Infections with viruses of the genus PESTIVIRUS, family FLAVIVIRIDAE.
A group of viruses in the genus PESTIVIRUS, causing diarrhea, fever, oral ulcerations, hemorrhagic syndrome, and various necrotic lesions among cattle and other domestic animals. The two species (genotypes), BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 , exhibit antigenic and pathological differences. The historical designation, BVDV, consisted of both (then unrecognized) genotypes.
A species of the PESTIVIRUS genus causing exceedingly contagious and fatal hemorrhagic disease of swine.
A species of PESTIVIRUS causing a congenital sheep disease characterized by an abnormally hairy birth-coat, tremors, and poor growth.
A species of PESTIVIRUS causing systemic infections (BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL DISEASE) in cattle and some other cloven-hoofed animals. There are several strains and two biotypes: cytopathic (rare) and non-cytopathic. Infections range from clinically inapparent to severe, but do not correlate with biotypes.
A genus of ruminants in the family Bovidae. The common name chamois usually refers to the species Rupicapra rupicapra. Rupicapra pyrenaica, found in the Pyrenees, is more properly referred to as the Pyrenean chamois.
Congenital disorder of lambs caused by a virus closely related to or identical with certain strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus.
Acute disease of cattle caused by the bovine viral diarrhea viruses (DIARRHEA VIRUSES, BOVINE VIRAL). Often mouth ulcerations are the only sign but fever, diarrhea, drop in milk yield, and loss of appetite are also seen. Severity of clinical disease varies and is strain dependent. Outbreaks are characterized by low morbidity and high mortality.
A genus of deer, Rangifer, that inhabits the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. Caribou is the North American name; reindeer, the European. They are often domesticated and used, especially in Lapland, for drawing sleds and as a source of food. Rangifer is the only genus of the deer family in which both sexes are antlered. Most caribou inhabit arctic tundra and surrounding arboreal coniferous forests and most have seasonal shifts in migration. They are hunted extensively for their meat, skin, antlers, and other parts. (From Webster, 3d ed; Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1397)
Artiodactyla is an order of mammals characterized by an even number of digits (two or four) on each foot, hooves as terminal appendages, and a specialized stomach for fermentative digestion, which includes taxonomic families such as Suidae, Cervidae, Bovidae, and Camelidae among others.
An acute, highly contagious disease affecting swine of all ages and caused by the CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS. It has a sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality.
A family of proteins that promote unwinding of RNA during splicing and translation.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Proteins encoded by a VIRAL GENOME that are produced in the organisms they infect, but not packaged into the VIRUS PARTICLES. Some of these proteins may play roles within the infected cell during VIRUS REPLICATION or act in regulation of virus replication or VIRUS ASSEMBLY.
A species of PESTIVIRUS causing systemic infections including BOVINE VIRUS DIARRHEA-MUCOSAL DISEASE and BOVINE HEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME in cattle and some other cloven-hoofed animals. There are several strains and two biotypes: cytopathic (rare) and non-cytopathic. The severity of disease appears to be strain dependent. Cytopathogenic effects do not correlate with virulence as non-cytopathic BVDV-2 is associated only with Hemorrhagic Disease, Bovine.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
The sequence at the 5' end of the messenger RNA that does not code for product. This sequence contains the ribosome binding site and other transcription and translation regulating sequences.
Visible morphologic changes in cells infected with viruses. It includes shutdown of cellular RNA and protein synthesis, cell fusion, release of lysosomal enzymes, changes in cell membrane permeability, diffuse changes in intracellular structures, presence of viral inclusion bodies, and chromosomal aberrations. It excludes malignant transformation, which is CELL TRANSFORMATION, VIRAL. Viral cytopathogenic effects provide a valuable method for identifying and classifying the infecting viruses.
The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.
Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. The outer layer consists of one or more types of morphological subunits called peplomers which project from the viral envelope; this layer always consists of glycoproteins.
Hydrolases that specifically cleave the peptide bonds found in PROTEINS and PEPTIDES. Examples of sub-subclasses for this group include EXOPEPTIDASES and ENDOPEPTIDASES.
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE, also known as mucosal disease virus group, which is not arthropod-borne. Transmission is by direct and indirect contact, and by transplacental and congenital transmission. Species include BORDER DISEASE VIRUS, bovine viral diarrhea virus (DIARRHEA VIRUS, BOVINE VIRAL), and CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER VIRUS.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).
Any of the ruminant mammals with curved horns in the genus Ovis, family Bovidae. They possess lachrymal grooves and interdigital glands, which are absent in GOATS.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds within RNA. EC 3.1.-.
The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).
Conjugated protein-carbohydrate compounds including mucins, mucoid, and amyloid glycoproteins.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
The infective system of a virus, composed of the viral genome, a protein core, and a protein coat called a capsid, which may be naked or enclosed in a lipoprotein envelope called the peplos.
A genus of FLAVIVIRIDAE causing parenterally-transmitted HEPATITIS C which is associated with transfusions and drug abuse. Hepatitis C virus is the type species.

Selective stimulation of hepatitis C virus and pestivirus NS5B RNA polymerase activity by GTP. (1/119)

NS5B of the hepatitis C virus is an RNA template-dependent RNA polymerase and therefore the key player of the viral replicase complex. Using a highly purified enzyme expressed with recombinant baculoviruses in insect cells, we demonstrate a stimulation of RNA synthesis up to 2 orders of magnitude by high concentrations of GTP but not with ATP, CTP, UTP, GDP, or GMP. Enhancement of RNA synthesis was found with various heteropolymeric RNA templates, with poly(C)-oligo(G)12 but not with poly(A)-oligo(U)12. Several amino acid substitutions in polymerase motifs B, C, and D previously shown to be crucial for RdRp activity were tested for GTP stimulation of RNA synthesis. Most of these mutations, in particular those affecting the GDD motif (motif C) strongly reduced or completely abolished activation by GTP, suggesting that the same NTP-binding site is used for stimulation and RNA synthesis. Since GTP did not affect the overall RNA binding properties or the elongation rate, high concentrations of GTP appear to accelerate a rate-limiting step at the level of initiation of RNA synthesis. Finally, enhancement of RNA synthesis by high GTP concentrations was also found with NS5B of the pestivirus classical swine fever virus, but not with the 3D polymerase of poliovirus. Thus, stimulation of RdRp activity by GTP is evolutionarily conserved between the closely related hepaciviruses and pestiviruses but not between these and the more distantly related picornaviruses.  (+info)

Typing of bovine viral diarrhea viruses directly from blood of persistently infected cattle by multiplex PCR. (2/119)

A nested multiplex PCR was developed for genotyping of bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDVs). The assay could detect as little as 3 50% tissue culture infective doses of BVDV per ml and typed 42 out of 42 cell culture isolates. BVDV was also successfully typed, with or without RNA extraction, from all 27 whole-blood samples examined from 22 carriers or probable carriers and 5 experimentally infected cattle.  (+info)

Oxidative stress in cells infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus: a crucial step in the induction of apoptosis. (3/119)

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Both a noncytopathic (ncp) and an antigenically related cytopathic (cp) BVDV can be isolated from persistently infected animals suffering from mucosal disease. In every case studied so far, the genomic changes leading to the cp biotype correlate with the production of the NS3 nonstructural protein, which, in the ncp biotype, is present in its uncleaved form, NS23. This report shows that, in contrast to ncp BVDV, the cp biotype induces apoptosis in cultured embryonic bovine turbinate cells. Early in the process of apoptosis, cells show a rise in the intracellular level of reactive oxygen species, which is indicative of oxidative stress. This precedes two hallmarks of apoptosis, caspase activation as shown by cleavage of the caspase substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and DNA fragmentation. Cells were protected from apoptosis only by certain antioxidants (butylated hydroxyanisole and ebselen), whereas others (N-acetylcysteine, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, lipoic acid, dihydrolipoic acid and tiron) turned out to be ineffective. Antioxidants that protected cells from apoptosis prevented oxidative stress but failed to block virus growth. These observations suggest that oxidative stress, which occurs early in the interaction between cp BVDV and its host cell, may be a crucial event in the sequence leading to apoptotic cell death. Hence, apoptosis is not required for the multiplication of the cp biotype of BVDV.  (+info)

Genetic diversity of pestiviruses: identification of novel groups and implications for classification. (4/119)

The complete Npro coding sequences were determined for 16 pestiviruses isolated from cattle, pig, and several wild ruminant species including reindeer, bison, deer, and bongo. Phylogenetic analysis enabled the segregation of pestiviruses into the established species bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (BVDV-1), BVDV-2, border disease virus (BDV), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV). For BVDV-1 five distinct subgroups were identified, while BVDV-2, BDV, and CSFV were each subdivided into two subgroups. The virus isolates from bongo and deer as well as one porcine virus isolate belong to BVDV-1. Interestingly, the isolates from reindeer and bison are distinct from the established pestivirus species. The Npro sequences from these two viruses are more similar to BDV than to the other pestivirus species. Calculation of the pairwise evolutionary distances allowed a clear separation of the categories species, subgroup, and isolate only when the reindeer/bison viruses were considered as members of an additional pestivirus species. Furthermore, the entire E2 coding sequences of a representative set of virus isolates covering all recognized species and subgroups were studied. Segregation of pestiviruses based on the E2 region was identical with that obtained with the N(pro) sequences.  (+info)

Imino sugars inhibit the formation and secretion of bovine viral diarrhea virus, a pestivirus model of hepatitis C virus: implications for the development of broad spectrum anti-hepatitis virus agents. (5/119)

One function of N-linked glycans is to assist in the folding of glycoproteins by mediating interactions of the lectin-like chaperone proteins calnexin and calreticulin with nascent glycoproteins. These interactions can be prevented by inhibitors of the alpha-glucosidases, such as N-butyl-deoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ) and N-nonyl-DNJ (NN-DNJ), and this causes some proteins to be misfolded and retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We have shown previously that the NN-DNJ-induced misfolding of one of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope glycoproteins prevents the formation and secretion of virus in vitro and that this inhibitor alters glycosylation and reduces the viral levels in an animal model of chronic HBV infection. This led us to investigate the effect of glucosidase inhibitors on another ER-budding virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, a tissue culture surrogate of human hepatitis C virus (HCV). Here we show that in MDBK cells alpha-glucosidase inhibitors prevented the formation and secretion of infectious bovine viral diarrhea virus. Data also are presented showing that NN-DNJ, compared with NB-DNJ, exhibits a prolonged retention in liver in vivo. Because viral secretion is selectively hypersensitive to glucosidase inhibition relative to the secretion of cellular proteins, the possibility that glucosidase inhibitors could be used as broad-based antiviral hepatitis agents is discussed. A single drug against HBV, HCV, and, possibly, HDV, which together chronically infect more than 400 million people worldwide, would be of great therapeutic value.  (+info)

Germinal centre localization of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in persistently infected animals. (6/119)

Immunohistochemical analysis of peripheral lymph nodes from gnotobiotic calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) revealed extensive deposition of E(rns) and localization of the viral genome in the light zone of germinal centres. Viral antigen co-localized with immunoglobulin in the germinal centres and was shown to be extracellular. Despite the presence of viral antigen in germinal centres, circulating anti-BVDV antibody was not detected. These findings provide evidence that calves persistently infected with BVDV, in the absence of adventitious infection, can generate a B cell response to the persisting virus. The nature of the tolerance in calves persistently infected with BVDV is discussed in light of these findings.  (+info)

Mechanism of action of a pestivirus antiviral compound. (7/119)

We report here the discovery of a small molecule inhibitor of pestivirus replication. The compound, designated VP32947, inhibits the replication of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cell culture at a 50% inhibitory concentration of approximately 20 nM. VP32947 inhibits both cytopathic and noncytopathic pestiviruses, including isolates of BVDV-1, BVDV-2, border disease virus, and classical swine fever virus. However, the compound shows no activity against viruses from unrelated virus groups. Time of drug addition studies indicated that VP32947 acts after virus adsorption and penetration and before virus assembly and release. Analysis of viral macromolecular synthesis showed VP32947 had no effect on viral protein synthesis or polyprotein processing but did inhibit viral RNA synthesis. To identify the molecular target of VP32947, we isolated drug-resistant (DR) variants of BVDV-1 in cell culture. Sequence analysis of the complete genomic RNA of two DR variants revealed a single common amino acid change located within the coding region of the NS5B protein, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. When this single amino acid change was introduced into an infectious clone of drug-sensitive wild-type (WT) BVDV-1, replication of the resulting virus was resistant to VP32947. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of the NS5B proteins derived from WT and DR viruses expressed and purified from recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells confirmed the drug sensitivity of the WT enzyme and the drug resistance of the DR enzyme. This work formally validates NS5B as a target for antiviral drug discovery and development. The utility of VP32947 and similar compounds for the control of pestivirus diseases, and for hepatitis C virus drug discovery efforts, is discussed.  (+info)

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a virus type-specific peptide based on a subdomain of envelope protein E(rns) for serologic diagnosis of pestivirus infections in swine. (8/119)

Peptides deduced from the C-terminal end (residues 191 to 227) of pestivirus envelope protein E(rns) were used to develop enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to measure specifically antibodies against different types of pestiviruses. The choice of the peptide was based on the modular structure of the E(rns) protein, and the peptide was selected for its probable independent folding and good exposure, which would make it a good candidate for an antigenic peptide to be used in a diagnostic test. A solid-phase peptide ELISA which was cross-reactive for several types of pestivirus antibodies and which can be used for the general detection of pestivirus antibodies was developed. To identify type-specific pestivirus antibodies, a liquid-phase peptide ELISA, with a labeled, specific classical swine fever virus (CSFV) peptide and an unlabeled bovine viral diarrhea virus peptide to block cross-reactivity, was developed. Specificity and sensitivity of the liquid-phase peptide ELISA for CSFV were 98 and 100%, respectively. Because the peptide is a fragment of the E(rns) protein, it can be used to differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals when a vaccine based on the E2 protein, which is another pestivirus envelope protein, is used.  (+info)

Pestivirus infections refer to a group of diseases caused by viruses of the genus Pestivirus, which belongs to the family Flaviviridae. There are several different types of Pestiviruses, including bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 and 2 (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and border disease virus (BDV).

These viruses can cause a range of clinical signs in animals, depending on the species infected, the age and immune status of the animal, and the strain of the virus. In general, Pestivirus infections can cause fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and various symptoms related to the respiratory, digestive, or reproductive systems.

For example, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 are important pathogens in cattle and can cause a variety of clinical signs, including respiratory disease, diarrhea, reproductive failure, and immunosuppression. CSFV is a highly contagious virus that affects pigs and can cause fever, loss of appetite, hemorrhages, and neurological symptoms. BDV infects sheep and goats and can cause abortion, stillbirth, and congenital defects in offspring.

Prevention and control measures for Pestivirus infections include vaccination, biosecurity practices, and testing and culling of infected animals.

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is a viral disease that primarily affects cattle, but can also infect other ruminants such as sheep and goats. The disease is caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), which belongs to the family Flaviviridae and genus Pestivirus.

There are two biotypes of BVDV, type 1 and type 2, which can be further divided into various subtypes based on their genetic makeup. The virus can cause a range of clinical signs in infected animals, depending on the age and immune status of the animal, as well as the strain of the virus.

Acute infection with BVDV can cause fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, nasal discharge, and diarrhea, which can be severe and life-threatening in young calves. In addition, BVDV can cause reproductive problems such as abortion, stillbirth, and the birth of persistently infected (PI) calves. PI animals are those that were infected with BVDV in utero and have the virus continuously present in their bloodstream and other tissues throughout their lives. These animals serve as a source of infection for other cattle and can spread the virus to naive herds.

BVDV is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, such as saliva, nasal secretions, and feces. The virus can also be spread indirectly through contaminated feed, water, and equipment. Prevention and control measures for BVDV include biosecurity practices, vaccination, and testing to identify and remove PI animals from herds.

Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. It is the causative agent of Classical Swine Fever (CSF), also known as hog cholera, which is a highly contagious and severe disease in pigs. The virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their body fluids, but it can also be spread through contaminated feed, water, and fomites.

CSFV infects pigs of all ages, causing a range of clinical signs that may include fever, loss of appetite, lethargy, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting, and respiratory distress. In severe cases, the virus can cause hemorrhages in various organs, leading to high mortality rates. CSF is a significant disease of economic importance in the swine industry, as it can result in substantial production losses and trade restrictions.

Prevention and control measures for CSF include vaccination, biosecurity practices, and stamping-out policies. Vaccines against CSF are available but may not provide complete protection or prevent the virus from shedding, making it essential to maintain strict biosecurity measures in pig farms. In some countries, stamping-out policies involve the rapid detection and elimination of infected herds to prevent the spread of the disease.

Border Disease Virus (BDV) is a member of the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. It is a viral pathogen that primarily affects sheep and goats, causing a disease known as Border Disease in these animals. The virus is named after the geographical location where it was first identified, the border region between England and Scotland.

BDV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that can cause a range of clinical signs in infected sheep and goats, including abortion, stillbirths, congenital defects, and poor growth rates in newborn lambs or kids. The virus is transmitted horizontally through direct contact with infected animals, their bodily fluids, or contaminated objects. Vertical transmission from ewes to their offspring can also occur, resulting in the birth of persistently infected (PI) lambs that serve as a significant source of infection within flocks.

Infection with BDV can lead to economic losses for farmers due to reduced productivity and increased mortality rates. There is no specific treatment for Border Disease, but vaccination programs can help control the spread of the virus in sheep and goat populations.

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 1 (BVDV-1) is a species of the Pestivirus genus within the Flaviviridae family. It is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus that primarily affects cattle, causing a wide range of clinical signs including diarrhea, fever, lethargy, respiratory and reproductive problems. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, as well as indirectly through contaminated objects or environments. BVDV-1 infection can result in acute or persistent infections, with the latter being particularly detrimental to the health and productivity of affected herds.

It's worth noting that while diarrhea is a common symptom of BVDV-1 infection, it is not exclusively associated with this virus, and other causes should also be considered when diagnosing and managing cases of diarrhea in cattle.

"Rupicapra" is not a medical term, but a genus name for a group of wild caprine animals, also known as wild goats. The two living species are the Western Rupicapra (Rupicapra rupicapra) and the Eastern Rupicapra (Rupicapra pyrenaica). They are native to mountainous regions in Europe and Asia.

In a medical context, "rupicapra" may appear in rare cases as part of a scientific name for a disease or condition that is named after the animal, but I couldn't find any specific examples of this usage.

Border Disease is a viral infection that affects sheep and goats, primarily causing reproductive issues. The causative agent is the Border Disease Virus (BDV), which belongs to the family *Pestiviridae*. The disease is named after the Border region of England and Scotland where it was first identified.

The infection in pregnant ewes can lead to a range of outcomes, including abortion, stillbirth, or the birth of live lambs with congenital defects. These lambs, often called "hairy shakers," may exhibit symptoms such as tremors, hairy coat, small size, and abnormalities in their ears and hooves. They may also have a weakened immune system, making them more susceptible to other infections.

The BDV is primarily transmitted through contact with infected placenta, fetal fluids, or secretions from infected animals. It can also be spread through contaminated needles or equipment. While there is no specific treatment for Border Disease, good biosecurity practices and vaccination of ewes can help prevent its spread.

Bovine Virus Diarrhea-Mucosal Disease (BVD-MD) is a complex of diseases caused by the Bovine Virus Diarrhea virus (BVDV) and is a significant problem in the global cattle industry. The disease can manifest in various forms, from mild respiratory or reproductive issues to severe, life-threatening conditions such as mucosal disease.

Mucosal disease is the most acute form of BVD-MD and occurs when an animal that has been persistently infected (PI) with a specific strain of BVDV develops a secondary infection with a cytopathic biotype of the virus. PI animals are those that were infected in utero with BVDV before they developed immune competence, resulting in them shedding large amounts of the virus throughout their lives.

The secondary infection with the cytopathic biotype of BVDV causes extensive damage to the animal's lymphoid tissues and gastrointestinal tract, leading to severe clinical signs such as:

1. Profuse diarrhea
2. High fever (up to 41°C or 105.8°F)
3. Ulcerative lesions in the mouth, esophagus, and intestines
4. Severe dehydration
5. Depression and loss of appetite
6. Weight loss
7. Weakness
8. Increased respiratory rate
9. Swelling of the head, neck, and brisket
10. Death within 2-3 weeks after the onset of clinical signs

Morbidity and mortality rates in BVD-MD outbreaks can be high, causing significant economic losses for farmers due to decreased production, increased veterinary costs, and animal deaths. Prevention strategies include vaccination programs, biosecurity measures, and testing for PI animals to remove them from the herd.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "reindeer" is not a medical term. It is a large species of deer that is native to the Arctic and Subarctic regions of Europe, Siberia, and Greenland. They are known for their impressive antlers and their ability to survive in harsh, cold climates. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to try to help!

Artiodactyla is an order of mammals that includes even-toed ungulates, or hooved animals, with an odd number of toes. This group includes animals such as pigs, peccaries, hippos, camels, deer, giraffes, antelopes, and ruminants like cattle, sheep, and goats. The primary identifying feature of Artiodactyls is the presence of a pair of weight-bearing toes located in the middle of the foot, with the other toes being either reduced or absent. This arrangement provides stability and adaptability for these animals to thrive in various habitats worldwide.

Classical Swine Fever (CSF), also known as Hog Cholera, is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease in pigs that is caused by a Pestivirus. The virus can be spread through direct contact with infected pigs or their bodily fluids, as well as through contaminated feed, water, and objects.

Clinical signs of CSF include fever, loss of appetite, lethargy, reddening of the skin, vomiting, diarrhea, abortion in pregnant sows, and neurological symptoms such as tremors and weakness. The disease can cause significant economic losses in the swine industry due to high mortality rates, reduced growth rates, and trade restrictions.

Prevention and control measures include vaccination, biosecurity measures, quarantine, and stamping out infected herds. CSF is not considered a public health threat as it does not infect humans. However, it can have significant impacts on the swine industry and food security in affected regions.

RNA helicases are a class of enzymes that are capable of unwinding RNA secondary structures using the energy derived from ATP hydrolysis. They play crucial roles in various cellular processes involving RNA, such as transcription, splicing, translation, ribosome biogenesis, and RNA degradation. RNA helicases can be divided into several superfamilies based on their sequence and structural similarities, with the two largest being superfamily 1 (SF1) and superfamily 2 (SF2). These enzymes typically contain conserved motifs that are involved in ATP binding and hydrolysis, as well as RNA binding. By unwinding RNA structures, RNA helicases facilitate the access of other proteins to their target RNAs, thereby enabling the coordinated regulation of RNA metabolism.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Viral nonstructural proteins (NS) are viral proteins that are not part of the virion structure. They play various roles in the viral life cycle, such as replication of the viral genome, transcription, translation regulation, and modulation of the host cell environment to favor virus replication. These proteins are often produced in large quantities during infection and can manipulate or disrupt various cellular pathways to benefit the virus. They may also be involved in evasion of the host's immune response. The specific functions of viral nonstructural proteins vary depending on the type of virus.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV-2) is a species within the genus Pestivirus, which belongs to the family Flaviviridae. This single-stranded RNA virus primarily affects cattle and causes bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), a significant disease complex in the global cattle industry. The BVDV-2 infection can lead to various clinical manifestations, including respiratory, enteric, reproductive, and immunosuppressive symptoms.

The virus is transmitted horizontally through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions, as well as vertically from an infected dam to her offspring during pregnancy. The severity of the disease depends on factors such as the age and immune status of the host, viral strain, and route of infection.

Clinical signs in adult cattle may include diarrhea (although less common with BVDV-2 compared to BVDV-1), respiratory distress, fever, lethargy, decreased appetite, and milk production loss. Infection during pregnancy can lead to abortion, stillbirth, or congenital defects in the offspring, depending on the stage of gestation at which the infection occurs.

BVDV-2 is also associated with immunosuppression, making infected animals more susceptible to secondary bacterial and viral infections. Prevention strategies include biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, and regular monitoring for early detection and removal of persistently infected (PI) animals from the herd.

It's important to note that BVDV-2 is not a human pathogen and does not cause diarrhea or any other symptoms in humans.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Untranslated regions (UTRs) are sections of an mRNA molecule that do not contain information for protein synthesis. There are two types of UTRs: 5' UTR, which is located at the 5' end of the mRNA molecule, and 3' UTR, which is located at the 3' end.

The 5' UTR typically contains regulatory elements that control the translation of the mRNA into protein. These elements can affect the efficiency and timing of translation, as well as the stability of the mRNA molecule. The 5' UTR may also contain upstream open reading frames (uORFs), which are short sequences that can be translated into small peptides and potentially regulate the translation of the main coding sequence.

The length and sequence composition of the 5' UTR can have significant impacts on gene expression, and variations in these regions have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of 5' UTRs is an important area of research in molecular biology and genetics.

A Cytopathic Effect (CPE) is a visible change in the cell or group of cells due to infection by a pathogen, such as a virus. When the cytopathic effect is caused specifically by a viral infection, it is referred to as a "Viral Cytopathic Effect" (VCPE).

The VCPE can include various changes in the cell's morphology, size, and structure, such as rounding, shrinkage, multinucleation, inclusion bodies, and formation of syncytia (multinucleated giant cells). These changes are often used to identify and characterize viruses in laboratory settings.

The VCPE is typically observed under a microscope after the virus has infected cell cultures, and it can help researchers determine the type of virus, the degree of infection, and the effectiveness of antiviral treatments. The severity and timing of the VCPE can vary depending on the specific virus and the type of cells that are infected.

A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.

I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:

1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.

Viral envelope proteins are structural proteins found in the envelope that surrounds many types of viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the virus's life cycle, including attachment to host cells, fusion with the cell membrane, and entry into the host cell. They are typically made up of glycoproteins and are often responsible for eliciting an immune response in the host organism. The exact structure and function of viral envelope proteins vary between different types of viruses.

Peptide hydrolases, also known as proteases or peptidases, are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins and peptides. They play a crucial role in various biological processes such as protein degradation, digestion, cell signaling, and regulation of various physiological functions. Based on their catalytic mechanism and the specificity for the peptide bond, they are classified into several types, including serine proteases, cysteine proteases, aspartic proteases, and metalloproteases. These enzymes have important clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, such as cancer, viral infections, and inflammatory disorders.

Pestivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae, which are enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses. There are several species within this genus that can cause disease in animals, including bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle, border disease virus (BDV) in sheep, and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in pigs. These viruses can cause a range of clinical signs, including respiratory and enteric diseases, reproductive failures, and immunosuppression. They are primarily spread through direct contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids, and can also be transmitted through contaminated fomites and semen. Prevention and control measures include vaccination, biosecurity practices, and testing and culling of infected animals.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.

I apologize, but "sheep" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a common animal with the scientific name Ovis aries. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

Endopeptidases are a type of enzyme that breaks down proteins by cleaving peptide bonds inside the polypeptide chain. They are also known as proteinases or endoproteinases. These enzymes work within the interior of the protein molecule, cutting it at specific points along its length, as opposed to exopeptidases, which remove individual amino acids from the ends of the protein chain.

Endopeptidases play a crucial role in various biological processes, such as digestion, blood coagulation, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). They are classified based on their catalytic mechanism and the structure of their active site. Some examples of endopeptidase families include serine proteases, cysteine proteases, aspartic proteases, and metalloproteases.

It is important to note that while endopeptidases are essential for normal physiological functions, they can also contribute to disease processes when their activity is unregulated or misdirected. For instance, excessive endopeptidase activity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and inflammatory conditions.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Ribonucleases (RNases) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the degradation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules by hydrolyzing the phosphodiester bonds. These enzymes play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as RNA processing, turnover, and quality control. They can be classified into several types based on their specificities, mechanisms, and cellular localizations.

Some common classes of ribonucleases include:

1. Endoribonucleases: These enzymes cleave RNA internally, at specific sequences or structural motifs. Examples include RNase A, which targets single-stranded RNA; RNase III, which cuts double-stranded RNA at specific stem-loop structures; and RNase T1, which recognizes and cuts unpaired guanosine residues in RNA molecules.
2. Exoribonucleases: These enzymes remove nucleotides from the ends of RNA molecules. They can be further divided into 5'-3' exoribonucleases, which degrade RNA starting from the 5' end, and 3'-5' exoribonucleases, which start at the 3' end. Examples include Xrn1, a 5'-3' exoribonuclease involved in mRNA decay; and Dis3/RRP6, a 3'-5' exoribonuclease that participates in ribosomal RNA processing and degradation.
3. Specific ribonucleases: These enzymes target specific RNA molecules or regions with high precision. For example, RNase P is responsible for cleaving the 5' leader sequence of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs) during their maturation; and RNase MRP is involved in the processing of ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial RNA molecules.

Dysregulation or mutations in ribonucleases have been implicated in various human diseases, such as neurological disorders, cancer, and viral infections. Therefore, understanding their functions and mechanisms is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies.

Neutralization tests are a type of laboratory assay used in microbiology and immunology to measure the ability of a substance, such as an antibody or antitoxin, to neutralize the activity of a toxin or infectious agent. In these tests, the substance to be tested is mixed with a known quantity of the toxin or infectious agent, and the mixture is then incubated under controlled conditions. After incubation, the mixture is tested for residual toxicity or infectivity using a variety of methods, such as cell culture assays, animal models, or biochemical assays.

The neutralization titer is then calculated based on the highest dilution of the test substance that completely neutralizes the toxin or infectious agent. Neutralization tests are commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of immune responses to vaccines, as well as in the detection and quantification of toxins and other harmful substances.

Examples of neutralization tests include the serum neutralization test for measles antibodies, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue virus antibodies, and the cytotoxicity neutralization assay for botulinum neurotoxins.

Glycoproteins are complex proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to their polypeptide backbone. These glycans are linked to the protein through asparagine residues (N-linked) or serine/threonine residues (O-linked). Glycoproteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. They are widely distributed in nature and can be found on the outer surface of cell membranes, in extracellular fluids, and as components of the extracellular matrix. The structure and composition of glycoproteins can vary significantly depending on their function and location within an organism.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

A virion is the complete, infectious form of a virus outside its host cell. It consists of the viral genome (DNA or RNA) enclosed within a protein coat called the capsid, which is often surrounded by a lipid membrane called the envelope. The envelope may contain viral proteins and glycoproteins that aid in attachment to and entry into host cells during infection. The term "virion" emphasizes the infectious nature of the virus particle, as opposed to non-infectious components like individual capsid proteins or naked viral genome.

Hepacivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The most well-known member of this genus is Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. HCV infection can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer.

Hepaciviruses are enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. They have a small icosahedral capsid and infect a variety of hosts, including humans, non-human primates, horses, and birds. The virus enters the host cell by binding to specific receptors on the cell surface and is then internalized through endocytosis.

HCV has a high degree of genetic diversity and is classified into seven major genotypes and numerous subtypes based on differences in its RNA sequence. This genetic variability can affect the virus's ability to evade the host immune response, making treatment more challenging.

In addition to HCV, other hepaciviruses have been identified in various animal species, including equine hepacivirus (EHCV), rodent hepacivirus (RHV), and bat hepacivirus (BtHepCV). These viruses are being studied to better understand the biology of hepaciviruses and their potential impact on human health.

... pestivirus Pestivirus H or Hobi-like pestivirus Pestivirus I or Aydin-like pestivirus Pestivirus J or rat pestivirus Pestivirus ... causes Border disease Pestivirus E or pronghorn pestivirus Pestivirus F or Bungowannah virus Pestivirus G or giraffe ... Pestivirus A or Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), causes Bovine viral diarrhea and Mucosal disease Pestivirus B or Bovine ... Pestivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Flaviviridae. Viruses in the genus Pestivirus infect mammals, including members ...
Pestivirus+NS3+polyprotein+peptidase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology ( ... Pestivirus NS3 polyprotein peptidase (EC 3.4.21.113, border disease virus NS3 endopeptidase, BDV NS3 endopeptidase, bovine ... "Pestivirus gene expression: protein p80 of bovine viral diarrhea virus is a proteinase involved in polyprotein processing". ... NS4B-NS5A and NS5A-NS5B cleavage sites The genomes of Cytopathogenic pestivirus strains express at least one additional protein ...
The pestivirus IRES allows cap and end-independent translation of mRNA in the host cell. The IRES achieves this by mediating ... Page for Pestivirus internal ribosome entry site (IRES) at Rfam v t e (GO template errors, Cis-regulatory RNA elements, ... The classical swine fever virus UTR described appears to be longer at the 5' end than other pestivirus UTRs. This family ...
The causative agent, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), is a member of the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae. BVD ... BVDVs are members of the genus Pestivirus, belonging to the family Flaviviridae. Other members of this genus cause Border ... "Genetic diversity of pestivirus isolates in cattle from Western Austria" (PDF). Veterinary Microbiology. 135 (3-4): 205-213. ...
Pestivirus vaccine should be administered to heifers and previously unvaccinated cows. The vaccine prevents nasal shedding of ... Production loss and prevention efforts are the largest costs associated with Pestivirus (BVDV). Bovine ephemeral fever, ... A complex disease caused by bovine pestivirus, also known as BVDV (bovine viral diarrhoea virus). The disease results in ...
... virus becomes Pestivirus C... ICTV 7th Report van Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., ... 31 May 2017). "Renaming four species and creating seven new species in the genus Pestivirus". International Committee on ... of the genus Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae. CSFV is closely related to the ruminant pestiviruses that cause bovine ...
... is caused by Pestivirus D, also called simply "border disease virus" (BDV), in the family Flaviviridae. It is ... 31 May 2017). "Renaming four species and creating seven new species in the genus Pestivirus" (zip). ICTV Proposal. Retrieved 19 ... Border disease virus becomes Pestivirus D. "Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals". OIE. 2018. King, ...
The DYPV pestivirus was also identified in Amblyomma javanense nymph ticks from a diseased pangolin. Pangolin scales and flesh ...
In 1957 equine arterivirus and the cause of bovine virus diarrhoea (a pestivirus) were discovered. In 1963 the hepatitis B ...
... is most similar to those of the Pestivirus genus, including classical swine fever virus, and Hepacivirus genus, including ... A Picornavirus with a Pestivirus-Like IRES". Journal of Virology. 85 (9): 4452-4461. doi:10.1128/JVI.01107-10. PMC 3126232. ...
The calf losses did not correlate with increased dingo activity, and the cattle diseases pestivirus and leptospirosis were a ...
... specifically one from Pestivirus and one from Leviviridae. Bunyaviral RdRp monomer (PDB 5AMQ) resembles the heterotrimeric ...
Viruses like Rinderpest morbillivirus or Pestivirus can also cause an inflammation of the mucosa, as well as some metabolic ...
Pepusduvirus Pepyhexavirus Percavirus Percyvirus Perhabdovirus Perisivirus Peropuvirus Perrunavirus Persistencevirus Pestivirus ...
... pestivirus MeSH B04.820.250.700.100 - border disease virus MeSH B04.820.250.700.150 - diarrhea viruses, bovine viral MeSH ... pestivirus MeSH B04.909.777.310.700.100 - border disease virus MeSH B04.909.777.310.700.150 - diarrhea viruses, bovine viral ...
Genus Pestivirus (includes Pestivirus A (bovine viral diarrhea virus 1) and Pestivirus C (classical swine fever virus, ...
... a pestivirus of the family flaviviridae has been detected in Java mouse-deer. Mouse-deer acquire this virus through fetal ...
... pestivirus infections MeSH C02.782.350.675.100 - border disease MeSH C02.782.350.675.106 - bovine virus diarrhea-mucosal ...
... pestivirus NS3 polyprotein peptidase EC 3.4.21.114: equine arterivirus serine peptidase EC 3.4.21.115: infectious pancreatic ...
... a national road of Latvia Pestivirus NS3 polyprotein peptidase, an enzyme p80, a subunit of the protein Katanin Pistole 80, a ...
L Pestivirus M Pestivirus N Pestivirus O Pestivirus ovis Pestivirus P Pestivirus Q Pestivirus R Pestivirus ratti Pestivirus S ... virus Pestivirus antilocaprae Pestivirus australiaense Pestivirus aydinense Pestivirus bovis Pestivirus brazilense Pestivirus ... Pestivirus scrofae Pestivirus suis Pestivirus tauri Peternellavirus peternella Petruschkyvirus QDWS595 Petsuvirus pEtSU ...
... pestivirus Pestivirus H or Hobi-like pestivirus Pestivirus I or Aydin-like pestivirus Pestivirus J or rat pestivirus Pestivirus ... causes Border disease Pestivirus E or pronghorn pestivirus Pestivirus F or Bungowannah virus Pestivirus G or giraffe ... Pestivirus A or Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), causes Bovine viral diarrhea and Mucosal disease Pestivirus B or Bovine ... Pestivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Flaviviridae. Viruses in the genus Pestivirus infect mammals, including members ...
Not so pretty after all: New pestivirus that attacks the nervous system of Austrian pigs. Date:. July 4, 2017. Source:. ... Unknown pestivirus found in Austrian "shaking piglets". "The new PCR assay our team developed recognized all known pestiviruses ... Novel Pestivirus Species in Pigs, Austria, 2015. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2017; 23 (7): 1176 DOI: 10.3201/eid2307.170163 ... It is believed to be caused by an atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) that was recently discovered in Europe and the USA. ...
Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) as a New Species of Pestivirus in Pig Production. Gatto IRH, Sonálio K, de Oliveira LG. ... Pestivirus K (Atypical Porcine Pestivirus): Update on the Virus, Viral Infection, and the Association with Congenital Tremor in ... Pestivirus K (Atypical Porcine Pestivirus): Update on the Virus, Viral Infection, and the Association with Congenital Tremor in ... An emerging novel virus: Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). Pan S, Mou C, Chen Z. Pan S, et al. Rev Med Virol. 2019 Jan;29(1): ...
NY) Congenital Tremor Pestivirus of pigs was determined to be the cause of piglets born with congenital shaking or tremors. The ...
For phylogenetic tree construction, pestivirus... Table. * Table. Nucleotide identity of HoBi-like pestivirus strain Italy-1/10 ... Genetic and antigenic characterization of an atypical pestivirus isolate, a putative member of a novel pestivirus species. J ... and other pestivirus species detected in wild ruminants (1,2). In 2004, an atypical pestivirus was isolated from a contaminated ... sequences of members of the genus Pestivirus. For phylogenetic tree construction, pestivirus sequences... ...
Pestivirus A recent study showed that on an Arizona Indian reservation, 23% of specimens from children less than 2 years of age ... with gastroenteritis of unknown etiology were antigen-positive for pestivirus, compared with 3% of controls. Illness was ...
Gastroenteritis is a nonspecific term for various pathologic states of the gastrointestinal tract. The primary manifestation is diarrhea, but it may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
E(rns) is the third pestivirus envelope protein, essential for virus infectivity. The protein is heavily glycosylated, its N- ... Role of N-glycan trimming in the folding and secretion of the pestivirus protein E(rns). ... E(rns) is the third pestivirus envelope protein, essential for virus infectivity. The protein is heavily glycosylated, its N- ... Role of N-glycan trimming in the folding and secretion of the pestivirus protein E(rns). ...
Gastroenteritis is a nonspecific term for various pathologic states of the gastrointestinal tract. The primary manifestation is diarrhea, but it may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
... is a pestivirus member of the Flaviviridae family, closely related to, and used as a surrogate model for the hepatitis C virus ... Role of disulfide bond formation in the folding and assembly of the envelope glycoproteins of a pestivirus. ... Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus member of the Flaviviridae family, closely related to, and used as a ... Role of disulfide bond formation in the folding and assembly of the envelope glycoproteins of a pestivirus. ...
Pestivirus. A recent study showed that on an Arizona Indian reservation, 23% of specimens from children less than 2 years of ... Infantile gastroenteritis associated with excretion of pestivirus antigens. Lancet 1989;i:517-9.. *Yolken R, Santosham M, Reid ... age with gastroenteritis of unknown etiology were antigen-positive for pestivirus, compared with 3% of controls. Illness was ...
Discovery of Flaviviridae-derived endogenous viral elements in shrew genomes provide novel insights into Pestivirus ancient ... Endogenous Viral Elements in Shrew Genomes Provide Insights into Pestivirus Ancient History ...
Atypical porcine pestivirus in wild boar (Sus scrofa), Spain. Colom-Cadena A, Ganges L, Muñoz-González S, Castillo-Contreras R ...
Categories: Pestivirus Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 31 ...
Gastroenteritis is a nonspecific term for various pathologic states of the gastrointestinal tract. The primary manifestation is diarrhea, but it may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
Isolation and molecular characterisation of a pestivirus from goats in Egypt. Acta Vet Hung. 2013 Jun; 61(2):270-80. ...
... and Pestivirus concentrate the highest degree of structural elaboration at their 5UTRs which have evolved to function as ... and Pestivirus (Bovine viral diarrhoea virus). Indeed, sfRNA has been demonstrated to be produced in infections with every ... Pestivirus) within the family Flaviviridae. The proposed genus Pegivirus remains uncharacterised for sfRNA production. ... Pestivirus) within the family Flaviviridae. The proposed genus Pegivirus remains uncharacterised for sfRNA production. ...
... this study indicate that small ruminants in the South Marmara Region may be at risk of extensive new circulations of pestivirus ... Pestivirus seroprevalence in sheep and goats was determined by virus neutralization test against the NADL strain of bovine ... Pestivirus seroprevalence in sheep and goats was determined by virus neutralization test against the NADL strain of bovine ... this study indicate that small ruminants in the South Marmara Region may be at risk of extensive new circulations of pestivirus ...
Lambs are infected in utero by a pestivirus and remain persistently viremic. Lambs with clinical signs of hypomyelination have ... bovine viral diarrhea Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease Complex Bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease is a pestivirus ...
Pestivirus Infections (Hana Van Campen, Kari Frolich, and Martin Hofmann). 13. Coronaviral Infections (James F. Evermann and ...
Bovine pestivirus is a new alternative virus for multiple myeloma oncolytic virotherapy.. Marchica V; Franceschi V; Vescovini R ...
An actin-binding protein is involved in pestivirus entry into bovine cells. ...
Common names: Pestivirus, Mucosal Disease, Bovine Virus Diarrhoea, Bovine Viral Diarrhoea, BVD. ...
Pestivirus Npro Directly Interacts with Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 Monomer and Dimer. Gottipati K, Holthauzen LM, Ruggli N ...
Pestivirus B04.820.250.700.100 Border disease virus B04.820.250.700.125 Classical Swine Fever Virus B04.820.250.700.150 ...
Bovine viral disease (pestivirus). Canine infectious hepatitis virus. Encephalomyelitis virus (alphavirus). Equine arteritis ...
A Novel, Highly Selective Inhibitor of Pestivirus Replication That Targets the Viral RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase. Jan ...
FASEB J 2012; 26 (8):3292-305 A new type of intracellular retention signal identified in a pestivirus structural glycoprotein. ... FASEB J 2012; 26 (8) : 3292-305 A new type of intracellular retention signal identified in a pestivirus structural glycoprotein ...
The pestivirus Border disease virus, is closely related to Bovine virus diarrhea and Classical swine fever virus, not to be ...
  • Pestivirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Flaviviridae. (wikipedia.org)
  • The complete analysis of the organization of the genome (the RNA structure) and characteristic proteins clearly showed that the newly discovered pathogen is a pestivirus from the family of Flaviviridae. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Genus Pestivirus (family Flaviviridae ) includes Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV-1) and Bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV-2), Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), Border disease virus (BDV), and other pestivirus species detected in wild ruminants ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus member of the Flaviviridae family, closely related to, and used as a surrogate model for the hepatitis C virus. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Pestivirus seroprevalence in sheep and goats was determined by virus neutralization test against the NADL strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • 16. Bovine pestivirus is a new alternative virus for multiple myeloma oncolytic virotherapy. (nih.gov)
  • The pestivirus Border disease virus , is closely related to Bovine virus diarrhea and Classical swine fever virus , not to be mistaken with the swine flu. (nicolepeyrafitte.com)
  • Bovine Viral Diarrhea and Mucosal Disease Complex Bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease is a pestivirus infection of cattle and other ruminants. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • In 2004, an atypical pestivirus was isolated from a contaminated batch of calf serum originating from Brazil. (cdc.gov)
  • By sequence analysis of the near full-length genome, strain Italy-1/10-1 displayed the closest relatedness to atypical pestivirus Th/04_KhonKaen, whereas the nucleotide identities to BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 reference strains were much lower ( Table ). (cdc.gov)
  • Viruses in the genus Pestivirus infect mammals, including members of the family Bovidae (which includes cattle, sheep, and goats) and the family Suidae (which includes various species of swine). (wikipedia.org)
  • By sequence comparison with reference sequences, strain Italy-1/10-1 had the same genomic organization of other members of the genus Pestivirus , consisting of a unique open reading frame of 11,700 nt flanked by 2 untranslated regions (UTRs). (cdc.gov)
  • It is a virus from the Pestivirus Genus similar to the Swine Fever Virus and requires a viral I disease test. (vetipex.com)
  • The chimeric CP7_E2alf used to see how altered cell tropism affects pigs may not only serve as a tool for a better understanding of Pestivirus attachment, entry, and assembly, but also represent modified live CSFV "marker vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Presence of atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) in Brazilian pigs. (nih.gov)
  • NY) Congenital Tremor Pestivirus of pigs was determined to be the cause of piglets born with congenital shaking or tremors. (cornell.edu)
  • Classical swine fever (CSF), also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious disease of pigs caused by a pestivirus. (wa.gov.au)
  • In conclusion, the moderate seroprevalence but low antibody titers detected in this study indicate that small ruminants in the South Marmara Region may be at risk of extensive new circulations of pestivirus infections. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • This virus, named D32/00_HoBi, was proposed as prototype of a new pestivirus species, BVDV-3 ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • It is believed to be caused by an atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) that was recently discovered in Europe and the USA. (sciencedaily.com)
  • An emerging novel virus: Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). (nih.gov)
  • Role of disulfide bond formation in the folding and assembly of the envelope glycoproteins of a pestivirus. (ox.ac.uk)
  • citation needed] Symptoms of Pestivirus infection include diarrhoea, respiratory problems, and bleeding disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pestivirus causes abortion, ill-thrift in young animals, diarrhoea and respiratory disease. (nwlivestock.com.au)
  • The pestivirus strains (Italy-1/10-1 and Italy-1/10-2) detected in the lung samples of 2 calves were successfully isolated on MDBK cells as shown by the positive results of an immunofluorescence assay by using an anti-NS3 monoclonal antibody pool (3A3, 3H4, IF2). (cdc.gov)
  • Pestivirus K (Atypical Porcine Pestivirus): Update on the Virus, Viral Infection, and the Association with Congenital Tremor in Newborn Piglets. (nih.gov)
  • Identification and characterization of atypical porcine pestivirus genomes in newborn piglets with congenital tremor in China. (nih.gov)
  • First report of atypical porcine pestivirus in piglets with congenital tremor in Canada. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, generation of ORFV recombinants, which express different foreign genes (antigens), could be demonstrated to protect against lethal challenge infection with Herpesvirus (Herpes Suid 1), Borna disease Virus, Pestivirus (CSFV), Influenza virus (HPAIV H5N1), Rabies virus or Calicivirus (RHDV) not only in animal models, but also in natural hosts. (immunology-tuebingen.de)
  • E(rns) is the third pestivirus envelope protein, essential for virus infectivity. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Finlaison D.S., King K.R., Frost M.J., Kirkland P.D., Field and laboratory evidence that Bungowannah virus, a recently recognised pestivirus, is the causative agent of the porcine myocarditis syndrome (PMC), Vet. (vetres.org)
  • The viral origin of the disease was clarified only recently with the discovery in Europe and the USA of an atypical porcine pestivirus. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Magnetic beads were used for isolation and purification of the viral nucleic acids prior to analysis for pestivirus RNA by real-time RT-PCR. (cancer-ecosystem.com)
  • Viruses in Pestivirus are enveloped, with spherical geometries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pestivirus viruses have a single strand of positive-sense RNA (i.e. (wikipedia.org)
  • Border Disease, which affects lambs, is also caused by Pestivirus, but has no vaccine at this time. (wikipedia.org)
  • Border disease (Britain) or hairy shaker disease (Australia and New Zealand) is a congenital disorder of lambs characterized by low birth weight and viability, poor conformation, tremor, and an excessively hairy birth coat resulting from in-utero infection with a pestivirus. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Pestivirus A is widespread in Australia, mainly in cattle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Isolation and molecular characterisation of a pestivirus from goats in Egypt. (harvard.edu)
  • However, the symptoms and the results suggested that a pestivirus was somehow involved, so the scientists designed a new type of diagnostic test that ultimately led to the discovery of a new pestivirus. (sciencedaily.com)
  • 26 (8) : 3292-305 A new type of intracellular retention signal identified in a pestivirus structural glycoprotein. (genetex.com)
  • En este trabajo se han caracterizado 49 cepas del VDVB, 46 aisladas principalmente en bovinos procedentes de distintas zonas geográficas de nuestro país y 2 cepas aisladas de una línea celular establecida (GBK) procedente de la "American Type Culture Collection" (ATCC). (ucm.es)