Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)
A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).
Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including HYDROCEPHALUS; BRAIN EDEMA; intracranial masses; severe systemic HYPERTENSION; PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI; and other disorders.
The portion of the optic nerve seen in the fundus with the ophthalmoscope. It is formed by the meeting of all the retinal ganglion cell axons as they enter the optic nerve.
Pressure within the cranial cavity. It is influenced by brain mass, the circulatory system, CSF dynamics, and skull rigidity.
Examination of the interior of the eye with an ophthalmoscope.
The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.
The two large endothelium-lined venous channels that begin at the internal occipital protuberance at the back and lower part of the CRANIUM and travels laterally and forward ending in the internal jugular vein (JUGULAR VEINS). One of the transverse sinuses, usually the right one, is the continuation of the SUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS. The other transverse sinus is the continuation of the straight sinus.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)
Method of making images on a sensitized surface by exposure to light or other radiant energy.
The inner layer of CHOROID, also called the lamina basalis choroideae, located adjacent to the RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM; (RPE) of the EYE. It is a membrane composed of the basement membranes of the choriocapillaris ENDOTHELIUM and that of the RPE. The membrane stops at the OPTIC NERVE, as does the RPE.
The point or frequency at which all flicker of an intermittent light stimulus disappears.
Atrophy of the optic disk which may be congenital or acquired. This condition indicates a deficiency in the number of nerve fibers which arise in the RETINA and converge to form the OPTIC DISK; OPTIC NERVE; OPTIC CHIASM; and optic tracts. GLAUCOMA; ISCHEMIA; inflammation, a chronic elevation of intracranial pressure, toxins, optic nerve compression, and inherited conditions (see OPTIC ATROPHIES, HEREDITARY) are relatively common causes of this condition.
The 2nd cranial nerve which conveys visual information from the RETINA to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the RETINAL GANGLION CELLS which sort at the OPTIC CHIASM and continue via the OPTIC TRACTS to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other targets include the SUPERIOR COLLICULI and the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Manometric pressure of the CEREBROSPINAL FLUID as measured by lumbar, cerebroventricular, or cisternal puncture. Within the cranial cavity it is called INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE.
Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane.
The space between the arachnoid membrane and PIA MATER, filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID. It contains large blood vessels that supply the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD.
Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).
A type of MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING that uses only one nuclear spin excitation per image and therefore can obtain images in a fraction of a second rather than the minutes required in traditional MRI techniques. It is used in a variety of medical and scientific applications.
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.

Ophthalmoscopic abnormalities in adults with falciparum malaria. (1/183)

We studied 424 adults with falciparum malaria admitted over 28 months. They were divided into three groups: cerebral malaria (n = 214); severe non-cerebral malaria (n = 58); and uncomplicated malaria (n = 152). Fundus examination was done daily from admission to discharge, and weekly thereafter in those with persistent changes. All patients were treated by a protocol based on WHO guidelines. Ophthalmoscopic abnormalities were: retinal haemorrhages, 40 (9.43%) (25 cerebral malaria, 10 severe non-cerebral and five uncomplicated malaria); papilloedema, 17 (7.94%) cerebral malaria and two uncomplicated malaria; blurring of disc margins, 25 (11.68%) cerebral and seven non-cerebral; retinal oedema, six (2.80%) cerebral and five non-cerebral malaria; disc pallor, five patients all with cerebral malaria; vitreous haemorrhage and hard exudate in one patient each, both cerebral malaria. Retinal haemorrhage was associated with cerebral malaria and severe non-cerebral malaria, especially with severe anaemia (p < 0.001), as compared to uncomplicated malaria (p < 0.01). The association of papilloedema and cerebral malaria was highly significant compared to severe non-cerebral malaria (p < 0.001). None of these findings was associated with statistically significant mortality, except disc pallor in cerebral malaria (p < 0.05).  (+info)

Unilateral papilledema after bone marrow transplantation. (2/183)

We describe a patient who developed unilateral papilledema after allogeneic BMT. This is a rare manifestation of pseudotumor cerebri, which results from elevated intracranial pressure caused by cyclosporin A. The papilledema usually involves the fundi bilaterally, but unilateral involvement has been described. Congenital anomalies, compression and adhesion of the optic nerve sheath are its causes. In this patient, the right optic fundus was spared although leukemic infiltration was present on this side and high-dose irradiation (72 Gy) was given. Although papilledema is a sensitive marker of elevated intracranial pressure, this sign may be masked by constriction of the optic sheath in patients who suffer from leukemic infiltration of the central nervous system and receive high doses of cranial irradiation.  (+info)

Choroidal folds and papilloedema. (3/183)

AIMS: To assess the clinical and fluorescein angiographic features of choroidal folds seen in association with papilloedema. METHODS: In a retrospective study, the clinical data from a database on patients with choroidal folds (1963-97), including fundus photography and fluorescein angiography, from 32 patients (64 eyes) with choroidal folds in association with papilloedema were reviewed. The clinical and fluorescein angiographic features and the clinical course of choroidal folds in these patients are described. RESULTS: 32 patients had choroidal folds associated with papilloedema. Folds of two distinct categories were observed, either coarse folds or wrinkles. The folds persisted in all cases, even after resolution of papilloedema. Follow up ranged from 1 month to 20 years. Only one patient suffered permanent visual impairment as a result of a choroidal fold. CONCLUSIONS: Choroidal folds exist in two forms, coarse folds and wrinkles. They persist even after papilloedema has resolved. Final visual acuity did not appear to be affected by the presence of choroidal folds in the majority of patients.  (+info)

Optic disc and retinal microvasculopathy after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell support. (4/183)

The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the retinal and optic nerve changes in patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) followed by autologous hematopoietic progenitor cell support (AHPCS). One hundred and forty patients undergoing HDC and AHPCS underwent extensive pre- and post-transplant ophthalmologic evaluations for development of retinal microvascular complications. One hundred and ten patients received high-dose cyclophosphamide, cisplatin and BCNU; thirty received identical doses of cyclophosphamide and cisplatin, but received paclitaxel instead of BCNU. Thirty-four patients (24%) had retinal findings of either cotton wool spots (CWS) (n = 20) or retinal hemorrhages (n = 18) during follow-up, which ranged from 1 to 12 months. Ten (7%) of these patients, all of whom received BCNU, showed ocular toxicity characterized by CWS 1 to 4 months post transplant (n = 10); optic disc edema (n = 3); and variable vision loss associated with the onset of BCNU-induced pulmonary toxicity. Retinal and optic disc microvascular complications may occur after high-dose chemotherapy followed by AHPCS. The association of ischemic retinal lesions and/or optic disc edema with BCNU-induced pulmonary toxicity and the lack of ocular toxicity in patients that did not receive BCNU may suggest that BCNU is the etiologic agent.  (+info)

Ultrasonographic evaluation of optic disc swelling: comparison with CSLO in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. (5/183)

PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy and reproducibility of ultrasonographic (US) readings of optic disc elevations in patients with papilledema compared with confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (CSLO) measurements. METHODS: One randomly selected eye of 22 patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) and a variable degree of optic disc swelling underwent five and three repeated measurements of disc height using high-resolution ultrasonography (Biovision unit; Quantel Medical, Clermont-Ferrand, France) and CSLO (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph [HRT]; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany), respectively. The same procedure was assessed in 14 subjects with variable degrees of physiologic optic disc cupping. US and HRT measurements from each group were individually compared with each other to estimate the accuracy of US readings in both disc conditions in comparison with HRT data. RESULTS: Ultrasonographic readings were positively correlated with HRT measurements in both swollen (r = 0.62, P: = 0.002) and excavated disc (r = 0.84, P: < 0.0002). The 95% limits of agreement between the instruments were 0.24 +/- 0.59 mm (mean +/- 2 SD) and 0. 05 +/- 0.3 mm for swelling and cupping measurements, respectively. The coefficient of variation was 7.63% and 1.8% for swelling and 7. 93% and 5.91% for cupping, with US and HRT, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that US and CSLO readings are correlated i: both disc swelling and cupping conditions, but to a different extent because of a significant discrepancy in papilledema. US assessment can be considered highly reproducible. Combined US and HRT optic disc analysis may be recommended in papilledema evaluation as long as a better correlation can be demonstrated in further studies.  (+info)

Papilloedema with peripapillary retinal haemorrhages in an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patient with cryptococcal meningitis. (6/183)

A case of cryptococcal meningitis in an AIDS patient who presented with optic disc edema, bilateral retinal and peripapillary haemorrhages is reported.  (+info)

Susac's syndrome: beneficial effects of corticosteroid therapy in a Japanese case. (7/183)

Susac's syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the triad of microangiopathy of the brain and retina with hearing loss. More than 50 affected individuals have been reported worldwide, all Caucasians. We herein identify the first Japanese patient with Susac's syndrome. A 36-year-old man developed recurrent subacute encephalopathy, bi- a lateral sensorineural hearing loss, and retinal arteriolar occlusions, caused by microangiopathy from a year previously. T2-weighted MRI showed multiple high-signal lesions ti predominantly in the periventricular white matter. During the exacerbated phase both high-dose intravenous methyl-prednisolone and oral prednisone therapy produced beneficial effects. He showed definite remission within 2 years from the disease onset.  (+info)

Surgical treatment of chronic papilloedema in children. (8/183)

A surgical technique for optic nerve decompression in children is described and contrasted with other techniques described in the literature. The operation was effective in relieving long-standing disc oedema in two cases in which the swelling was due to raised intracranial pressure. Photographic evidence is presented. The indications for surgery and how its effect is exerted are discussed.  (+info)

Papilledema is a medical term that refers to swelling of the optic nerve head, also known as the disc, which is the point where the optic nerve enters the back of the eye (the retina). This swelling can be caused by increased pressure within the skull, such as from brain tumors, meningitis, or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Papilledema is usually detected through a routine eye examination and may be accompanied by symptoms such as headaches, visual disturbances, and nausea. If left untreated, papilledema can lead to permanent vision loss.

Pseudotumor cerebri, also known as idiopathic intracranial hypertension, is a condition characterized by increased pressure around the brain without any identifiable cause such as a tumor or other space-occupying lesion. The symptoms mimic those of a brain mass, hence the term "pseudotumor."

The primary manifestation of this condition is headaches, often accompanied by vision changes like blurry vision, double vision, or temporary loss of vision, and pulsatile tinnitus (a rhythmic whooshing sound in the ears). Other symptoms can include neck pain, nausea, vomiting, and papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve disc). If left untreated, pseudotumor cerebri can lead to permanent vision loss.

The exact cause of pseudotumor cerebri remains unknown, but it has been associated with certain factors such as obesity, rapid weight gain, female gender (particularly during reproductive years), sleep apnea, and the use of certain medications like tetracyclines, vitamin A derivatives, and steroid withdrawal. Diagnosis typically involves a series of tests including neurological examination, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scan), and lumbar puncture to measure cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Treatment usually focuses on lowering intracranial pressure through medications, weight loss, and sometimes surgical interventions like optic nerve sheath fenestration or shunting procedures.

Intracranial hypertension is a medical condition characterized by an increased pressure within the skull (intracranial space) that contains the brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood. Normally, the pressure inside the skull is carefully regulated to maintain a balance between the formation and absorption of CSF. However, when the production of CSF exceeds its absorption or when there is an obstruction in the flow of CSF, the pressure inside the skull can rise, leading to intracranial hypertension.

The symptoms of intracranial hypertension may include severe headaches, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances such as blurred vision or double vision, and papilledema (swelling of the optic nerve disc). In some cases, intracranial hypertension can lead to serious complications such as vision loss, brain herniation, and even death if left untreated.

Intracranial hypertension can be idiopathic, meaning that there is no identifiable cause, or secondary to other underlying medical conditions such as brain tumors, meningitis, hydrocephalus, or certain medications. The diagnosis of intracranial hypertension typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and lumbar puncture to measure the pressure inside the skull and assess the CSF composition. Treatment options may include medications to reduce CSF production, surgery to relieve pressure on the brain, or shunting procedures to drain excess CSF from the intracranial space.

The optic disk, also known as the optic nerve head, is the point where the optic nerve fibers exit the eye and transmit visual information to the brain. It appears as a pale, circular area in the back of the eye, near the center of the retina. The optic disk has no photoreceptor cells (rods and cones), so it is insensitive to light. It is an important structure to observe during eye examinations because changes in its appearance can indicate various ocular diseases or conditions, such as glaucoma, optic neuritis, or papilledema.

Intracranial pressure (ICP) is the pressure inside the skull and is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg). It's the measurement of the pressure exerted by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood, and brain tissue within the confined space of the skull.

Normal ICP ranges from 5 to 15 mmHg in adults when lying down. Intracranial pressure may increase due to various reasons such as bleeding in the brain, swelling of the brain, increased production or decreased absorption of CSF, and brain tumors. Elevated ICP is a serious medical emergency that can lead to brain damage or even death if not promptly treated. Symptoms of high ICP may include severe headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, and visual changes.

Ophthalmoscopy is a medical examination technique used by healthcare professionals to observe the interior structures of the eye, including the retina, optic disc, and vitreous humor. This procedure typically involves using an ophthalmoscope, a handheld device that consists of a light and magnifying lenses. The healthcare provider looks through the ophthalmoscope and directly observes the internal structures of the eye by illuminating them.

There are several types of ophthalmoscopy, including direct ophthalmoscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Each type has its own advantages and disadvantages, and they may be used in different situations depending on the specific clinical situation and the information needed.

Ophthalmoscopy is an important diagnostic tool for detecting and monitoring a wide range of eye conditions, including diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and other retinal disorders. It can also provide valuable information about the overall health of the individual, as changes in the appearance of the retina or optic nerve may indicate the presence of systemic diseases such as hypertension or diabetes.

A headache is defined as pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. It can be a symptom of various underlying conditions such as stress, sinus congestion, migraine, or more serious issues like meningitis or concussion. Headaches can vary in intensity, ranging from mild to severe, and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound. There are over 150 different types of headaches, including tension headaches, cluster headaches, and sinus headaches, each with their own specific characteristics and causes.

The transverse sinuses are a pair of venous channels located within the skull. They are part of the intracranial venous system and are responsible for draining blood from the brain. The transverse sinuses run horizontally along the upper portion of the inner skull, starting at the occipital bone (at the back of the head) and extending to the temporal bones (on the sides of the head).

These sinuses receive blood from the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and the occipital sinus. After passing through the transverse sinuses, the blood is then drained into the sigmoid sinuses, which in turn drain into the internal jugular veins. The transverse sinuses are an essential component of the cerebral venous system, ensuring proper blood flow and drainage from the brain.

Vision disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the visual system and result in various symptoms, such as blurry vision, double vision, distorted vision, impaired depth perception, and difficulty with visual tracking or focusing. These disorders can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, resulting in blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes or walleye, strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes where they point in different directions, which can lead to double vision or loss of depth perception.
3. Amblyopia: Often called lazy eye, amblyopia is a condition where one eye has reduced vision due to lack of proper visual development during childhood. It may be caused by strabismus, refractive errors, or other factors that interfere with normal visual development.
4. Accommodative disorders: These involve problems with the focusing ability of the eyes, such as convergence insufficiency (difficulty focusing on close objects) and accommodative dysfunction (inability to maintain clear vision at different distances).
5. Binocular vision disorders: These affect how the eyes work together as a team, leading to issues like poor depth perception, eye strain, and headaches. Examples include convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and suppression.
6. Ocular motility disorders: These involve problems with eye movement, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), strabismus, or restricted extraocular muscle function.
7. Visual processing disorders: These affect the brain's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information, even when the eyes themselves are healthy. Symptoms may include difficulty with reading, recognizing shapes and objects, and understanding spatial relationships.
8. Low vision: This term refers to significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. It includes conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts.
9. Blindness: Complete loss of sight in both eyes, which can be caused by various factors such as injury, disease, or genetic conditions.

Ischemic optic neuropathy (ION) is a medical condition that refers to the damage or death of the optic nerve due to insufficient blood supply. The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain.

In ION, the blood vessels that supply the optic nerve become blocked or narrowed, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen delivery to the nerve fibers. This results in inflammation, swelling, and ultimately, damage to the optic nerve. The damage can cause sudden, painless vision loss, often noticed upon waking up in the morning.

There are two types of ION: anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) and posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION). AION affects the front part of the optic nerve, while PION affects the back part of the nerve. AION is further classified into arteritic and non-arteritic types, depending on whether it is caused by giant cell arteritis or not.

Risk factors for ION include age (most commonly occurring in people over 50), hypertension, diabetes, smoking, sleep apnea, and other cardiovascular diseases. Treatment options depend on the type and cause of ION and may include controlling underlying medical conditions, administering corticosteroids, or undergoing surgical procedures to improve blood flow.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "photography" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Photography refers to the art, application, or process of creating images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film.

If you're looking for a medical term related to imaging, there are several terms that might be relevant, such as:

1. Radiography: This is a technique using X-rays to visualize the internal structures of the body.
2. Ultrasonography: Also known as ultrasound, this is a diagnostic imaging technique using high-frequency sound waves to create images of the inside of the body.
3. Computed Tomography (CT): A type of imaging that uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): A type of imaging that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within the body.
5. Nuclear Medicine: This is a branch of medical imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose and treat diseases.

If you have any questions related to medical definitions or topics, feel free to ask!

The Bruch membrane is a thin, layered structure that separates the retina from the choroid in the eye. It is composed of five layers: the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), the inner collagenous layer, the elastic layer, the outer collagenous layer, and the basement membrane of the choriocapillaris. The Bruch membrane provides structural support to the RPE and serves as a barrier between the retina and the choroid, allowing for the selective transport of nutrients and waste products. It also plays a role in maintaining the health of the photoreceptors in the retina. Damage to the Bruch membrane is associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss in older adults.

Flicker Fusion is the frequency at which an intermittent light stimulus appears to be completely steady or continuous to the average human observer. In other words, it is the rate at which a flickering light source transitions from being perceived as distinct flashes to a smooth and constant emission of light. The exact threshold can vary depending on factors such as the intensity of the light, its size, and the observer's visual acuity.

Flicker Fusion has important implications in various fields, including visual perception research, display technology, and neurology. In clinical settings, assessing a patient's flicker fusion threshold can help diagnose or monitor conditions affecting the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis or migraines.

Optic atrophy is a medical term that refers to the degeneration and shrinkage (atrophy) of the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various vision abnormalities, including loss of visual acuity, color vision deficiencies, and peripheral vision loss.

Optic atrophy can occur due to a variety of causes, such as:

* Traumatic injuries to the eye or optic nerve
* Glaucoma
* Optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve)
* Ischemic optic neuropathy (reduced blood flow to the optic nerve)
* Compression or swelling of the optic nerve
* Hereditary or congenital conditions affecting the optic nerve
* Toxins and certain medications that can damage the optic nerve.

The diagnosis of optic atrophy typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, refraction assessment, slit-lamp examination, and dilated funduscopic examination to evaluate the health of the optic nerve. In some cases, additional diagnostic tests such as visual field testing, optical coherence tomography (OCT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis and determine the underlying cause.

There is no specific treatment for optic atrophy, but addressing the underlying cause can help prevent further damage to the optic nerve. In some cases, vision rehabilitation may be recommended to help patients adapt to their visual impairment.

The optic nerve, also known as the second cranial nerve, is the nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. It is composed of approximately one million nerve fibers that carry signals related to vision, such as light intensity and color, from the eye's photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) to the visual cortex in the brain. The optic nerve is responsible for carrying this visual information so that it can be processed and interpreted by the brain, allowing us to see and perceive our surroundings. Damage to the optic nerve can result in vision loss or impairment.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure (CSFP) is the pressure exerted by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. CSF acts as a cushion for the brain, allowing it to float within the skull and protecting it from trauma.

The normal range of CSFP is typically between 6 and 18 cm of water (cm H2O) when measured in the lateral decubitus position (lying on one's side). Elevated CSFP can be a sign of various medical conditions, such as hydrocephalus, meningitis, or brain tumors. Conversely, low CSFP may indicate dehydration or other underlying health issues.

It is important to monitor and maintain normal CSFP levels, as abnormal pressure can lead to serious neurological complications, including damage to the optic nerve, cognitive impairment, and even death in severe cases. Regular monitoring of CSFP may be necessary for individuals with conditions that affect CSF production or absorption.

Tomography is a medical imaging technique used to produce cross-sectional images or slices of specific areas of the body. This technique uses various forms of radiation (X-rays, gamma rays) or sound waves (ultrasound) to create detailed images of the internal structures, such as organs, bones, and tissues. Common types of tomography include Computerized Tomography (CT), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The primary advantage of tomography is its ability to provide clear and detailed images of internal structures, allowing healthcare professionals to accurately diagnose and monitor a wide range of medical conditions.

The subarachnoid space is the area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, which are two of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (the third one being the dura mater). This space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection and cushioning to the central nervous system. The subarachnoid space also contains blood vessels that supply the brain and spinal cord with oxygen and nutrients. It's important to note that subarachnoid hemorrhage, a type of stroke, can occur when there is bleeding into this space.

Optic neuritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation and damage to the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain. This condition can result in various symptoms such as vision loss, pain with eye movement, color vision disturbances, and pupillary abnormalities. Optic neuritis may occur in isolation or be associated with other underlying medical conditions, including multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, and autoimmune disorders. The diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity testing, dilated funduscopic examination, and possibly imaging studies like MRI to evaluate the optic nerve and brain. Treatment options may include corticosteroids or other immunomodulatory therapies to reduce inflammation and prevent further damage to the optic nerve.

Echo-Planar Imaging (EPI) is a type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that uses rapidly alternating magnetic field gradients and radiofrequency pulses to acquire multiple images in a very short period of time. This technique allows for the rapid acquisition of images, making it useful for functional MRI (fMRI) studies, diffusion-weighted imaging, and other applications where motion artifacts can be a problem.

In EPI, a single excitation pulse is followed by a series of gradient echoes that are acquired in a rapid succession, with each echo providing information about a different slice or plane of the object being imaged. The resulting images can then be combined to create a 3D representation of the object.

One of the key advantages of EPI is its speed, as it can acquire an entire brain volume in as little as 50 milliseconds. This makes it possible to capture rapid changes in the brain, such as those that occur during cognitive tasks or in response to neural activation. However, the technique can be susceptible to distortions and artifacts, particularly at higher field strengths, which can affect image quality and accuracy.

Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses low-coherence light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues, particularly the retina and other ocular structures. OCT works by measuring the echo time delay of light scattered back from different depths within the tissue, creating a detailed map of the tissue's structure. This technique is widely used in ophthalmology to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.

Unilateral papilledema can suggest a disease in the eye itself, such as an optic nerve glioma. In the early stages, papilledema ... Papilledema or papilloedema is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure due to any cause. The ... The signs of papilledema that are seen using an ophthalmoscope include: venous engorgement (usually the first signs) loss of ... When papilledema is found on fundoscopy, further evaluation is warranted because vision loss can result if the underlying ...
Wang A (2018). "Papilledema". In Wang A (ed.). Emergency Neuro-ophthalmology. pp. 85-89. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-7668-8_15. ISBN ... and papilledema (swelling of the optic disc) which can progress to permanent visual impairment due to increased intracranial ...
Clinical signs of cerebral edema, such as focal neurological deficits, papilledema and decreased level of consciousness, if ... Im L, Atabay C, Eller AW (2007). "Papilledema associated with dialysis disequilibrium syndrome". Semin Ophthalmol. 22 (3): 133- ...
Papilledema as a result of dural sinus thrombosis and atrophy resulting from retinal disease, have been characterized as ... Intracranial hypertension with papilledema may be present. Episcleritis may occur, which causes eye redness and mild pain, ... el-Ramahi KM, al-Kawi MZ (September 1991). "Papilloedema in Behçet's disease: value of MRI in diagnosis of dural sinus ...
Papilledema is absent, but vision may be reduced. The head becomes so enlarged that they eventually may be bedridden. About 80- ... papilledema, sleepiness, or coma. With increased levels of CSF, there have been cases of hearing loss due to CSF creating ...
... and papilledema. If papilledema is protracted, it may lead to visual disturbances, optic atrophy, and eventually blindness. The ... Papilledema, or the swelling of the optic disc, can be a reliable sign that ICP is elevated. Unlike other conditions that may ... Papilledema at eMedicine Polson J, Lee WM (2005). "AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure". Hepatology. 41 ... result in the swelling of the optic disc, it is in the case of papilledema that vision may go largely unaffected. Causes of ...
Papillitis may have the same appearance as papilledema. However, papillitis may be unilateral, whereas papilledema is almost ... Because increased intracranial pressure can cause both papilledema and a sixth (abducens) nerve palsy, papilledema can be ... Papilledema that is not yet chronic will not have as dramatic an effect on vision. ... Papillitis can be differentiated from papilledema by an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus Gunn pupil), by its greater effect in ...
His papilledema diminished, and his blood counts improved. Johnny began to be tutored in this period in an attempt to make up ... Johnny's vision was impaired to varying degrees because of papilledema (pressure on the nerves to the eyes) caused by the tumor ...
Neurological: increased intracranial pressure with papilledema, convulsions, vertigo, and headache. Ophthalmic: posterior sub- ...
Headaches due to multiple factors including brain lesions, edema, and papilledema. Mental confusion, loss of cognitive function ...
Effect of spaceflight on the human body Intracranial Pressure and its Effect on Vision in Space and on Earth Papilledema Martin ... Wiener, TC (January 2012). "Space obstructive syndrome: intracranial hypertension, intraocular pressure, and papilledema in ... "Utility of CSF pressure monitoring to identify idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilledema in patients with ...
Eyelid retraction (Collier's sign) It is also commonly associated with bilateral papilledema. It has less commonly been ...
True papilledema may present with exudates or cotton-wool spots, unlike ODD. The optic disc margins are characteristically ... It is important to differentiate them from other conditions that present with optic disc elevation, especially papilledema, ...
Longstanding papilledema leads to optic atrophy, in which the disc looks pale and visual loss tends to be advanced. "Idiopathic ... If the papilledema has been longstanding, visual fields may be constricted and visual acuity may be decreased. Visual field ... Long-term untreated papilledema leads to visual loss, initially in the periphery but progressively towards the center of vision ... The increased pressure leads to papilledema, which is swelling of the optic disc, the spot where the optic nerve enters the ...
"Automated Analysis of Optic Nerve Images for Detection and Staging of Papilledema". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual ...
Shape analysis of the peripapillary RPE layer in papilledema and ischemic optic neuropathy. Investigative Ophthalmology & ...
Eye - evidence upon fundoscopic examination of hypertensive retinopathy, retinal hemorrhage, papilledema and blindness. ...
Mumford CJ (June 1989). "Papilloedema delaying diagnosis of Wernicke's encephalopathy in a comatose patient". Postgraduate ... papilledema, impaired vision and hearing, vision loss hearing loss, fatigability, apathy, irritability, drowsiness, psycho and/ ...
... and papilledema (involving four patients with brain tumor and a swelling of the optic disc). In addition, he is credited with ... January 1998 Cyber-Sight Orbis Archived 4 July 2013 at archive.today Papilledema ASCRS Eye World Archived 3 March 2016 at the ...
Retinal papilledema and/or fundal bleeds and exudates are another sign of target organ damage. Chest pain may indicate heart ...
Eine weitere Mittheilung zur Pathogenese der sogenannten Stauungspapille, 1898 - Pathogenesis of the so-called papilledema. ...
Papilledema is often one of the earliest signs of POEMS disease and is usually bilateral. Patients tend to be asymptomatic, ... Papilledema has been noted in 29-64% of patients and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. 50% of POEMS patients have ... The more common features of the disease are summarized in the acronym POEMS: Papilledema (swelling of the optic disc) often but ... PEST stands for Papilledema, evidence of Extravascular volume overload (ascites, pleural effusion, pericardial effusion, and ...
It is used to find papilledema which is sometimes the only symptom of elevated intracranial pressure shown in these children. ... "Papilledema in patients with Apert, Crouzon, and Pfeiffer syndrome: prevalence, efficacy of treatment, and risk factors". The ... papilledema and headache. The main risks of prolonged elevated intracranial pressure may include cognitive impairment and ... impaired vision through prolonged papilledema and subsequent optic atrophy. These are the main reasons why fundoscopy should be ...
Papilledema of the eyes has been observed (2%) and may lead to disturbed visual acuity and even temporary or permanent ... Patients with preexisting papilledema or with involvement of the central nervous system may be at higher risk. In postmarketing ... However, pathologic changes, some also seen in humans, have been noticed: papilledema fibrosis of tendons and joint capsules ...
... and papilledema. Though characterized by a sharp pain at the site of the vein, it can prove difficult to diagnose, because it ...
Swelling of the optic disc (papilledema), secondary glaucoma, vitiligo, and poliosis of the eyelashes may accompany SO. ...
This requires that other concerning findings such as papilledema (swelling of the optic disc) are not present. People with ...
Papilledema, retinal hemorrhages, and decreased visual acuity and blindness may occur from venous congestion within the retina ...
Fundus examination may reveal abnormalities like chorioretinal folds, optic nerve head swelling (papilledema) and tortuosity of ...
Signs such as papilledema, visual field losses, or focal neurological deficits are red flag signs for elevated intracranial ...
Unilateral papilledema can suggest a disease in the eye itself, such as an optic nerve glioma. In the early stages, papilledema ... Papilledema or papilloedema is optic disc swelling that is caused by increased intracranial pressure due to any cause. The ... The signs of papilledema that are seen using an ophthalmoscope include: venous engorgement (usually the first signs) loss of ... When papilledema is found on fundoscopy, further evaluation is warranted because vision loss can result if the underlying ...
In contrast to other causes of optic disc swelling, vision usually is well preserved with acute papilledema. ... Papilledema is an optic disc swelling that is secondary to elevated intracranial pressure. ... Papilledema, also known as papilloedema, is optic disc swelling that is secondary to elevated intracranial pressure. [1, 2, 3] ... Papilledema may be absent in cases of prior optic atrophy. In these cases, the absence of papilledema is most likely secondary ...
Papilledema is a condition that affects the eyes. Learn more about its causes and symptoms. ... Papilledema is when pressure in your brain makes your optic nerve swell. A mild papilledema with minimal symptoms is usually ... However, papilledema can be a sign of an underlying condition or injury that needs to be treated as soon as possible. This is ... Papilledema isnt usually an issue on its own. It can typically be treated by draining extra CSF fluid, which reduces swelling ...
Similar words for Papilledema. Definition: noun. swelling of the optic disc (where the optic nerve enters the eyeball); usually ... Sentences with papilledema 1. Noun, singular or mass Increased pressure around the brain causes papilledema, inducing swelling ... 1. papilledema noun. swelling of the optic disc (where the optic nerve enters the eyeball); usually associated with an increase ...
papilledema answers are found in the Tabers Medical Dictionary powered by Unbound Medicine. Available for iPhone, iPad, ... "Papilledema." Tabers Medical Dictionary, 24th ed., F.A. Davis Company, 2021. Tabers Online, www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/ ... Tabers-Dictionary/757064/all/papilledema. Papilledema. In: Venes DD, ed. Tabers Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company; 2021. ... Papilledema [Internet]. In: Venes DD, editors. Tabers Medical Dictionary. F.A. Davis Company; 2021. [cited 2023 December 05]. ...
Papilledema involves swelling of the optic disc that can produce severe headaches, vision problems and other complications. It ... While the fluid pressure on the brain caused by pseudotumor cerebri and papilledema from Mirena can often be resolved via a ... The pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) side effects of the Mirena IUD allegedly caused a Minnesota woman to suffer papilledema, intense ... She was diagnosed with pseudotumor cerebri and papilledema in July 2013.. As a result of the complications, Mitlyng has ...
Papilloedema refers to optic disk edema caused by increased intracranial pressure. The initial pressure of 27 cm H2O for this ... For example, optic disk swelling might be seen in patients with syphilis as a result of cranial hypertension (papilloedema), ... Diagnosis of Syphilitic Bilateral Papillitis Mimicking Papilloedema. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020;26(1):171-173. doi: ... Clinical findings are key points for differentiating papilloedema and ocular perineuritis from papillitis. A complete ...
English synonyms, antonyms, sound-alike, and rhyming words for papilledema
Classification of papilledema severity. Papilledema images were obtained in patients with confirmed intracranial hypertension ... More specifically, the DLS misclassified 11 papilledema images as ODD, in 5.1% of the total of 214 papilledema images. The ... and 214 papilledema images (92 images of discs with mild-to-moderate papilledema and 122 images of discs with severe ... mild-to-moderate papilledema, corresponding to Frisén grades 1-3, and (2) severe papilledema, corresponding to Frisén grades 4 ...
... improving bilateral papilledema. A 51-year-old with a headache and visual disturbance had papilledema and visual field loss. MR ... Post-procedure, papilledema, headache, and visual field loss improved. Venous stenting could be effective for SSS stenosis with ...
Papilledema - 16 Studies Found. Status. Study Completed. Study Name: aICP in Glaucoma and Papilledema. Condition: *Open-angle ... Papilledema. Date: 2015-03-23. Interventions: Device: Non-invasive ICP measurement (Vittamed 305) The non-invasive method is ... Condition: Papilledema Associated With Increased Intracranial Pressure. Date: 2016-12-05. Interventions: Device: Point of care ... Study Name: Assessment of Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer by Optical Coherence Tomography in Uveitis Patients With Papilloedema. ...
Bibliographic details for "Papilledema". Page name. Papilledema. Author. Nucleus Medical Media. Publisher. Nucleus Medical ... Citation styles for "Papilledema". AMA style. Nucleus Medical Media. Papilledema. Nucleus Medical Art Library. December 31 1969 ... Nucleus Medical Media (1969). Papilledema [Digital image]. Retrieved from https://nmal.nucleusmedicalmedia.com/papilledema/view ... "Papilledema." Nucleus Medical Art Library. . 31 Dec 1969 19:00 EST. Nucleus Medical Media. 30 Nov 2023 ,https://nmal. ...
Learn about the symptoms of Papilledema at 10FAQ. ... Papilledema is the swelling of the optic nerve caused by excess ... Left untreated, papilledema can lead to long-term vision changes or loss.1Papilledema , UK HealthCare. UK HealthCare Home, ... 7. Bilateral Papilledema in Otherwise Well Patients. JAMA Network , Home of JAMA and the Specialty Journals of the American ... Optic Nerve Swelling (Papilledema). Harvard Health, 17 June 2020, www.health.harvard.edu/a/to/z/optic-nerve-swelling- ...
optical coherence tomography (OCT), malignant intracranial tumor, papilledema Photographer. Hamid Ahmadieh, MD, Ophthalmic ...
Papilledema - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... Symptoms and Signs of Papilledema In patients with papilledema, vision is usually not affected initially, but seconds-long ... History includes location... read more (OCT); OCT is done to quantify the degree of papilledema so that changes can be ... Differentiating papilledema due to elevated intracranial pressure from other causes of a swollen optic disk, such as optic ...
What is papilledema? How do you know if you have it? What are the symptoms and treatment options? We answer all of your ... Papilledema or papilloedema is the swelling of the optic disc or the part of the optic nerve located inside the eye. It is ... Is optic disc edema the same as papilledema?. No. Papilledema is not the same as optic disc edema. While both lead to optic ... Risk factors for papilledema. Papilledema is a rare optic nerve disorder. It can affect anyone regardless of age, gender, race ...
A recent study determined that dural venous sinus thrombosis is rare among overweight women with papilledema and without any ... Given the low risk for secondary causes of intracranial HTN in this group, patients with incidentally-found papilledema who ... Cerebral Thrombosis Unlikely in Overweight Women With Papilledema. Certain venous testing may not be necessary in these younger ... Magnetic resonance or computed tomography venography in the evaluation of young overweight women with papilledema. Eye (Lond). ...
Papilledema is the swelling of your optic disc, where the nerve that goes to your brain connects inside the eye. This swelling ... Papilledema treatment. If the tests reveal a medical problem, treating it should also cure papilledema. For example, you may ... Papilledema can have several causes. A mild case of papilledema with symptoms that do not interrupt your life is nothing to ... Papilledema: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment and Complications. by Dr. Cameron Troup MD in Eye Diseases ...
Episode 2 - Papilloedema. In this 25 min audio programme we hear about a real life clinical scenario where papilloedema was ... 2019) Detection of Papilloedema Study (DOPS): rates of false positive papilloedema in the community. Eye (33) pp 1073-1080. [ ... URLDhoot R, Margolin E (2020) Papilledema. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. [Accessed Jul 2020] URL Opens in a new ... 1.1.1 To be able to elicit the detail and relevance of any significant symptoms relating to papilloedema. ...
We report an 11-year-old girl who presented with bilateral papilledema ten days after the administration of a bivalent HPV ...
They were separated into two groups according to presence or absence of papilledema. We analyzed the frequency of symptoms and ... The results showed that the most common sinuses involved in patients with papilledema were sagittal and lateral sinuses, which ... This study analyzes the factors influencing the incidence of papilledema in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis. Materials ... in two groups of patients with and without papilledema. Results: This study showed that the most common symptom was headache, ...
Syphilitic perioptic neuritis mimicking papilloedema. Grace S H Low and Robert H Edis ...
Papilledema as the Presenting Sign of Pineal Ganglioglioma. Younes, Sami W; Charoenkijkajorn, Chaow; Pakravan, Mohammad; ... Papilledema as the Presenting Sign of Pineal Ganglioglioma. ...
A patient with malignant hypertension always has retinal papilledema (as seen in the image below), [13] as well as flame-shaped ... The presence of new retinal hemorrhages, exudates, or papilledema suggests a hypertensive emergency. Evaluate for the presence ...
Physical exam findings may include altered mental status, symptoms of heart failure, bradycardia, papilledema, jaundice, and a ... Physical exam findings may include tenderness along the temporal bone, papilledema, and decreased strength of proximal muscle ... The physical exam may reveal papilledema and focal neurological and/or cranial nerve deficits. ... Physical exam findings may include papilledema, bradycardia, and visual field deficits.[20] ...
The Translaminar Pressure Gradient: Papilledema after Trabeculectomy Treated with Optic Nerve Sheath Fenestration.. ... Papilledema after Trabeculectomy Treated with Optic Nerve Sheath Fenestration." (2018). Articles, Abstracts, and Reports. 572. ...
The African Vision and Eye Health journal publishes original peer-reviewed papers of scientific and clinical research in optometry, ophthalmology, vision science and other related fields.
Papilledema. Due to increased intracranial hypertension (idiopathic intracranial hypertension, meningitis, intracranial mass ...
... papilledema; or retinal vascular lesions. Appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures should be undertaken immediately. ...

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