Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.
Dental procedure in which the entire pulp chamber is removed from the crown and roots of a tooth.
Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.
Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)
Tissue surrounding the apex of a tooth, including the apical portion of the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone.
Chronic inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is associated with the amount of DENTAL PLAQUE or DENTAL CALCULUS present. Chronic periodontitis occurs mostly in adults and was called adult periodontitis, but this disease can appear in young people.
Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation of periapical tissue resulting from irritation following pulp disease or endodontic treatment.
Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.
Acute or chronic inflammation of tissues surrounding the apical portion of a tooth, associated with the collection of pus, resulting from infection following pulp infection through a carious lesion or as a result of an injury causing pulp necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, ROOT CANAL PREPARATION is available.
Death of pulp tissue with or without bacterial invasion. When the necrosis is due to ischemia with superimposed bacterial infection, it is referred to as pulp gangrene. When the necrosis is non-bacterial in origin, it is called pulp mummification.
Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.
An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.
Technique involving the passage of X-rays through oral structures to create a film record while a central tab or wing of dental X-ray film is being held between upper and lower teeth.
Slow-growing fluid-filled epithelial sac at the apex of a tooth with a nonvital pulp or defective root canal filling.
Phase of endodontic treatment in which a root canal system that has been cleaned is filled through use of special materials and techniques in order to prevent reinfection.
The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.
The space in a tooth bounded by the dentin and containing the dental pulp. The portion of the cavity within the crown of the tooth is the pulp chamber; the portion within the root is the pulp canal or root canal.
Loss or destruction of periodontal tissue caused by periodontitis or other destructive periodontal diseases or by injury during instrumentation. Attachment refers to the periodontal ligament which attaches to the alveolar bone. It has been hypothesized that treatment of the underlying periodontal disease and the seeding of periodontal ligament cells enable the creating of new attachment.
A species of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria originally classified within the BACTEROIDES genus. This bacterium produces a cell-bound, oxygen-sensitive collagenase and is isolated from the human mouth.
Oral tissue surrounding and attached to TEETH.
A fluid occurring in minute amounts in the gingival crevice, believed by some authorities to be an inflammatory exudate and by others to cleanse material from the crevice, containing sticky plasma proteins which improve adhesions of the epithelial attachment, have antimicrobial properties, and exert antibody activity. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)
Materials placed inside a root canal for the purpose of obturating or sealing it. The materials may be gutta-percha, silver cones, paste mixtures, or other substances. (Dorland, 28th ed, p631 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p187)
The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.
Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.
A white powder prepared from lime that has many medical and industrial uses. It is in many dental formulations, especially for root canal filling.
A numerical rating scale for classifying the periodontal status of a person or population with a single figure which takes into consideration prevalence as well as severity of the condition. It is based upon probe measurement of periodontal pockets and on gingival tissue status.
Excision of the apical portion of a tooth through an opening made in the overlying labial, buccal, or palatal alveolar bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.
A rapid, low-dose, digital imaging system using a small intraoral sensor instead of radiographic film, an intensifying screen, and a charge-coupled device. It presents the possibility of reduced patient exposure and minimal distortion, although resolution and latitude are inferior to standard dental radiography. A receiver is placed in the mouth, routing signals to a computer which images the signals on a screen or in print. It includes digitizing from x-ray film or any other detector. (From MEDLINE abstracts; personal communication from Dr. Charles Berthold, NIDR)
Endodontic procedure performed to induce TOOTH APEX barrier development. ROOT CANAL FILLING MATERIALS are used to repair open apex or DENTAL PULP NECROSIS in an immature tooth. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE and mineral trioxide aggregate are commonly used as the filling materials.
Removal of dental plaque and dental calculus from the surface of a tooth, from the surface of a tooth apical to the gingival margin accumulated in periodontal pockets, or from the surface coronal to the gingival margin.
A species of Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic spherical or rod-shaped bacteria indigenous to dental surfaces. It is associated with PERIODONTITIS; BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; and ACTINOMYCOSIS.
An abnormal passage in the oral cavity on the gingiva.
Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.
Coagulated exudate isolated from several species of the tropical tree Palaquium (Sapotaceae). It is the trans-isomer of natural rubber and is used as a filling and impression material in dentistry and orthopedics and as an insulator in electronics. It has also been used as a rubber substitute.
Preparatory activities in ROOT CANAL THERAPY by partial or complete extirpation of diseased pulp, cleaning and sterilization of the empty canal, enlarging and shaping the canal to receive the sealing material. The cavity may be prepared by mechanical, sonic, chemical, or other means. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1700)
An index which scores the degree of dental plaque accumulation.
A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.
A tooth from which the dental pulp has been removed or is necrotic. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)
An abnormal passage or communication leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body.
Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.
Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.
An abnormal direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. An A-V fistula usually leads to the formation of a dilated sac-like connection, arteriovenous aneurysm. The locations and size of the shunts determine the degree of effects on the cardiovascular functions such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEART RATE.
An abnormal anatomical passage between the INTESTINE, and another segment of the intestine or other organs. External intestinal fistula is connected to the SKIN (enterocutaneous fistula). Internal intestinal fistula can be connected to a number of organs, such as STOMACH (gastrocolic fistula), the BILIARY TRACT (cholecystoduodenal fistula), or the URINARY BLADDER of the URINARY TRACT (colovesical fistula). Risk factors include inflammatory processes, cancer, radiation treatment, and surgical misadventures (MEDICAL ERRORS).
An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.

IL-10, but not IL-4, suppresses infection-stimulated bone resorption in vivo. (1/125)

Periapical bone resorption occurs following infection of the dental pulp and is mediated mainly by IL-1alpha in the murine model. The production and activity of IL-1alpha is modulated by a network of regulatory cytokines, including those produced by Th1 (pro-inflammatory) and Th2 (anti-inflammatory) subset T cells. This study was designed to assess the functional role of the Th2-type cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 in infection-stimulated bone resorption in vivo. The dental pulps of the first molars were exposed and infected with a mixture of four common endodontic pathogens, and bone destruction was determined by micro-computed tomography at sacrifice on day 21. The results demonstrate that IL-10(-/-) mice had significantly greater infection-stimulated bone resorption in vivo compared with wild-type mice (p < 0.001), whereas IL-4(-/-) exhibited no increased resorption. IL-10(-/-) had markedly elevated IL-1alpha production within periapical inflammatory tissues (>10-fold) compared with wild type (p < 0.01), whereas IL-4(-/-) exhibited decreased IL-1alpha production (p < 0.05). IL-10 also suppressed IL-1alpha production by macrophages in a dose-dependent fashion in vitro, whereas IL-4 had weak and variable effects. We conclude that IL-10, but not IL-4, is an important endogenous suppressor of infection-stimulated bone resorption in vivo, likely acting via inhibition of IL-1alpha expression.  (+info)

Efficacy of enamel matrix proteins on apical periodontal regeneration after experimental apicoectomy in dogs. (2/125)

Adult dogs have a complex apical delta structure in all root apexes of teeth. This complex structure may affect the formation of apical lesions in the teeth such as apical abscesses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of enamel matrix protein (EMP) which was used for periodontal regeneration therapy after an experimental apicoectomy for an assumed apical lesions of the teeth in dogs. The maxillar canine roots and maxillar fourth premolar buccal mesial roots in five beagles were experimentally apicoectomized under general inhalation anesthesia. After the root apex was exposed and excised, EMP was applied on the surface of the exposed dentin. After 12 weeks, dogs were euthanized. and the experimental teeth together with the surrounding soft and hard periodontal tissues were collected for histological evaluation under a light microscope. In the EMP group, the size of the defect where the root apex was removed was smaller than that of the control group. New cementum was dominantly achieved in the EMP group compared to the control group. Furthermore, new collagen fibers that bridged area between the new cementum and new alveolar bone were detected only in the EMP group. The present results demonstrated marked apical periodontal regeneration after apicoectomy in the EMP group. These results, therefore, suggest that the application of EMP can effectively induce the regeneration of periodontal strUctures in apicoectomized dogs.  (+info)

Differential diagnosis and therapeutic approach to periapical cysts in daily dental practice. (3/125)

The diagnosis and therapeutic approach to periapical cysts is an extremely controversial concern for dentists. Furthermore, as this complaint represents the most frequent cystic lesion of the maxilla, together with the fact that its differential diagnosis with chronic apical periodontitis presents special difficulty, the question takes on even greater importance. The purpose of this article is to assess the validity of the various diagnostic techniques used to differentiate between both pathologies and make a critical analysis of the controversy surrounding the therapeutic approach to suspected periapical cysts through non-surgical and follow-up treatment, or surgical enucleation and histopathological analysis.  (+info)

PCR-based identification of bacteria associated with endodontic infections. (4/125)

PCR primers that target the bacterial 16S rRNA genes (or the tuf gene for the genus Enterococcus) were used to identify 10 putative bacterial pathogens in root canals with necrotic pulp. In addition, the associations of these microorganisms with symptoms and a history of diabetes mellitus were investigated. Microbial samples from the root canals of 24 teeth with necrotic pulp were included in the study. PCR with universal bacterial primers identified bacterial DNA in 22 specimens; the remaining 2 specimens were from intact teeth that had been traumatized 6 months prior to treatment. PCR with specific primers showed that preoperative symptoms were significantly associated with the presence of Streptococcus spp. (P < 0.001 by chi-square analysis). There was also a nonsignificant trend for symptoms to be associated with Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis (odds ratio, >2) and for diabetes mellitus to be associated with P. gingivalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis (odds ratio, >2). Cloning and sequencing of the universal PCR product in one specimen revealed the presence of an organism related to the genus Olsenella, which has not previously been described in endodontic infections.  (+info)

Emergency management of acute apical periodontitis in the permanent dentition: a systematic review of the literature. (5/125)

OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic literature review and meta-analysis on the effectiveness of interventions used in the emergency management of acute apical periodontitis in the permanent dentition. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched from their inception to 2001. These searches, combined with manual searching, yielded 1,097 citations, of which 92 were relevant. Independent application of inclusion criteria by 2 teams of reviewers yielded 15 eligible randomized controlled trials. Data on population, interventions, outcomes (pain relief or change in intensity of pain as reported by patients or clinicians) and methodological quality were determined by independent duplicate review. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. RESULTS: Meta-analysis showed that pre-emptive analgesics (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]) in conjunction with pulpectomy provided a significant benefit (weighted mean difference -11.70, 95% confidence interval -22.84 to -0.56). Three interventions did not show significant benefit: systemic antibiotics, intracanal treatment with a steroid-antibiotic combination, and trephination through attached gingiva. CONCLUSIONS: In the management of pain associated with acute apical periodontitis, there is strong evidence to support the use of systemic NSAIDs in conjunction with nonsurgical endodontics. The use of antibiotics is not recommended.  (+info)

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for direct visualization of bacteria in periapical lesions of asymptomatic root-filled teeth. (6/125)

Whether micro-organisms can live in periapical endodontic lesions of asymptomatic teeth is under debate. The aim of the present study was to visualize and identify micro-organisms within periapical lesions directly, using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in combination with epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Thirty-nine periapical lesions were surgically removed, fixed, embedded in cold polymerizing resin and sectioned. The probe EUB 338, specific for the domain Bacteria, was used together with a number of species-specific 16S rRNA-directed oligonucleotide probes to identify bacteria. To control non-specific binding of EUB 338, probe NON 338 was used. Alternatively, DAPI (4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole) staining was applied to record prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA in the specimens. Hybridization with NON 338 gave no signals despite background fluorescence of the tissue. The eubacterial probe showed bacteria of different morphotypes in 50 % of the lesions. Rods, spirochaetes and cocci were spread out in areas of the tissue while other parts seemed bacteria-free. Bacteria were also seen to co-aggregate inside the tissue, forming microcolonies. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis and treponemes of phylogenetic Group I were detected with specific probes. In addition, colonies with Streptococcus spp. were seen in some lesions. A number of morphotypes occurred that could not be identified with the specific probes used, indicating the presence of additional bacterial species. CLSM confirmed that bacteria were located in different layers of the tissue. Accordingly, the FISH technique demonstrated mixed consortia of bacteria consisting of rods, spirochaetes and cocci in asymptomatic periapical lesions of root-filled teeth.  (+info)

Yeasts in apical periodontitis. (7/125)

Microbiological reports of apical periodontitis have revealed that yeasts can be isolated from approximately 5-20% of infected root canals. They occur either in pure cultures or together with bacteria. Almost all isolated yeasts belong to the genus Candida, and the predominant species is C. albicans. Pheno- and genotypic profiles of C. albicans isolates show heterogeneity comparable with those of isolates from other oral sites. C. albicans expresses several virulence factors that are capable of infecting the dentin-pulp complex, including dentinal tubules. This causes, consequentially, an inflammatory response around the root apex, which suggests a pathogenic role for this organism in apical periodontitis. Yeasts are particularly associated with persistent root canal infections that do not respond favorably to conservative root canal therapy. This may be due to the resistance of all oral Candida species against a commonly used topical medicament, calcium hydroxide. However, other antimicrobial agents may offer alternative therapeutic approaches and improve the treatment of these persistent cases of apical periodontitis.  (+info)

Mast cells and oral inflammation. (8/125)

Mast cells are mobile granule-containing secretory cells that are distributed preferentially about the microvascular endothelium in oral mucosa and dental pulp. The enzyme profile of mast cells in oral tissues resembles that of skin, with most mast cells expressing the serine proteases tryptase and chymase. Mast cells in oral tissues contain the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha in their granules, and release of this promotes leukocyte infiltration during evolving inflammation in several conditions, including lichen planus, gingivitis, pulpitis, and periapical inflammation, through induction of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules. Mast cell synthesis and release of other mediators exerts potent immunoregulatory effects on other cell types, while several T-lymphocyte-derived cytokines influence mast cell migration and mediator release. Mast cell proteases may contribute to alterations in basement membranes in inflammation in the oral cavity, such as the disruptions that allow cytotoxic lymphocytes to enter the epithelium in oral lichen planus. A close relationship exists among mast cells, neural elements, and laminin, and this explains the preferential distribution of mast cells in tissues. Mast cells are responsive to neuropeptides and, through their interaction with neural elements, form a neural immune network with Langerhans cells in mucosal tissues. This facilitates mast cell degranulation in response to a range of immunological and non-immunological stimuli. Because mast cells play a pivotal role in inflammation, therapies that target mast cell functions could have value in the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders in the oral cavity.  (+info)

Periapical periodontitis is a medical condition that affects the tissues surrounding the root tip (apex) of a tooth. It is typically caused by bacterial infection that originates from the dental pulp, which is the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves and blood vessels. When the dental pulp becomes inflamed or infected due to decay or injury, it can lead to periapical periodontitis if left untreated.

The infection spreads from the pulp through the root canal and forms an abscess at the tip of the tooth root. This results in inflammation and destruction of the surrounding bone and periodontal tissues, leading to symptoms such as pain, swelling, tenderness, and sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures.

Periapical periodontitis is usually treated with root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected pulp tissue, cleaning and disinfecting the root canal, and filling and sealing the space to prevent reinfection. In some cases, antibiotics may also be prescribed to help clear up any residual infection. If left untreated, periapical periodontitis can lead to more serious complications such as tooth loss or spread of infection to other parts of the body.

A pulpectomy is a dental procedure that involves the removal of the entire pulp tissue, which includes the nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues from within the root canal(s) of a tooth. This procedure is typically performed when the pulp tissue becomes infected or inflamed due to decay, trauma, or other causes.

Once the pulp tissue is removed, the root canal(s) are cleaned, shaped, and filled with an inert material such as gutta-percha to prevent reinfection and maintain the structural integrity of the tooth. A pulpectomy may be performed as a standalone procedure or as part of a larger treatment plan, such as a root canal therapy or endodontic treatment.

It's important to note that while a pulpectomy removes the infected or inflamed tissue from within the tooth, it does not address any external damage or decay that may be present on the tooth's surface. Additional dental work, such as a filling or crown, may be necessary to restore the tooth's function and appearance.

Periapical diseases are a group of conditions that affect the periapical tissue, which is the tissue located at the tip of the tooth roots. These diseases are primarily caused by bacterial infections that originate from the dental pulp, the soft tissue inside the tooth. The most common types of periapical diseases include:

1. Periapical periodontitis: This is an inflammatory reaction of the periapical tissues due to the spread of infection from the dental pulp. It can cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area.
2. Periapical abscess: An abscess is a collection of pus that forms in response to an infection. A periapical abscess occurs when the infection from the dental pulp spreads to the periapical tissue, causing pus to accumulate in the area. This can cause severe pain, swelling, and redness in the affected area.
3. Periapical granuloma: A granuloma is a mass of inflammatory cells that forms in response to an infection. A periapical granuloma is a small, benign tumor-like growth that develops in the periapical tissue due to chronic inflammation caused by a bacterial infection.

Periapical diseases are typically treated with root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected dental pulp and cleaning and sealing the root canals to prevent further infection. In some cases, extraction of the affected tooth may be necessary if the infection is too severe or if the tooth is not salvageable.

Periodontitis is a severe form of gum disease that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone supporting your teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss. It is caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. The body's immune system fights the bacterial infection, which causes an inflammatory response. If the inflammation continues for a long time, it can damage the tissues and bones that support the teeth.

The early stage of periodontitis is called gingivitis, which is characterized by red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushed or flossed. When gingivitis is not treated, it can advance to periodontitis. In addition to plaque, other factors that increase the risk of developing periodontitis include smoking or using tobacco products, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, a weakened immune system, and genetic factors.

Regular dental checkups and good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and using an antimicrobial mouth rinse, can help prevent periodontitis. Treatment for periodontitis may include deep cleaning procedures, medications, or surgery in severe cases.

Periapical tissue, in the field of dentistry and oral medicine, refers to the tissue that surrounds the apical region of a tooth. The apical region is the tip or apex of the root of a tooth. Periapical tissues include the periodontal ligament, the alveolar bone, and the dental follicle. These tissues play a crucial role in supporting and protecting the tooth. Inflammation or infection of the periapical tissue can lead to a condition known as periapical periodontitis, which may require root canal treatment or tooth extraction.

Chronic periodontitis is a type of gum disease that is characterized by the inflammation and infection of the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. It is a slow-progressing condition that can lead to the destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone, which can result in loose teeth or tooth loss if left untreated.

Chronic periodontitis is caused by the buildup of dental plaque and calculus (tartar) on the teeth, which harbor bacteria that release toxins that irritate and inflame the gums. Over time, this chronic inflammation can lead to the destruction of the periodontal tissues, including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.

The signs and symptoms of chronic periodontitis include:

* Red, swollen, or tender gums
* Bleeding gums during brushing or flossing
* Persistent bad breath (halitosis)
* Receding gums (exposure of the tooth root)
* Loose teeth or changes in bite alignment
* Deep periodontal pockets (spaces between the teeth and gums)

Risk factors for chronic periodontitis include poor oral hygiene, smoking, diabetes, genetics, and certain medications. Treatment typically involves a thorough dental cleaning to remove plaque and calculus, followed by additional procedures such as scaling and root planing or surgery to eliminate infection and promote healing of the periodontal tissues. Good oral hygiene practices, regular dental checkups, and quitting smoking are essential for preventing chronic periodontitis and maintaining good oral health.

A periapical granuloma is a type of dental lesion that occurs at the root tip of a tooth (the apical region) in response to an infection in the pulp tissue. It is a collection of inflammatory cells, mainly composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes, within the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. The granuloma forms as a result of the body's attempt to contain the spread of infection from the pulp into the surrounding tissues.

The primary cause of periapical granulomas is untreated dental caries or tooth trauma, which allows bacteria to invade the pulp chamber and eventually reach the apical region. The resulting inflammation can lead to bone resorption and the formation of a radiolucent area around the apex of the affected tooth, visible on a dental radiograph.

Periapical granulomas may not always cause noticeable symptoms, but some patients might experience pain, swelling, or sensitivity in the affected tooth. Treatment typically involves root canal therapy to remove the infected pulp tissue and medicate the canals, followed by a filling or crown to seal and protect the tooth. In some cases, extraction of the tooth may be necessary if the infection is severe or if the tooth cannot be restored.

Aggressive periodontitis is a severe form of periodontal disease that affects the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It is characterized by rapid destruction of the periodontal tissues and can result in significant tooth loss if left untreated.

Aggressive periodontitis typically affects younger individuals, often before the age of 30, and can progress rapidly, even in the absence of obvious dental plaque or calculus accumulation. It is often associated with a genetic predisposition and may cluster in families.

The disease is classified as localized or generalized based on the distribution of affected sites. Localized aggressive periodontitis typically affects no more than two teeth next to each other, while generalized aggressive periodontitis involves at least three or four teeth in different areas of the mouth.

In addition to genetic factors, other risk factors for aggressive periodontitis include smoking, diabetes, and hormonal changes. Treatment typically involves a combination of thorough dental cleanings, antibiotics, and sometimes surgical intervention to remove damaged tissue and promote healing. Regular maintenance care is essential to prevent recurrence and further progression of the disease.

A periapical abscess is a localized infection that occurs at the tip of the tooth's root, specifically in the periapical tissue. This tissue surrounds the end of the tooth's root and helps anchor the tooth to the jawbone. The infection is usually caused by bacteria that enter the pulp chamber of the tooth as a result of dental caries (tooth decay), periodontal disease, or trauma that damages the tooth's protective enamel layer.

The infection leads to pus accumulation in the periapical tissue, forming an abscess. The symptoms of a periapical abscess may include:

1. Pain and tenderness in the affected tooth, which can be throbbing or continuous
2. Swelling in the gums surrounding the tooth
3. Sensitivity to hot, cold, or pressure on the tooth
4. Fever, general malaise, or difficulty swallowing (in severe cases)
5. A foul taste in the mouth or bad breath
6. Tooth mobility or loosening
7. Formation of a draining sinus tract (a small opening in the gums that allows pus to drain out)

Periapical abscesses require dental treatment, which typically involves removing the infected pulp tissue through root canal therapy and cleaning, shaping, and sealing the root canals. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to help control the infection, but they do not replace the necessary dental treatment. If left untreated, a periapical abscess can lead to severe complications, such as the spread of infection to other parts of the body or tooth loss.

Root canal therapy, also known as endodontic treatment, is a dental procedure that involves the removal of infected or damaged pulp tissue from within a tooth's root canal system. The root canal system is a series of narrow channels that run from the center of the tooth (pulp chamber) down to the tip of the tooth roots, containing nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues.

During the procedure, the dentist or endodontist will gain access to the pulp chamber, carefully clean and shape the root canals using specialized instruments, and then fill and seal them with a rubber-like material called gutta-percha. This helps prevent reinfection and preserves the structural integrity of the tooth. In many cases, a crown or other restoration is placed over the treated tooth to protect it and restore its function and appearance.

Root canal therapy is typically recommended when the pulp tissue becomes inflamed or infected due to deep decay, repeated dental procedures, cracks, or chips in the teeth. The goal of this treatment is to alleviate pain, preserve natural tooth structure, and prevent the need for extraction.

Dental pulp necrosis is the death of the soft tissue inside a tooth, known as the dental pulp. The dental pulp contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue that help the tooth grow and develop. It also provides sensations like hot or cold. Dental pulp necrosis can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay, trauma, or infection. When the dental pulp dies, it can no longer provide nutrients to the tooth, making it more susceptible to fractures and infections. Symptoms of dental pulp necrosis may include pain, sensitivity, swelling, or abscess formation. Treatment options for dental pulp necrosis typically involve root canal therapy or extraction of the affected tooth.

Alveolar bone loss refers to the breakdown and resorption of the alveolar process of the jawbone, which is the part of the jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth. This type of bone loss is often caused by periodontal disease, a chronic inflammation of the gums and surrounding tissues that can lead to the destruction of the structures that support the teeth.

In advanced stages of periodontal disease, the alveolar bone can become severely damaged or destroyed, leading to tooth loss. Alveolar bone loss can also occur as a result of other conditions, such as osteoporosis, trauma, or tumors. Dental X-rays and other imaging techniques are often used to diagnose and monitor alveolar bone loss. Treatment may include deep cleaning of the teeth and gums, medications, surgery, or tooth extraction in severe cases.

A periodontal pocket is a pathological space or gap that develops between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue (gingiva) as a result of periodontal disease. This condition is also known as a "periodontal depth" or "probing depth." It is measured in millimeters using a dental probe, and it indicates the level of attachment loss of the gingival tissue to the tooth.

In a healthy periodontium, the sulcus (the normal space between the tooth and gum) measures 1-3 mm in depth. However, when there is inflammation due to bacterial accumulation, the gums may become red, swollen, and bleed easily. As the disease progresses, the sulcus deepens, forming a periodontal pocket, which can extend deeper than 3 mm.

Periodontal pockets provide an environment that is conducive to the growth of harmful bacteria, leading to further tissue destruction and bone loss around the tooth. If left untreated, periodontal disease can result in loose teeth and eventually tooth loss. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential for maintaining healthy gums and preventing periodontal pockets from developing or worsening.

Bitewing radiography is a type of dental x-ray examination that involves taking multiple images of the teeth while they are bite together. These x-rays primarily provide a detailed view of the crowns of the upper and lower teeth in a single view, allowing dentists to diagnose and monitor interdental decay (decay between teeth), dental caries, and any bone loss around fillings or near the gum line. Bitewing radiographs are essential for detecting dental problems at an early stage, which can help prevent further damage and costly treatments in the future. They are typically taken annually or biennially during routine dental checkups.

A radicular cyst is a type of dental cyst that forms around the root of a tooth, usually as a result of chronic infection or inflammation. It is also known as a periapical cyst. The cyst develops from the accumulation of fluid and cells in the periodontal ligament, which is the tissue that connects the tooth to the jawbone.

Radicular cysts are often caused by untreated dental caries or trauma to the tooth that allows bacteria to enter the pulp chamber of the tooth and cause an infection. Over time, the infection can spread to the surrounding tissues, leading to the formation of a cyst. Symptoms of a radicular cyst may include pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected area. Treatment typically involves removing the affected tooth and the cyst through a surgical procedure.

Root canal obturation is the process of filling and sealing the root canal system of a tooth after it has been cleaned and shaped during endodontic treatment. The goal of obturation is to prevent reinfection or contamination of the root canal system by completely filling and sealing the space with an inert, biocompatible material such as gutta-percha and a suitable sealant. This procedure helps to preserve the natural tooth structure, alleviate pain, and maintain proper dental function.

Dental pulp exposure is a condition in which the soft, living tissue inside a tooth (the dental pulp) becomes exposed due to damage or injury to the tooth. This can occur as a result of tooth decay that has progressed deeply into the tooth, trauma or fracture that exposes the pulp, or recession of the gums due to periodontal disease.

Exposure of the dental pulp can lead to infection, inflammation, and severe pain. If left untreated, it may result in the need for a root canal procedure or even extraction of the tooth. Therefore, prompt dental treatment is necessary to prevent further complications and preserve the tooth.

The dental pulp cavity, also known as the pulp chamber, is the innermost part of a tooth that contains the dental pulp. It is located in the crown portion of the tooth and is shaped like an upside-down pyramid with the narrow end point towards the root of the tooth.

The dental pulp is a soft tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. It plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the tooth, including providing nutrients to the dentin and producing reparative dentin.

The dental pulp cavity can become infected or inflamed due to tooth decay, trauma, or other factors, leading to symptoms such as pain, sensitivity, and swelling. In such cases, treatment options may include root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected or inflamed pulp tissue from the dental pulp cavity and sealing the space to prevent further infection.

Periodontal attachment loss (PAL) is a clinical measurement in dentistry that refers to the amount of connective tissue attachment between the tooth and its surrounding supportive structures (including the gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone) that has been lost due to periodontal disease. It is typically expressed in millimeters and represents the distance from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), which is the point where the tooth's crown meets the root, to the bottom of the periodontal pocket.

Periodontal pockets are formed when the gums detach from the tooth due to inflammation and infection caused by bacterial biofilms accumulating on the teeth. As the disease progresses, more and more of the supporting structures are destroyed, leading to increased pocket depths and attachment loss. This can eventually result in loose teeth and even tooth loss if left untreated.

Therefore, periodontal attachment loss is an important indicator of the severity and progression of periodontal disease, and its measurement helps dental professionals assess the effectiveness of treatment interventions and monitor disease status over time.

"Porphyromonas gingivalis" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal disease. It is a major pathogen in chronic periodontitis, which is a severe form of gum disease that can lead to destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.

The bacterium produces several virulence factors, such as proteases and endotoxins, which contribute to its pathogenicity. It has been shown to evade the host's immune response and cause tissue destruction through various mechanisms, including inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases.

P. gingivalis has also been linked to several systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease, although the exact mechanisms of these associations are not fully understood. Effective oral hygiene practices, including regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings, can help prevent the overgrowth of P. gingivalis and reduce the risk of periodontal disease.

Gingiva is the medical term for the soft tissue that surrounds the teeth and forms the margin of the dental groove, also known as the gum. It extends from the mucogingival junction to the base of the cervical third of the tooth root. The gingiva plays a crucial role in protecting and supporting the teeth and maintaining oral health by providing a barrier against microbial invasion and mechanical injury.

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is defined as the serum transudate or inflammatory exudate that flows from the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket. It is a physiological fluid found in the narrow space between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue, which deepens during periodontal disease. The analysis of GCF has been used as a non-invasive method to assess the status of periodontal health and disease since it contains various markers of inflammation, host response, and bacterial products.

Root canal filling materials are substances used to fill and seal the root canal system inside a tooth following root canal treatment. The main goal of using these materials is to prevent reinfection, provide structural support to the weakened tooth, and restore its functionality.

Commonly used root canal filling materials include:

1. Gutta-percha: A rubber-like material derived from the sap of the Palaquium gutta tree. It is widely used as the primary filling material due to its biocompatibility, malleability, and ability to be compacted into the root canal space. Gutta-percha points or cones are typically used in conjunction with a sealer for optimal adaptation and seal.

2. Sealers: These are adhesive materials that help bond gutta-percha to dentin walls and improve the seal between the filling material and root canal walls. Some commonly used sealers include zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide-based sealers, and resin-based sealers.

3. Silver points: These are silver cones with a sharp tip that can be inserted into the root canal space as an alternative to gutta-percha. However, their use has declined due to concerns about corrosion and potential tooth discoloration.

4. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA): A biocompatible cement composed primarily of Portland cement, bismuth oxide, and other additives. MTA is used for various applications in endodontics, including root-end filling, perforation repair, and apexification. It has excellent sealing ability, antibacterial properties, and promotes hard tissue formation.

5. Bioceramics: These are advanced materials with similar properties to MTA but with improved handling characteristics and setting times. They include materials like Bioaggregate, EndoSequence BC Sealer, and iRoot SP.

6. Thermoplasticized gutta-percha: This technique involves heating and softening gutta-percha using a specialized device called a thermomechanical compactor or an oven. The softened gutta-percha is then injected into the root canal space, providing better adaptation to the root canal walls and creating a more uniform seal.

The choice of materials depends on various factors, including the clinical situation, patient's needs, and practitioner's preference.

Gingival hemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It refers to the condition where the gums bleed, often as a result of trauma or injury, but also can be caused by various systemic conditions such as disorders of coagulation, leukemia, or scurvy.

Gingival hemorrhage is commonly seen in individuals with poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, which can cause inflammation and damage to the gums. This can lead to increased susceptibility to bleeding, even during routine activities such as brushing or flossing. It's important to address any underlying causes of gingival hemorrhage to prevent further complications.

Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It's important to note that it is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional dental treatment. If left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to a more severe form of gum disease known as periodontitis, which can result in tissue damage and eventual tooth loss.

Gingivitis is most commonly caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. When not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, this plaque can harden into tartar, which is more difficult to remove and contributes to gum inflammation. Other factors like hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, smoking or a weakened immune system may also increase the risk of developing gingivitis.

Calcium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2. It is also known as slaked lime or hydrated lime. Calcium hydroxide is a white, odorless, tasteless, and alkaline powder that dissolves in water to form a caustic solution.

Medically, calcium hydroxide is used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid and relieve symptoms of heartburn, indigestion, and upset stomach. It is also used as a topical agent to treat skin conditions such as poison ivy rash, sunburn, and minor burns. When applied to the skin, calcium hydroxide helps to reduce inflammation, neutralize irritants, and promote healing.

In dental applications, calcium hydroxide is used as a filling material for root canals and as a paste to treat tooth sensitivity. It has the ability to stimulate the formation of new dentin, which is the hard tissue that makes up the bulk of the tooth.

It's important to note that calcium hydroxide should be used with caution, as it can cause irritation and burns if it comes into contact with the eyes or mucous membranes. It should also be stored in a cool, dry place away from heat and open flames.

The Periodontal Index (PI) is not a current or widely used medical/dental term. However, in the past, it was used to describe a method for assessing and measuring the severity of periodontal disease, also known as gum disease.

Developed by Henry H. Klein and colleagues in 1978, the Periodontal Index was a scoring system that evaluated four parameters: gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding, calculus (tartar) presence, and periodontal pocket depths. The scores for each parameter ranged from 0 to 3, with higher scores indicating worse periodontal health. The overall PI score was the sum of the individual parameter scores, ranging from 0 to 12.

However, due to its limited ability to predict future disease progression and the introduction of more comprehensive assessment methods like the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and the Basic Periodontal Examination (BPE), the use of the Periodontal Index has become less common in dental practice and research.

An apicoectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing the tip of the root of a tooth. This procedure is typically performed by a dental specialist called an endodontist and is usually done when a previous root canal therapy has failed.

During the procedure, the endodontist makes a small incision in the gum tissue to expose the bone and surrounding inflamed tissue. The damaged tissue is removed along with the tip of the root. A small filling may be placed in the end of the root to seal it off. The gum tissue is then stitched back into place and allowed to heal.

The goal of an apicoectomy is to eliminate infection and pain, and to preserve the natural tooth. It is typically considered as a last resort before extraction of the tooth.

Pulpitis is a dental term that refers to the inflammation of the pulp, which is the soft tissue inside the center of a tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. The pulp helps to form the dentin, the hard layer beneath the enamel. Pulpitis can result from tooth decay, dental trauma, or other factors that cause damage to the tooth's protective enamel and dentin layers, exposing the pulp to irritants and bacteria.

There are two types of pulpitis: reversible and irreversible. Reversible pulpitis is characterized by mild inflammation that can be treated and potentially reversed with dental intervention, such as a filling or root canal treatment. Irreversible pulpitis, on the other hand, involves severe inflammation that cannot be reversed, and typically requires a root canal procedure to remove the infected pulp tissue and prevent further infection or damage to the tooth.

Symptoms of pulpitis may include tooth sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures, pain or discomfort when biting down or applying pressure to the tooth, and in some cases, spontaneous or radiating pain. If left untreated, pulpitis can lead to more serious dental issues, such as abscesses or bone loss around the affected tooth.

Dental digital radiography is a type of medical imaging that uses digital sensors instead of traditional X-ray film to produce highly detailed images of the teeth, gums, and surrounding structures. This technology offers several advantages over conventional dental radiography, including:

1. Lower radiation exposure: Digital sensors require less radiation to produce an image compared to traditional film, making it a safer option for patients.
2. Instant results: The images captured by digital sensors are immediately displayed on a computer screen, allowing dentists to quickly assess the patient's oral health and discuss any findings with them during the appointment.
3. Improved image quality: Digital radiography produces clearer and more precise images compared to traditional film, enabling dentists to better detect issues such as cavities, fractures, or tumors.
4. Enhanced communication: The ability to easily manipulate and enhance digital images allows for better communication between dental professionals and improved patient education.
5. Environmentally friendly: Digital radiography eliminates the need for chemical processing and disposal of used film, making it a more environmentally conscious choice.
6. Easy storage and retrieval: Digital images can be stored electronically and accessed easily for future reference or consultation with other dental professionals.
7. Remote consultations: Digital images can be shared remotely with specialists or insurance companies, facilitating faster diagnoses and treatment planning.

Apexification is a dental procedure used to treat a non-vital or dead tooth that has not fully developed its root end, also known as an open apex. The goal of this treatment is to encourage the continued growth of the root end and formation of a hard tissue barrier at the apex, which will allow for the placement of a permanent filling or crown.

During the procedure, a medication such as calcium hydroxide is placed into the root canal space and left for several months to promote the growth of new hard tissue. After this time, the medication is removed and replaced with a rubber-like material called gutta-percha, which seals the root canal and provides a stable foundation for a permanent restoration.

Apexification is typically recommended for young patients whose teeth are still developing, as it allows them to keep their natural tooth rather than requiring extraction and replacement with a dental implant or bridge.

Dental scaling is a professional dental cleaning procedure that involves the removal of plaque, tartar (calculus), and stains from the tooth surfaces. This is typically performed by a dentist or dental hygienist using specialized instruments called scalers and curettes. The procedure helps to prevent gum disease and tooth decay by removing bacterial deposits that can cause inflammation and infection of the gums. Dental scaling may be recommended as part of a routine dental check-up or if there are signs of periodontal disease, such as red, swollen, or bleeding gums. In some cases, local anesthesia may be used to numb the area and make the procedure more comfortable for the patient.

'Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is facultatively anaerobic, meaning it can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. This bacterium is commonly found as part of the oral microbiota in humans and is associated with periodontal diseases such as localized aggressive periodontitis. Additionally, it has been implicated in various extraoral infections, including endocarditis, meningitis, and septicemia, particularly in individuals with underlying medical conditions. The bacterium's virulence factors include leukotoxin, cytolethal distending toxin, and adhesins, which contribute to its pathogenicity.

A dental fistula is an abnormal connection or tunnel that develops between the oral cavity and the skin or other soft tissues, usually as a result of an infection in the teeth or surrounding structures. The infection can lead to the formation of a pus-filled sac (abscess) that eventually breaks through the bone or soft tissue, creating a small opening or channel that allows the pus to drain out.

The dental fistula is often accompanied by symptoms such as pain, swelling, redness, and difficulty swallowing or chewing. The infection can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated, so it's important to seek medical attention promptly if you suspect that you have a dental fistula.

The treatment for a dental fistula typically involves addressing the underlying infection, which may involve antibiotics, drainage of the abscess, and/or removal of the affected tooth or teeth. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damage to the bone or soft tissue and prevent further complications.

Dental pulp diseases are conditions that affect the soft tissue inside a tooth, known as dental pulp. The two main types of dental pulp diseases are pulpitis and apical periodontitis.

Pulpitis is inflammation of the dental pulp, which can be either reversible or irreversible. Reversible pulpitis is characterized by mild to moderate inflammation that can be treated with a dental filling or other conservative treatment. Irreversible pulpitis, on the other hand, involves severe inflammation that cannot be reversed and usually requires root canal therapy.

Apical periodontitis, also known as a tooth abscess, is an infection of the tissue surrounding the tip of the tooth's root. It occurs when the dental pulp dies and becomes infected, causing pus to accumulate in the surrounding bone. Symptoms of apical periodontitis may include pain, swelling, and drainage. Treatment typically involves root canal therapy or extraction of the affected tooth.

Other dental pulp diseases include pulp calcification, which is the hardening of the dental pulp due to age or injury, and internal resorption, which is the breakdown and destruction of the dental pulp by the body's own cells. These conditions may not cause any symptoms but can weaken the tooth and increase the risk of fracture.

Gutta-Percha is defined in the medical field as a naturally occurring rubber derived from the sap of the Palaquium gutta tree, which is native to Malaysia. It has been historically used in various medical and dental applications due to its unique properties such as being malleable yet durable when heated, and remaining stable at room temperature.

In dentistry, gutta-percha is commonly utilized as a root canal filling material, as it can be easily shaped and compacted into the root canal space to seal off the tooth from bacteria and other infectious agents. It is often used in combination with a sealer cement to ensure a proper seal and prevent reinfection of the tooth.

Overall, gutta-percha is a valuable material in medical and dental applications due to its unique properties and versatility.

Root canal preparation is a procedure in endodontics, which is the branch of dentistry dealing with the dental pulp and tissues surrounding the root of a tooth. The goal of root canal preparation is to thoroughly clean, shape, and disinfect the root canal system of an infected or damaged tooth, in order to prepare it for a filling material that will seal and protect the tooth from further infection or damage.

The procedure involves the use of specialized dental instruments, such as files and reamers, to remove the infected or necrotic pulp tissue and debris from within the root canal. The root canal is then shaped using progressively larger files to create a tapering preparation that facilitates the placement of the filling material. Irrigation solutions are used to help flush out any remaining debris and disinfect the canal.

The success of root canal preparation depends on several factors, including the thoroughness of cleaning and shaping, the effectiveness of disinfection, and the sealing ability of the filling material. Properly performed, root canal preparation can alleviate pain, save a tooth from extraction, and restore function and aesthetics to the mouth.

The dental plaque index (DPI) is a clinical measurement used in dentistry to assess the amount of dental plaque accumulation on a person's teeth. It was first introduced by Silness and Löe in 1964 as a method to standardize the assessment of oral hygiene and the effectiveness of oral hygiene interventions.

The DPI is based on a visual examination of the amount of plaque present on four surfaces of the teeth, including the buccal (cheek-facing) and lingual (tongue-facing) surfaces of both upper and lower first molars and upper and lower incisors. The examiner assigns a score from 0 to 3 for each surface, with higher scores indicating greater plaque accumulation:

* Score 0: No plaque detected, even after probing the area with a dental explorer.
* Score 1: Plaque detected by visual examination and/or probing but is not visible when the area is gently dried with air.
* Score 2: Moderate accumulation of soft deposits that are visible upon visual examination before air drying, but which can be removed by scraping with a dental explorer.
* Score 3: Abundant soft matter, visible upon visual examination before air drying and not easily removable with a dental explorer.

The DPI is calculated as the average score of all surfaces examined, providing an overall measure of plaque accumulation in the mouth. It can be used to monitor changes in oral hygiene over time or to evaluate the effectiveness of different oral hygiene interventions. However, it should be noted that the DPI has limitations and may not accurately reflect the presence of bacterial biofilms or the risk of dental caries and gum disease.

Dental plaque is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that accumulates on the surface of the teeth, restorative materials, and prosthetic devices such as dentures. It is initiated when bacterial colonizers attach to the smooth surfaces of teeth through van der Waals forces and specific molecular adhesion mechanisms.

The microorganisms within the dental plaque produce extracellular polysaccharides that help to stabilize and strengthen the biofilm, making it resistant to removal by simple brushing or rinsing. Over time, if not regularly removed through oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, dental plaque can mineralize and harden into tartar or calculus.

The bacteria in dental plaque can cause tooth decay (dental caries) by metabolizing sugars and producing acid that demineralizes the tooth enamel. Additionally, certain types of bacteria in dental plaque can cause periodontal disease, an inflammation of the gums that can lead to tissue damage and bone loss around the teeth. Regular professional dental cleanings and good oral hygiene practices are essential for preventing the buildup of dental plaque and maintaining good oral health.

A nonvital tooth is one that no longer has a living or viable pulp, which contains the nerves and blood vessels inside the tooth. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as tooth decay that has progressed deeply into the tooth, dental trauma, or previous invasive dental procedures. As a result, the tooth loses its sensitivity to temperature changes and may darken in color. Nonvital teeth typically require root canal treatment to remove the dead pulp tissue, disinfect the canals, and fill them with an inert material to preserve the tooth structure and function.

A cutaneous fistula is a type of fistula that occurs when a tract or tunnel forms between the skin (cutaneous) and another organ or structure, such as the gastrointestinal tract, vagina, or urinary system. Cutaneous fistulas can result from various medical conditions, including infections, inflammatory diseases, surgical complications, trauma, or malignancies.

Cutaneous fistulas may present with symptoms such as drainage of fluid or pus from the skin, pain, redness, swelling, or irritation around the affected area. The treatment for cutaneous fistulas depends on their underlying cause and can range from conservative management with antibiotics and wound care to surgical intervention.

It is essential to seek medical attention if you suspect a cutaneous fistula, as untreated fistulas can lead to complications such as infection, sepsis, or tissue damage. A healthcare professional can provide an accurate diagnosis and develop an appropriate treatment plan based on the individual's needs.

A fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between two organs, vessels, or body parts that usually do not connect. It can form as a result of injury, infection, surgery, or disease. A fistula can occur anywhere in the body but commonly forms in the digestive system, genital area, or urinary system. The symptoms and treatment options for a fistula depend on its location and underlying cause.

A gastric fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the stomach and another organ or the skin surface. This condition can occur as a result of complications from surgery, injury, infection, or certain diseases such as cancer. Symptoms may include persistent drainage from the site of the fistula, pain, malnutrition, and infection. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the fistula and management of any underlying conditions.

An arteriovenous fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway between an artery and a vein. This connection causes blood to flow directly from the artery into the vein, bypassing the capillary network that would normally distribute the oxygen-rich blood to the surrounding tissues.

Arteriovenous fistulas can occur as a result of trauma, disease, or as a planned surgical procedure for patients who require hemodialysis, a treatment for advanced kidney failure. In hemodialysis, the arteriovenous fistula serves as a site for repeated access to the bloodstream, allowing for efficient removal of waste products and excess fluids.

The medical definition of an arteriovenous fistula is:

"An abnormal communication between an artery and a vein, usually created by surgical means for hemodialysis access or occurring as a result of trauma, congenital defects, or disease processes such as vasculitis or neoplasm."

An intestinal fistula is an abnormal communication or connection between the intestines (or a portion of the intestine) and another organ or the skin surface. This connection forms a tract or passage, allowing the contents of the intestines, such as digestive enzymes, bacteria, and waste materials, to leak into other body areas or outside the body. Intestinal fistulas can develop due to various reasons, including inflammatory bowel diseases (like Crohn's disease), infections, complications from surgery, radiation therapy, or trauma. They can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, skin irritation, and infection. Treatment of intestinal fistulas often involves a combination of medical management, nutritional support, and surgical intervention.

A bronchial fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the bronchial tree (the airways in the lungs) and the surrounding tissues, such as the pleural space (the space between the lungs and the chest wall), blood vessels, or other organs. This condition can result from various causes, including lung injury, infection, surgery, or certain diseases such as cancer or tuberculosis.

Bronchial fistulas can lead to symptoms like coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. They may also cause air leaks, pneumothorax (collapsed lung), or chronic infections. Treatment for bronchial fistulas depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition but often involves surgical repair or closure of the abnormal connection.

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Periapical periodontitis Flucke U, Thompson LD (2019). "Non-Neoplastic Lesions of the Gnathic Bones". Head and Neck Pathology ( ... Periapical granuloma is an infrequent disorder that has an occurrence rate between 9.3 to 87.1 percent. Periapical granuloma is ... "Periapical granuloma". World Health Organization. Akinyamoju AO, Gbadebo SO, Adeyemi BF (December 2014). "Periapical lesions of ... "Using Periapical Radiography to Differentiate Periapical Granuloma and Radicular Cysts". Avicenna Journal of Dental Research. 8 ...
A phoenix abscess is an acute exacerbation of a chronic periapical lesion. It is a dental abscess that can occur immediately ... Another cause is due to untreated necrotic pulp (chronic apical periodontitis). It is also the result of inadequate debridement ... Radiographically, there will be a periapical lesion associated with the tooth. This lesion is normally existent prior to this ... causing a sudden worsening of the symptoms of chronic periradicular periodontitis. This instrumentation is thought to stimulate ...
It may develop rapidly from a periapical granuloma, as a consequence of untreated chronic periapical periodontitis. Periapical ... Periapical cysts occur worldwide. Types of Periapical cysts: Apical: 70% Lateral: 20% Residual: 10% Menditti, Dardo; Laino, ... Periapical cysts exist in two structurally distinct classes: Periapical true cysts - cysts containing cavities entirely ... Periapical cysts comprise approximately 75% of the types of cysts found in the oral region. The ratio of individuals diagnosed ...
"Accuracy of cone beam computed tomography and panoramic and periapical radiography for detection of apical periodontitis". ... Periapical radiographs are taken to evaluate the periapical area of the tooth and surrounding bone For periapical radiographs, ... Indications: 1) Periapical status of lower incisor teeth for patients who cannot tolerate periapical radiographs. 2) Assess the ... Intraoral periapical radiographs are widely used for the preoperative due to its simple technique, low cost and less radiation ...
... there are certain cases where occlusal trauma can exacerbate periodontitis. Moreover, pre-existing plaque-induced periodontitis ... In cases where periapical pathology is present teeth also may have increased mobility. Severe infection at the apex of a tooth ... For example, if the tooth mobility is associated with periodontitis, periodontal treatment should be carried out. In the ... Although occlusal trauma and excessive occlusal forces does not initiate periodontitis or cause loss of connective tissue ...
... of odontogenic infections occur as periapical inflammation, i.e. acute periapical periodontitis or a periapical abscess. The ... The cause of this situation is usually a periapical or periodontal infection of a maxillary posterior tooth, where the ...
This occurs as a result of chronic periapical inflammation after pulpitis occurs and must be surgically removed. The PDL also ... Leite FR, Nascimento GG, Scheutz F, López R (June 2018). "Effect of Smoking on Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta- ... Tomar SL, Asma S (May 2000). "Smoking-attributable periodontitis in the United States: findings from NHANES III. National ... Tomar SL, Asma S (May 2000). "Smoking-attributable periodontitis in the United States: findings from NHANES III. National ...
If the crack propagates into the pulp, irreversible pulpitis, pulpal necrosis and periapical periodontitis may develop, with ...
... then to necrosis with periapical periodontitis and, finally, to necrosis with periapical abscess. Reversible pulpitis can be ... For example, a pulpal abscess (which is typically severe, spontaneous and localized) can cause periapical periodontitis (which ... Apical periodontitis is acute or chronic inflammation around the apex of a tooth caused by an immune response to bacteria ... Infection of the periapical tissue will generally resolve with the treatment of the pulp, unless it has expanded to cellulitis ...
In rare cases, oral involvement causes complications such as osteonecrosis, tooth loss, periodontitis (gum disease), pulp ... calcification, pulp necrosis, periapical lesions and tooth developmental anomalies. In those with deficits in immune function, ...
The periapical lesion will enlarged with time and consequently, the pulp will be diagnosed as necrotic. The pulp can respond ( ... Sequelae of a necrotic pulp include acute apical periodontitis, dental abscess or radicular cyst and discolouration of the ... Alterations in the gingiva such as fistulas or abscesses and radiographic signs such as periapical lesions and external root ... The diagnosis of pulp necrosis can be based on the following observations: negative vitality, a periapical radiolucency, a grey ...
"Adult periodontitis" was reclassified "chronic periodontitis" and "early-onset periodontitis" to "aggressive periodontitis". ... Either a periapical lesion becomes continuous with a periodontal lesion, or vice versa. The presence of certain developmental ... periodontitis associated with systemic disease, necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis and refractory periodontitis. In 1993 at ... While in some individuals gingivitis never progresses to periodontitis, periodontitis is always preceded by gingivitis. In 1976 ...
... periapical periodontitis MeSH C07.465.690.700.700 - periapical abscess MeSH C07.465.690.700.740 - periapical granuloma MeSH ... periodontitis, juvenile MeSH C07.465.714.804 - tooth loss MeSH C07.465.714.836 - tooth migration MeSH C07.465.714.836.535 - ... periodontitis MeSH C07.465.714.533.650 - periodontal abscess MeSH C07.465.714.533.750 - periodontal pocket MeSH C07.465.714.533 ...
This pain is often similar to pain from organic dental disease such as periapical periodontitis, or pulpitis (toothache), but ... with endodontically treated teeth have been presented the treatment option of tooth extraction followed by periapical curettage ...
Studies conducted to investigate the effects of antibiotics on patients with acute periapical periodontitis and acute apical ... A periapical abscess responds well to antibiotics if chewing gum is used during the first two half-lives of each dose (caution ... Tetracycline has been used with some success in the treatment of localised juvenile periodontitis and this has proven to be ... "Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults" (PDF). Cochrane Database of ...
... or secondary periapical periodontitis in teeth. The area usually affected when the infection is contracted through the ...
... chronic apical periodontitis may develop and present as a radiographic peri-apical lesion due to advancement of the ... Peri-apical lesions may present as widening of the periodontal-ligament space, an apical radiolucency or with no changes. To ... Suresh K, Bajaj N, Nayak A, Chapi D, Patil S, Rani A (January 2015). "Pulp polyp-A periapical lesion: Radiographic ...
Apical periodontitis is typically the body's defense response to the threat of microbial invasion from the root canal. Primary ... Periapical resurgery versus periapical surgery: a 5-year longitudinal comparison. Int Endo J May 2005 38:5 pages 320-327. ... Although periapical changes will be in response to pulpal changes the majority of the time, it is still important to determine ... In the periapical lesion, mediators that are normally produced primarily only by osteoblasts are released by many other cells ...
Segura-Egea, J. J.; Jimenez-Pinzon, A.; Poyato-Ferrera, M.; Velasco-Ortega, E.; Rios-Santos, J. V. (August 2004). "Periapical ... "Hemos encontrado una asociación, estadísticamente significativa, entre el hábito de fumar y la presencia de periodontitis ... 2012). "Diabetes mellitus, periapical inflammation and endodontic treatment outcome". Medicina Oral Patología Oral y Cirugia ... with apical periodontitis and root canal treatment. He is a Certified Member of the European Society of Endodontology (ESE) and ...
Moderate periodontitis Stage III: Severe periodontitis with potential for additional tooth loss Stage IV: Severe periodontitis ... Risk of progression; direct evidence by periapical radiographs of CAL loss, or indirect (bone/age ratio). "What Is a ... codes Periodontitis Stages: Based on severity and complexity of management Stage I: Initial periodontitis Stage II: ... Unlike chronic periodontitis, it often occurs in patients with good oral health and plaque control and can be genetic. Patients ...
Before endodontic therapy is carried out, a correct diagnosis of the dental pulp and the surrounding periapical tissues is ... Dental implant Dental pulp Dentistry Gum inflammation Nickel titanium rotary file Oral and maxillofacial surgery Periodontitis ... Currently, there is no strong evidence favoring surgical or non-surgical retreatment of periapical lesions. However, studies ... as a consequence of the solution escaping the confines of the tooth and entering the periapical space. This may be caused ...
This study aimed to evaluate the role of the apical blood clot in the healing of apical periodontitis and pulp repair. Patients ... Apexification, stimulates cells in the periapical area of the tooth to form a dentin-like substance over the apex. Both improve ... Resolution of apical periodontitis and signs and symptoms of inflammation and radiographic evidence of continued root ... These mesenchymal stem cells are found in dental pulp (DPSCs), the apical papilla (SCAP) and even in the inflamed periapical ...
They are continuous with the periapical tissues through the apical foramen or foramina. The total volume of all the permanent ... Sequelae of a necrotic pulp include acute apical periodontitis, dental abscess, or radicular cyst and tooth discolouration. ... No pain on percussion because the bacteria are not present in the peri-apical region. Key characteristics of asymptomatic ... At this stage, the pulp starts to die, progressing to periapical abscess formation (chronic pulpitis). Pulp horns recede with ...
In a periapical abscess, usually the origin is a bacterial infection that has accumulated in the soft, often dead, pulp of the ... "Systemic antibiotics for symptomatic apical periodontitis and acute apical abscess in adults". Cochrane Database of Systematic ... If the swelling is over the area of the root apex, it is more likely to be a periapical abscess; if it is closer to the ... The main types of dental abscess are: Periapical abscess: The result of a chronic, localized infection located at the tip, or ...
Dental conditions such as gum disease, periapical abscesses, or tooth decay can lead to odontogenic sinusitis. Similarly, ... artificial intelligence in managing such conditions is also being explored Dental abscess Odontogenic infection Periodontitis ...
... but most agree peri-apical radiographs show bone loss more comprehensively. Current radiographs can be compared to previous ... there is also no biochemical diagnostic test clinically available to detect the progression of gingivitis or periodontitis as ...
Endodontics (also called endodontology) - Root canal therapy and study of diseases of the dental pulp and periapical tissues. ... dealing with oral diseases such as tooth decay and periodontitis, as well as systematic diseases such as osteoporosis, diabetes ...
Periapical abscess Pinta Pitted keratolysis (keratolysis plantare sulcatum, keratoma plantare sulcatum, ringed keratolysis) ... palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis and arachnodactyly and acro-osteolysis) Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (alopecia ... palmoplantar keratoderma with periodontitis) Porokeratosis plantaris discreta Punctate palmoplantar keratoderma Schöpf-Schulz- ... Hypotrichosis-acro-osteolysis-onychogryphosis-palmoplantar keratoderma-periodontitis syndrome Hypotrichosis-lymphedema- ...
... periapical periodontitis. In addition to periapical abscesses, periapical periodontitis can give rise to various related ... Periapical periodontitis of some form is a very common condition. The prevalence of periapical periodontitis is generally ... Note: alternative names for periapical periodontitis include apical periodontitis and periradicular periodontitis.) Acute ( ... Periapical periodontitis may develop into a periapical abscess, where a collection of pus forms at the end of the root, the ...
... apical periodontitis, chronic apical periodontitis, home remedy for periodontitis, periapical periodontitis, periodontitis ... However the periapical tissue has the ability to heal if the cause of inflammation is removed. Periapical periodontitis can be ... Periradicular, periapical or apical periodontitis can be defined as inflammation of all the supporting structures of the teeth ... This entry was posted in Oral Care and tagged acute apical periodontitis, ...
A dormant periapical abscess may evolve into a periapical granuloma [7] .Thus periapical granuloma requires evaluation, ... periapical periodontitis; maxillary sinus; mucosal thickening by using 3D CT volumetric analysis. 2. A periapical abscess may ... periapical lucency related to apical periodontitis periapica Periapical granuloma (plural: granulomas or granulomata) refers to ... It often results in relation to chronic apical periodontitis. The vast majority of periapical lucencies are the result of ...
PB - Springer T2 - Current Oral Health Reports T1 - Herpesviral Infection in Periapical Periodontitis VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 255 EP ... Recent Findings Thirty articles reported data on herpesviral infection in periapical periodontitis. Epstein-Barr virus and ... Recent Findings Thirty articles reported data on herpesviral infection in periapical periodontitis. Epstein-Barr virus and ... Recent Findings Thirty articles reported data on herpesviral infection in periapical periodontitis. Epstein-Barr virus and ...
Keywords: apical periodontitis, cone-beam computed tomography, endodontically treated teeth, Periapical and Endodontic Status ... Evaluation of endodontically treated teeth and related apical periodontitis using periapical and endodontic status scale: ... The quality of the endodontic treatments and the related periapical inflammatory lesions were classified according to the ... Inadequate canal length and homogeneity, and complications were significantly associated with the prognostic periapical status ...
... Angela Gusiyska ... Gusiyska A. Periapical resorptive processes in chronic apical periodontitis: an overview and discussion of the literature. J of ... The periapical index: a scoring system for radiographic assessment of apical periodontitis. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1986 Feb;2(1 ... Key words: chronic apical periodontitis, external apical resorption, periapical resorption,. - Download FULL TEXT /PDF 557 KB/ ...
Periodontite Periapical Tecido Periapical Combinação de Medicamentos Durapatita Humanos Periodontite Periapical/terapia ... REPARATIVE REGENERATION OF PERIAPICAL TISSUES IN CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS PERIODONTITIS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITION BASED ... To establish the dynamics of reparation processes in periapical tissues in chronic granulomatous periodontitis under the ... that promotes the bioreparation and regeneration processes of periapical tissues in chronic granulomatous periodontitis, which ...
Once the pulp becomes necrotic, pain ends briefly (hours to weeks). Subsequently, periapical inflammation (apical periodontitis ... Periapical abscess may follow untreated caries or pulpitis. The tooth is extremely sensitive to percussion (eg, tapping with a ... Periodontitis often begins in young adulthood; if untreated, tooth pain and loss are common in old age. ...
Endodontically treated teeth are prone to root fracture or periapical periodontitis; however, dental pulp tissue has the ... This revealed that Foxo3a was expressed in all three cell types in periapical granulomas but not in healthy gingival tissues. ... However, it has remained unclear whether Foxo3a is involved in the pathogenesis of periapical granulomas. The present study was ... potential to prevent root fracture or periapical periodontitis. Therefore, dental pulp regeneration after pulpectomy may help ...
Periapical fluid RANKL and IL-8 are differentially regulated in pulpitis and apical periodontitis. Cytokine. 2014;69:116-9. ... periapical periodontitis and more severe conditions[7].. Different therapies for pulp disease can be selected according to the ... It has been reported that a rapid chair-side test of MMP8 in gingival crevicular fluid can be used to distinguish periodontitis ... Gingival crevicular fluid collagenase-2 (MMP-8) test stick for chair-side monitoring of periodontitis. J Periodontal Res. 2003. ...
Dens in dente (invaginated teeth) associated with periapical periodontitis: report of three cases ...
Another cause of dentoalveolar abscesses is an acute exacerbation of a chronic apical periodontitis or periapical granuloma. ... Periapical granulomas may remain quiescent because the inflammatory cells are walled off by connective tissue. A periapical ... Elimination of pulpal periapical infection through endodontic therapy without endodontic surgery was shown to be an effective ... These dental periapical infections can lead to chronic osteomyelitis, cellulitis, and facial abscesses. Infection can spread to ...
The radiograph revealed a periapical radiolucency, indicating exacerbated chronic periapical periodontitis. The access cavity ... The periapical radiograph revealed that the MB2 canal had a separate apical part, which was cleaned with the irrigants and ... The periapical radiograph and CBCT image confirmed that the pulp chamber was completely calcified. The calcification of the ... All the irrigants were activated with an EDDY sonic tip (VDW). After performing the periapical radiographs, a CBCT scan was ...
A traditional concept is that apical periodontitis is the result of pathogenic effects of the microorganisms colonizing the ...
... selected periapical and bitewing radiographs are indicated to determine the extent of aggressive periodontitis, other forms of ... Panoramic or periapical exam to assess developing third molars. Usually not indicated for monitoring of growth and development ... A periapical or panoramic examination is useful for evaluating dental development. A panoramic radiograph also is useful for ... This determination can best be made by the use of selected periapical images or a panoramic examination, once the patient is in ...
In symptomatic periapical periodontitis, sufficient preparation and disinfection of the root canal is usually the only way to ... periapical actinomycosis,[18] an unresolved cystic lesion[19] or the accumulation of cholesterol crystals in the periapical ... A periapical radiograph was taken to assess the MTA placement (Fig. 8). A post brush (DiaDent) was used to remove excess MTA in ... A periapical radiograph was taken to determine the placement of the MTA Gun System (DENTSPLY Maillefer) and confirm removal of ...
Endodontics Vital pulp therapy of a dens evaginatus-affected tooth with an immature apex and inflamed pulpal and periapical ... including periodontitis and dental caries. Current promising results and the limitations of the findings warrant additional ... Recall examinations at 3, 6, and 18 months verified periapical healing and root development without clinical symptoms.. 2020 ... mandibular right second premolar with a diagnosis of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and symptomatic apical periodontitis. A ...
... symptomatic apical periodontitis, and pulp necrosis and symptomatic apical periodontitis. Dentists, the third-highest ... include five recommendation and two good practice statements on management of dental pain associated with pulpal and periapical ... symptomatic apical periodontitis, and pulp necrosis and symptomatic apical periodontitis. Dentists, the third-highest ... include five recommendation and two good practice statements on management of dental pain associated with pulpal and periapical ...
It may be a more mild form or can be generalized aggressive periodontitis. ... Generalized periodontitis affects several areas throughout the mouth. ... Acute infections may also involve periapical abscess around the apex of the root of the tooth due to the invasive condition. ... Mild Periodontitis/Early Periodontitis This is the earliest form of periodontitis. Clinical findings show mild gum detachment ...
Before surgery, periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography were taken. The root canal configuration was analyzed ... b1) File separation: preoperative periapical radiography. (b2) Postoperative periapical radiography. (c1) Leaky canal. (c2) ... If symptomatic apical periodontitis was persisted, then intentional replantation was planned and written informed consent was ... Before surgery, periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography were taken. The root canal configuration was analyzed ...
Implants that are placed adjacent to teeth with periapical lesions may also be at greater risk of failure. [2] ... a periodontal condition similar to periodontitis that is associated with gingival tissue inflammation, pocket formation, and ... The immediate placement of dental implants into extraction sites with periapical lesions: a retrospective chart review. J Oral ... Periapical radiology, which can help in defining disease but has little value otherwise ...
The periapical radiograph revealed deep distal carious lesion at 47.. The pulp chamber shows signs of calcifications. (Fig 1b). ... This case report shows a Case of Irreversible pulpits with Symptomatic Apical Periodontitis (SAP) due to a deep Distal proximal ...
Periapical Periodontitis Medicine & Life Sciences 16% * Dental Anxiety Medicine & Life Sciences 16% ... The tooth was diagnosed as a previously treated tooth with symptomatic apical periodontitis. Endodontic retreatment was ... The tooth was diagnosed as a previously treated tooth with symptomatic apical periodontitis. Endodontic retreatment was ... The tooth was diagnosed as a previously treated tooth with symptomatic apical periodontitis. Endodontic retreatment was ...
... and error-prone task to an efficient and automated periodontitis stage assignment based on periapical radiographic images. ... Approximately 61 million adults over 30 suffer from periodontitis (42.2%), with 7.8% having severe periodontitis in the United ... end Entangled Segmentation and Classification Convolutional Neural Network for Periodontitis Stage Grading from Periapical ... by integrating segmentation and classification tasks for grading periodontitis from periapical radiographic images. HYNETS ...
Immediate implant placement in single mandibular molar with chronic periapical periodontitis.. Date: 2000-01-01 12:00:00 ... Immediate implant placement in single mandibular molar with chronic periapical periodontitis.. Date: 2000-01-01 12:00:00 ... Immediate implant placement in single mandibular molar with chronic periapical periodontitis.. Date: 2000-01-01 12:00:00 ...
Palavras-chave : Endodontics.; Periapical periodontitis.; Periapical granuloma.. · resumo em Português · texto em Português · ... BRITO JUNIOR, Manoel; SOARES, Janir Alves e LUZ, Renata Sousa Tatagiba. Chronic periapical lesions: a review of microbiologic ... Nevertheless, of long date, the survival of the microorganisms in the periapical granuloms has been questioned. In this review ... Thus, the teeth with pulp necrosis and radiolucencies periapical areas present countless microbiological morfotypes in the root ...
N2 - Introduction: Apical periodontitis (AP) is a common oral disease caused by the inflammatory destruction of the periapical ... AB - Introduction: Apical periodontitis (AP) is a common oral disease caused by the inflammatory destruction of the periapical ... Introduction: Apical periodontitis (AP) is a common oral disease caused by the inflammatory destruction of the periapical ... keywords = "CpG island, DNA methylation, leukocytes, mononuclear, periapical periodontitis, RNA messenger, toll-like receptor 2 ...
Periapical periodontitis. D010485. EFO_1001391. K04.5. -. -. 1. -. 2. 3. Postoperative complications. D011183. -. -. 2. -. 1. 3 ...
  • Periapical periodontitis may develop into a periapical abscess, where a collection of pus forms at the end of the root, the consequence of spread of infection from the tooth pulp (odontogenic infection), or into a periapical cyst, where an epithelial lined, fluid-filled structure forms. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2. A periapical abscess may dangerously exert pressure on the root apex and supplying neurovasculature, which can lead to tooth devitalization. (web.app)
  • Subsequently, periapical inflammation (apical periodontitis) or an abscess develops. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Periapical abscess may follow untreated caries or pulpitis. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Acute infections may also involve periapical abscess around the apex of the root of the tooth due to the invasive condition. (trustedhealthproducts.com)
  • Bacteriology of acute periapical abscess in children. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The periapical abscess begins at the tooth's root and can only be addressed by having the tooth extracted and receiving root canal treatment. (lymphovenous-canada.ca)
  • The abscess in the periodontal area can result from medications used in patients with untreated periodontitis. (lymphovenous-canada.ca)
  • A periapical (dentoalveolar) abscess elevates the tooth from its socket, and the tooth feels "high" when the patient bites down. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Instead of prescribing antibiotics, dentists should prioritize dental treatments such as pulpotomy, pulpectomy, nonsurgical root canal treatment, or incision and drainage for symptomatic irreversible pulpitis, symptomatic apical periodontitis, and localized acute apical abscess in adult patients who are not severely immunocompromised. (ada.org)
  • Without appropriate treatment, pulpitis may result in pulp necrosis, periapical periodontitis and more severe conditions[7]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Irreversible Pulpitis with Symptomatic apical periodontitis. (styleitaliano.org)
  • 14 was diagnosed with an irreversible pulpitis & acute apical periodontitis. (theendoblog.com)
  • Healthy patients diagnosed with acute irreversible pulpitis related to maxillary or mandibular permanent molar teeth without apical periodontitis. (who.int)
  • Loss of periodontal support in children with Evaluation of endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis / Anders mellersta näsgången eller. (web.app)
  • The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that the use of PRF in regenerative endodontic procedure of immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis will accelerate periapical bone healing and stimulate the root maturation. (web.app)
  • The quality of the endodontic treatments and the related periapical inflammatory lesions were classified according to the periapical and endodontic status scale (PESS). (yildiz.edu.tr)
  • Prevalence of apical periodontitis and the quality of endodontic treatment in an adult Belarusian population. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • The treatment modalities for teeth that have symptoms of apical periodontitis after endodontic treatment are endodontic surgery or non-surgical retreatment if the tooth is to be saved. (dental-tribune.com)
  • If orthograde retreatment and endodontic microsurgery of a tooth with apical periodontitis are not feasible, intentional replantation has been considered the last means of retaining a natural tooth that would otherwise be lost to extraction [ 17 - 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, failure of endodontic treatment can be described as a recurrence of clinical symptoms, with the presence of a periapical radiolucency or both. (unair.ac.id)
  • Conclusions: PBMCs from AP subjects show a hyperinflammatory phenotype and TLR2 upregulation in association with single CpG-sites' methylation from the TLR2 gene promoter, thereby contributing to a sustained systemic inflammatory load in individuals with periapical endodontic diseases. (uandes.cl)
  • Recent trends in minimally invasive conservative treatment of teeth with inexact endodontic treatment or periapical lesions eliminate this invasive diagnostic method and replace it with the non-invasive reconstructive cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). (researchbib.com)
  • The radiographic features of periapical inflammatory lesions vary depending on the time course of the lesion. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to periapical abscesses, periapical periodontitis can give rise to various related lesions, including periapical granulomas and cysts. (wikipedia.org)
  • J Periapical lesions accidentally filled with Huang TH, Lii CK, Chou MY, Kao CT. (web.app)
  • Intergroup comparisons considering different methods of periapical lesions measurement or different clinical protocols of root canal treatment were performed by Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn. (web.app)
  • Effect of rotary or manual instrumentation, with or without a calcium hydroxide/1% chlorhexidine intracanal dressing, on the healing of experimentally induced chronic periapical lesions. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • Implants that are placed adjacent to teeth with periapical lesions may also be at greater risk of failure. (medscape.com)
  • In this review it was verified that currently, by culture or molecular methods that the coccus, bacilli and filamentous, gram-negative and positive, predominantly strict anaerobes, identified in the root canal system also are recovered in the periapical lesions. (bvsalud.org)
  • A major paraclinical diagnostic method for the early and late follow-up of the healing process in chronic periapical lesions is the two-dimensional radiographic technique. (researchbib.com)
  • About 32 % of the periapical lesions are detected during a routine radiographic examination of neighboring teeth. (researchbib.com)
  • Most of the periapical lesions are classified as granulomas, cysts and abscesses. (researchbib.com)
  • The investigators also reported that the following are significantly associated with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis: apical lesions (odds ratio [OR]: 4.03), periodontitis (OR: 5.49), moderate bone loss (OR: 2.57), and severe bone loss (OR: 13.80). (medscape.com)
  • A periapical granuloma (also referred to as an 'apical granuloma' or 'radicular granuloma') is a mass of chronically inflamed granulation tissue that forms at the apex of the root of a nonvital (dead) tooth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although not a true granuloma, given the absence of granulomatous inflammation, the term 'periapical granuloma' is widely accepted. (wikipedia.org)
  • CT förändringar i mellersta näsgången/bihålorna Marginal periodontitis was found as frequently as periapical granuloma and together they constituted 83% of all dental causes. (web.app)
  • Differential diagnosis They can represent a number of pathologies: periapical lucency related to apical periodontitis periapica Periapical granuloma (plural: granulomas or granulomata) refers to a localized mass-like region of chronic granulation tissue in relation to teeth formed in response to infection. (web.app)
  • Another cause of dentoalveolar abscesses is an acute exacerbation of a chronic apical periodontitis or periapical granuloma. (medscape.com)
  • A periapical granuloma may exacerbate to an acute infection if the patient's resistance to the organism decreases or if the number of microorganisms increases. (medscape.com)
  • Periapical granuloma. (bvsalud.org)
  • The patient had poor dentition, and a panoramic radiograph showed 2 periapical radiolucencies of the maxillary right lateral incisor and canine. (medscape.com)
  • The periapical radiograph revealed deep distal carious lesion at 47. (styleitaliano.org)
  • We developed an end-to-end deep learning network HYNETS (Hybrid NETwork for pEriodoNTiTiS STagES from radiograpH) by integrating segmentation and classification tasks for grading periodontitis from periapical radiographic images. (catalyzex.com)
  • Teeth with apical periodontitis seen in periapical radiograph. (who.int)
  • 3 Panoramic and periapical radiographs are widely used for diagnosis, treatment and At 180 days experimental time, CT and radiographic measurements of periapical disease were compared with the gold standard microscopic measurement using intraclass correlation coefficient. (web.app)
  • 6. Katebzadeh N, Sigurdsson A, Trope M. Radiographic evaluation of periapical healing after obturation of infected root canals: an in vivo study. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • The periapical index: a scoring system for radiographic assessment of apical periodontitis. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • HYNETS will potentially transform clinical diagnosis from a manual time-consuming, and error-prone task to an efficient and automated periodontitis stage assignment based on periapical radiographic images. (catalyzex.com)
  • All participants underwent a full-mouth radiographic survey incorporating 14 periapical radiographs. (universidadeuropea.com)
  • Periapical periodontitis or apical periodontitis (AP) is an acute or chronic inflammatory lesion around the apex of a tooth root, most commonly caused by bacterial invasion of the pulp of the tooth. (wikipedia.org)
  • Periradicular, periapical or apical periodontitis can be defined as inflammation of all the supporting structures of the teeth in the area surrounding the apex of the tooth. Periapical inflammation is usually due to tooth infection which characteristically causes pain of tooth in its socket. (intelligentdental.com)
  • If found in an advanced state or left untreat- ed, disease related to the tooth may spread to adjacent tissues, including Periapical radiolucencies are commonly observed findings on OPG and other dental/head and neck imaging modalities. (web.app)
  • In the first experimental subgroup, patients were obturated of the tooth root apical area with the proposed composition, and in the second experimental subgroup patients were performed obturation of the root canal apical area with additional transcanal withdrawal of the composition into the periapical area. (bvsalud.org)
  • And additional transcanal removal of the filling composition into the periapical space causes the acceleration of the period of periodontal tissues revitalization, bioreparation and regeneration compared to the creation of the apical obturation within the physiological tooth root apex. (bvsalud.org)
  • The tooth was diagnosed as a previously treated tooth with symptomatic apical periodontitis. (unair.ac.id)
  • HYNETS achieved the average dice coefficient of 0.96 and 0.94 for the bone area and tooth segmentation and the average AUC of 0.97 for periodontitis stage assignment. (catalyzex.com)
  • Introduction: Apical periodontitis (AP) is a common oral disease caused by the inflammatory destruction of the periapical tissues due to the infection of the root canal system of the tooth. (uandes.cl)
  • As the problem worsens, the bacteria make their way into the bone surrounding and supporting tooth, and a periapical infection is formed. (lymphovenous-canada.ca)
  • Periodontitis Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory oral disease that progressively destroys the tooth-supporting apparatus. (merckmanuals.com)
  • However, it has remained unclear whether Foxo3a is involved in the pathogenesis of periapical granulomas. (go.jp)
  • The present study was performed to compare the expression of Foxo3a in periapical granulomas and healthy gingival tissues. (go.jp)
  • This revealed that Foxo3a was expressed in all three cell types in periapical granulomas but not in healthy gingival tissues. (go.jp)
  • Our results suggest that Foxo3a transcription factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of periapical granulomas. (go.jp)
  • Periapical granulomas may remain quiescent because the inflammatory cells are walled off by connective tissue. (medscape.com)
  • The prevalence of periapical periodontitis is generally reported to vary according to age group, e.g. 33% in those aged 20-30, 40% in 30- to 40-year-olds, 48% in 40- to 50-year-olds, 57% in 50- to 60-year-olds and 62% in those over the age of 60. (wikipedia.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical treatment quality and the status of apical pathology of endodontically treated teeth, as well as apical periodontitis (AP) prevalence, in a Turkish population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). (yildiz.edu.tr)
  • This case report shows a Case of Irreversible pulpits with Symptomatic Apical Periodontitis (SAP) due to a deep Distal proximal lesion in a mandibular second molar(47). (styleitaliano.org)
  • Which of the following, if left untreated, is most likely to result in a periapical lesion? (dentaldevotee.com)
  • Which of the following does not commonly survive in a periapical lesion? (dentaldevotee.com)
  • I expect the periapical lesion on the MB root to heal and that my friend will have both of these teeth for a long time. (theendoblog.com)
  • Its primary clinical feature is bone resorption, and periapical radiographs are the most common image method to diagnose the lesion. (bvsalud.org)
  • Purpose of Review This review describes the most recent findings on herpesviral infections and offers current concepts of herpesviral role in the pathogenesis of periapical periodontitis. (ac.rs)
  • c pathogenic bacteria are able to reactivate herpesviruses, further, in vitro studies should provide more data on herpesviruses as a factor in the pathogenesis of the periapical pathoses. (ac.rs)
  • TY - JOUR AU - Jakovljević, Aleksandar AU - Andrić, Miroslav AU - Knežević, Aleksandra AU - Miletić, Maja AU - Beljić-Ivanović, Katarina AU - Milašin, Jelena AU - Sabeti, Mohammad PY - 2018 UR - https://smile.stomf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2595 AB - Purpose of Review This review describes the most recent findings on herpesviral infections and offers current concepts of herpesviral role in the pathogenesis of periapical periodontitis. (ac.rs)
  • article{ author = "Jakovljević, Aleksandar and Andrić, Miroslav and Knežević, Aleksandra and Miletić, Maja and Beljić-Ivanović, Katarina and Milašin, Jelena and Sabeti, Mohammad", year = "2018", abstract = "Purpose of Review This review describes the most recent findings on herpesviral infections and offers current concepts of herpesviral role in the pathogenesis of periapical periodontitis. (ac.rs)
  • Which of the following results in pathogenesis of periapical cyst? (dentaldevotee.com)
  • Malaise throbbing pain due to Inflammation within periodontal ligament Chronic (or asymptomatic) periapical periodontitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • However the periapical tissue has the ability to heal if the cause of inflammation is removed. (intelligentdental.com)
  • In addition to evaluation of the patient's underlying health, it is important to assess for preexisting periodontal disease as peri-implantitis, a periodontal condition similar to periodontitis that is associated with gingival tissue inflammation, pocket formation, and ultimately loss of bone that can lead to implant failure. (medscape.com)
  • This guideline addresses antibiotic use for the urgent management of pulpal- and periapical-related dental pain and intra-oral swelling. (ada.org)
  • The guideline recommends against using antibiotics for most pulpal and periapical conditions and instead recommends only the use of dental treatment and, if needed, over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen. (ada.org)
  • K04.4 is a billable ICD code used to specify a diagnosis of acute apical periodontitis of pulpal origin. (web.app)
  • The proposed framework, Contrastive LAnguage Image REtrieval Search for dental research, Dental CLAIRES, utilizes periapical radiographs and associated clinical details such as periodontal diagnosis, demographic information to retrieve the best-matched images based on the text query. (catalyzex.com)
  • Computerized diagnosis support for doctors sheds light on making the diagnosis with high accuracy and consistency and drawing up an appropriate treatment plan for preventing or controlling periodontitis. (catalyzex.com)
  • [ 1 ] Chronic dental periapical infections or dentoalveolar abscesses cause the most common intraoral and extraoral fistulas. (medscape.com)
  • These dental periapical infections can lead to chronic osteomyelitis, cellulitis, and facial abscesses. (medscape.com)
  • Even if there isn't periodontitis, gum damage can often lead to abscesses in the periodontal area. (lymphovenous-canada.ca)
  • Apical periodontitis (AP) is a consequence of pulp necrosis caused by micro-organisms within the root canal system. (web.app)
  • Thus, the teeth with pulp necrosis and radiolucencies periapical areas present countless microbiological morfotypes in the root canal system. (bvsalud.org)
  • On the other hand, the patients that have pulp necrosis and periapical periodontitis may not complain of pain. (researchsquare.com)
  • Classification of periapical periodontitis is usually based on whether the process is acute/symptomatic or chronic/asymptomatic. (wikipedia.org)
  • A study of 490 patients found that basing selection criteria on clinical evaluations for asymptomatic patients, combined with selected periapical radiographs for symptomatic patients, can result in a 43 percent reduction in the number of radiographs taken without a clinically consequential increase in the rate of undiagnosed disease. (fda.gov)
  • Asymptomatic patients with localized severe periodontitis may clear a screening test before orthodontic treatment but develop acute symptoms with bone resorption during orthodontic treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Before surgery, periapical radiography and cone-beam computed tomography were taken. (hindawi.com)
  • A 32-year-old Japanese woman was referred to the Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery by an orthodontist who observed symptoms of acute periodontitis in the maxillary molars that required periodontal examination and treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chronic periodontitis occurs mostly in adults and was called adult periodontitis, but this disease can appear in young people. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent Findings Thirty articles reported data on herpesviral infection in periapical periodontitis. (ac.rs)
  • [ 4 ] demonstrates this occurrence from a periapical infection from the right central mandibular incisor, which drained to the patient's chin. (medscape.com)
  • While periodontitis is a specific condition, there are various periodontitis classification categories that help identify the type of infection when being described among dental professionals. (trustedhealthproducts.com)
  • Unusual dental malformations may lead to periapical dental infections. (medscape.com)
  • Dens in dente or dens evaginatus, an axial invagination of enamel and dentin into the dental papilla, frequently develops periapical infections, which can lead to sinus tract formation. (medscape.com)
  • This literature review covers the available evidence for the effectiveness of garlic extracts and derivatives in the management of oral health maladies, including periodontitis and dental caries. (agd.org)
  • Severe periodontitis involves advanced bone loss with gum pockets deeper than six millimeters found during a dental examination. (trustedhealthproducts.com)
  • While implant supported restorations do not share the risk of dental caries that natural teeth are subject to, they are susceptible to peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, just as the natural dentition is subject to gingivitis and periodontitis. (theendoblog.com)
  • Apical periodontitis (AP) is a chronic inflammatory process in the bone tissue surrounding the dental root in response to a root canal infection1. (bvsalud.org)
  • Root canal treat-ment was undertaken, performing access opening, cleaning, shaping and disinfection of the root canal and placement of calcium hydroxide for 1 month, and subsequent ˜ lling Periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease in the periapical tissues. (web.app)
  • To establish the dynamics of reparation processes in periapical tissues in chronic granulomatous periodontitis under the influence of the developed composition based on calcium hydroxyapatite in comparison with the generally accepted drug MTA . (bvsalud.org)
  • Clinical studies have shown that the composition based on calcium hydroxyapatite , having osteoconductive, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, activates the synthesis of organic and mineral components, that promotes the bioreparation and regeneration processes of periapical tissues in chronic granulomatous periodontitis , which occurred most intensively during the first 6 months after treatment . (bvsalud.org)
  • Composition based on calcium hydroxyapatite , having osteoconductive, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, activates the synthesis of organic and mineral components, which promotes the processes of bioreparation and regeneration of periapical tissues , especially in the early stages. (bvsalud.org)
  • Periradicular periodontitis is an alternative term. (wikipedia.org)
  • Approximately 61 million adults over 30 suffer from periodontitis (42.2%), with 7.8% having severe periodontitis in the United States. (catalyzex.com)
  • Here, we present an approach for managing localized severe periodontitis manifesting after initiating orthodontic treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A detailed periodontal examination, including oral bacteriological examination, revealed localized severe periodontitis (stage III, grade B) in the maxillary left first and second molars and in the mandibular right second molar. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Orthodontists should recognize the risk of acute severe periodontitis in young adults. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Periodontitis is a biofilm-related chronic inflammatory disease characterized by gingivitis and bone loss in the teeth area. (catalyzex.com)
  • Summary Herpesviruses have been shown to potentially impair local host defense in periapical tissue. (ac.rs)
  • Some of these teeth had apices closed with a coat of wax and composite resin to close the apical delta and simulate the periapical tissue. (dental.hu)
  • Moderate periodontitis exists when gum pockets measure between four and six millimeters in depth and there is clinical evidence of bone loss evident on the X-rays. (trustedhealthproducts.com)
  • Periodontitis & Peri-Implantitis - What's the Difference? (theendoblog.com)
  • A major etiologic factor in periodontitis is the formation of a biofilm harboring pathogenic bacteria, and this is also true for peri-implantitis. (theendoblog.com)
  • The vast majority of periapical lucencies are the result of apical periodontal or pulpal disease. (web.app)
  • Pre-op X-ray showing periapical radiolucency and post crowns on teeth #11 and 21. (dental-tribune.com)
  • left) A gutta-percha point tracking the draining sinus to the periapical radiolucency (middle) X-ray showing removal of intra-canal contents. (dental-tribune.com)
  • Structurally, they are organized in an amorphous material, muddy, of polysaccharide composition- the periapical biofilms. (bvsalud.org)
  • The main group included 52 individuals, and the comparison group - 19 patients with chronic granulomatous periodontitis . (bvsalud.org)
  • When periodontitis is limited to just a few teeth in the mouth without having spread to other teeth it is considered localized. (trustedhealthproducts.com)
  • The main hypothesis postulates a bidirectional herpesviral-bacterial relationship in the etiopathogenesis of periapical periodontitis. (ac.rs)
  • Immediate implant placement in single mandibular molar with chronic periapical periodontitis. (osstell.com)
  • 13. Ricucci D, Gröndahl K, Bergenholz G. Periapical status of rootfilled teeth exposed to the oral environment by loss of restoration or caries. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • 15] Other causes of apical periodontitis following root-canal therapy are a lack of coronal seal, secondary caries, vertical root fractures and coronal cracks, trauma, and periodontal disease, which can allow the ingress of bacteria into the root-canal system. (dental-tribune.com)
  • While millions of root canal treatments are carried out in the United States alone each year, total numbers of such cases do not provide reliable indicators of frequency, even for symptomatic periapical periodontitis (given that root canal treatment is not always indicated or complied with, and may also be performed in the absence of periapacial periodontitis). (wikipedia.org)
  • CT Lung 8,600 Oral X-ray (Periapical) 250 Periodontal treatment by Laser per visit 2,000. (web.app)
  • In rare cases, periodontitis may develop after treatment initiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, no approach for treating periodontitis after the initiation of orthodontic treatment has been established. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Periodontal and bacteriological examinations after treatment revealed regression of the localized periodontitis with bone regeneration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In patients who develop periodontitis after orthodontic treatment initiation, temporary interruption of orthodontic treatment and aggressive periodontal intervention may facilitate recovery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We report a case of successful collaboration between a periodontist and orthodontist to treat localized stage III periodontitis that manifested after initiation of orthodontic treatment by applying FMD combined with systemic antimicrobial therapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on the in vitro results, 8.25% NaOCl was delivered via the EndoVac MicroCannula for 60 s, during root canal treatment of 20 human subjects presented with apical periodontitis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The effect of renewal of calcium hydroxide paste on the apexification and periapical healing of teeth with incomplete root formation. (journal-imab-bg.org)
  • In plaque samples from periodontitis patients we observed the presence of a rough morphotype of P. micros in addition to the previously recognized smooth morphotype. (microbiologyresearch.org)