investigations to determine the underlying cause. Treatment is focused on addressing the underlying condition and providing dietary modifications to manage symptoms.

The Sphincter of Oddi is a muscular valve that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice from the pancreatic and bile ducts into the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. It is named after Ruggero Oddi, an Italian physiologist who discovered it in 1887. The Sphincter of Oddi has two parts: the sphincter papillae, which surrounds the common opening of the pancreatic and bile ducts into the duodenum, and the sphincter choledochus, which is located more proximally in the bile duct. The contraction and relaxation of these muscles help regulate the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and the flow of bile from the liver to aid in digestion.

Enteral nutrition refers to the delivery of nutrients to a person through a tube that is placed into the gastrointestinal tract, specifically into the stomach or small intestine. This type of nutrition is used when a person is unable to consume food or liquids by mouth due to various medical conditions such as swallowing difficulties, malabsorption, or gastrointestinal disorders.

Enteral nutrition can be provided through different types of feeding tubes, including nasogastric tubes, which are inserted through the nose and down into the stomach, and gastrostomy or jejunostomy tubes, which are placed directly into the stomach or small intestine through a surgical incision.

The nutrients provided through enteral nutrition may include commercially prepared formulas that contain a balance of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, or blenderized whole foods that are pureed and delivered through the feeding tube. The choice of formula or type of feed depends on the individual's nutritional needs, gastrointestinal function, and medical condition.

Enteral nutrition is a safe and effective way to provide nutrition support to people who are unable to meet their nutritional needs through oral intake alone. It can help prevent malnutrition, promote wound healing, improve immune function, and enhance overall health and quality of life.

Isoamylase is not a medical term per se, but rather a biochemical term used to describe an enzyme. Medically, it may be relevant in the context of certain medical conditions or treatments that involve carbohydrate metabolism. Here's a general definition:

Isoamylase (EC 3.2.1.68) is a type of amylase, a group of enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates, specifically starch and glycogen, into simpler sugars. Isoamylase is more precisely defined as an enzyme that hydrolyzes (breaks down) alpha-1,6 glucosidic bonds in isomaltose, panose, and dextrins, yielding mainly isomaltose and limit dextrin. It is found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants. In humans, isoamylase is involved in the digestion of starch in the small intestine, where it helps convert complex carbohydrates into glucose for energy absorption.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, immediately following the stomach. It is a C-shaped structure that is about 10-12 inches long and is responsible for continuing the digestion process that begins in the stomach. The duodenum receives partially digested food from the stomach through the pyloric valve and mixes it with digestive enzymes and bile produced by the pancreas and liver, respectively. These enzymes help break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules, allowing for efficient absorption in the remaining sections of the small intestine.

Fat necrosis is a medical condition that refers to the death (necrosis) of fat cells, typically due to injury or trauma. This can occur when there is an interruption of blood flow to the area, leading to the death of fat cells and the release of their contents. The affected area may become firm, nodular, or lumpy, and can sometimes be mistaken for a tumor.

Fat necrosis can also occur as a result of pancreatic enzymes leaking into surrounding tissues due to conditions such as pancreatitis. These enzymes can break down fat cells, leading to the formation of calcium soaps that can be seen on imaging studies.

While fat necrosis is not typically a serious condition, it can cause discomfort or pain in the affected area. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the affected tissue.

Pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDC) is a specific type of cancer that forms in the ducts that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas. It's the most common form of exocrine pancreatic cancer, making up about 90% of all cases.

The symptoms of PDC are often vague and can include abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), unexplained weight loss, and changes in bowel movements. These symptoms can be similar to those caused by other less serious conditions, which can make diagnosis difficult.

Pancreatic ductal carcinoma is often aggressive and difficult to treat. The prognosis for PDC is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of only about 9%. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. However, because PDC is often not detected until it has advanced, treatment is frequently focused on palliative care to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

Ethionine is a toxic, synthetic analog of the amino acid methionine. It is an antimetabolite that inhibits the enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase, which plays a crucial role in methionine metabolism. Ethionine is often used in research to study the effects of methionine deficiency and to create animal models of various human diseases. It is not a natural component of human nutrition and has no known medical uses. Prolonged exposure or high levels of ethionine can lead to liver damage, growth impairment, and other harmful health effects.

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Canine pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis Sommermeyer L (December 1935). "Acute Pancreatitis". American Journal of Nursing. 35 ( ... Acute pancreatitis may be a single event; it may be recurrent; or it may progress to chronic pancreatitis. Mild cases are ... "Pancreatitis". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 14 October 2020. "Symptoms & Causes of Pancreatitis". The National Institute of Diabetes ... It is applicable to both gallstone and alcoholic pancreatitis. Alternatively, pancreatitis can be diagnosed by meeting any of ...
However, some people with chronic pancreatitis report little to no pain; from google (chronic pancreatitis smelly poop) result ... "Acute Pancreatitis. Pancreatitis Symptoms and Information , Patient". Patient. Retrieved 2015-11-29. Kapural, Leonardo (2014-12 ... "Chronic pancreatitis". When scarring of the pancreas occurs, the organ is no longer able to make the right amount of these ... When chronic pancreatitis is caused by genetic factors, elevations in ESR, IgG4, rheumatoid factor, ANA and anti-smooth muscle ...
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March 1997). "Hereditary pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International Hereditary Pancreatitis Study Group". J ... Whitcomb DC (September 1999). "Hereditary pancreatitis: new insights into acute and chronic pancreatitis". Gut. 45 (3): 317-22 ... "hereditary pancreatitis" is used when a genetic biomarker is identified, and "familial pancreatitis" otherwise. HP is ... Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is an inflammation of the pancreas due to genetic causes. It was first described in 1952 by ...
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Alcohol misuse is a leading cause of both acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. Alcoholic pancreatitis can result in ... Chronic pancreatitis often results in intestinal malabsorption, and can result in diabetes. Alcohol affects the nutritional ... Tattersall SJ, Apte MV, Wilson JS (July 2008). "A fire inside: current concepts in chronic pancreatitis". Intern Med J. 38 (7 ... Bachmann K, Mann O, Izbicki JR, Strate T (November 2008). "Chronic pancreatitis--a surgeons' view". Med. Sci. Monit. 14 (11): ...
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Koo BC, Chinogureyi A, Shaw AS (February 2010). "Imaging acute pancreatitis". The British Journal of Radiology. 83 (986): 104- ... and in pancreatitis where fluid collections in the lesser sac dissect the mesocolon from the retroperitoneum and thereby extend ...
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"Acute pancreatitis: therapy". Johns Hopkins. Retrieved 22 October 2014. Lutfi R, Jyot B, Rossi M, Jefferson E, Salti G ( ... They can be caused by leakage of the pancreatic duct, or as a result of inflammatory pancreatitis. Symptoms of this include ...
A cause of death was not immediately known, but the DJ previously suffered from pancreatitis. "Tim "Avicii" Bergling är död - ... In January 2012, Bergling was hospitalised for 11 days in New York City with acute pancreatitis caused by excessive alcohol use ... Between 2012 and 2014, Bergling was prescribed opioids for the pain caused by his pancreatitis, including OxyContin and Vicodin ... Vultaggio, Maria (20 April 2018). "What is pancreatitis? Why Avicii stopped performing in 2016". Newsweek. Archived from the ...
Scheurer, U (1 October 2000). "Acute Pancreatitis - ERCP / Endoscopic Papillotomy (EPT) Yes Or No?". Swiss Surgery. 6 (5): 246- ... The pancreatic duct requires visualisation in cases of pancreatitis. Ultrasound is frequently the first investigation performed ... is post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). In previous studies, the incidence of PEP has been estimated at 3.5 to 5%. According to Cotton ... "Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a systematic review of clinical trials with a large sample size in the past 10 years ...
Itoh T, Sawabu N, Motoo Y, Funakoshi A, Teraoka H (April 1995). "The human pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP)-encoding gene ... Ho MR, Lou YC, Lin WC, Lyu PC, Huang WN, Chen C (November 2006). "Human pancreatitis-associated protein forms fibrillar ... Orelle B, Keim V, Masciotra L, Dagorn JC, Iovanna JL (December 1992). "Human pancreatitis-associated protein. Messenger RNA ... June 1995). "Plasma clearance, tissue uptake and expression of pituitary peptide 23/pancreatitis-associated protein in the rat ...
... acute pancreatitis and pancreatonecrosis; severe surgical sepsis; various forms of hepatitis, including infectious; pancreatic ... "Considering advantages of dynamical omentopancreatostomy in the treatment of necrotic pancreatitis". Surgery (Moscow), №2, pp. ...
... or drug-induced pancreatitis.: 493 Factitial panniculitis is a panniculitis that may be induced by the injection of organic ... pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer; sarcoidosis with cutaneous involvement (seen in up to 20 percent); Alpha 1-antitrypsin ...
"Acute Pancreatitis - Gastrointestinal Disorders". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Merck.[permanent dead link] "First ...
"PRSS1-Related Hereditary Pancreatitis". PMID 22379635. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) Ahmed M, ... "Validity of the urinary trypsinogen-2 test in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis". Pancreas. 41 (6): 869-75. doi:10.1097/MPA. ...
The chronic pancreatitis is usually alcoholic in origin in adults, and traumatic in origin in children. They may also be caused ... Internal pancreatic fistulas are most commonly caused by disruption of the pancreatic duct due to chronic pancreatitis. ... ISBN 0-7216-2082-5 Dugernier T, Laterre PF, Reynaert MS (2000). "Ascites fluid in severe acute pancreatitis: from ... "Thoracic complications of pancreatitis". Pancreas. 4 (2): 228-36. doi:10.1097/00006676-198904000-00012. PMID 2755944. Kaman L, ...
... is a surgical technique used in the treatment of chronic pancreatitis in which the diseased portions of the ... Frey's operation is indicated on patients with chronic pancreatitis who have "head dominant" disease. Compared with a Puestow ... Chaudhary A, Negi SS, Masood S, Thombare M (2004). "Complications after Frey's procedure for chronic pancreatitis". Am. J. Surg ... Frey, CF; Smith GJ (1987). "Description and rationale of a new operation for chronic pancreatitis". Pancreas. 2 (6): 701-7. doi ...
Cohn JA, Noone PG, Jowell PS (September 2002). "Idiopathic pancreatitis related to CFTR: complex inheritance and identification ... Kandula L, Whitcomb DC, Lowe ME (June 2006). "Genetic issues in pediatric pancreatitis". Current Gastroenterology Reports. 8 (3 ... "The impact of cystic fibrosis and PSTI/SPINK1 gene mutations on susceptibility to chronic pancreatitis". Clinics in Laboratory ...
Pancreatitis at Curlie GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on PRSS1-Related Hereditary Pancreatitis "Pancreatitis". MedlinePlus. U.S ... There are two main types: acute pancreatitis, and chronic pancreatitis. Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the ... Chronic pancreatitis may develop as a result of acute pancreatitis. It is most commonly due to many years of heavy alcohol use ... In acute pancreatitis, a fever may occur; symptoms typically resolve in a few days. In chronic pancreatitis weight loss, fatty ...
Pancreatitis is broadly defined as an inflammation of the pancreas. Chronic pancreatitis is commonly defined as a continuing ... In acute pancreatitis, the patient presents with acute and severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. ...
... pancreatitis). Explore symptoms, inheritance, genetics of this condition. ... Hereditary pancreatitis is a genetic condition characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation of the pancreas ( ... Hereditary pancreatitis progresses to recurrent acute pancreatitis with multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis that recur over ... Recurrent acute pancreatitis leads to chronic pancreatitis, which occurs when the pancreas is persistently inflamed. Chronic ...
Research on the etiology and pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. ... Relapsing or chronic pancreatitis can lead to exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Major causes of pancreatitis are ... Acute & Chronic Pancreatitis. Research on the etiology and pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. ... Pancreatitis is a syndrome that is characterized by pain associated with inflammation and damage to the pancreas. ...
Chronic pancreatitis is commonly defined as a continuing, chronic, inflammatory process of the pancreas, characterized by ... By definition, chronic pancreatitis is a completely different process from acute pancreatitis. [5] In acute pancreatitis, the ... Hereditary pancreatitis. Several inherited disorders also are considered metabolic in origin. [8] Hereditary pancreatitis is an ... Idiopathic chronic pancreatitis. This form of chronic pancreatitis accounts for approximately 30% of cases. It has been ...
Pancreatitis is sometimes mistaken for a stomach virus because symptoms can include fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain. ... Pancreatitis. What Is Pancreatitis?. Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas. It can cause symptoms like those of a ... Sometimes, the cause of pancreatitis isnt found.. How Is Pancreatitis Diagnosed?. To diagnose pancreatitis, doctors will order ... How Is Pancreatitis Treated?. Most of the time, pancreatitis gets better on its own in about a week. As the pancreas heals, ...
Video Tag: Pancreatitis. Chair: B. Fernando Santos, MD Faculty: Peter Muscarella, MD and Ezra Teitelbaum, MD Laparoscopic ... pancreatitis, papilla, papillary edema, patent, patient selection, PDS, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, perforation ...
Edematous pancreatitis is generally regarded as the mildest form of pancreatitis. Figure 15b. Edematous pancreatitis and ... Proposed progression of pancreatitis in dogs (from: Simpson & Lamb, 1995). Regardless of the initiating cause, pancreatitis is ... 2. Acute Pancreatitis: Diagnostic. Diagnostic Reminder. A diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on a combination of ... One study of dogs with fatal acute pancreatitis indicated that ultrasound supported a diagnosis of pancreatitis in 23/34 dogs ( ...
... Overview of Canine Pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis results from sudden inflammation of the ... Acute pancreatitis is difficult to prevent. Attempts to prevent pancreatitis may include:. *Weight loss in obese dogs followed ... Diagnosis of Pancreatitis in Dogs. Diagnostic tests are needed to identify acute pancreatitis and exclude other diseases. ... Treatment of Pancreatitis in Dogs. Severe pancreatitis can be life-threatening and requires intensive therapy. Treatment for ...
Specialists at the Pancreatitis Center work with patients and other doctors to treat pancreatitis using methods that offer the ... Hereditary pancreatitis or pancreatitis associated with genetic mutations. *Idiopathic pancreatitis: pancreatitis of unknown ... Pancreatitis Research and Clinical Trials The Pancreatitis Center conducts research to improve understanding of pancreatitis ... Pancreatitis Center. The Johns Hopkins Pancreatitis Center is dedicated to providing the best care to patients with acute and ...
People with pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis are most at risk. ... Chronic pancreatitis is the main cause of EPI in adults. As ... Pancreatitis causes inflammation and swelling of the pancreas. Over time, chronic inflammation can damage the pancreatic cells ... Pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and other conditions that affect the pancreas cause exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). ... These substances make your pancreas work harder and can contribute to pancreatitis, which can lead to EPI. Your healthcare ...
About Pancreatitis Supporters Network. The Pancreatitis Supporters Network is a self-help organization in the United Kingdom ... Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic. It occurs when enzymes produced to digest food turn on the pancreas, which is behind the ... providing information about pancreatitis to patients and their families, medical professionals, and the general public. ...
... (inflammation of the pancreas) mostly occurs as a result of gallstones or after excessive consumption of alcohol. ... Pancreatitis. Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) mostly occurs as a result of gallstones or after excessive ... Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) mostly occurs as a result of gallstones or after excessive consumption of alcohol. ... Pancreatitis is a very serious disease, which can be life-threatening in the worst cases. ...
Michael Kearley discusses pancreatitis in cats, including symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. ... Pancreatitis in Cats FAQs. Can you treat pancreatitis in cats at home?. Pancreatitis can be a progressive disease so its ... Can a cat recover from pancreatitis and when to euthanize a cat with pancreatitis?. Most cats do recover from pancreatitis, ... Causes of Pancreatitis in Cats. Although in most cases the underlying cause is unknown, pancreatitis can affect any breed and ...
How to spot the serious signs of feline pancreatitis, emergency care, and what kind of diet to feed her while shes recovering. ... What Causes Pancreatitis?. The exact cause of most feline pancreatitis cases is unknown. The condition has been associated with ... Treating Pancreatitis: Emergency Care. Acute feline pancreatitis poses the most serious risk and nearly always requires ... Although severe cases of feline pancreatitis require hospital stays and specialized care, many forms of feline pancreatitis are ...
... pancreatitis. Many people have pain for many years. Pain may decrease as the damaged pancreas loses its ability to produce ... Chronic Pancreatitis: Pain Management Chronic Pancreatitis: Pain Management. Overview. Pain is a frustrating, sometimes ... pancreatitis. . Many people have pain for many years. Pain may decrease as the damaged pancreas loses its ability to produce ... If you are having debilitating pain from chronic pancreatitis, you may be referred to a pain clinic. ...
... explains how patients can identify pancreatitis and take steps to lower their risk factors for the disease. ... Pancreatitis hits most people without warning, and its painful enough to send them to the emergency room. Dr. C. Mel Wilcox, a ... Family history of pancreatitis. Treatment of Pancreatitis. Treating pancreatitis depends on the cause, whether its acute or ... Signs of Pancreatitis. Acute and chronic pancreatitis both start with upper abdominal pain. The other symptoms you may have can ...
Pancreatitis was treated supportively. The dog was discharged to the owners after 10 days of hospitalization. Recheck ... The patient has had no further bouts of pancreatitis and remains neurologically normal 5 years after initial presentation. ... but canine ATE secondary to pancreatitis has not yet been reported. Surgical removal of aortic thromboembolus should be ... and surgical histopathology diagnosed necrotizing pancreatitis. Surgical aortic thrombectomy was performed, and antithrombotic ...
CalciMedica Doses First Patients in Acute Pancreatitis Clinical Study - read this article along with other careers information ... In some acute pancreatitis patients, including those with SIRS, this can be a very serious disease with significant morbidity ... We feel it has the potential to address many of the key features of acute pancreatitis in these types of patients, including ... 1, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- CalciMedica announced that the first patients in a Phase 2a clinical study for acute pancreatitis have ...
Participants explored the known and suspected mechanisms for the increased risk for PDAC associated with chronic pancreatitis ... Incidence of Pancreatitis and PDAC in Clinical Studies of Sitagliptin. Sam Engel. 12:50 p.m.. Summary. 1:00 p.m.. Lunch. 1:30 p ... The purpose of the workshop on Pancreatitis-Diabetes-Pancreatic Cancer is to explore the known and suspected mechanisms for the ... Session 2: Chronic Pancreatitis as a Risk Factor for PDAC. Moderator/Discussant: Eric Duell ...
Studies in animal models suggest that oxygen radicals may be important in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Because ... Caerulein, a decapeptide cholecystokinin analogue, induces acute necrotizing pancreatitis in mice when given in high doses (50 ... acute pancreatitis and whether augmenting the intracellular supply of glutathione would alter the course of pancreatitis. ... diminished histologic evidence of pancreatitis (necrosis, inflammation, and vacuolization), and lower serum amylase values ...
... levels greater than three times the upper limit of normal in an appropriate clinical setting are suggestive of pancreatitis. ... Pancreatitis can occur with normal or mild degree of amylase and lipase elevations, and thus, cross-sectional imaging can be ... Frank B, Gottlieb K. Amylase normal, lipase elevated: is it pancreatitis? A case series and review of the literature. Am J ... Eatock FC, Chong PS, Menezes N, Imrie CW, McKay CJ, Carter R. Nasogastric feeding in severe acute pancreatitis is safe and ...
Products to help dogs with Pancreatitis and solutions for digestive problems like throwing up and diarrhea are vital to the ...
This report presents a unique case of concurrent pneumonia and pancreatitis following clozapine initiation and recurrence of ... Recurrent pancreatitis on clozapine re-challenge. J Psychopharmacol. 1995;9(4):381-382. PubMed CrossRef Show Abstract ... Clozapine Rechallenge With Recurrent Pancreatitis. Kyle Ratcliff, MDa,*; Vineet Juneja, FRANZCPa; Arun Gupta, MBBS, MD, FRANZCP ... He was diagnosed with asymptomatic clozapine-induced pancreatitis with an elevated lipase of 1,084 U/L (normal: 0-160 U/L) and ...
... Claudio Tana, Mauro Silingardi, Maria Adele Giamberardino ... However, only a few cases of association between PPU and emphysematous pancreatitis (EP) have been published so far in the ... Tana C, Silingardi M, Giamberardino MA, Cipollone F, Meschi T, Schiavone C. Emphysematous pancreatitis associated with ... and can sometimes manifest with mild to severe acute pancreatitis. ...
Pancreatitis may be classified as acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, and hereditary ... Differentiating pancreatitis from other diseases on the basis of abdominal pain and weight loss:. Pancreatitis presents most ... Acute pancreatitis usually presents with fever, sharp abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Patients with chronic pancreatitis ... Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas characterized by reversible or irreversible changes in pancreatic ...
Salem, MA: Habitual alcohol consumers who also use cannabis are at less risk for either acute or chronic pancreatitis as ... Study: Cannabis Use Associated With Reduced Risk Of Alcohol-Induced Pancreatitis. * by NORML ... Full text of the study, "Reduced risk of alcohol-induced pancreatitis with cannabis use," appears in Alcoholism, Clinical and ... Home,News,Study: Cannabis Use Associated With Reduced Risk Of Alcohol-Induced Pancreatitis ...
Sonny was diagnosed with pancreatitis at the ASPCA Animal Hospital. Find out more about this condition, which affects both dogs ... There are also possible associations between pancreatitis (especially chronic pancreatitis) and diabetes. Sonnys blood sugar ... In dogs, acute pancreatitis can be caused by dietary indiscretions. Obese and overweight pets, and those fed diets high in fat ... Pancreatitis is commonly treated by veterinarians at the ASPCA, with supportive care such as intravenous fluids, pain ...
  • Pancreatitis is a condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hereditary pancreatitis is a genetic condition characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Recurrent acute pancreatitis leads to chronic pancreatitis, which occurs when the pancreas is persistently inflamed. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Many individuals with hereditary pancreatitis also develop abnormal calcium deposits in the pancreas (pancreatic calcifications) by early adulthood. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some PRSS1 gene mutations that cause hereditary pancreatitis result in the production of a cationic trypsinogen enzyme that is prematurely converted to trypsin while it is still in the pancreas. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Chronic pancreatitis is commonly defined as a continuing, chronic, inflammatory process of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible morphologic changes. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatitis is a syndrome that is characterized by pain associated with inflammation and damage to the pancreas. (nih.gov)
  • Acute pancreatitis results from sudden inflammation of the pancreas and is characterized by activation of pancreatic enzymes that can cause the pancreas to begin digesting itself. (petplace.com)
  • The National Pancreas Foundation has designated the center a Pancreatitis Center of Academic and Clinical Excellence. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • If you have acute pancreatitis that keeps coming back and that affects your quality of life, or painful chronic pancreatitis that doesn't improve after other treatments, you may benefit from pancreas removal (pancreatectomy). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and other conditions that affect the pancreas cause exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Pancreatitis causes inflammation and swelling of the pancreas. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) mostly occurs as a result of gallstones or after excessive consumption of alcohol. (css.ch)
  • Pancreatitis in cats is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas that affects less than 2 percent of cats, according to the Cornell Feline Health Center . (hillspet.com)
  • Eating too much fatty food is a clear pancreatitis risk for dogs, notes the American Kennel Club , but the link between too much fat and pancreas problems in cats is still being studied. (hillspet.com)
  • Inflammation of the pancreas is called pancreatitis, and it can be acute or chronic and mild or severe. (orlandohealth.com)
  • The most common causes of chronic pancreatitis are heavy alcohol use, tobacco use and genetic disorders of your pancreas. (orlandohealth.com)
  • These findings suggest that the profound depletion of pancreatic glutathione caused by hyperstimulation of the pancreas with caerulein is critically important in the pathogenesis of acute caerulein-induced pancreatitis. (jci.org)
  • Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas characterized by reversible or irreversible changes in pancreatic structure and function leading to inflammation and fibrosis . (wikidoc.org)
  • His symptoms were subtle, but he had a tense abdomen and a fever," recalls Dr. St. Martin, who diagnosed Sonny with acute pancreatitis based on his blood work and an ultrasound that revealed changes in and around his pancreas. (aspca.org)
  • An inflamed pancreas, or pancreatitis , presents as both acute and chronic conditions. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Chronic Pancreatitis is a series of recurring inflammatory attacks that gradually causes irreversible damage to the pancreas and surrounding tissue. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Pancreatitis is a disease in which the pancreatic enzyme secretion builds up and starts to digest the pancreas, causing inflammation and painful attacks in the abdomen. (columbiasurgery.org)
  • Pancreatitis, or inflammation of the pancreas, may be acute or chronic. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Pancreatitis simply means inflammation of the pancreas. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Necrotizing pancreatitis is a severe form of acute pancreatitis characterized by necrosis in and around the pancreas. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Most acute cases of pancreatitis are treated in the hospital or the goal is to relieve symptoms in support body functions so that the pancreas can recover from the inflammation (if the inflammation is caused by infection, antibiotics are given). (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Surgical treatment of pancreatitis may be used to remove gallstones and the gallbladder or abnormalities in the pancreas. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Inflammation of the pancreas is termed pancreatitis and its inflammation has various causes. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Acute pancreatitis usually begins soon after the damage to the pancreas begins. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Some people have only one attack, whereas other people have more than one attack, but the pancreas always returns to its normal state unless necrotizing pancreatitis develops and becomes life-threatening. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • As noted above, since the pancreas plays a crucial role in digestion through both the endocrine and exocrine systems, the hallmark feature of chronic pancreatitis is permanent damage to both of these functions. (medifocus.com)
  • This results in inflammation of the pancreas and is known as gallstone pancreatitis. (gi.org)
  • Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas resulting from the premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas. (health.mil)
  • Pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. (health.mil)
  • 2 Pancreatitis results from the premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas that leads to organ injury with or without subsequent destruction of the pancreatic acinar cell clusters. (health.mil)
  • Multiple sources connected to the family told the site that Travis' hospitalization yesterday was a result of pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas, which includes symptoms like nausea, intense stomach pain, fever and vomiting, per the Mayo Clinic . (wjbr.com)
  • Pancreatitis can affect both the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer are two of the major diseases affecting the pancreas. (medscape.com)
  • We feel it has the potential to address many of the key features of acute pancreatitis in these types of patients, including pancreatic necrosis, systemic inflammation and organ failure, and potentially pain. (biospace.com)
  • Mice treated with glutathione monoethyl ester (20 mmol/kg 1 h before caerulein, 10 mmol/kg 3 and 7 h after starting caerulein) were found to have blunted depletion of pancreatic glutathione, diminished histologic evidence of pancreatitis (necrosis, inflammation, and vacuolization), and lower serum amylase values compared with mice treated with caerulein alone. (jci.org)
  • Signs and symptoms of chronic pancreatitis include occasional or frequent abdominal pain of varying severity, flatulence, and bloating. (medlineplus.gov)
  • For most patients with chronic pancreatitis, abdominal pain is the presenting symptom. (medscape.com)
  • Physical findings in dogs with acute pancreatitis are very variable, ranging from depression, to mild dehydration with signs of abdominal pain, to acute abdominal crisis, shock (tachycardia, prolonged capillary refill time, tacky mucous membranes, hypothermia), petechiation, icterus and ascites. (ivis.org)
  • Vomiting and abdominal pain can also be signs of the condition, but these signs are more common in people and dogs with pancreatitis than in cats. (hillspet.com)
  • Acute and chronic pancreatitis both start with upper abdominal pain. (orlandohealth.com)
  • Serum lipase levels in nonpancreatic abdominal pain versus acute pancreatitis. (springer.com)
  • Acute pancreatitis usually presents with fever , sharp abdominal pain , nausea and vomiting. (wikidoc.org)
  • Patients with chronic pancreatitis present with dull abdominal pain, steatorrhea , pancreatic diabetes , nausea , weight loss , pseudocyst and pancreatic cancer . (wikidoc.org)
  • Pancreatitis presents most commonly with abdominal pain. (wikidoc.org)
  • Pancreatitis must be differentiated from various disease which present with abdominal pain and weight loss such as peptic ulcer disease , pancreatic carcinoma , gastritis , and inflammatory bowel disease . (wikidoc.org)
  • Symptoms of acute pancreatitis most commonly begin with abdominal pain in the middle or upper left part of the abdomen and abdominal pain may increase after eating or lying flat on the back. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Early chronic pancreatitis may begin with recurrent bouts of chronic abdominal pain with normal or mildly elevated pancreatic enzymes. (medifocus.com)
  • Some people however, may experience chronic abdominal pain following recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis with its progression to chronic pancreatitis. (medifocus.com)
  • An inflamed gallbladder (cholecystitis), infected material trapped within the common bile duct (cholangitis), or a stone blocking outflow of pancreatic juice (gallstone pancreatitis) can result in fever, chills, severe abdominal pain or jaundice. (gi.org)
  • Acute pancreatitis (AP) is characterized by abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes in the blood. (health.mil)
  • The risk is particularly high in people with hereditary pancreatitis who also smoke, use alcohol, have type 1 diabetes mellitus, or have a family history of cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Complications from pancreatic cancer and type 1 diabetes mellitus are the most common causes of death in individuals with hereditary pancreatitis, although individuals with this condition are thought to have a normal life expectancy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hereditary pancreatitis is thought to be a rare condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Mutations in the PRSS1 gene cause most cases of hereditary pancreatitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is estimated that 65 to 80 percent of people with hereditary pancreatitis have mutations in the PRSS1 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When hereditary pancreatitis is caused by mutations in the PRSS1 gene, it is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pancreatitis may be classified as acute pancreatitis , chronic pancreatitis , autoimmune pancreatitis , and hereditary pancreatitis . (wikidoc.org)
  • by age 70, 40% of people suffering from hereditary pancreatitis display some symptoms of cancer. (diagnose-me.com)
  • Long-standing, pre-existing chronic pancreatitis in general, and hereditary pancreatitis in particular, are considered high risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer. (medifocus.com)
  • There is a 15-fold increase in the risk of pancreatic cancer for people with chronic pancreatitis, especially for those with alcoholic pancreatitis and a 40 to 50-fold increase for patients with hereditary pancreatitis. (medifocus.com)
  • Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on a threefold increase in the blood of either amylase or lipase. (wikipedia.org)
  • A diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on a combination of compatible clinical, clinicopathological and imaging findings. (ivis.org)
  • Serum canine Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity (PLI or cPLI) concentration is the most reliable test for diagnosis of pancreatitis. (petplace.com)
  • A negative SNAP test result generally eliminates that diagnosis of pancreatitis in dogs but a positive test does not confirm the diagnosis. (petplace.com)
  • The Serum PLI being sent to an outside lab is considered the test of choice to diagnosis pancreatitis in dogs. (petplace.com)
  • Evaluation of amylase and lipase in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. (springer.com)
  • After a sudden hospitalization and dire pancreatitis diagnosis, retired basketball coach and assistant vice-principal was sidelined from his trip to Italy, and potentially a lot more. (columbiasurgery.org)
  • Diagnosis of pancreatitis (both acute and chronic) is done similarly. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Early diagnosis of pancreatitis is very essential and can improve the chances of saving the patient's life. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Pancreatitis is diagnosis would involve an analysis of digestive enzymes, a glucose tolerance test, an ultrasound or a CT scan, and advanced procedures like endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasounds. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Of the total incident cases of AP, 9.0% received a subsequent incident diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (CP) during the surveillance period. (health.mil)
  • A diagnosis of cystic fibrosis needs to be ruled out in all patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) onset before the age of 20 yr, as well as in patients with so-called idiopathic CP, regardless of the age of onset. (medscape.com)
  • Polyuria and polydipsia may be present in dogs with diabetes mellitus and pancreatitis. (ivis.org)
  • Recurrent bouts of acute pancreatitis can lead to chronic pancreatitis and may contribute to other disorders such as diabetes mellitus or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. (petplace.com)
  • Some kids who have repeated episodes of acute pancreatitis can develop chronic pancreatitis. (kidshealth.org)
  • Studies in animal models suggest that oxygen radicals may be important in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. (jci.org)
  • The pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis is poorly understood, despite well-recognised precipitating factors. (nih.gov)
  • We suggest that these factors precipitate acute pancreatitis by causing either excessive release of acinar [Ca2+]i, or damage to the integrity of mechanisms that restore low resting levels of [Ca2+]i, and that the consequent calcium toxicity is the key trigger in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. (nih.gov)
  • Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the upper abdomen, nausea and vomiting. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most common symptoms of pancreatitis are severe upper abdominal or left upper quadrant burning pain radiating to the back, nausea, and vomiting that is worse with eating. (wikipedia.org)
  • What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Pancreatitis? (kidshealth.org)
  • Symptoms of pancreatitis in cats resemble those of other causes, so your veterinarian will likely recommend a baseline blood work and tests to measure the enzyme lipase, which is an enzyme that helps break down fats. (petmd.com)
  • Chronic Pancreatitis Pain - Pipeline Insight, 2020 report outlays comprehensive insights of present scenario and growth prospects across Chronic Pancreatitis Pain. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • In a small percentage of people, severe acute pancreatitis causes a systemic reaction that affects the whole body. (orlandohealth.com)
  • Eatock FC, Chong PS, Menezes N, Imrie CW, McKay CJ, Carter R. Nasogastric feeding in severe acute pancreatitis is safe and avoids the risks associated with the nasojejunal route: a randomised controlled trial. (springer.com)
  • Lankisch PG, Burchard-Reckert S, Lehnick D. Underestimation of acute pancreatitis: patients with only a small increase in amylase/lipase levels can also have or develop severe acute pancreatitis. (springer.com)
  • Severe acute pancreatitis symptoms and signs may show skin discoloration around the belly button or the side of the body between the ribs and hip (flank), or small erythematous skin nodules. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Recognizing patients with severe acute pancreatitis as soon as possible is critical for achieving optimal outcomes. (medscape.com)
  • Ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage may decrease the mortality of severe acute pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
  • Li H, Qian Z, Liu Z, Liu X, Han X, Kang H. Risk factors and outcome of acute renal failure in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
  • Late complications include recurrent pancreatitis and the development of pancreatic pseudocysts-collections of pancreatic secretions that have been walled off by scar tissue. (wikipedia.org)
  • In some cases, pancreatitis progresses to a more chronic disease or may have lasting complications such as diabetes, that will need to be managed. (petmd.com)
  • In severe cases of pancreatitis, or cases where complications such as feline triaditis, your veterinarian may suggest 24-hour care. (petmd.com)
  • With chronic pancreatitis, you may not have symptoms until there are complications. (orlandohealth.com)
  • early intervention to prevent complications of gallstones also may reduce the chance of developing pancreatitis. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Some people may develop chronic pancreatitis or die from complications such as kidney failure , diabetes , breathing problems and/or brain damage. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Progressive chronic pancreatitis may also be associated with the development of complications (outlined below), such as, progressive fibrosis which may entrap nerves and contribute to pain levels and calcification of pancreatic tissue. (medifocus.com)
  • As a result, malnutrition and diabetes are significant complications associated with chronic pancreatitis. (medifocus.com)
  • Pseudocyst formatin - a collection of fluid within a well-defined capsule that may develop with acute or chronic pancreatitis that can cause complications such as infection, rupture, obstruction of ducts, or bleeding. (medifocus.com)
  • A majority of patients with acute pancreatitis have mild disease, with an absence of local and systemic complications [1]. (lu.se)
  • These data indicate advisability of early enteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis because this approach reduces systemic inflammatory response, risk of bacterial translocation and purulent-septic complications , improves treatment outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the second of our BMJ Open Gastroenterology blogs I will focus on three articles, on Coeliac disease, on long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and on endoscopic ultrasound in pancreatitis. (bmj.com)
  • American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines: Management of Acute Pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
  • Those with acute pancreatitis often look ill and have a fever, nausea , vomiting, and sweating. (diagnose-me.com)
  • The cause of acute pancreatitis is poorly understood. (petplace.com)
  • To diagnose pancreatitis, doctors will order blood tests, including tests that measure the pancreatic enzymes amylase and lipase . (kidshealth.org)
  • Pancreatic duct stones are common in people with chronic pancreatitis and can be painful as they block the duct along with pancreatic enzymes needed for digestion. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Diet for pancreatitis must also comprise of foods that have digestive enzymes. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Doctors recommend that kids with mild pancreatitis start eating as soon as possible. (kidshealth.org)
  • Acute pancreatitis can range in severity from mild to life-threatening. (petplace.com)
  • This approach may be sufficient for dogs with mild pancreatitis. (petplace.com)
  • Pancreatitis in cats is divided into two pairs of categories: acute (sudden) or chronic (ongoing), and mild or severe. (hillspet.com)
  • Pancreatitis can occur with normal or mild degree of amylase and lipase elevations, and thus, cross-sectional imaging can be helpful. (springer.com)
  • A prospective, randomized trial of clear liquids versus low-fat solid diet as the initial meal in mild acute pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatitis is treated with IV fluids, pain and anti-nausea medication, as well as treatment for the underlying cause if that can be determined. (petmd.com)
  • Pancreatitis is commonly treated by veterinarians at the ASPCA, with supportive care such as intravenous fluids, pain medication and anti-nausea medications to control vomiting. (aspca.org)
  • Prevalence of normal serum amylase levels in patients with acute alcoholic pancreatitis. (springer.com)
  • We offer all options, including treatments not available at most other medical centers, like autologous islet cell transplants which help people with chronic pancreatitis find pain relief without becoming diabetic. (columbiasurgery.org)
  • Sometimes cats develop pancreatitis alongside inflammatory bowel disease or cholangiohepatitis (a liver disease), according to Veterinary Partner . (hillspet.com)
  • Acute feline pancreatitis poses the most serious risk and nearly always requires hospitalization. (hillspet.com)
  • Acute pancreatitis is a common cause of hospitalization and has an incidence of about 300 per 1,000,000 inhabitants. (lu.se)
  • misc{80f34661-4167-4fcb-a2f8-2171a1cda33c, abstract = {{Acute pancreatitis is a common cause of hospitalization and has an incidence of about 300 per 1,000,000 inhabitants. (lu.se)
  • Relapsing or chronic pancreatitis can lead to exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency. (nih.gov)
  • The serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI) test is not as reliable as the fPLI for diagnosing pancreatitis, but it can help identify exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, a disease that Veterinary Partner notes cats with chronic feline pancreatitis can develop. (hillspet.com)
  • Data suggest that surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct is more effective than endoscopic drainage in patients with obstruction of the pancreatic duct due to chronic pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
  • Abdominal ultrasonography confirmed aortic thromboembolism (ATE), and surgical histopathology diagnosed necrotizing pancreatitis. (hindawi.com)
  • Surgical management for chronic pancreatitis began with various open surgical drainage and resection procedures. (wjgnet.com)
  • The FDA warns that surgical balloons implanted in the stomach to promote weight loss can overinflate and could also cause cases of acute pancreatitis. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • Kids with chronic pancreatitis have trouble digesting food and usually need to take pancreatic enzyme supplements. (kidshealth.org)
  • Proteinuria occurs in some dogs with acute pancreatitis, possibly as a consequence of pancreatic enzyme-mediated glomerular damage, and is usually transient. (ivis.org)
  • Signs and symptoms of this condition usually begin in late childhood with an episode of acute pancreatitis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When pancreatitis is chronic, signs may be infrequent and may not be as easily noticeable by the pet parent. (petmd.com)
  • Even though the condition is relatively rare, learning to spot the signs of feline pancreatitis could be important for your cat's health. (hillspet.com)
  • The signs that indicate SIRS are a warning to care providers that your body is having a severe response to pancreatitis. (orlandohealth.com)
  • In addition, so-called "type 3c diabetes" can be a complication in patients with either chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Pancreatitis as a complication of anticholinesterase insecticide intoxication. (cdc.gov)
  • High levels of lipase in the blood indicate a higher chance of pancreatitis. (petmd.com)
  • The serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI) test is a simple non-invasive blood test that looks for markers of pancreatitis. (hillspet.com)
  • Elevated amylase and/or lipase levels greater than three times the upper limit of normal in an appropriate clinical setting are suggestive of pancreatitis. (springer.com)
  • Frank B, Gottlieb K. Amylase normal, lipase elevated: is it pancreatitis? (springer.com)
  • He was diagnosed with asymptomatic clozapine-induced pancreatitis with an elevated lipase of 1,084 U/L (normal: 0-160 U/L) and eosinophilia of 2.69×10 9 /L (normal: 0.04-0.4 x10 9 /L), concurrent with resolving pneumonia. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Some medical conditions or illnesses, such as cystic fibrosis or celiac disease , can increase a child's risk for pancreatitis. (kidshealth.org)
  • Children with cystic fibrosis and adults with chronic pancreatitis are most likely to have EPI. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • In every pediatric patient, cystic fibrosis has to be ruled out, since 10-15% of cystic fibrosis patients with pancreatic sufficiency (comprising 1-2% of all patients with cystic fibrosis) present clinically with recurrent attacks of acute pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
  • Unlike pancreatic cancer, which does not have a good prognosis, pancreatitis usually is temporary. (orlandohealth.com)
  • The prognosis for someone with chronic pancreatitis is less optimistic than for acute pancreatitis. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis. (medscape.com)
  • Acute pancreatitis occurs in about 30 per 100,000 people a year. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pancreatitis occurs in both acute and chronic forms. (health.mil)
  • The study is intended to provide safety and tolerability data on CM4620 in acute pancreatitis patients with accompanying systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), as well as provide potential indications of beneficial effects. (biospace.com)
  • Acute necrotizing pancreatitis can lead to a pancreatic abscess, a collection of pus caused by necrosis, liquefaction, and infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • At enrollment, a pediatric pancreatitis patient questionnaire will be completed, along with other baseline testing. (chp.edu)
  • Habitual alcohol consumers who also use cannabis are at less risk for either acute or chronic pancreatitis as compared to those who do not use the substance, according to clinical data published in the journal Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research . (norml.org)
  • Pancreatitis is classified as either acute or chronic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Eighty percent of cases of pancreatitis are caused by alcohol or gallstones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Men are more likely to develop alcohol-related pancreatitis, while women are more likely to develop it as a result of gallstones. (orlandohealth.com)
  • A team of investigators from the United States and Canada assessed the prevalence of alcohol-induced pancreatitis in a nationwide sample of heavy alcohol users. (norml.org)
  • Our findings suggest a reduced incidence of only alcohol-associated pancreatitis with cannabis use," authors concluded. (norml.org)
  • All patients with pancreatitis are strongly advised to stop drinking alcohol. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • no more than 20g/day and no alcohol but plenty of fluid and with chronic pancreatitis flares, only clear liquids with no foods may be recommended for 24-48 hours. (emedicinehealth.com)
  • According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), the worldwide incidence of chronic pancreatitis is estimated to be approximately 1.6 to 23 cases per 100,000 people and is thought to be rising, in part, due to increasing alcohol consumption. (medifocus.com)
  • Pain is a predominant feature in up to 90% of patients with alcohol-induced pancreatitis and in up to 50% of patients with other types of pancreatitis. (medifocus.com)
  • Pancreatitis develops when gallstones travel out of the gallbladder into the bile ducts, where they block the opening that drains the common bile duct and pancreatic duct (ampulla). (diagnose-me.com)
  • The patient has had no further bouts of pancreatitis and remains neurologically normal 5 years after initial presentation. (hindawi.com)
  • Serum nutritional markers for prediction of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in chronic pancreatitis. (wellnessresources.com)
  • Globally, in 2015 about 8.9 million cases of pancreatitis occurred. (wikipedia.org)
  • Katherine G. Harrington-Moroney, NP, is a certified nurse practitioner who specializes in the treatment and care of patients with pancreatitis. (columbiasurgery.org)
  • Moreover, patients with pancreatitis due to increased levels of triglyceride should exercise to reduce weight. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Multicenter approach to recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis in the United States: the North American Pancreatitis Study 2 (NAPS2). (medscape.com)
  • Pain associated with acute pancreatitis initially is imited to the duration of the individual episode. (medifocus.com)
  • Kids with pancreatitis usually have sudden, severe pain in the upper belly. (kidshealth.org)
  • LA JOLLA, Calif., Aug. 1, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- CalciMedica announced that the first patients in a Phase 2a clinical study for acute pancreatitis have been dosed with its proprietary calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channel inhibitor CM4620. (biospace.com)
  • The clinical, translational, and experimental research in the field of acute pancreatitis is enormous and various guidelines exist. (lu.se)
  • It is reasonable to assume that adherence to existing management recommendations improves clinical outcomes for patients with acute pancreatitis. (lu.se)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate if PEI in chronic pancreatitis (CP) can by predicted by nutritional markers in blood. (wellnessresources.com)
  • The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) test provides the most accurate visualization of the pancreatic ductal system and has been regarded as the criterion standard for diagnosing chronic pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
  • This endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) shows advanced chronic pancreatitis. (medscape.com)
  • Some children with pancreatitis need a procedure called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). (kidshealth.org)
  • Although you can't prevent pancreatitis, you can educate yourself about your risk factors and take steps to lower your chances of it occurring. (orlandohealth.com)
  • It isn't easy to prevent pancreatitis, but diet changes and keeping pets at ideal body weight may help," says Dr. St. Martin. (aspca.org)
  • This is the first MSMR report of the incidence of acute (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) in the U.S. Armed Forces. (health.mil)
  • Increasing incidence of acute pancreatitis at an American pediatric tertiary care center: is greater awareness among physicians responsible? (medscape.com)
  • Sonny had never before suffered from pancreatitis but displayed the classic symptoms, including dehydration and decreased appetite. (aspca.org)