A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.
A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function.
Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places.
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.
The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.
L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.
An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.
A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238)
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
A form of psychiatric treatment, based on Freudian principles, which seeks to eliminate or diminish the undesirable effects of unconscious conflicts by making the patient aware of their existence, origin, and inappropriate expression in current emotions and behavior.
A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
Marked depression appearing in the involution period and characterized by hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and agitation.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
Agents that alleviate ANXIETY, tension, and ANXIETY DISORDERS, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here.
A method for extinguishing anxiety by a saturation exposure to the feared stimulus situation or its substitute.
Feeling or emotion of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.
An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase and an antagonist of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID. It is used to induce convulsions in experimental animals.
Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. There are various forms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depending on the time of onset and the duration of these stress symptoms. In the acute form, the duration of the symptoms is between 1 to 3 months. In the chronic form, symptoms last more than 3 months. With delayed onset, symptoms develop more than 6 months after the traumatic event.
Defense mechanisms involving approach and avoidance responses to threatening stimuli. The sensitizing process involves intellectualization in approaching or controlling the stimulus whereas repression involves unconscious denial in avoiding the stimulus.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.
A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.
Disorders stemming from the misuse and abuse of alcohol.
Compounds that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain.
Chronically depressed mood that occurs for most of the day more days than not for at least 2 years. The required minimum duration in children to make this diagnosis is 1 year. During periods of depressed mood, at least 2 of the following additional symptoms are present: poor appetite or overeating, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self esteem, poor concentration or difficulty making decisions, and feelings of hopelessness. (DSM-IV)
The affective response to an actual current external danger which subsides with the elimination of the threatening condition.
A directed conversation aimed at eliciting information for psychiatric diagnosis, evaluation, treatment planning, etc. The interview may be conducted by a social worker or psychologist.
The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.
Treatment to improve one's health condition by using techniques that can reduce PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS; or both.
Check list, usually to be filled out by a person about himself, consisting of many statements about personal characteristics which the subject checks.
A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication.
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by a another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)
Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Substances that contain a fused three-ring moiety and are used in the treatment of depression. These drugs block the uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin into axon terminals and may block some subtypes of serotonin, adrenergic, and histamine receptors. However the mechanism of their antidepressant effects is not clear because the therapeutic effects usually take weeks to develop and may reflect compensatory changes in the central nervous system.
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.
Recording of nystagmus based on changes in the electrical field surrounding the eye produced by the difference in potential between the cornea and the retina.
The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity.
Conceptual system developed by Freud and his followers in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior.
A form of therapy in which two or more patients participate under the guidance of one or more psychotherapists for the purpose of treating emotional disturbances, social maladjustments, and psychotic states.
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)

Excess of high activity monoamine oxidase A gene promoter alleles in female patients with panic disorder. (1/507)

A genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of panic disorder has been demonstrated by clinical genetic studies. Molecular genetic studies have focused on candidate genes suggested by the molecular mechanisms implied in the action of drugs utilized for therapy or in challenge tests. One class of drugs effective in the treatment of panic disorder is represented by monoamine oxidase A inhibitors. Therefore, the monoamine oxidase A gene on chromosome X is a prime candidate gene. In the present study we investigated a novel repeat polymorphism in the promoter of the monoamine oxidase A gene for association with panic disorder in two independent samples (German sample, n = 80; Italian sample, n = 129). Two alleles (3 and 4 repeats) were most common and constituted >97% of the observed alleles. Functional characterization in a luciferase assay demonstrated that the longer alleles (3a, 4 and 5) were more active than allele 3. Among females of both the German and the Italian samples of panic disorder patients (combined, n = 209) the longer alleles (3a, 4 and 5) were significantly more frequent than among females of the corresponding control samples (combined, n = 190, chi2 = 10.27, df = 1, P = 0.001). Together with the observation that inhibition of monoamine oxidase A is clinically effective in the treatment of panic disorder these findings suggest that increased monoamine oxidase A activity is a risk factor for panic disorder in female patients.  (+info)

Plasma anti-serotonin and serotonin anti-idiotypic antibodies are elevated in panic disorder. (2/507)

The psychoneuroimmunology of panic disorder is relatively unexplored. Alterations within brain stress systems that secondarily influence the immune system have been documented. A recent report indicated elevations of serotonin (5-HT) and ganglioside antibodies in patients with primary fibromyalgia, a condition with documented associations with panic disorder. In line with our interest in dysregulated 5-HT systems in panic disorder (PD), we wished to assess if antibodies directed at the 5-HT system were elevated in patients with PD in comparison to healthy volunteers. Sixty-three patients with panic disorder and 26 healthy volunteers were diagnosed by the SCID. Employing ELISA, we measured anti-5-HT and 5-HT anti-idiotypic antibodies (which are directed at 5-HT receptors). To include all subjects in one experiment, three different batches were run during the ELISA. Plasma serotonin anti-idiotypic antibodies: there was a significant group effect [patients > controls (p = .007)] and batch effect but no interaction. The mean effect size for the three batches was .76. Following Z-score transformation of each separate batch and then combining all scores, patients demonstrated significantly elevated levels of plasma serotonin anti-idiotypic antibodies. Neither sex nor age as covariates affected the significance of the results. There was a strong correlation between anti-serotonin antibody and serotonin anti-idiotypic antibody measures. Plasma anti-serotonin antibodies: there was a significant diagnosis effect [patients > controls (p = .037)]. Mean effect size for the three batches was .52. Upon Z-score transformation, there was a diagnosis effect with antibody elevations in patients. Covaried for sex and age, the result falls below significance to trend levels. The data raise the possibility that psychoimmune dysfunction, specifically related to the 5-HT system, may be present in PD. Potential interruption of 5-HT neurotransmission through autoimmune mechanisms may be of pathophysiologic significance in certain patients with panic disorder. It remains to be demonstrated if the peripheral autoimmunity is representative of CNS 5-HT neuronal alterations. Replication appears warranted.  (+info)

A cost-effective approach to the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. (3/507)

In light of the tremendous expansion in the number of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors available to the clinician, the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee of the Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center considered the advantages and disadvantages of fluoxethine, paroxetine, and sertraline, to determine which agent or agents would be carried on the formulary. The committed recommended sertraline as the preferred agent for the treatment of depression, panic disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorders. The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the economic outcome of that decision. The study population consisted of patients at the medical center who were receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during January through March of 1994 and those were receiving these agents between September 1995 and January 1996. The expanded collection period in 1995-96 was due to a relatively new medical center policy to offer 90-day fills on medication to reduce costs. The extended collection period assured a 100% sample of patients receiving these agents. The 1994 fluoxetine to sertraline dosage equivalency ratio was 20 mg:55.6 mg, based on average daily doses of fluoxetine and sertraline of 32.7 and 90.9 mg, respectively. The cost to the medical center for an average daily dose of fluoxetine was $1.86; sertraline cost $1.22 per day. The 1996 fluoxetine to sertraline dosage equivalency ratio (20 mg:51.3 mg) had not changed significantly since 1994, indicating that the dose of 20 mg of fluoxetine remained very close to a 50-mg dose of sertraline. The average daily doses of fluoxetine and sertraline (34.9 mg and 89.7 mg, respectively) were not significantly different than the 1994 doses. Only 33 patients had been prescribed paroxetine (average daily dose, 32.4 mg). On the basis of these values, the average daily cost of fluoxetine to the medical center was $2.01, compared with $1.18 for sertraline and $1.24 for paroxetine. This $0.83 per patient per day drug acquisition cost difference between fluoxetine and sertraline results in a drug cost reduction of $302,674 per year.  (+info)

The effects of clonazepam on quality of life and work productivity in panic disorder. (4/507)

Although panic disorder has been associated with impaired quality of life (QOL) and financial dependence, no prior study has examined whether a clinical intervention will improve these outcomes. This study examines the effects of clinically titrated doses of clonazepam versus placebo on QOL and work productivity (WP) in patients with panic disorder. QOL and WP were measured in conjunction with a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Work Productivity and Impairment questionnaire were used to assess QOL and WP, respectively. Baseline assessments were obtained before randomizing patients to receive clinically titrated doses of clonazepam or placebo. Follow-up assessments were obtained after 6 weeks of therapy with the test drug or at premature termination from the study. Improvement on the SF-36 Mental Health Component Summary scale was more than twice as great with clonazepam than with placebo (P = 0.03). Clonazepam patients improved (P < 0.05) on all five measures of mental health-related QOL, and both measures of physical health-related QOL, and both measures of WP. Placebo patients improved on three of five measures of mental health-related QOL, but on no other measures. Patients with marked improvements on clinical measures of panic disorder severity, especially avoidance and fear of the main phobia, showed the greatest gains on the SF-36 Mental Health Component Summary scale. Clinically titrated doses of clonazepam significantly improved mental health-related QOL and WP in panic disorder patients. Lesser improvements were obtained with placebo.  (+info)

Do family physicians treat older patients with mental disorders differently from younger patients? (5/507)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there are differences between family physicians' beliefs and treatment intentions regarding older patients with mental disorders and younger patients with similar disorders. Such differences might contribute to older adults' lower rates of mental health service use. DESIGN: Mailed survey. SETTING: Primary care practices in and around Kingston, Ont. PARTICIPANTS: Questionnaires were mailed to 294 general practitioners listed in the 42nd Annual Canadian Medical Directory. Of the 285 eligible physicians, 115 (40%) completed and returned questionnaires. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physicians' ratings of preparedness to identify and treat, likelihood of treating, likelihood of using each of five different treatment methods, likelihood of referral, preferences for six referral options, and treatment effectiveness with respect to hypothetical older and younger patients with panic disorder or dysthymia. RESULTS: Physicians reported being less prepared to identify and treat older patients than younger patients. In addition, physicians reported being significantly less likely to treat and to refer older patients than younger patients. Finally, physicians reported that both psychotherapy alone, and in combination with pharmacotherapy, were less effective for older patients than for younger patients. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to other possible reasons for older adults' low rates of mental health service use, this study suggests that family physicians' beliefs and treatment intentions could be contributing factors. Changes in medical education aimed at replacing inaccurate beliefs with accurate information regarding older patients might be one way to increase rates of use in this underserved age group, because family physicians play a key role in the mental health care of older adults.  (+info)

Theory and technique in psychodynamic treatment of panic disorder. (6/507)

The authors elaborate psychodynamic factors that are relevant to the treatment of panic disorder. They outline psychoanalytic concepts that were employed to develop a psychodynamic approach to panic disorder, including the idea of unconscious mental life and the existence of defense mechanisms, compromise formations, the pleasure principle, and the transference. The authors then describe a panic-focused psychodynamic treatment based on a psychodynamic formulation of panic. Clinical techniques used in this approach, such as working with transference and working through, are described. Finally, a case vignette is employed to illustrate the relevance of these factors to panic disorder and the use of this treatment.(The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 1999; 8:234-242)  (+info)

Serotonin and drug-induced therapeutic responses in major depression, obsessive-compulsive and panic disorders. (7/507)

The therapeutic effectiveness of antidepressant drugs in major depression was discovered by pure serendipity. It took over 20 years before the neurobiological modifications that could mediate the antidepressive response were put into evidence. Indeed, whereas the immediate biochemical effects of these drugs had been well documented, their antidepressant action generally does not become apparent before 2 to 3 weeks of treatment. The different classes of antidepressant treatments were subsequently shown to enhance serotonin neurotransmission albeit via different pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. Clinical trials based on this hypothesis led to the development of treatment strategies producing greater efficacy and more rapid onset of antidepressant action; that, is lithium addition and pindolol combination, respectively. It is expected that the better understanding recently obtained of the mechanism of action of certain antidepressant drugs in obsessive-compulsive and panic disorders will also lead to more effective treatment strategies for those disorders.  (+info)

Dose response of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol to the CCK-B agonist pentagastrin. (8/507)

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is an abundant neurotransmitter in brain. Its functional significance in humans is incompletely understood, but it may modulate activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. To explore this hypothesis, we examined the effects of varying doses (0 to 0.8 microgram/kg) of the CCK-B agonist pentagastrin on adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and cortisol release in healthy human subjects. We also examined anxiety, heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) responses. Pentagastrin induced large (up to 520% increase over baseline), significant and very rapid, dose-dependent elevations in ACTH and cortisol levels. Significant elevations in HR and BP were seen at all doses, without clear dose-response relationships. Anxious distress and symptom responses were also somewhat dose dependent; but hormonal responses were more robustly linked to pentagastrin dose than to these subjective measures. The HPA axis response to the CCK-B agonist pentagastrin may be a direct pharmacological effect. Further work is needed to determine the mechanisms and the physiological significance of CCK-mediated modulation of the human neuroendocrine stress axis.  (+info)

Panic Disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks and significant worry about the implications of these attacks or fear of their occurrence. A panic attack is a sudden surge of intense fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, and includes physical symptoms such as accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, and feelings of impending doom or danger. In Panic Disorder, these attacks are not triggered by specific situations or stimuli, but can occur spontaneously and without warning. The individual may also develop avoidance behaviors to prevent future panic attacks, which can interfere with daily functioning and quality of life.

Panic, in a medical context, refers to an intense and sudden episode of fear or discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes, accompanied by physical reactions such as increased heart rate, rapid breathing (hyperventilation), trembling, shaking, and potentially causing a feeling of losing control or going crazy. It's often a symptom of panic disorder or another anxiety disorder. A single panic attack doesn't necessarily mean a person has a panic disorder, but repeated attacks may indicate this condition.

Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by fear and avoidance of places, situations, or events that may trigger feelings of panic, fear, or embarrassment. People with agoraphobia may feel anxious about being in crowded places, standing in line, using public transportation, or being outside their home alone. They may also have a fear of leaving their "safe" place or experience severe anxiety when they are in a situation where escape might be difficult or help unavailable. In severe cases, agoraphobia can lead to avoidance of many activities and significant impairment in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning.

Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.

These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.

A phobic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by an excessive and irrational fear or avoidance of specific objects, situations, or activities. This fear can cause significant distress and interfere with a person's daily life. Phobic disorders are typically classified into three main categories: specific phobias (such as fear of heights, spiders, or needles), social phobia (or social anxiety disorder), and agoraphobia (fear of open spaces or situations where escape might be difficult).

People with phobic disorders often recognize that their fear is excessive or unreasonable, but they are unable to control it. When exposed to the feared object or situation, they may experience symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, and difficulty breathing. These symptoms can be so distressing that individuals with phobic disorders go to great lengths to avoid the feared situation, which can have a significant impact on their quality of life.

Treatment for phobic disorders typically involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps individuals identify and challenge their irrational thoughts and fears, as well as exposure therapy, which gradually exposes them to the feared object or situation in a safe and controlled environment. In some cases, medication may also be recommended to help manage symptoms of anxiety.

Sodium lactate is not a medical condition but a medication or solution containing sodium lactate. Sodium lactate is the sodium salt of lactic acid, which is a naturally occurring substance in the body produced during anaerobic metabolism. It is available as a sterile, isotonic solution for intravenous (IV) administration and is used to treat or prevent metabolic acidosis, a condition characterized by low blood pH due to excessive acid accumulation in the body.

Sodium lactate solution can help restore the normal pH balance of the body fluids by providing an alkaline substance (lactate) that can be metabolized to bicarbonate, a base, in the liver. It is also used as a source of hydration and electrolytes during surgery or other medical procedures.

It's important to note that sodium lactate should not be confused with lactic acid, which can contribute to metabolic acidosis in certain conditions such as hypoxia, intense exercise, or severe illnesses.

Tetragastrin is not a medical condition but a synthetic peptide hormone that is used in medical research and diagnostic tests. It is composed of four amino acids (glutamic acid, proline, tryptophan, and methionine) and is similar to the natural hormone gastrin, which is produced by the stomach and helps regulate digestion.

Tetragastrin is used in medical research to study the function of the stomach and intestines, and it is also used in diagnostic tests to stimulate the release of gastric acid from the stomach. This can help diagnose conditions such as pernicious anemia, a condition in which the body cannot absorb vitamin B12 due to a lack of intrinsic factor, a protein produced by the stomach.

In summary, Tetragastrin is a synthetic hormone that mimics the function of natural gastrin and is used for research and diagnostic purposes related to the digestive system.

Clonazepam is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called benzodiazepines. It is primarily used to treat seizure disorders, panic attacks, and anxiety. Clonazepam works by increasing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter in the brain that has a calming effect on the nervous system.

The medication comes in tablet or orally disintegrating tablet form and is typically taken two to three times per day. Common side effects of clonazepam include dizziness, drowsiness, and coordination problems. It can also cause memory problems, mental confusion, and depression.

Like all benzodiazepines, clonazepam has the potential for abuse and addiction, so it should be used with caution and only under the supervision of a healthcare provider. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and not to stop taking the medication suddenly, as this can lead to withdrawal symptoms.

It's important to note that while I strive to provide accurate information, this definition is intended to be a general overview and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare provider for medical advice.

Alprazolam is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called benzodiazepines. It works by increasing the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter in the brain that has a calming effect. Alprazolam is used to treat anxiety disorders, panic disorder, and anxiety associated with depression.

The medical definition of Alprazolam is:

"A triazolo analog of the benzodiazepine class of central nervous system-active compounds. It has antianxiety, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, and sedative properties. Alprazolam is used in the management of anxiety disorders, panic disorder, and anxiety associated with depression."

It's important to note that Alprazolam can be habit-forming and should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider. It can also cause side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, and impaired coordination. If you have any questions about Alprazolam or are considering taking it, it's important to speak with your doctor first.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

Psychiatric Status Rating Scales are standardized assessment tools used by mental health professionals to evaluate and rate the severity of a person's psychiatric symptoms and functioning. These scales provide a systematic and structured approach to measuring various aspects of an individual's mental health, such as mood, anxiety, psychosis, behavior, and cognitive abilities.

The purpose of using Psychiatric Status Rating Scales is to:

1. Assess the severity and improvement of psychiatric symptoms over time.
2. Aid in diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning.
3. Monitor treatment response and adjust interventions accordingly.
4. Facilitate communication among mental health professionals about a patient's status.
5. Provide an objective basis for research and epidemiological studies.

Examples of Psychiatric Status Rating Scales include:

1. Clinical Global Impression (CGI): A brief, subjective rating scale that measures overall illness severity, treatment response, and improvement.
2. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): A comprehensive scale used to assess the symptoms of psychosis, including positive, negative, and general psychopathology domains.
3. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) or Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): Scales used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms.
4. Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): A scale used to assess the severity of manic or hypomanic symptoms.
5. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R): Scales that measure a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and psychopathology.
6. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): A scale used to rate an individual's overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health-illness.

It is important to note that Psychiatric Status Rating Scales should be administered by trained mental health professionals to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Psychoanalytic therapy, also known as psychoanalysis, is a type of in-depth talk therapy that aims to bring unconscious motivations and internal conflicts into conscious awareness. It was developed by Sigmund Freud and is based on the theory that people's behavior and feelings are strongly affected by unconscious motives.

The therapy involves regular, often frequent, sessions with a psychoanalyst. The patient is encouraged to talk freely about whatever comes to mind, including dreams, fantasies, and free associations. The analyst listens carefully and interprets the underlying meanings and patterns in the patient's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to help the patient understand and resolve their internal conflicts, which are often rooted in early childhood experiences. This can lead to improved mental health, better relationships, and increased self-awareness. It's important to note that this type of therapy requires a significant time commitment and can be emotionally challenging.

Cognitive Therapy (CT) is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors. It is a form of talk therapy where the therapist and the patient work together to identify and change negative or distorted thinking patterns and beliefs, with the goal of improving emotional response and behavior.

Cognitive Therapy is based on the idea that our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all interconnected, and that negative or inaccurate thoughts can contribute to problems like anxiety and depression. By identifying and challenging these thoughts, patients can learn to think more realistically and positively, which can lead to improvements in their mood and behavior.

In cognitive therapy sessions, the therapist will help the patient identify negative thought patterns and replace them with healthier, more accurate ways of thinking. The therapist may also assign homework or exercises for the patient to practice between sessions, such as keeping a thought record or challenging negative thoughts.

Cognitive Therapy has been shown to be effective in treating a wide range of mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is often used in combination with other forms of treatment, such as medication, and can be delivered individually or in group settings.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), also simply referred to as depression, is a serious mental health condition characterized by the presence of one or more major depressive episodes. A major depressive episode is a period of at least two weeks during which an individual experiences a severely depressed mood and/or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities, accompanied by at least four additional symptoms such as significant changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, psychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue or loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.

MDD can significantly impair an individual's ability to function in daily life, and it is associated with increased risks of suicide, substance abuse, and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of MDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy) and medication (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or tricyclic antidepressants).

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

Anti-anxiety agents, also known as anxiolytics, are a class of medications used to manage symptoms of anxiety disorders. These drugs work by reducing the abnormal excitement in the brain and promoting relaxation and calmness. They include several types of medications such as benzodiazepines, azapirone, antihistamines, and beta-blockers.

Benzodiazepines are the most commonly prescribed anti-anxiety agents. They work by enhancing the inhibitory effects of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, which results in sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. Examples of benzodiazepines include diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan), and clonazepam (Klonopin).

Azapirones are a newer class of anti-anxiety agents that act on serotonin receptors in the brain. Buspirone (Buspar) is an example of this type of medication, which has fewer side effects and less potential for abuse compared to benzodiazepines.

Antihistamines are medications that are primarily used to treat allergies but can also have anti-anxiety effects due to their sedative properties. Examples include hydroxyzine (Vistaril, Atarax) and diphenhydramine (Benadryl).

Beta-blockers are mainly used to treat high blood pressure and heart conditions but can also help manage symptoms of anxiety such as rapid heartbeat, tremors, and sweating. Propranolol (Inderal) is an example of a beta-blocker used for this purpose.

It's important to note that anti-anxiety agents should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have side effects and potential for dependence or addiction. Additionally, these medications are often used in combination with psychotherapy and lifestyle modifications to manage anxiety disorders effectively.

I am not able to find a medical definition for "implosive therapy" as it is not a widely recognized or established term in the field of medicine or psychotherapy. It may be a term specific to certain alternative or unconventional approaches, and I would recommend conducting further research to find more information from reliable sources.

However, in the context of psychotherapy, "implosive therapy" is a technique that was developed by psychiatrist Arnold A. Lazarus as a part of his multimodal therapy approach. It involves the use of imaginal exposure to feared stimuli or situations in order to reduce anxiety and avoidance behaviors. The therapist asks the client to vividly imagine a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking scenarios, starting with less distressing ones and gradually moving towards more anxiety-provoking ones. This process is repeated until the anxiety response to the imagined scenarios decreases or disappears.

It's important to note that implosive therapy should be administered by a qualified mental health professional who has received proper training in this technique, as it can potentially lead to increased distress if not conducted appropriately.

Anxiety: A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome. In a medical context, anxiety refers to a mental health disorder characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or panic that interfere with daily activities. It can also be a symptom of other medical conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, or substance abuse disorders. Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and phobias.

Allylglycine is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound used in organic synthesis. It is an amino acid with the formula CH2=CH-CH2-CONH-CH2-COOH. Allylglycine is not naturally occurring and is typically produced in the laboratory for use as a building block in the synthesis of other compounds.

In the context of medicine, allylglycine may be used in research or in the development of new drugs, but it is not a medication or treatment that is used directly in patients.

Separation anxiety is a condition in which an individual experiences excessive and disproportionate fear or distress when separated from a person or place that they are attached to. This condition is commonly diagnosed in children, but it can also affect adults. The anxiety experienced during separation may manifest as excessive worrying, crying, clinginess, panic attacks, or physical symptoms such as nausea, headaches, or rapid heartbeat. In order for a diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder to be made, the symptoms must cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, serious accident, war combat, rape, or violent personal assault. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5), PTSD is characterized by the following symptoms, which must last for more than one month:

1. Intrusion symptoms: These include distressing memories, nightmares, flashbacks, or intense psychological distress or reactivity to internal or external cues that symbolize or resemble an aspect of the traumatic event.
2. Avoidance symptoms: Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event, including thoughts, feelings, conversations, activities, places, or people.
3. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood: This includes negative beliefs about oneself, others, or the world; distorted blame of self or others for causing the trauma; persistent negative emotional state; decreased interest in significant activities; and feelings of detachment or estrangement from others.
4. Alterations in arousal and reactivity: This includes irritable behavior and angry outbursts, reckless or self-destructive behavior, hypervigilance, exaggerated startle response, problems with concentration, and sleep disturbance.
5. Duration of symptoms: The symptoms must last for more than one month.
6. Functional significance: The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

It is essential to note that PTSD can occur at any age and can be accompanied by various physical and mental health problems, such as depression, substance abuse, memory problems, and other difficulties in cognition. Appropriate treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, can significantly improve the symptoms and overall quality of life for individuals with PTSD.

"Repression-Sensitization" is not a standard term in medicine or psychiatry. However, it may refer to a concept from psychoanalytic theory that describes two opposite ways in which an individual deals with unconscious impulses and anxieties.

"Repression" refers to the defense mechanism by which the ego keeps unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or memories out of consciousness by pushing them into the unconscious mind. This can help the individual avoid anxiety or distress associated with those impulses but may also lead to psychological symptoms or difficulties in functioning.

On the other hand, "sensitization" refers to the process by which an individual becomes increasingly aware of and sensitive to their unconscious impulses and anxieties. This increased awareness can lead to greater insight into their inner world and behavior, allowing them to work through and resolve underlying conflicts.

It's important to note that these concepts are not universally accepted or used in contemporary psychiatry and psychology, and there is ongoing debate about the validity and usefulness of psychoanalytic theory in explaining mental health and illness.

Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.

Hyperventilation is a medical condition characterized by an increased respiratory rate and depth, resulting in excessive elimination of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body. This leads to hypocapnia (low CO2 levels in the blood), which can cause symptoms such as lightheadedness, dizziness, confusion, tingling sensations in the extremities, and muscle spasms. Hyperventilation may occur due to various underlying causes, including anxiety disorders, lung diseases, neurological conditions, or certain medications. It is essential to identify and address the underlying cause of hyperventilation for proper treatment.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health disorder characterized by the presence of obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive, unwanted, and often distressing. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules, and which are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation. These obsessions and/or compulsions cause significant distress, take up a lot of time (an hour or more a day), and interfere with the individual's daily life, including social activities, relationships, and work or school performance. OCD is considered a type of anxiety disorder and can also co-occur with other mental health conditions.

Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication that is primarily used to treat major depressive disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. It works by increasing the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps maintain mental balance, leading to an improvement in mood and other symptoms associated with these conditions.

Paroxetine is available under various brand names, such as Paxil and Seroxat, and it comes in different forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions. The medication is typically taken once daily, although the dosage may vary depending on the individual's needs and the specific condition being treated.

As with any medication, paroxetine can have side effects, such as nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, and sleep disturbances. In some cases, it may also cause more serious side effects, including increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behaviors in children, adolescents, and young adults, as well as an increased risk of bleeding and hyponatremia (low sodium levels).

It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting paroxetine or any other medication, and to follow their instructions carefully regarding dosage, timing, and potential interactions with other drugs or medical conditions.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), alcohol-induced disorders are a category of mental disorders that are directly caused by substance/medication use. Specifically, alcohol-induced disorders refer to conditions where the primary cause is the use of alcohol or its withdrawal.

There are several types of alcohol-induced disorders, including:

1. Alcohol intoxication delirium: A state of confusion and disorientation that occurs due to excessive alcohol consumption.
2. Alcohol withdrawal delirium: A serious condition characterized by confusion, hallucinations, and tremors that can occur after a person stops drinking heavily and suddenly.
3. Alcohol-induced bipolar and related disorders: Mood disturbances that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
4. Alcohol-induced depressive disorder: Depressive symptoms that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
5. Alcohol-induced anxiety disorder: Anxiety symptoms that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
6. Alcohol-induced sleep disorder: Sleep disturbances that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
7. Alcohol-induced sexual dysfunction: Sexual problems that are directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.
8. Alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder: A severe decline in cognitive abilities, such as memory and decision-making skills, that is directly caused by alcohol use or withdrawal.

It's important to note that these disorders are distinct from alcohol use disorder (AUD), which refers to a pattern of problematic alcohol use that can lead to clinically significant impairment or distress. However, AUD can increase the risk of developing alcohol-induced disorders.

Serotonin uptake inhibitors (also known as Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors or SSRIs) are a class of medications primarily used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. They work by increasing the levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain that helps regulate mood, appetite, and sleep, among other functions.

SSRIs block the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, allowing more serotonin to be available in the synapse (the space between two neurons) for binding to postsynaptic receptors. This results in increased serotonergic neurotransmission and improved mood regulation.

Examples of SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celexa), and escitalopram (Lexapro). These medications are generally well-tolerated, with side effects that may include nausea, headache, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and increased anxiety or agitation. However, they can have serious interactions with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting an SSRI.

Dysthymic disorder, also known as persistent depressive disorder, is a chronic type of depression where a person's moods are regularly low. It is characterized by depressed mood that occurs for most of the day, for at least two years, and is accompanied by at least two other symptoms such as appetite or sleep changes, low energy, low self-esteem, difficulty making decisions, or feelings of hopelessness.

To meet the diagnostic criteria, the symptoms cannot be explained by substance abuse or a medical condition, and they must cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Dysthymic disorder typically has a chronic course, but it may respond to treatment, including psychotherapy and medication.

Fear is a basic human emotion that is typically characterized by a strong feeling of anxiety, apprehension, or distress in response to a perceived threat or danger. It is a natural and adaptive response that helps individuals identify and respond to potential dangers in their environment, and it can manifest as physical, emotional, and cognitive symptoms.

Physical symptoms of fear may include increased heart rate, rapid breathing, sweating, trembling, and muscle tension. Emotional symptoms may include feelings of anxiety, worry, or panic, while cognitive symptoms may include difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, and intrusive thoughts about the perceived threat.

Fear can be a normal and adaptive response to real dangers, but it can also become excessive or irrational in some cases, leading to phobias, anxiety disorders, and other mental health conditions. In these cases, professional help may be necessary to manage and overcome the fear.

A psychological interview is a clinical assessment tool used by mental health professionals to gather information about a person's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral status. It is a structured or unstructured conversation between the clinician and the client aimed at understanding the client's symptoms, concerns, personal history, current life situation, and any other relevant factors that contribute to their psychological state.

The interview may cover various topics such as the individual's mental health history, family background, social relationships, education, occupation, coping mechanisms, and substance use. The clinician will also assess the person's cognitive abilities, emotional expression, thought processes, and behavior during the interview to help form a diagnosis or treatment plan.

The psychological interview is an essential component of a comprehensive mental health evaluation, as it provides valuable insights into the individual's subjective experiences and helps establish a therapeutic relationship between the clinician and the client. It can be conducted in various settings, including hospitals, clinics, private practices, or community centers.

Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) medication that is primarily used to treat depression. It works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain. Imipramine has been found to be effective in treating various types of depression, including major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and depression that is resistant to other treatments.

In addition to its antidepressant effects, imipramine is also used off-label for the treatment of several other conditions, such as anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), enuresis (bedwetting), and chronic pain.

Imipramine was first synthesized in the 1950s and has been widely used since then. It is available in various forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release capsules, and liquid solutions. As with all medications, imipramine can have side effects, which may include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, dizziness, and sedation. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects, such as cardiac arrhythmias or seizures.

It is important to use imipramine under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as dosages may need to be adjusted based on individual patient needs and responses to treatment. Additionally, imipramine should not be stopped abruptly, as doing so can lead to withdrawal symptoms or a recurrence of depression.

A depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It can also include changes in sleep, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem, as well as thoughts of death or suicide. Depressive disorders can vary in severity and duration, with some people experiencing mild and occasional symptoms, while others may have severe and chronic symptoms that interfere with their ability to function in daily life.

There are several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), and postpartum depression. MDD is characterized by symptoms that interfere significantly with a person's ability to function and last for at least two weeks, while PDD involves chronic low-grade depression that lasts for two years or more. Postpartum depression occurs in women after childbirth and can range from mild to severe.

Depressive disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy (talk therapy), and lifestyle changes.

Relaxation therapy is not a specific type of therapy with its own distinct medical definition. Rather, relaxation is a common element that is incorporated into many types of therapies and techniques aimed at reducing stress, anxiety, and promoting physical and mental relaxation. These techniques can include various forms of mind-body interventions such as deep breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery, meditation, yoga, tai chi, and biofeedback.

The goal of relaxation therapy is to help individuals learn to control their physiological responses to stress and anxiety, leading to a reduction in muscle tension, lower heart rate and blood pressure, and an overall sense of calm and well-being. While relaxation therapy is not typically used as a standalone treatment for medical conditions, it can be a useful adjunctive therapy when combined with other treatments for a variety of physical and mental health concerns.

A Personality Inventory is a standardized test used in psychology to assess an individual's personality traits and characteristics. It typically consists of a series of multiple-choice questions or statements that the respondent must rate according to their level of agreement or disagreement. The inventory measures various aspects of an individual's behavior, attitudes, and temperament, providing a quantifiable score that can be compared to normative data to help diagnose personality disorders, assess personal strengths and weaknesses, or provide insights into an individual's likely responses to different situations. Examples of well-known personality inventories include the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI).

Psychotherapy is a type of treatment used primarily to treat mental health disorders and other emotional or behavioral issues. It involves a therapeutic relationship between a trained psychotherapist and a patient, where they work together to understand the patient's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, identify patterns that may be causing distress, and develop strategies to manage symptoms and improve overall well-being.

There are many different approaches to psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), psychodynamic therapy, interpersonal therapy, and others. The specific approach used will depend on the individual patient's needs and preferences, as well as the training and expertise of the therapist.

Psychotherapy can be conducted in individual, group, or family sessions, and may be provided in a variety of settings, such as hospitals, clinics, private practices, or online platforms. The goal of psychotherapy is to help patients understand themselves better, develop coping skills, improve their relationships, and enhance their overall quality of life.

Somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders characterized by the presence of physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or substance abuse. These symptoms cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The individual's belief about the symptoms is not consistent with the medical evaluation and often leads to excessive or repeated medical evaluations.

Examples of somatoform disorders include:

1. Somatization disorder: characterized by multiple physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, affecting several parts of the body.
2. Conversion disorder: characterized by the presence of one or more neurological symptoms (such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing) that cannot be explained medically and appear to have a psychological origin.
3. Pain disorder: characterized by chronic pain that is not fully explained by a medical condition.
4. Hypochondriasis: characterized by an excessive preoccupation with having a serious illness, despite reassurance from medical professionals.
5. Body dysmorphic disorder: characterized by the obsessive idea that some aspect of one's own body part or appearance is severely flawed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it.

It's important to note that these disorders are not caused by intentional deceit or malingering, but rather reflect a genuine belief in the presence of physical symptoms and distress related to them.

Hypocapnia is a medical term that refers to a condition where there is an abnormally low level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood. Carbon dioxide is a gas that is produced by the body's cells as they carry out their normal metabolic processes, and it is transported in the bloodstream to the lungs, where it is exhaled out of the body during breathing.

Hypocapnia can occur when a person breathes too quickly or too deeply, which can cause too much CO2 to be exhaled from the body. This condition can also result from certain medical conditions that affect breathing, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and sleep apnea.

Mild hypocapnia may not cause any noticeable symptoms, but more severe cases can lead to symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, headache, confusion, and rapid breathing. In extreme cases, it can lead to life-threatening conditions such as respiratory failure or cardiac arrest.

Hypocapnia is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure the level of CO2 in the blood. Treatment for hypocapnia may involve addressing any underlying medical conditions that are causing it, as well as providing supportive care to help the person breathe more effectively.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Respiratory alkalosis is a medical condition that occurs when there is an excess base (bicarbonate) and/or a decrease in carbon dioxide in the body. This leads to an increase in pH level of the blood, making it more alkaline than normal. Respiratory alkalosis is usually caused by conditions that result in hyperventilation, such as anxiety, lung disease, or high altitude. It can also be caused by certain medications and medical procedures. Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis may include lightheadedness, confusion, and tingling in the fingers and toes. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition.

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a class of medications that were commonly used to treat depression. The name "tricyclic" comes from the chemical structure of these drugs, which contain three rings in their molecular makeup. TCAs were first developed in the 1950s and remained a popular choice for treating depression until the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the late 1980s.

TCAs work by increasing the levels of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between nerve cells. By increasing the levels of these neurotransmitters, TCAs can help to improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression.

Some common examples of tricyclic antidepressants include amitriptyline, imipramine, and nortriptyline. While TCAs are effective in treating depression, they can have significant side effects, including dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and drowsiness. In addition, TCAs can be dangerous in overdose and may increase the risk of suicide in some individuals. As a result, they are typically used as a last resort when other treatments have failed.

Overall, tricyclic antidepressants are a class of medications that were commonly used to treat depression but have largely been replaced by newer drugs due to their side effects and potential risks.

Respiratory disorders are a group of conditions that affect the respiratory system, including the nose, throat (pharynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm. These disorders can make it difficult for a person to breathe normally and may cause symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain.

There are many different types of respiratory disorders, including:

1. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disease that causes the airways to become narrow and swollen, leading to difficulty breathing.
2. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A group of lung diseases, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis, that make it hard to breathe.
3. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
4. Lung cancer: A type of cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs and can cause symptoms such as coughing, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
5. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
6. Sleep apnea: A disorder that causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during sleep.
7. Interstitial lung disease: A group of disorders that cause scarring of the lung tissue, leading to difficulty breathing.
8. Pulmonary fibrosis: A type of interstitial lung disease that causes scarring of the lung tissue and makes it hard to breathe.
9. Pleural effusion: An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and chest wall.
10. Lung transplantation: A surgical procedure to replace a diseased or failing lung with a healthy one from a donor.

Respiratory disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, exposure to environmental pollutants, smoking, and infections. Treatment for respiratory disorders may include medications, oxygen therapy, breathing exercises, and lifestyle changes. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to treat the disorder.

Electronystagmography (ENG) is a medical test used to assess the function of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and eye movements. This test measures involuntary eye movements, called nystagmus, which can be indicative of various conditions affecting the inner ear or brainstem.

During the ENG test, electrodes are placed around the eyes to record eye movements while the patient undergoes a series of stimuli, such as changes in head position, visual stimuli, and caloric irrigations (where warm or cool water is introduced into the ear canal to stimulate the inner ear). The recorded data is then analyzed to evaluate the function of the vestibular system and identify any abnormalities.

ENG testing can help diagnose conditions such as vestibular neuritis, labyrinthitis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), Meniere's disease, and other balance disorders. It is also used to assess the effectiveness of various treatments for these conditions.

Psychopharmacology is a branch of psychopharmacology that deals with the study of the effects of drugs on mood, thinking, and behavior. It involves researching how various substances interact with the brain and nervous system to produce changes in perception, cognition, consciousness, and emotion. This field also includes the development and testing of medications used to treat mental disorders, as well as the study of the potential misuse and abuse of drugs. Psychopharmacologists may work in academia, research institutions, or the pharmaceutical industry, and they often collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as psychiatrists and neurologists, to develop and implement treatment plans for patients.

Psychoanalytic theory is a psychological framework developed primarily by Sigmund Freud and his followers, which seeks to explain psychic phenomena in terms of unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences. It posits that the human mind is composed of three elements: the id (primitive instincts), ego (rational thought), and superego (moral standards). The theory emphasizes the importance of resolving unconscious conflicts, making the unconscious conscious, and analyzing defense mechanisms in order to alleviate psychological distress and promote mental health. It also includes various concepts such as the Oedipus complex, psychosexual development stages, and transference/countertransference phenomena.

Group psychotherapy is a form of psychotherapy in which a trained therapist treats a small group of individuals together as a group. The therapy focuses on interpersonal relationships and social interactions among the members of the group. The group becomes a social microcosm for each individual, allowing them to understand and work through their issues in relation to others.

The size of the group typically ranges from 5-12 members, and meetings can be held in various settings such as hospitals, community mental health centers, or private practice offices. The duration of the therapy can vary, ranging from brief, time-limited groups that meet for several weeks to longer-term groups that meet for several months or even years.

Group psychotherapy can be used to treat a wide range of psychological issues, including depression, anxiety, personality disorders, trauma, and relational difficulties. The therapist facilitates the group process by creating a safe and supportive environment where members can share their thoughts, feelings, and experiences with one another. Through this process, members can gain insights into their own behavior, develop new social skills, and improve their relationships with others.

Psychophysiologic Disorders, also known as psychosomatic disorders, refer to a category of mental health conditions where psychological stress and emotional factors play a significant role in causing physical symptoms. These disorders are characterized by the presence of bodily complaints for which no physiological explanation can be found, or where the severity of the symptoms is far greater than what would be expected from any underlying medical condition.

Examples of psychophysiologic disorders include:

* Conversion disorder: where physical symptoms such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing occur in the absence of a clear medical explanation.
* Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): where abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits are thought to be caused or worsened by stress and emotional factors.
* Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES): where episodes that resemble epileptic seizures occur without any electrical activity in the brain.
* Chronic pain syndromes: where pain persists for months or years beyond the expected healing time, often accompanied by depression and anxiety.

The diagnosis of psychophysiologic disorders typically involves a thorough medical evaluation to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment usually includes a combination of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), relaxation techniques, stress management, and sometimes medication for co-occurring mental health conditions.

The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) is a questionnaire for measuring the severity of panic disorder. Panic disorder is a ... Panic disorder is not the same as phobic symptoms, although phobias commonly result from panic disorder. CBT and one tested ... If panic disorder patients are indeed self-medicating, there may be a portion of the population with undiagnosed panic disorder ... Substance use disorders are often correlated with panic attacks. In a study, 39% of people with panic disorder had ...
The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) is a questionnaire developed for measuring the severity of panic disorder. The ... Self-report form of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS-SR) is used to detect possible symptoms of panic disorder, and ... 1997). "Multicenter collaborative panic disorder severity scale". Am J Psychiatry. 154 (11): 1571-5. doi:10.1176/ajp.154.11. ... Houck PR, Spiegel DA, Shear MK, Rucci P (2002). "Reliability of the self-report version of the panic disorder severity scale". ...
... post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder (SAD ... Amrein R, Levitan M (2016). "Benzodiazepines in Panic Disorder". In Nardi AE (ed.). Panic Disorder. Springer International ... Sertraline is effective for panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and obsessive- ... Sertraline is superior to placebo for the treatment of panic disorder. The response rate was independent of the dose. In ...
She is known for her research on anxiety disorders, including phobia and panic disorder, and the use of fear extinction through ... One of her most cited studies involved a two-year follow-up of patients who received behavioral treatment for panic disorder. ... Craske, M. G., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1991). Behavioral treatment of panic disorder: A two-year follow-up. Behavior ... Barlow, D. H., Craske, M. G., Cerny, J. A., & Klosko, J. S. (1989). Behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behavior Therapy, ...
Panic disorder. Moclobemide is useful in the treatment and management of panic disorder. Panic disorder is mentioned as an ... Moclobemide has been found to be effective for the treatment of social anxiety disorder in both short and long-term placebo ... The use of moclobemide in the treatment of social anxiety disorder has given mixed results with a tendency of response at ... There is a high risk of treatment failure if there is co-morbid alcohol use disorder, however. The Australian Medicines ...
Postcolonial Disorders. University of California Press. 2009. Hinton, Devon and Byron Good, eds. Culture and Panic Disorder. ... Culture and Depression: Studies in the Anthropology and Cross‑Cultural Psychiatry of Affect and Disorder. Comparative Studies ...
People with subthreshold panic disorder were found to benefit from use of CBT. for older people, a stepped-care intervention ( ... Prevention of mental disorders are measures that try to decrease the chances of a mental disorder occurring. A 2004 WHO report ... Gardenswartz, Cara Ann; Craske, Michelle G. (2001). "Prevention of panic disorder". Behavior Therapy. 32 (4): 725-37. doi: ... and mobile-based interventions can be effective in preventing mental disorders. For depressive disorders, when people ...
... generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder). The difference between anxiety disorder (as mental disorder) and anxiety (as ... social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, and selective mutism. The disorder differs ... Panic disorder may share symptoms of stress and anxiety, but it is actually very different. Panic disorder is an anxiety ... Anxiety disorders often occur with other mental health disorders, particularly major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, ...
"Cannabis use and panic disorder". Cannabis.net. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011. "Myths ... December 2019). "Cannabinoids for the treatment of mental disorders and symptoms of mental disorders: a systematic review and ... Evidence is lacking for depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, post-traumatic stress ... and susceptibility to a panic attack may increase as levels of THC metabolites rise. Cannabis withdrawal symptoms are typically ...
Panic disorder may occur with or without agoraphobia. Clonazepam has also been found effective in treating other anxiety ... Clonazepam is prescribed for short-term management of epilepsy, anxiety, OCD and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. ... The effectiveness of clonazepam in the short-term treatment of panic disorder has been demonstrated in controlled clinical ... Cloos JM (January 2005). "The treatment of panic disorder". Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 18 (1): 45-50. PMID 16639183. ...
Of the five trials performed on patients with anxiety disorders, three found that Valproate decreases panic disorder, one found ... "Valproate treatment of panic disorder and lactate-induced panic attacks". Biological Psychiatry. 33 (7): 542-546. doi:10.1016/ ... including mental health disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive- ... Woodman, CL; Noyes Jr., R (April 1994). "Panic disorder: treatment with valproate". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 55 (4 ...
... most concerning anxiety disorders, including the books Panic Disorder: A Critical Analysis(1994), Remembering Trauma(2003), and ... and interpretation in patients with panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and PTSD. More recent work concerns social ... Panic Disorder: A Critical Analysis. McNally RJ (1994). New York: Guilford Press. Remembering trauma. McNally RJ (2003). ... McNally, Richard (1994). Panic Disorder: A Critical Analysis. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-0898622638. McNally, Richard ( ...
"YUI DIAGNOSED WITH PANIC DISORDER". AFA Channel. Archived from the original on March 17, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014. "Yui ... Yui revealed in her band blog that she had been diagnosed with a panic disorder, which resulted in the cancellation of some ... talks about her panic disorder on her blog". Tokyo Have. Retrieved April 14, 2014. "実(初回生産限定盤) , FLOWER FLOWER". ORICON NEWS ( ...
It changed how therapists evaluate and treat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Panic Disorder, disorders that affect 10 million ... McNally, Richard J (15 November 2002). "Anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 52 (10): 938-946. doi: ... Anxiety sensitivity sometimes predicts anxiety disorders before clinical symptoms can be observed, thereby creating new ... anxiety disorders, developmental disabilities, intrinsic motivation, and the psychology of religion. He was born in New York ...
ISBN 978-0-306-45784-5. Queendom.com : Mental Health Articles: Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia - Etiology of panic disorder ... Chapman of "nervousness when Emma leaves me", which they interpret as a fear of being alone associated with his panic disorder ... This is known to happen with many patients today, such as in severe cases of panic disorder, usually accompanied by ... Bowlby suggested that separation anxiety may help cause the development of panic disorder in adulthood and that agoraphobic ...
Post traumatic stress disorder and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, conditions commonly comorbid with Panic Disorder, can ... the main characteristic of those with Panic Disorder, which is also associated with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and ... "Therapist perceptions and delivery of interoceptive exposure for panic disorder". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 27 (2): 259-264 ... "Therapist perceptions and delivery of interoceptive exposure for panic disorder". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 27 (2): 259-264 ...
He lives with generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. Paula Deen (born 1947), American chef, cookbook author and ... He struggles with panic disorder. Michael Clifford (born 1995), Australian musician and guitarist (5 Seconds of Summer). He ... Klein, Sarah (22 May 2018). "Why This Ballerina With Panic Disorder and Depression Refuses to Apologize for Her Mental Illness ... "Donny Osmond Confronts Panic - 48 Hours". CBS News. 24 February 2000. Retrieved 15 May 2019. Depression, Medication, Anxiety - ...
Kahn, Rene S.; Praag, Herman M. Van (1988). "A serotonin hypothesis of panic disorder". Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and ... and David de Wied as mentors at the University of Utrecht on the thesis Serotonin Receptor Hypersensitivity in Panic Disorder: ... Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Electronic address: douglas.ruderfer@ ... Genomic Dissection of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia, Including 28 Subphenotypes. Cell. 2018 Jun 14;173(7):1705-1715.e16. ...
... and panic disorder". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 26 (2): 199-223. doi:10.1023/a:1016349624867. PMID 12211325. S2CID ... "Ataque de nervios and panic disorder". American Journal of Psychiatry. 151 (6): 871-875. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.6.871. PMID ... Despite comparisons to panic attacks, investigators have identified ataque de nervios as a separate syndrome with measured ... The condition appears in Appendix I of the revised fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ...
Many survivors also experience panic disorder. There are children who survived the Cambodian genocide that may not have ... Behavior disorders were also more prevalent in children of survivors of the Holocaust. Youth that grew up as victims of the ... This anger was frequent and the episodes met the criteria for a panic-attack. When this anger was elicited within the home, ... It is typical for these young survivors to experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as other ...
It is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder, major depressive disorder, and chronic pain. It ... Panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Body dysmorphic disorder Repetitive self-injurious/self-harming behaviours in those ... Major depressive disorder (MDD), a popular off-label use in the US. It is approved by the Australian TGA and the United Kingdom ... In any case, it is not necessary to have a diagnosis of bipolar affective disorder (manic-depressive illness), or even to be ...
2, 166 -203: Cultural Suppression of Female Sexuality Kaplan, Helen Singer (1988). "Intimacy disorders and sexual panic states ... Balon, Richard; Segraves, Robert Taylor (2009). Clinical Manual of Sexual Disorders. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 258. ISBN 978 ... A Journey Into Female Sexuality Extended female sexuality Female ejaculation Female promiscuity Female sexual arousal disorder ...
"Intimacy disorders and sexual panic states". Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 14 (1): 3-12. doi:10.1080/00926238808403902. ...
Specific phobias are a type of anxiety disorder in which a person may feel extremely anxious or have a panic attack when ... "Cognitive Hypnotherapy for Panic disorder with Aquaphobia". Sleep and Hypnosis. 17. "Phobias". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2023- ... "CASE REPORT: Cognitive Hypnotherapy for Panic Disorder with Aquaphobia" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-10 ... Líndal, E.; Stefánsson, J. G. (1993). "The lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders in Iceland as estimated by the US National ...
... illness anxiety disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, panic disorder, ... Agoraphobia is strongly linked with panic disorder and is often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack. A common ... In addition to recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, a diagnosis of panic disorder requires that said attacks have chronic ... As such, those with panic disorder experience symptoms even outside specific panic episodes. Often, normal changes in heartbeat ...
Cosci F; Schruers KR; Abrams K; Griez EJ (Jun 2007). "Alcohol use disorders and panic disorder: a review of the evidence of a ... Of those who seek help from mental health services for conditions including anxiety disorders such as panic disorder or social ... Cowley DS (Jan 1, 1992). "Alcohol abuse, substance abuse, and panic disorder". Am J Med. 92 (1A): 41S-8S. doi:10.1016/0002-9343 ... Substance-related disorders, Alcohol and health, Substance dependence, Mood disorders, Anxiety, Psychological stress). ...
... mainly mood and anxiety and panic disorders. The spectrum of anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder, should be ... Peres, M. F.; Lucchetti, G.; Mercante, J. P.; Young, W. B. (2010). "New daily persistent headache and panic disorder". ... since a single disorder is unlikely to exist.[citation needed] NDPH is classified as a Primary Headache Disorder by the ICHD-2 ... or such disorder is present but headache does not occur for the first time in close temporal relation to the disorder. Although ...
... panic disorder, bulimia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or borderline personality disorder. Men with alcohol-use ... Cosci F, Schruers KR, Abrams K, Griez EJ (June 2007). "Alcohol use disorders and panic disorder: a review of the evidence of a ... impulse disorders or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Women with alcohol use disorder are more likely to ... Panic disorder can develop or worsen as a direct result of long-term alcohol misuse. The co-occurrence of major depressive ...
... such as panic disorder or depression. According to a review, SSA allows for the study of symptoms independently, which would ... high SSAS scores are predicted by depression and disease phobia in patients with panic disorder and by bodily preoccupation and ... "Somatosensory amplification in hypochondriasis and panic disorder". Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 6 (1): 46-53. doi: ... It is a common feature of hypochondriasis and is commonly found with fibromyalgia, major depressive disorder, some anxiety ...
... in major depressive disorder, 34% in panic disorder, 28% in social phobia, and 50% in substance abusers. Alexithymia is also ... substance use disorders, some anxiety disorders and sexual disorders as well as certain physical illnesses, such as ... Cox BJ, Swinson RP, Shulman ID, Bourdeau D (1995). "Alexithymia in panic disorder and social phobia". Comprehensive Psychiatry ... Jones BA (November 1984). "Panic attacks with panic masked by alexithymia". Psychosomatics. 25 (11): 858-859. doi:10.1016/S0033 ...
The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) is a questionnaire for measuring the severity of panic disorder. Panic disorder is a ... Panic disorder is not the same as phobic symptoms, although phobias commonly result from panic disorder. CBT and one tested ... If panic disorder patients are indeed self-medicating, there may be a portion of the population with undiagnosed panic disorder ... Substance use disorders are often correlated with panic attacks. In a study, 39% of people with panic disorder had ...
... and panic attacks? We have put together some effective ways to cope with panic disorder and regain control. ... 1. Gain knowledge of panic disorder. The first step in overcoming your panic disorder symptoms is to understand what is ... Individuals with panic disorder tend to have spontaneous panic attacks, and they therefore become preoccupied with the fear ... Panic disorder affects 2 to 3 percent of people in the United States per year, and it is twice as likely to occur in women than ...
... a type of anxiety disorder), which can happen anytime, anywhere and without warning. ... What is panic disorder?. Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder. It causes repeated panic attacks, which are sudden ... What are the symptoms of panic disorder?. People with panic disorder may have:. *Sudden and repeated panic attacks of ... Panic Disorder (American Academy of Family Physicians) Also in Spanish * Panic Disorder: When Fear Overwhelms (National ...
Dimitar Bonevski and others published Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder , Find, read and cite all the research you need on ... patients with panic disorder. Pharmacological agents with sufficient evidence to support their use in the treatment of panic ... Situationally predisposed panic attacks are particularly common in panic disorder, but can also occur in specific and social ... and panic disorder are unclear, the tendency to have panic attacks runs in fami- ...
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), a panic attack is a discrete ... The presence of recurrent panic attacks is an essential feature of panic disorder. ... of which panic disorder is one. [1] In panic disorder, the individual experiences recurrent unexpected panic attacks and is ... panic disorder and agoraphobia are two separate and distinct disorders. [1] Although panic disorder is more frequent in older ...
... refer possible panic patients with or without CAD to a mental health professional for assessment and treatment. Future panic ... Physicians should attend to the panic symptomatology and, when in doubt, ... Panic disorder is present in 30% or more of chest pain patients with no or minimal CAD and may coexist with CAD. Panic disorder ... primarily panic disorder, among patients consulting for chest pain. Panic disorder is described. Treatment modalities are ...
Women have been accused of hysteria, and in my field, "Histrionic Personality Disorder" (HPD) for a long time. The DSM-V (our ... I believe they have "male panic" or TPD. If we view all this sexual behavior biologically, we can get a good perspective of the ... Their showing off, touching women inappropriately, or masturbating in front of them all show "male panic." Their instinct is to ... Males (and females) can copulate with many partners, but some of them panic unconsciously, fearing that they wont reproduce ...
The pharmacologictreatment of panic disorder is aimed at reducing or eliminating panic attacks, avoidance behavior,anticipatory ... Panic disorder is common and associated with significant morbidity and dysfunction. ... Antidepressants and benzodiazepines remain the current mainstaysof pharmacotherapy for panic disorder, although other novel ... Baclofen, a French Exception, Seriously Harms Alcohol Use Disorder Patients Without Benefit To the Editor: Dr Andrades ...
... Sandra Ruppel Corporate Communications. ... The effectiveness of the app, Mindable: panic disorder and agoraphobia, was clinically tested and proven in a study. Mindable ... Subjects were selected through clinical interviews prior to the start of the study, during which a corresponding panic disorder ... University in Bremen and study centers in Hamburg and Münster conducted a study with 107 people suffering from panic disorder ...
Help Someone Anxiety DisorderId like to show you a technique I created to help you manage your anxiety and control panic ... ... How To Help Someone Having A Panic Attack: ... The point to be made here is the fact panic disorder syndrome ... Why there is More Panic Today. When compared to the past; were talking about 50 years ago or so, panic disorder is far more ... Still, though it may be disappointing to many, there is one thing that is probably behind far more anxiety and panic disorder ...
A panic attack is a sudden, intense fear or anxiety. It may make you short of breath or dizzy or make your heart pound. You may ... Panic disorder. If panic attacks happen often, they are called a panic disorder. People with panic disorder may: *Feel ... Panic attacks and panic disorder may be more likely if you have a family history of panic disorder. They sometimes have no ... What are panic attacks and panic disorder?. A panic attack is a sudden, intense fear or anxiety. It may make you short of ...
Panic disorder is both my heaviest burden and my biggest badge of honor. ... Surviving Panic Disorder is Something to be Proud of Panic disorder is both my heaviest burden and my biggest badge of honor. ... I share all of this in hopes that someone else with panic disorder will read this and know that you are not alone. I spent a ... This is the nature of panic disorder.. Since the onset of COVID-19, the space between "this one" and "the next one" has become ...
Como, Italy-Despite the use of medications as first-line treatments for panic disorder (PD), as many as 64% of patients dont ... Those include gender, age, duration of PD, the presence/severity of agoraphobia; number of panic attacks; severity of the ... may provide relevant advances in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. PD, a common and debilitating psychiatric condition, ... have adequate response or complete resolution of symptoms, including panic attacks, a new study points out.. The new analysis, ...
Could I have panic disorder?. Recognizing a panic attack. Panic disorder involves repeated panic attacks, so its important to ... This is what panic disorder feels like.. What is it?. Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder that causes repeated, ... Recognizing panic disorder. Heres a list of signs that your panic attacks might mean something more, like a panic disorder:. * ... Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia. Up to 50% of people with panic disorder also experience agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is an extreme ...
... one out of 75 individuals may suffer from panic disorder. Learn more about panic attack, including symptoms, risk factors, ... What Causes Panic Disorders?. There is no known definite cause of panic disorders, although a study conducted by the National ... If you or someone you know is suffering from panic disorder, do not hesitate to call to find help on treating panic disorder. ... Is There a Cure for Panic Disorders?. Feeling fear or panic is not a disorder in itself. There are many ways to prevent or stop ...
Serotonergic medications are routinely used to treat depressive and anxiety disorders, and the association of depression with ... Why might an association between panic disorder and hypertension exist? A possibility is that patients with panic disorder have ... Cardiovascular death from panic disorder and panic-like anxiety: a critical review of the literature. J Psychosom Res. 1998;44: ... Association of panic disorder and panic attacks with hypertension. Am J Med. 1999;107:310-316.. 19. Davies SJ, Jackson PR, ...
... this advice outlines what a panic disorder is, the symptoms to looks for, the characteristics of such disorders, the treatments ... Individuals suffering from Panic Disorder also have a poorer prognosis, considering the physical symptoms of the disorder and a ... For an individual to be diagnosed with Panic Disorder, there has to be a recurrence of unexpected panic attacks, with at least ... Panic Disorder is treated through therapy and medication. Pharmaceutical therapies for panic attacks focus on immediate relief ...
Keywords: Emotional Freedom Techniques, EFT, panic disorder, womens health, mental health, pilot study, panic attacks ... Panic disorder is a disabling condition associated with reduced quality of life and impaired functioning. It is one of the most ... The use of Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) in women with panic disorder: A pilot study. Citation (APA style): Taylor, E., ... in women with panic disorder: A pilot study. Energy Psychology: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 12(2), 12-19. doi:10.9769/EPJ. ...
... and panic disorder (PD) among citizens in 11 countries during the Covid-19 pandemic. We explored risks and protective factors ... and panic disorder being 11.4%, 8.4%, 9.3%, and 3%, respectively. Higher resilience was associated with lower mental health ... The prevalence and new incidence during the pandemic for at least one disorder was 48.6% and 17.6%, with the new incidence of ... burden for all disorders. Ten to thirteen associated factors explained 79% of the variance in PTSD, 80% in anxiety, 78% in ...
Zin WA A caffeine challenge test in panic disorder patients, their healthy first-degree relatives, and healthy controls Depress ... Our aim was to observe the induction of anxiety symptoms and panic attacks by a caffeine challenge test in panic disorder (PD) ... "A caffeine challenge test in panic disorder patients, their healthy first-degree relatives, and healthy controls". ... "A caffeine challenge test in panic disorder patients, their healthy first-degree relatives, and healthy controls" Depress ...
I went to downtown Baltimore today and witnessed a scene of chaos, panic and disorder that I dont think has been equaled since ... Share All sharing options for: Blue Jays 8, Orioles 6: Chaos, panic and disorder ...
One day a coworker did a thing that triggered a pretty big panic attack. It wasnt anything malicious on his part, just a ... I was still having panic attacks regularly, and they would be brought on by the slightest provocation. But I felt, working in ... and told him that the gesture he made happens to be a huge trigger for me and I was having a pretty major panic attack as a ...
... check our latest active comments about eating disorders that often serve as a discu ... Eating disorder recovery discussed bi-weekly and sometimes more on our blog, ... If you suffer from an eating disorder now or have in the past, please email Joanna for a free telephone consultation.. joanna@ ...
Differences between these two anxiety disorders are pointed out, and clear distinctions made between them. ... Many clinicians are not able to distinguish between the clear-cut definitions of social anxiety and panic disorder. ... PANIC DISORDER. People with panic believe very strongly that the "panic attack" they experienced means that something is ... Likewise, people with panic disorder do not develop avoidant personality disorder. Avoidant personality disorder results from ...
Brought to you by Merck & Co, Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (known as MSD outside the US and Canada)-dedicated to using leading-edge science to save and improve lives around the world. Learn more about the MSD Manuals and our commitment to Global Medical Knowledge.. ...
Panic Disorder is the experience of panic attacks followed by ongoing concern and worry about having another panic attack and/ ... Cognitive/behavioral therapy has shown to be effective in the treatment of Panic Disorder. Therapy consists of parental and ... There may be avoidant behaviors associated with, and secondary to, the panic attacks. Often associated with a panic attack is a ... studies have shown that cognitive/behavioral psychotherapy is very effective in treating Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder in ...
I love how the internet lets me speak my mind without having to be so shy all the time. I'm really not shy once you get to know me, but a lot of people judge me for being awkward in social situations. When I have a fake …
Stress hormone response to the DEX-CRH test and its relation to psychotherapy outcome in panic disorder patients with and ... Stress hormone response to the DEX-CRH test and its relation to psychotherapy outcome in panic disorder patients with and ... Established panic-specific questionnaires were handed out for the pre-therapy and post-therapy evaluation of disease severity ( ... Established panic-specific questionnaires were handed out for the pre-therapy and post-therapy evaluation of disease severity ( ...
Panic Disorder. Definition. Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder and is characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of ... Panic disorder affects about 6 million American adults and is twice as common in women as men. Panic attacks often begin in ... A fear of ones own unexplained physical symptoms is also a symptom of panic disorder. People having panic attacks sometimes ... which underlie anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder. Fear, an emotion that evolved to deal with danger, causes an ...
SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER; OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL; MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; ANTICIPATORY ... Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Neural Processing of Agoraphobia-Specific Stimuli in Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia ... Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Neural Processing of Agoraphobia-Specific Stimuli in Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia. ... Background: Patients suffering from panic disorder and agoraphobia are significantly impaired in daily life due to anxiety ...
  • Panic disorder is a mental and behavioral disorder, specifically an anxiety disorder characterized by reoccurring unexpected panic attacks. (wikipedia.org)
  • In panic disorder, the individual experiences recurrent unexpected panic attacks and is persistently concerned or worried about having more panic attacks or changes his or her behavior in maladaptive ways because of the panic attacks. (medscape.com)
  • When you have panic disorder, you have repeated, unexpected panic attacks. (stlukesonline.org)
  • You may have panic disorder if you have at least two unexpected panic attacks, worry about having another attack, and avoid situations that may trigger it. (stlukesonline.org)
  • Some people experience unexpected panic attacks under normal circumstances. (psychguides.com)
  • Panic disorder is a common anxiety disorder characterized by sudden and unexpected panic attacks and accompany with obviously anticipatory anxiety. (researchsquare.com)
  • Panic disorder is a pattern of repeated, unexpected panic attacks. (cloudapp.net)
  • Panic disorder is a debilitating anxiety disorder, characterised by repeated, unexpected panic attacks, involving physical symptoms, such as a racing heart, dizziness and chest pain, along with a fear of recurring attacks and changes in behaviour to avoid further attacks [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unexpected panic attacks are those that occur spontaneously, without any apparent trigger. (msdmanuals.com)
  • People with panic disorder experience frequent and unexpected panic attacks. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In 1994, the American Psychiatric Association included panic disorder with agoraphobia and panic disorder without agoraphobia in the DSM-IV . (medscape.com)
  • In prior DSM editions, the terms panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks had been used to describe similar conditions. (medscape.com)
  • In DSM-5 , panic disorder and agoraphobia are two separate and distinct disorders. (medscape.com)
  • The effectiveness of the app, 'Mindable: panic disorder and agoraphobia,' was clinically tested and proven in a study. (idw-online.de)
  • Teams from Constructor University in Bremen and study centers in Hamburg and Münster conducted a study with 107 people suffering from panic disorder and agoraphobia -claustrophobia - in two groups: One group had access to the app, the other didn't. (idw-online.de)
  • Outcomes were measured using the Subjective Units of Distress (SUD) scale and the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS). (eftuniverse.com)
  • Furthermore, in some of the studies finding no association between current full-blown PD and CAD, a broader susceptibility to panic, manifesting as past PD, current agoraphobia, or subthreshold panic symptoms, appeared to be relevant to the development of CAD. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • Thus, 2 types of panic disorder are recognized and are distinguished based on whether or not agoraphobia is present. (medscape.com)
  • The essential feature of agoraphobia is anxiety about being in a situation in which escape would be difficult or help unavailable should a panic attack or paniclike symptoms occur. (medscape.com)
  • Panic attacks and agoraphobia can occur with several anxiety disorders. (medscape.com)
  • This study tests whether two brief psychotherapies for Panic Disorder with or without Agoraphobia (PD/A) may generate improvement in work ability. (lu.se)
  • The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The update of the treatment manual "Management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia) in family medicine" was initiated because more than five years had passed since the publication of the original manual in 2014. (bvsalud.org)
  • This guideline covers the care and treatment of people aged 18 and over with generalised anxiety disorder (chronic anxiety) or panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia or panic attacks). (bvsalud.org)
  • And if it is not treated, it can sometimes lead to other health conditions, including depression and substance use disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Depression or another mood disorder. (stlukesonline.org)
  • Three quarters of people with panic disorder report having at least one other diagnosed chronic physical or mental illness like diabetes or depression. (cmha.bc.ca)
  • People with a family history of anxiety or depression are at greater risk for developing panic disorder. (cmha.bc.ca)
  • Children who are victims of bullying also have a higher chance of developing an anxiety disorder or depression during their adult lives. (psychguides.com)
  • Serotonergic medications are routinely used to treat depressive and anxiety disorders, and the association of depression with cardiovascular disease has become well established.2 Recent studies have confirmed the colloquial wisdom that anxiety (especially panic) and hypertension are linked. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Serotonergic medications are routinely used to treat depressive and anxiety disorders, and the association of depression with cardiovascular disease has become well established. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Panic disorder is often accompanied by other serious problems, such as depression, drug abuse, or alcoholism. (traumasurvivorsnetwork.org)
  • Untreated panic disorders can lead to depression or other serious mental health diseases. (disorders.org)
  • In this episode, Mikaela shares her experience navigating diagnoses of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and depression as a teenager. (anxietycanada.com)
  • Interestingly, data does suggest that panic disorder, like anxiety or depression, is more likely to occur in those who have a family history of it. (sunkentucky.com)
  • People with bipolar disorder experience periods of abnormally high energy levels and moods (known as manic episodes) followed by periods of depression. (wellwithalchemy.com)
  • They can occur as a part of other anxiety disorders as well as other mental illnesses like depression, substance-related disorders, psychotic disorders, PTSD as well as some medical conditions such as cardiac, respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions. (themoodspace.com)
  • Many WTC-exposed individuals also suffer from mental health conditions, primarily post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, panic disorder, and substantial stress reaction. (cdc.gov)
  • Common symptoms of panic disorder attack include rapid heartbeat, perspiration, dizziness, dyspnea, trembling, uncontrollable fear such as: the fear of losing control and going crazy, the fear of dying and hyperventilation. (wikipedia.org)
  • What are the symptoms of panic disorder? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Somatic symptoms of panic disorder may lead to excessive and invasive examinations when appropriate mental health professional assessment is delayed. (medscape.com)
  • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM-V) has reported the most common symptoms of panic disorder . (psychguides.com)
  • That being said, the symptoms of panic disorder mimic many medical illnesses, including potentially life-threatening conditions like heart attack or stroke. (christiancounselingcenters.org)
  • Panic disorder affects 2 to 3 percent of people in the United States per year, and it is twice as likely to occur in women than in men. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The condition can interfere with many aspects of the person's life, causing them to avoid work or school and avoid situations wherein they fear a panic attack may occur. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • and also ma y occur when the person is relax ed or ev en when is asleep. (researchgate.net)
  • panic disord er , but can also occur in specific and social phobias. (researchgate.net)
  • Although panic disorder is more frequent in older adolescents and adults, it does occur in children. (medscape.com)
  • Unexpected and repeated panic attacks that occur under normal circumstances require specialized treatment to control them. (psychguides.com)
  • Sometimes, especially when the panic attacks occur frequently and in many diverse places, the person feels more and more restricted as to where they can go and still be safe. (socialanxietyinstitute.org)
  • Panic attacks can occur at any time, even during sleep. (traumasurvivorsnetwork.org)
  • Sometimes the fear response can occur in the absence of any obvious stimulus - this can lead to a panic attack. (blogspot.com)
  • According to the prevailing theory, panic attacks occur when the fear network is activated. (blogspot.com)
  • Panic disorders can also occur in individuals without any significant risk factors. (disorders.org)
  • The difference between panic disorder and normal panic is the context in which the feelings occur. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • While symptoms like nausea, racing heartbeat, chills also occur during a panic attack, they can be experienced independently, too. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • There are two main types of panic attacks that can occur if you have a panic disorder. (sunkentucky.com)
  • Other risk factors include: Nocturnal panic attacks cause the same symptoms as attacks that occur during the day. (jjboltnut.in)
  • It is important to note that panic attacks can occur as a part of panic disorder but they are not specific to it. (themoodspace.com)
  • Panic attacks may occur in any psychiatric disorder, usually in situations tied to the core features of the disorder (eg, a person with a phobia of snakes may panic at seeing a snake). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Panic attacks often begin in late adolescence or early adulthood, but not everyone who experiences panic attacks will develop panic disorder. (traumasurvivorsnetwork.org)
  • Panic disorder usually begins in late adolescence or early adulthood and affects women about 2 times more often than men. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that usually appears in late adolescence or early adulthood. (bvsalud.org)
  • The presence of recurrent panic attacks is an essential feature of panic disorder. (medscape.com)
  • As many as 7 in 10 people with panic disorder (recurrent panic attacks) also have nocturnal panic attacks. (jjboltnut.in)
  • Panic attacks are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations, sweating, shaking, shortness of breath, numbness, or a feeling that something terrible is going to happen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Do you experience sudden attacks of anxiety, fear, and panic? (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It causes repeated panic attacks, which are sudden periods of intense fear, discomfort, or a sense of losing control. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A panic attack is a sudden, intense fear or anxiety. (stlukesonline.org)
  • Panic attacks are sudden, strong feelings of fear or anxiety along with symptoms like shortness of breath, dizziness, or a pounding heart. (cloudapp.net)
  • A panic attack involves a sudden surge of fear and discomfort that usually reaches its peak within 10 minutes. (themoodspace.com)
  • A panic attack is the sudden onset of a discrete, brief period of intense discomfort, anxiety, or fear accompanied by somatic and/or cognitive symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder where you regularly have sudden attacks of panic or fear. (bvsalud.org)
  • Panic attacks are sudden, intense feelings of fear or terror when no immediate danger is present. (medlineplus.gov)
  • severity of the disorder, and severity of general anxiety/depressive symptoms. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Established panic-specific questionnaires were handed out for the pre-therapy and post-therapy evaluation of disease severity (with reference to panic beliefs and agoraphobic cognitions, fear of bodily sensations, agoraphobic avoidance behaviour). (uzh.ch)
  • Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) were administered to all subjects, and all patients in the study were also assessed after 4 weeks of treatment. (researchsquare.com)
  • Panic attacks may involve only one or a combination of many symptoms, depending on the severity of the attack. (disorders.org)
  • Panic attacks can be an important indicator of the severity of these disorders. (themoodspace.com)
  • 15 ] found a significant association between anxiety sensitivity and panic disorder symptom severity in adolescents aged 11-17 years. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The study will examine outcomes as indexed by the presence/severity of current symptoms/disorders, day-to-day functioning, employment, and healthcare usage. (lu.se)
  • Psychological factors, stressful life events, life transitions, and environment as well as often thinking in a way that exaggerates relatively normal bodily reactions are also believed to play a role in the onset of panic disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Three quarters of people with panic disorder experienced the onset before the age of 33. (cmha.bc.ca)
  • Specifically, heredity, other biological factors, stressful life events, and thinking in a way that exaggerates relatively normal bodily reactions are all believed to play a role in the onset of panic disorder. (traumasurvivorsnetwork.org)
  • Outcome studies have shown that cognitive/behavioral psychotherapy is very effective in treating Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder in adolescents and adults. (lifemanagementresources.com)
  • This study tested whether the hormonal stress response to the DEX-CRH test may be predictive of the psychotherapy success for panic disorder (PD). (uzh.ch)
  • Psychotherapy: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has been proven to be very effective for panic disorder. (christiancounselingcenters.org)
  • Objective: The effects of panic-specific psychotherapy on occupational functioning remain under-researched. (lu.se)
  • Methods: Adults (N = 221) with a primary diagnosis of PD/A were randomised to wait-list, panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy (PFPP), panic control treatment (PCT), or to the choice between the two treatments. (lu.se)
  • Moderators of short- and long-term outcomes in panic control treatment and panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy. (lu.se)
  • Most individuals feel shaken and distressed after the attack and often fear the recurrence of another panic attack. (psychguides.com)
  • Panic Disorder is the experience of panic attacks followed by ongoing concern and worry about having another panic attack and/or worry about the possible consequences of a panic attack. (lifemanagementresources.com)
  • A person with panic disorder is terrified of having another panic attack - and even that fear can elicit another attack. (blogspot.com)
  • Although the physiological response to a panic attack originates in the amygdala, there are also cognitive components to panic disorder (e.g. fear of another panic attack in particular situations). (blogspot.com)
  • In order to be diagnosed with Childhood Panic disorder, the child must have: Frequent, unexplained panic attacks with at least one attack followed by a period of one month in which there is significant worry about having another panic attack or the consequences of an attack, and changing one's behavior to avoid situations that may trigger a panic attack. (disorders.org)
  • People with panic disorder often live in fear of having another panic attack and often go to great lengths to avoid situations or places where they might experience one. (wellwithalchemy.com)
  • It is critical for the patient to be medically cleared before arriving at the diagnosis of panic disorder. (christiancounselingcenters.org)
  • Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight adolescents with a primary diagnosis of panic disorder. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Panic attacks can also be a symptom of other anxiety disorders, like phobias or post-traumatic stress disorder. (cmha.bc.ca)
  • Direct commentary, information and education on anxiety, OCD, phobias and panic attacks regarding you and the world in which we live. (anxietyattackslosangeles.com)
  • This will help rule out other causes of some symptoms like: drug use, medication side effects, other mental disorders such as phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), etc. (sunkentucky.com)
  • Limited symptom attacks are similar to panic attacks but have fewer symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most people with PD experience both panic attacks and limited symptom attacks. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the first symptom plus several of the others come on suddenly, you may be experiencing a panic attack. (cmha.bc.ca)
  • A person who suffers from the disorder often experiences acute anxiety and fear within 10 minutes after the first symptom. (psychguides.com)
  • A fear of one's own unexplained physical symptoms is also a symptom of panic disorder. (traumasurvivorsnetwork.org)
  • After all I've shared in this series, you might be asking: if you have an anxiety disorder, and you are a Christian, how do you know if what you're experiencing is sinful worry and something to repent of, or a symptom of your anxiety disorder? (sarahcottrell.com)
  • Other people with panic believe that because they can't catch their breath that they're suffocating, or that the dizziness, lightheadedness, and "unreal" feeling they experience means they have a terrible undiagnosed illness. (socialanxietyinstitute.org)
  • Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder and is characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or abdominal distress. (traumasurvivorsnetwork.org)
  • Upon cessation of the medication, a patient can undergo uncomfortable side effects such as nervousness, sleep disturbance, dizziness, and panic attacks. (blogspot.com)
  • These episodes, which are also known as "panic attacks," can last for several minutes or hours and are often accompanied by physical symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, and dizziness. (wellwithalchemy.com)
  • The pharmacologictreatment of panic disorder is aimed at reducing or eliminating panic attacks, avoidance behavior,anticipatory anxiety, and comorbid conditions-and substantially improving and normalizingoverall function and quality of life. (psychiatrist.com)
  • People who have comorbid bipolar disorder and panic disorder often experience more severe symptoms, increased chronicity, poor treatment outcomes, and greater impairment than people who only have one of the disorders. (wellwithalchemy.com)
  • If you have comorbid bipolar disorder and panic disorder, it is crucial to get treatment for both conditions concurrently. (wellwithalchemy.com)
  • Panic disorder is often accompanied by at least one other comorbid condition. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Biologic vulnerability in combination with stressful circumstances or events is hypothesized to contribute to the development of panic disorder. (medscape.com)
  • There are a couple of theories about the development of panic disorder. (blogspot.com)
  • Chronic stress is said to be a major contributing factor to the development of panic disorder. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • Another possible explanation is that the medications used to treat bipolar disorder may also contribute to the development of panic disorder. (wellwithalchemy.com)
  • Theorists believe that people with panic disorder may experience panic reactions because they mistake their bodily sensations for life-threatening situations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Living in fear of having a panic attack and therefore avoiding situations that may cause them can often create more situations and more avoidance in a never-ending cycle of fear and anxiety. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • It may cause them to avoid places and situations where they had panic attacks in the past. (medlineplus.gov)
  • [ 2 ] There has been speculation that carriers of such polymorphisms may benefit from targeted interventions to prevent the development of panic pathology in adversarial situations. (medscape.com)
  • This is often combined with systematically approaching situations or experiences that are being avoided because of fear of having a panic attack. (lifemanagementresources.com)
  • If you're a soldier in combat, a pilot with an engine failure, or a hiker confronted by a bear, panic is a normal, accepted response in these situations. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • The symptoms of bipolar disorder can be mild to severe and can have a major impact on a person's ability to function at work, during school, and in social situations. (wellwithalchemy.com)
  • Panic disorder is the occurrence of repeated panic attacks typically accompanied by fears about future attacks or changes in behavior to avoid situations that might predispose to attacks. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most people with panic disorder anticipate and worry about another attack (anticipatory anxiety) and avoid places or situations in which they have previously panicked. (msdmanuals.com)
  • People who have social anxiety disorder experience an intense fear of one or more social situations. (medlineplus.gov)
  • abstract = "Background: The recognized relationship between panic disorder (PD) and cardiac disorders (CDs) is not unequivocal. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • This article's purpose is to inform cardiologists of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, primarily panic disorder, among patients consulting for chest pain. (nih.gov)
  • PD, a common and debilitating psychiatric condition, could greatly benefit from such an approach, because from a clinical perspective there is still a strong unmet need for more efficacious pharmacological interventions in this disorder. (uspharmacist.com)
  • According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), one out of 75 individuals may suffer from panic disorder. (psychguides.com)
  • To our knowledge, many previous studies have been conducted in other psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder(MDD) [27-30], and few of them have conducted in PD. (researchsquare.com)
  • This misconception of bodily sensations is referred to as anxiety sensitivity, and studies suggest that people who score higher on anxiety sensitivity surveys are five times more likely to be diagnosed with panic disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cognitive factors in panic disorder (e.g. fears of dying or going insane) are likely controlled by higher cortical centers of the brain. (blogspot.com)
  • Experts aren't sure what causes panic attacks and panic disorder. (stlukesonline.org)
  • Treatment for panic attacks and panic disorder includes counseling, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). (stlukesonline.org)
  • So before we jump into understanding panic attacks and panic disorder more specifically, let's look at differentiating between normal fear or anxiety and an anxiety disorder. (themoodspace.com)
  • Now that we have clarified this, we are in a good place to start looking at panic attacks and panic disorder more specifically. (themoodspace.com)
  • Like many anxiety sufferers, you are here because you are desperate to find a cure or know someone who needs help with their anxiety attacks and panic disorder. (natural-anxiety-remedies.com)
  • Developer Charles Linden spent years looking for a cure for his anxiety attacks and panic disorder. (natural-anxiety-remedies.com)
  • But some of the people who have panic attacks do develop panic disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Who is more likely to develop panic disorder? (medlineplus.gov)
  • People who have had trauma, especially in childhood, are more likely to develop panic disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A third of adults will experience a panic attack in their lifetime and most of them will not develop panic disorder or need help. (cmha.bc.ca)
  • some develop panic disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The goal of the treatment is to prevent future panic attacks, relieve anticipatory apprehension and enable patients to overcome any avoidance behavior that may have developed during the course of the patient's panic disorder. (psychguides.com)
  • The occurrence of anticipatory anxiety creates recurring thoughts panic is imminent, and the unpredictability of panic attack can cripple us. (huffpost.com)
  • Diagnosis involves ruling out other potential causes of anxiety including other mental disorders, medical conditions such as heart disease or hyperthyroidism, and drug use. (wikipedia.org)
  • According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition ( DSM-5 ), panic attacks feature prominently within the anxiety disorders, of which panic disorder is one. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosis of a panic disorder is done by using the classification outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). (sunkentucky.com)
  • The DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is a widely used classification system that helps mental health professionals diagnose mental illnesses. (themoodspace.com)
  • According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ( DSM-IV ), a panic attack is a discrete episode during which a person experiences intense fear or discomfort. (medscape.com)
  • 1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , 5th edition,Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). (msdmanuals.com)
  • I've previously discussed the degree to which Tony Stark meets DSM criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) while pointing out that the degree of impairment could be debatable because one professional might focus on areas in which Stark is functioning poorly whereas another might focus on things that he does accomplish during this period of his fictional life. (jjboltnut.in)
  • Panic disorder is the chronic (long-term) occurrence of panic attacks-without warning. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • Panic attacks can be a one time-occurrence, but usually they happen repeatedly. (themoodspace.com)
  • Panic disorder is the occurrence of repeated. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Behavioral inhibition, a temperamental style associated with avoidance of new stimuli, has been found to place children at risk for anxiety disorders. (medscape.com)
  • The reason for avoidance is fear of having a panic attack in public, where they feel vulnerable and unsafe. (socialanxietyinstitute.org)
  • Adolescents' experiences largely fit with the cognitive model of panic, in which catastrophic misinterpretation of bodily sensations is associated with anxiety, avoidance, and safety behaviours, creating a vicious cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies investigating the relationship between interoception and panic disorder have shown that people with panic disorder feel heartbeat sensations more intensely when stimulated by pharmacological agents, suggesting that they experience heightened interoceptive awareness compared to subjects without PD. (wikipedia.org)
  • These bodily sensations cause some people to feel as though are out of control which may lead to feelings of panic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Panic disorder results from misinterpreting sensations linked with the fight-or-flight response as dangerous, which triggers an uncomfortable and often frightening barrage of symptoms - also known as a panic attack. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • After all, something must be wrong or else how do you explain the horrific sensations and emotions they went through during the panic attack? (socialanxietyinstitute.org)
  • CBT teaches people who suffer from this condition to adopt different ways of thinking, behaving, and reacting to the feelings and sensations they can develop during a panic attack. (jjboltnut.in)
  • The findings show that adolescents experience panic disorder as extremely overwhelming and unpleasant, with debilitating feelings of drowning in sensations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Often those who have experienced a panic attack due to panic disorder will explain that the fear and anxiety they felt in the moment was overwhelming and paralyzing. (sunkentucky.com)
  • Overview of Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders are characterized by persistent and excessive fear and anxiety and the dysfunctional behavioral changes a patient may use to mitigate these feelings. (msdmanuals.com)
  • So I messaged him on our work chat, and told him that the gesture he made happens to be a huge trigger for me and I was having a pretty major panic attack as a result. (beesbuzz.biz)
  • Sensory inputs can trigger neurotransmitters in the brain that initiate a flight-or-fight response and subsequent panic attack. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • Panic disorder means you had at least 2 panic attacks that had no trigger. (jjboltnut.in)
  • Another theory is that bipolar disorders may introduce a fear factor into a person's life that can trigger panic attacks. (wellwithalchemy.com)
  • One of the goals of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (a very effective treatment for panic disorder) is to "take captive" these thoughts and replace them with the truth - that the physical symptoms and fear rise from panic disorder rather than from real danger. (christiancounselingcenters.org)
  • Many people with panic disorder are embarrassed or afraid to tell anyone about what they experience, instead distancing themselves from family and friends who could be supportive. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The first step in overcoming your panic disorder symptoms is to understand what is happening in your body when you experience an attack. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In fact, the first panic attack often is preceded by a stressful event, such as the death of a parent or other significant person, a move to a new school, or any other significant, emotionally traumatic experience. (medscape.com)
  • You start to experience panic attacks more often, often usually out of nowhere. (cmha.bc.ca)
  • While up to a third of adults may have a panic attack in any given year, only 1-2% of Canadians in that same year would experience panic disorder. (cmha.bc.ca)
  • About 4% of Canadians will experience panic disorder in their lifetime. (cmha.bc.ca)
  • Like most other anxiety disorders, women are twice as likely as men to experience panic disorder. (cmha.bc.ca)
  • In this article, we examine the trinity of serotonin-serotonergic dysfunction, autonomic panic, and normal-weight essential hypertension- and the evidence that hypertensive individuals who experience panic with autonomic symptoms may be a group of patients in whom serotonergic dysfunction plays a key role. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • A great many people who experience their first panic attack find their way to the hospital emergency room or go directly to their physician's office. (socialanxietyinstitute.org)
  • Those people whose brains are tattooed by panic attack experience life altering effects. (huffpost.com)
  • Those even less fortunate experience panic at home, or even in their sleep, which further reduces hope relief can ever be attained. (huffpost.com)
  • Thus, when a person is physiologically aroused, such as while running, she will suddenly experience a panic attack. (blogspot.com)
  • It turns out that people who are forewarned of the physiological arousal are less likely to experience a panic attack. (blogspot.com)
  • It is estimated that more than 3 million people will experience panic disorder over the course of their lifetime. (disorders.org)
  • When this happens, you may experience panic attacks, anxiety attacks and life-altering terror from everyday occurrences. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • Sufferers of panic disorder can experience panic attacks as a result of physical stimuli as well. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • Someone with panic disorder might experience a racing heart after going for a run, nausea from a bad meal, and chills from cold temperatures. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • The objective of the present study was to intervene in the problematic behaviors of a 53-year-old client who reported to the therapist to experience bodily states compatible with manifestations of panic disorder. (bvsalud.org)
  • Most people who experience panic disorders or panic attacks know that many times these experiences come out of nowhere. (sunkentucky.com)
  • It is hard enough for someone to experience the debilitating terror and distress of a panic attack, but it gets worse when the term is heard casually in conversation or as a joke. (themoodspace.com)
  • The experience of a panic attack can vary from person to person. (themoodspace.com)
  • Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to gain an understanding of adolescents' lived experience of panic disorder. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings offer new insight into these adolescents' lived experience of panic disorder and highlight the need for adolescents to access timely, evidence-based treatment, as well as the need for increased awareness and understanding of panic disorder in schools. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Less than 0.5% of pre-adolescent children (aged under twelve years) experience panic disorder [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While there are cognitive behavioural treatments that have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of panic disorder in adolescents [ 10 ], a significant minority continue to experience panic disorder post-treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, it is crucial that we develop a greater understanding of adolescents' experience of panic disorder to improve its identification and treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Panic disorder affects about 2.5% of people at some point in their life. (wikipedia.org)
  • While panic disorder can affect anyone, there are certain groups of people that it affects more often than others. (cmha.bc.ca)
  • Panic disorder affects about 6 million American adults and is twice as common in women as men. (traumasurvivorsnetwork.org)
  • Childhood panic disorder is now recognized as a separate condition that affects between 0.5%-5% of the pediatric population. (disorders.org)
  • Other things to consider when thinking about the causes of mental health disorders in general, panic disorder included, are risk factors. (sunkentucky.com)
  • Aside from the causes and risk factors related to panic disorders, most people are focused on their signs and symptoms related to panic disorders and panic attacks. (sunkentucky.com)
  • One theory is that panic disorder and bipolar disorder share some common vulnerabilities or risk factors, such as genetics and environmental stress. (wellwithalchemy.com)
  • We did not have information on environmental, genetic or other risk factors for neurologic disorders. (cdc.gov)
  • A panic attack may cause a feeling of intense fear, terror, or anxiety. (stlukesonline.org)
  • Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder that causes repeated, unexpected attacks of intense fear, along with fear of having more attacks. (cmha.bc.ca)
  • Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder that is characterized by unexpected and recurring periods of intense fear or anxiety. (wellwithalchemy.com)
  • About 6 million American adults ages 18 and older, or about 2.7 percent of people in this age group struggle with this disorder. (christiancounselingcenters.org)
  • Six digitally enabled therapies can be used as treatment options for adults with anxiety disorders while further evidence is generated on their clinical and cost effectiveness, once they have appropriate approval. (bvsalud.org)
  • Not everyone who experiences panic attacks has panic disorder. (disorders.org)
  • Another characteristic is that panic disorders cause significant distress to those who suffer from the condition. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • Unexpected and situationally predisposed panic attacks are the most frequent types in panic disorder. (medscape.com)
  • For the past few years, I've experienced increasingly frequent panic attacks and have developed a deep phobia of "the next one. (nami.org)
  • A person who experiences frequent panic attacks can be diagnosed with panic disorder. (blogspot.com)
  • People with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) feel frequent extreme anxiety or worry for months, if not years. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Obsessive compulsive disorder. (jjboltnut.in)
  • Go to Pediatric Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder for complete information on these topics. (medscape.com)
  • Anxiety is likely to cause the worries and physical feelings you feel as a part of panic disorder. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • There are many ways to prevent or stop anxious feelings before they worsen and turn into a panic attack. (psychguides.com)
  • These are all common thoughts and feelings when someone is struggling with a panic disorder, which can cause panic attacks and episodes. (sunkentucky.com)
  • A person can have both panic disorder AND social anxiety disorder, but is likely that one is more dominant than the other. (socialanxietyinstitute.org)
  • People with social anxiety disorder do not believe that their anxiety is related to a medical or physical illness or disease. (socialanxietyinstitute.org)
  • Situationally bound panic disorder is very similar to specific phobia except for the degree of the reaction. (medscape.com)
  • Gathering knowledge about the disorder and working out your underlying triggers can be a starting point for dealing with the condition. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Once paralyzed by fear of panic attacks, we keep ourselves safe by avoiding triggers such as location of our last attack, or even the company we were keeping when it happened. (huffpost.com)
  • Panic and fear are automatic responses set-off by specific, life-endangering triggers. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • Specific triggers can incite a panic attack. (neurology-clinics.com)
  • While anxiety disorders vary based on symptoms and triggers, they can all interfere with daily activities. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Conclusions: Two brief panic specific psychotherapies, one cognitive behavioural and one psychodynamic, produced short and long-term increases in work ability. (lu.se)
  • In this case the person is afraid of their trauma and not of the panic attack itself, so this would not be a sign of panic disorder. (cmha.bc.ca)
  • Fearing subsequent bouts of panic is the most telltale sign of panic disorder. (huffpost.com)
  • Some people who suffer from panic disorder rely on alcoholic beverages. (huffpost.com)
  • Approximately 2.4 million people suffer from panic disorder, and the percentage of those people who do not seek treatment is unfortunate. (huffpost.com)
  • Blood endocannabinoid levels in patients with panic disorder. (bvsalud.org)
  • What are the treatments for panic disorder? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Como, Italy- Despite the use of medications as first-line treatments for panic disorder (PD), as many as 64% of patients don't have adequate response or complete resolution of symptoms, including panic attacks, a new study points out. (uspharmacist.com)
  • Studies in animals and humans have focused on pinpointing the specific brain areas and circuits involved in anxiety and fear, which underlie anxiety disorders, such as panic disorder. (traumasurvivorsnetwork.org)
  • Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most common treatments for panic disorders. (psychguides.com)
  • Cognitive/behavioral therapy has shown to be effective in the treatment of Panic Disorder. (lifemanagementresources.com)
  • Therapy consists of parental and adolescent instruction in relaxation exercises and teaching adolescents to identify evaluate and alter the thoughts that are associated with their panic attacks. (lifemanagementresources.com)
  • The Cognitive Behavioral Therapy workbook my patients have found to be most helpful for panic disorder is Mastery of Your Panic and Anxiety Workbook by Craske and Barlow. (christiancounselingcenters.org)
  • Most people with panic disorder can get better with treatment, which may include cognitive behavioral therapy and sometimes medication. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Past research concluded that there is irregular norepinephrine activity in people who have panic attacks. (wikipedia.org)
  • Is it possible to stop panic attacks without medication? (selfgrowth.com)
  • If you go to a counselor and it's clear that they believe anxiety is only sinful, they are not educated about the role of physiology in anxiety disorders, and deny or only pay lip service to the common grace God has given us in medicine, medication, and psychological research, their approach is not Biblical, but rather Gnostic. (sarahcottrell.com)