Pharyngeal Muscles
Pharynx
Branchial Region
Deglutition
Hyoid Bone
Palate, Soft
Gagging
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx
Tongue
Esophageal Sphincter, Upper
Deglutition Disorders
Neural Crest
Rheumatic Fever
Streptococcus pyogenes
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Streptococcus
Chorea
Factors associated with pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis among Israel Defense Force personnel at the end of their compulsory service. (1/217)
In this 1 year cross-sectional study of personnel being discharged from compulsory military service, an available database of health-related information was used to examine the association of meningococcal carriage with socio-demographic factors. A representative, systematic sample of 1632 personnel was interviewed and had throat cultures taken. The overall meningococcal carriage rate was 16%. Serogroups B and Y accounted for 76% and 13% of the isolates respectively. In univariate analysis, carriage was associated with male gender (P < 0.0001), < 12 years school education (P = 0.002), smoking (P = 0.014), and service at a 'closed' base, reflecting greater interpersonal contact (P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, only service on a closed base and male gender retained significance. School education of < 12 years remained significant for females only. Variables not associated with carriage included number of siblings, intensity of smoking, and use of the contraceptive pill. In this setting, meningococcal carriage was associated with the type of base on which soldiers served; and smoking was not an independent risk factor for carriage. (+info)Multiple resistant phenotypes of Candida albicans coexist during episodes of oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. (2/217)
Mechanisms of resistance to azoles in Candida albicans, the main etiologic agent of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), include alterations in the target enzyme (lanosterol demethylase) and increased efflux of drug. Previous studies on mechanisms of resistance have been limited by the fact that only a single isolate from each OPC episode was available for study. Multiple isolates from each OPC episode were evaluated with oral samples plated in CHROMagar Candida with and without fluconazole to maximize detection of resistant yeasts. A total of 101 isolates from each of three serial episodes of OPC from four different patients were evaluated. Decreasing geometric means of fluconazole MICs with serial episodes of infection were detected in the four patients. However, 8-fold or larger (up to 32-fold) differences in fluconazole MICs were detected within isolates recovered at the same time point in 7 of 12 episodes. Strain identity was analyzed by DNA typing techniques and indicated that isolates from each patient represented mainly isogenic strains, but differed among patients. A Northern blot technique was used to monitor expression of ERG11 (encoding lanosterol demethylase) and genes coding for efflux pumps. This analysis revealed that clinical isolates obtained from the same patient and episode were phenotypically heterogeneous in their patterns of expression of these genes involved in fluconazole resistance. These results demonstrate the complexity of the distribution of the molecular mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance and indicate that different subpopulations of yeasts may coexist at a given time in the same patient and may develop resistance through different mechanisms. (+info)Low levels of antigenic variability in fluconazole-susceptible and -resistant Candida albicans isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. (3/217)
Three serial isolates of Candida albicans were obtained by direct swab or by oral saline rinses from each of five human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with recurrent oropharyngeal candidiasis. Genotyping techniques confirmed the presence of a persistent strain in multiple episodes from the same patient, which was different from the strains isolated from other patients. Fluconazole susceptibility was determined by both an agar dilution method and the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards macrobroth procedure. In four of these patients the strains developed fluconazole resistance, and in one patient the strain remained susceptible. The different isolates were propagated as yeast cells on a synthetic medium, and their cell wall proteinaceous components were extracted by treatment with beta-mercaptoethanol. Protein and mannoprotein components present in the extracts were analyzed by electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and lectin-blotting techniques. The analysis showed a similar composition, with only minor qualitative and quantitative differences in the polypeptidic and antigenic patterns associated with the cell wall extracts from serial isolates from the same patient, as well as those from different strains isolated from different patients. Use of monospecific antibodies generated against two immunodominant antigens during candidiasis (enolase and the 58-kDa fibrinogen-binding mannoprotein) demonstrated their expression in all isolates tested. Overall, the antigenic makeup of C. albicans strains remained constant during the course of infection and was not affected by development of fluconazole resistance. In contrast to previous reports, the low degree of antigenic variability observed in this study may be due to the fact that the isolates were obtained from a highly homogeneous population of patients and to the uniformity in techniques used for the isolation, storage, and culture of the different strains, as well as extraction methodologies. (+info)Transmission of an azole-resistant isogenic strain of Candida albicans among human immunodeficiency virus-infected family members with oropharyngeal candidiasis. (4/217)
We report transmission of an azole-resistant, isogenic strain of Candida albicans in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected family of two children with symptomatic oropharyngeal candidiasis and a mother with asymptomatic colonization over a 5-year period. These findings were confirmed by three different molecular epidemiology methods: interrepeat PCR, Southern hybridization with a C. albicans repetitive element 2 probe, and electrophoretic karyotyping. This study contributes to an evolving understanding of the mode of transmission of C. albicans, particularly in children, and underscores the importance of monitoring specimens from family members of HIV-infected patients. (+info)Seven-week interval between acquisition of a meningococcus and the onset of invasive disease. A case report. (5/217)
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is thought to occur within a few days of pharyngeal acquisition of Neisseria meningitidis. During a longitudinal study of carriage and acquisition among 2453 first-year undergraduates we identified a male student from whom N. lactamica was isolated in October 1997 followed by N. meningitidis in December 1997. In mid-January 1998 this student suffered a mild episode of IMD (meningitis) during which N. meningitidis was isolated from his CSF. The meningococcus carried in December 1997 was phenotypically and genotypically indistinguishable from the invading organism, suggesting the possibility that the organism may have been carried for 7 weeks prior to the onset of invasive disease. Further studies are needed to assess more accurately the range of asymptomatic carriage prior to disease onset. (+info)Parapharyngeal abscess due to cat-scratch disease. (6/217)
The spectrum of illness attributed to cat-scratch disease (CSD) continues to expand. Although a common cause of cervical adenitis in children, CSD has not been associated as a cause of deep fascial space infections of the head and neck. We describe a child with extensive parapharyngeal adenitis and abscesses due to CSD confirmed by histological and serological evaluations. (+info)The incidence and mechanisms of pharyngeal and upper esophageal dysfunction in partially paralyzed humans: pharyngeal videoradiography and simultaneous manometry after atracurium. (7/217)
BACKGROUND: Residual neuromuscular block caused by vecuronium alters pharyngeal function and impairs airway protection. The primary objectives of this investigation were to radiographically evaluate the swallowing act and to record the incidence of and the mechanism behind pharyngeal dysfunction during partial neuromuscular block. The secondary objective was to evaluate the effect of atracurium on pharyngeal function. METHODS: Twenty healthy volunteers were studied while awake during liquid-contrast bolus swallowing. The incidence of pharyngeal dysfunction was studied by fluoroscopy. The initiation of the swallowing process, the pharyngeal coordination, and the bolus transit time were evaluated. Simultaneous manometry was used to document pressure changes at the tongue base, the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, and the upper esophageal sphincter. After control recordings, an intravenous infusion of atracurium was administered to obtain train-of-four ratios (T4/T1) of 0.60, 0.70, and 0.80, followed by recovery to a train-of-four ratio of more than 0.90. RESULTS: The incidence of pharyngeal dysfunction was 6% during the control recordings and increased (P < 0.05) to 28%, 17%, and 20% at train-of-four ratios 0.60, 0.70, and 0.80, respectively. After recovery to a train-of-four ratio of more than 0.90, the incidence was 13%. Pharyngeal dysfunction occurred in 74 of 444 swallows, the majority (80%) resulting in laryngeal penetration. The initiation of the swallowing reflex was impaired during partial paralysis (P = 0.0081). The pharyngeal coordination was impaired at train-of-four ratios of 0.60 and 0.70 (P < 0.01). A marked reduction in the upper esophageal sphincter resting tone was found, as well as a reduced contraction force in the pharyngeal constrictor muscles. The bolus transit time did not change significantly. CONCLUSION: Partial neuromuscular paralysis caused by atracurium is associated with a four- to fivefold increase in the incidence of misdirected swallowing. The mechanism behind the pharyngeal dysfunction is a delayed initiation of the swallowing reflex, impaired pharyngeal muscle function, and impaired coordination. The majority of misdirected swallows resulted in penetration of bolus to the larynx. (+info)Correlation between in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities in experimental fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis. (8/217)
Oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis (OPEC) is a frequent opportunistic mycosis in immunocompromised patients. Azole-resistant OPEC is a refractory form of this infection occurring particularly in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The procedures developed by the Antifungal Subcommittee of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) are an important advance in standardization of in vitro antifungal susceptibility methodology. In order to further understand the relationship between NCCLS methodology and antifungal therapeutic response, we studied the potential correlation between in vitro susceptibility to fluconazole and in vivo response in a rabbit model of fluconazole-resistant OPEC. MICs of fluconazole were determined by NCCLS methods. Three fluconazole-susceptible (FS) (MIC, /=64 microgram/ml) isolates of Candida albicans from prospectively monitored HIV-infected children with OPEC were studied. FR isolates were recovered from children with severe OPEC refractory to fluconazole, and FS isolates were recovered from those with mucosal candidiasis responsive to fluconazole. Fluconazole at 2 mg/kg of body weight/day was administered to infected animals for 7 days. The concentrations of fluconazole in plasma were maintained above the MICs for FS isolates throughout the dosing interval. Fluconazole concentrations in the esophagus were greater than or equal to those in plasma. Rabbits infected with FS isolates and treated with fluconazole had significant reductions in oral mucosal quantitative cultures (P < 0.001) and tissue burden of C. albicans in tongue, soft palate, and esophagus (P < 0.001). In comparison, rabbits infected with FR isolates were unresponsive to fluconazole and had no reduction in oral mucosal quantitative cultures or tissue burden of C. albicans versus untreated controls. We conclude that there is a strong correlation between in vitro fluconazole susceptibility by NCCLS methods and in vivo response to fluconazole therapy of OPEC due to C. albicans. (+info)Pharyngeal diseases refer to conditions that affect the pharynx, which is the part of the throat that lies behind the nasal cavity and mouth, and above the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx plays a crucial role in swallowing, speaking, and breathing. Pharyngeal diseases can cause symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, pain during swallowing, swollen lymph nodes, and earaches.
Some common pharyngeal diseases include:
1. Pharyngitis: Inflammation of the pharynx, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
2. Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, which are two masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the back of the throat.
3. Epiglottitis: Inflammation of the epiglottis, a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe during swallowing to prevent food and liquids from entering the lungs.
4. Abscesses: A collection of pus in the pharynx caused by a bacterial infection.
5. Cancer: Malignant tumors that can develop in the pharynx, often caused by smoking or heavy alcohol use.
6. Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing due to nerve damage, muscle weakness, or structural abnormalities in the pharynx.
7. Stridor: Noisy breathing caused by a narrowed or obstructed airway in the pharynx.
Treatment for pharyngeal diseases depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, pain relievers, surgery, or radiation therapy.
The pharyngeal muscles, also known as the musculature of the pharynx, are a group of skeletal muscles that make up the walls of the pharynx, which is the part of the throat located just above the esophagus and behind the nasal and oral cavities. These muscles play a crucial role in several vital functions, including:
1. Swallowing (deglutition): The pharyngeal muscles contract in a coordinated sequence to propel food or liquids from the mouth through the pharynx and into the esophagus during swallowing.
2. Speech: The contraction and relaxation of these muscles help shape the sounds produced by the vocal cords, contributing to the production of speech.
3. Respiration: The pharyngeal muscles assist in maintaining an open airway during breathing, especially during sleep and when the upper airways are obstructed.
The pharyngeal muscles consist of three layers: the outer circular muscle layer, the middle longitudinal muscle layer, and the inner inferior constrictor muscle layer. The specific muscles that make up these layers include:
1. Superior constrictor muscle (outer circular layer)
2. Middle constrictor muscle (middle longitudinal layer)
3. Inferior constrictor muscle (inner inferior constrictor layer)
4. Stylopharyngeus muscle
5. Salpingopharyngeus muscle
6. Palatopharyngeus muscle
7. Buccinator muscle (partially contributes to the middle longitudinal layer)
These muscles work together to perform their various functions, and any dysfunction in these muscles can lead to problems like swallowing difficulties (dysphagia), speech impairments, or respiratory issues.
The pharynx is a part of the digestive and respiratory systems that serves as a conduit for food and air. It is a musculo-membranous tube extending from the base of the skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebra where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.
The pharynx has three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The nasopharynx is the uppermost region, which lies above the soft palate and is connected to the nasal cavity. The oropharynx is the middle region, which includes the area between the soft palate and the hyoid bone, including the tonsils and base of the tongue. The laryngopharynx is the lowest region, which lies below the hyoid bone and connects to the larynx.
The primary function of the pharynx is to convey food from the oral cavity to the esophagus during swallowing and to allow air to pass from the nasal cavity to the larynx during breathing. It also plays a role in speech, taste, and immune defense.
Pharyngeal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the pharynx, which is the part of the throat that lies behind the nasal cavity and mouth, and above the esophagus and larynx. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Pharyngeal neoplasms can occur in any part of the pharynx, which is divided into three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx. The most common type of pharyngeal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which arises from the flat cells that line the mucosal surface of the pharynx.
Risk factors for developing pharyngeal neoplasms include tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Symptoms may include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, neck masses, and changes in voice or speech. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
The branchial region, also known as the pharyngeal region or viscerocranium, is a term used in human anatomy to refer to the area of the developing embryo that gives rise to structures derived from the branchial (or pharyngeal) arches. The branchial arches are a series of paired, rod-like structures that appear early in embryonic development and give rise to various head and neck structures, including the bones and muscles of the face, jaws, and neck, as well as the associated nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues.
The branchial region is divided into several subregions, each corresponding to a specific branchial arch. The first branchial arch gives rise to structures such as the mandible (lower jaw), maxilla (upper jaw), and muscles of mastication (chewing). The second branchial arch forms the stapes and styloid process in the ear, as well as some neck muscles. The third and fourth branchial arches contribute to the formation of the larynx, thyroid cartilage, and other structures in the neck.
Abnormalities in the development of the branchial region can lead to a variety of congenital defects, such as cleft palate, micrognathia (small jaw), and branchial cysts or sinuses. These conditions may require surgical intervention to correct.
Deglutition is the medical term for swallowing. It refers to the process by which food or liquid is transferred from the mouth to the stomach through a series of coordinated muscle movements and neural responses. The deglutition process involves several stages, including oral preparatory, oral transit, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases, each of which plays a critical role in ensuring safe and efficient swallowing.
Dysphagia is the medical term for difficulty with swallowing, which can result from various underlying conditions such as neurological disorders, structural abnormalities, or muscular weakness. Proper evaluation and management of deglutition disorders are essential to prevent complications such as aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, and dehydration.
The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the anterior neck, superior to the thyroid cartilage. It does not articulate with any other bones and serves as an attachment point for various muscles, including those involved in swallowing, breathing, and speaking. The unique structure of the hyoid bone allows it to support the tongue and contribute to the stability of the airway.
The soft palate, also known as the velum, is the rear portion of the roof of the mouth that is made up of muscle and mucous membrane. It extends from the hard palate (the bony front part of the roof of the mouth) to the uvula, which is the small piece of tissue that hangs down at the back of the throat.
The soft palate plays a crucial role in speech, swallowing, and breathing. During swallowing, it moves upward and backward to block off the nasal cavity, preventing food and liquids from entering the nose. In speech, it helps to direct the flow of air from the mouth into the nose, which is necessary for producing certain sounds.
Anatomically, the soft palate consists of several muscles that allow it to change shape and move. These muscles include the tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, palatopharyngeus, and palatoglossus. The soft palate also contains a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves that provide sensation and help regulate its function.
"Gagging" is a reflexive response to an irritation or stimulation of the back of the throat, which involves involuntary contraction of the muscles at the back of the throat and sometimes accompanied by vomiting. It is a protective mechanism to prevent foreign objects from entering the lungs during swallowing. In a medical context, gagging may also refer to the use of a device or maneuver to temporarily block the upper airway as part of certain medical procedures.
The oropharynx is the part of the throat (pharynx) that is located immediately behind the mouth and includes the back one-third of the tongue, the soft palate, the side and back walls of the throat, and the tonsils. It serves as a passageway for both food and air, and is also an important area for the immune system due to the presence of tonsils.
The hypopharynx is the lower part of the pharynx, which is the muscular tube that extends from the back of the nasal cavity and mouth to the esophagus and trachea. The hypopharynx lies posterior to the larynx and is divided into three regions: the pyriform (or piriform) sinuses, the postcricoid area, and the posterior pharyngeal wall. It serves as a passageway for both food and air, and any abnormalities or diseases in this region can lead to swallowing difficulties, aspiration, and other serious medical conditions.
In medical terms, the tongue is a muscular organ in the oral cavity that plays a crucial role in various functions such as taste, swallowing, and speech. It's covered with a mucous membrane and contains papillae, which are tiny projections that contain taste buds to help us perceive different tastes - sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The tongue also assists in the initial process of digestion by moving food around in the mouth for chewing and mixing with saliva. Additionally, it helps in forming words and speaking clearly by shaping the sounds produced in the mouth.
The upper esophageal sphincter (UES) is a band of muscle fibers located at the upper end of the esophagus, where it meets the throat or pharynx. The UES acts as a physiological barrier between the pharynx and the esophagus, helping to prevent the reflux of gastric contents into the upper airway.
During swallowing, the UES relaxes to allow the passage of food from the mouth into the esophagus, and then contracts again to prevent the backflow of food or stomach acid into the throat. The UES also plays a role in protecting the airway during activities such as coughing, sneezing, or vomiting, by closing to prevent the entry of foreign materials or fluids into the lungs.
Abnormalities in UES function can contribute to various swallowing disorders and respiratory symptoms, such as aspiration, coughing, and choking.
Deglutition disorders, also known as swallowing disorders, are conditions that affect the ability to move food or liquids from the mouth to the stomach safely and efficiently. These disorders can occur at any stage of the swallowing process, which includes oral preparation (chewing and manipulating food in the mouth), pharyngeal phase (activating muscles and structures in the throat to move food toward the esophagus), and esophageal phase (relaxing and contracting the esophagus to propel food into the stomach).
Symptoms of deglutition disorders may include coughing or choking during or after eating, difficulty initiating a swallow, food sticking in the throat or chest, regurgitation, unexplained weight loss, and aspiration (inhaling food or liquids into the lungs), which can lead to pneumonia.
Deglutition disorders can be caused by various factors, such as neurological conditions (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis), structural abnormalities (e.g., narrowing or blockage of the esophagus), muscle weakness or dysfunction, and cognitive or behavioral issues. Treatment for deglutition disorders may involve dietary modifications, swallowing exercises, medications, or surgical interventions, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.
In medical terms, the jaw is referred to as the mandible (in humans and some other animals), which is the lower part of the face that holds the lower teeth in place. It's a large, horseshoe-shaped bone that forms the lower jaw and serves as a attachment point for several muscles that are involved in chewing and moving the lower jaw.
In addition to the mandible, the upper jaw is composed of two bones known as the maxillae, which fuse together at the midline of the face to form the upper jaw. The upper jaw holds the upper teeth in place and forms the roof of the mouth, as well as a portion of the eye sockets and nasal cavity.
Together, the mandible and maxillae allow for various functions such as speaking, eating, and breathing.
The neural crest is a transient, multipotent embryonic cell population that originates from the ectoderm (outermost layer) of the developing neural tube (precursor to the central nervous system). These cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migrate throughout the embryo, giving rise to a diverse array of cell types and structures.
Neural crest cells differentiate into various tissues, including:
1. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) components: sensory neurons, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, and glial cells (e.g., Schwann cells).
2. Facial bones and cartilage, as well as connective tissue of the skull.
3. Melanocytes, which are pigment-producing cells in the skin.
4. Smooth muscle cells in major blood vessels, heart, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs.
5. Secretory cells in endocrine glands (e.g., chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla).
6. Parts of the eye, such as the cornea and iris stroma.
7. Dental tissues, including dentin, cementum, and dental pulp.
Due to their wide-ranging contributions to various tissues and organs, neural crest cells play a crucial role in embryonic development and organogenesis. Abnormalities in neural crest cell migration or differentiation can lead to several congenital disorders, such as neurocristopathies.
Rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease that may occur following an untreated Group A streptococcal infection, such as strep throat. It primarily affects children between the ages of 5 and 15, but it can occur at any age. The condition is characterized by inflammation in various parts of the body, including the heart (carditis), joints (arthritis), skin (erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules), and brain (Sydenham's chorea).
The onset of rheumatic fever usually occurs 2-4 weeks after a streptococcal infection. The exact cause of the immune system's overreaction leading to rheumatic fever is not fully understood, but it involves molecular mimicry between streptococcal antigens and host tissues.
The Jones Criteria are used to diagnose rheumatic fever, which include:
1. Evidence of a preceding streptococcal infection (e.g., positive throat culture or rapid strep test, elevated or rising anti-streptolysin O titer)
2. Carditis (heart inflammation), including new murmurs or changes in existing murmurs, electrocardiogram abnormalities, or evidence of heart failure
3. Polyarthritis (inflammation of multiple joints) – typically large joints like the knees and ankles, migratory, and may be associated with warmth, swelling, and pain
4. Erythema marginatum (a skin rash characterized by pink or red, irregularly shaped macules or rings that blanch in the center and spread outward)
5. Subcutaneous nodules (firm, round, mobile lumps under the skin, usually over bony prominences)
6. Sydenham's chorea (involuntary, rapid, irregular movements, often affecting the face, hands, and feet)
Treatment of rheumatic fever typically involves antibiotics to eliminate any residual streptococcal infection, anti-inflammatory medications like corticosteroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to manage symptoms and prevent long-term heart complications, and secondary prophylaxis with regular antibiotic administration to prevent recurrent streptococcal infections.
Pharyngitis is the medical term for inflammation of the pharynx, which is the back portion of the throat. This condition is often characterized by symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and scratchiness in the throat. Pharyngitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as the common cold), bacterial infections (such as strep throat), and irritants (such as smoke or chemical fumes). Treatment for pharyngitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to relieve symptoms or antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection.
Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive, beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacterium that causes various suppurative (pus-forming) and nonsuppurative infections in humans. It is also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS) due to its ability to produce the M protein, which confers type-specific antigenicity and allows for serological classification into more than 200 distinct Lancefield groups.
S. pyogenes is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. In rare cases, it can lead to invasive diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS).
The bacterium is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected skin lesions. Effective prevention strategies include good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding sharing personal items, as well as prompt recognition and treatment of infections to prevent spread.
Streptococcal infections are a type of infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes). These bacteria can cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild skin infections to serious and potentially life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease).
Some common types of streptococcal infections include:
* Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) - an infection of the throat and tonsils that can cause sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
* Impetigo - a highly contagious skin infection that causes sores or blisters on the skin.
* Cellulitis - a bacterial infection of the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause redness, swelling, pain, and warmth in the affected area.
* Scarlet fever - a streptococcal infection that causes a bright red rash on the body, high fever, and sore throat.
* Necrotizing fasciitis - a rare but serious bacterial infection that can cause tissue death and destruction of the muscles and fascia (the tissue that covers the muscles).
Treatment for streptococcal infections typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a streptococcal infection, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications.
Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is defined as a chronic heart condition caused by damage to the heart valves due to untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal throat infection (strep throat). The immune system's response to this infection can mistakenly attack and damage the heart tissue, leading to inflammation and scarring of the heart valves. This damage can result in narrowing, leakage, or abnormal functioning of the heart valves, which can further lead to complications such as heart failure, stroke, or infective endocarditis.
RHD is a preventable and treatable condition if detected early and managed effectively. It primarily affects children and young adults in developing countries where access to healthcare and antibiotics for strep throat infections may be limited. Long-term management of RHD typically involves medications, regular monitoring, and sometimes surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged heart valves.
Streptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, spherical bacteria that typically form pairs or chains when clustered together. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are non-motile and do not produce spores.
Streptococcus species are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some strains are part of the normal flora of the body, while others can cause a variety of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and toxic shock syndrome.
The pathogenicity of Streptococcus species depends on various virulence factors, including the production of enzymes and toxins that damage tissues and evade the host's immune response. One of the most well-known Streptococcus species is Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), which is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and rheumatic fever.
It's important to note that the classification of Streptococcus species has evolved over time, with many former members now classified as different genera within the family Streptococcaceae. The current classification system is based on a combination of phenotypic characteristics (such as hemolysis patterns and sugar fermentation) and genotypic methods (such as 16S rRNA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing).
Chorea is a medical term that describes an involuntary movement disorder characterized by brief, irregular, and abrupt jerky movements. These movements often occur randomly and can affect any part of the body. Chorea can also cause difficulty with coordination and balance, and can sometimes be accompanied by muscle weakness or rigidity.
The term "chorea" comes from the Greek word "χορεία" (khoréia), which means "dance," reflecting the graceful, dance-like movements that are characteristic of this condition. Chorea can occur as a symptom of various underlying medical conditions, including neurological disorders such as Huntington's disease, Sydenham's chorea, and cerebral palsy, as well as metabolic disorders, infections, and certain medications.
Treatment for chorea depends on the underlying cause of the condition and may include medications to help control the involuntary movements, physical therapy to improve coordination and balance, and lifestyle modifications to reduce the risk of injury from falls or other accidents. In some cases, surgery may be recommended as a last resort for severe or refractory chorea.
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Swab4
- 1 male sexual partner within the previous 6 months, and agreeing to provide a rectal and/or pharyngeal swab specimen. (cdc.gov)
- Of 1,883 MSM recruited at 22 sites in 16 cities, 1,848 agreed to a pharyngeal swab and 1,754 to a rectal swab. (cdc.gov)
- patient B had confirmed mpox and pharyngitis and pharyngeal swab samples that tested positive for 3 pathogens, including MPXV. (cdc.gov)
- Rhinovirus, C pneumoniae , and B pertussis are found in the sputum or pharyngeal swab specimens of asthmatic subjects without concurrent symptoms of infection or asthma exacerbation, as well as in some healthy controls. (bmj.com)
Manifestations3
- Other ancillary laboratory tests-eg, complete blood count (CBC), white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin-may also be useful, depending on the manifestations of disease under consideration. (medscape.com)
- However, even for CMT1 a heated debate has focused on the relative contribution of axonal versus demyelinative damage to the disease manifestations and progression. (medscape.com)
- To be able to identify the oral-pharyngeal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. (cme-usa.org)
Naso-pharyngeal4
- The general therapeutics of diseases of the nose, naso-pharyngeal space, pharynx, and larynx. (nih.gov)
- Naso-pharyngeal polyps (nasopharyngeal polyps, otopharyngeal polyps, inflammatory polyps, middle ear polyps) are the most common masses that are seen in the external ear canal in cats. (vin.com)
- No one is quite certain what causes naso-pharyngeal polyps. (vin.com)
- As with all diseases, the earlier a naso-pharyngeal polyp is diagnosed and treated, the better the prognosis. (vin.com)
Acute6
- Acute restrictive diseases: diffuse alveolar damage (respiratory distress syndrome of adult and infant). (unibo.it)
- Diphtheria is an acute pharyngeal or cutaneous infection caused mainly by toxigenic strains of the gram-positive bacillus Corynebacterium diphtheriae and rarely by other, less common Corynebacterium species. (msdmanuals.com)
- Medical management and disease intervention activities described below are recommended for AIDS, Chlamydia, food and water borne diseases, gonococcal disease, hepatitis B acute and chronic, hepatitis C acute and chronic, HIV, pelvic inflammatory disease, syphilis and tuberculosis. (hawaii.gov)
- Acute tonsillitis is a very common pharyngeal infectious disease. (hizy.net)
- Roxid 50mg Liquid contains Roxithromycin 50mg used to treat any type of bacterial infections such as otitis media acute pharyngitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, urethritis, impetigo, cellulitis, sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea, and also in typhoid fever in children. (drugcarts.com)
- It is used in the treatment of the following conditions as Bacterial infections such as otitis media acute pharyngitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, urethritis, impetigo, cellulitis, sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea, and also in typhoid fever. (drugcarts.com)
Nasopharyngeal2
- However, surgery at the primary disease site has a very limited role, if any, in nasopharyngeal cancers, due to their anatomical location and radiosensitivity. (medscape.com)
- Nontoxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae can also cause nasopharyngeal infection and sometimes systemic disease (eg, endocarditis, septic arthritis). (msdmanuals.com)
Cancers3
- Dr. Khan's clinical expertise is in screening, evaluation and treatment of HPV-related diseases and prevention of HPV-related cancers. (stanford.edu)
- In a nested case-control study we evaluated mortality risks from NPC and from all other pharyngeal cancers combined (AOPC) in relation to formaldehyde exposure while accounting for potential confounding or effect modification by smoking or external (non-Wallingford) employment. (cdc.gov)
- Besides screening for gum disease and oral and pharyngeal cancers, assessing the airway should further stress the importance of conducting an oral exam at every hygiene appointment. (rdhmag.com)
Infection5
- To determine prevalence of lymphogranuloma venereum among men who have sex with men in Germany, we conducted a multicenter study during 2009-2010 and found high rates of rectal and pharyngeal infection in men positive for the causative agent, Chlamydia trachomatis . (cdc.gov)
- Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexually transmitted disease caused by infection with Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria, genotypes L1-L3. (cdc.gov)
- We investigated the prevalence of pharyngeal and rectal C. trachomatis infection and LGV among MSM in Germany. (cdc.gov)
- Since its emergence in the 1970s, group B streptococcal (GBS) disease has been the leading bacterial infection associated with illness and death among newborns in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) disease is a rare disorder in which persons are unable to control infection with the virus. (frontiersin.org)
Laryngeal2
- Children will be included if they are referred with a medical condition that affects the oral pharyngeal phase of swallowing, voice production or laryngeal function and the investigator needs to evaluate functional performance and safety for oral feeding. (knowcancer.com)
- Different impact from betel quid, alcohol and cigarette: risk factors for pharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. (ajtmh.org)
Disorders3
- Neurologic disorders such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Bell's palsy, or myasthenia gravis can cause weakness of facial and lip muscles that are involved in coordinated mastication as well as weakness of other important muscles of mastication and swallowing. (wikipedia.org)
- Some systemic conditions that increase the risk of epistaxis include high blood pressure ( hypertension ), vascular malformations, cardiovascular diseases, and bleeding disorders like von Willebrand disease and hemophilia A and B. Additionally, heavy alcohol use can also increase the risk for epistaxis, since it disrupts normal blood clotting activity and dilates superficial blood vessels, which increases the risk of a rupture. (osmosis.org)
- Oro-pharyngeal dysphagia is a common symptom in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and related disorders, even in their early stage of diseases. (e-jmd.org)
Neoplasms3
- Pharyngeal Neoplasms" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ouhsc.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Pharyngeal Neoplasms" by people in this website by year, and whether "Pharyngeal Neoplasms" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ouhsc.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Pharyngeal Neoplasms" by people in Profiles. (ouhsc.edu)
Cancer2
- more Americans die each year from oral and pharyngeal cancer than from cervical cancer. (confex.com)
- Cancer is a multifactorial disease brought on by a combination of causal and predisposing genetic factors, and which at a given moment and under favorable conditions may take effect in predisposed people 1 . (bvsalud.org)
Inflammation3
- Endotoxemia and systemic inflammation caused by intestinal mucosal barrier defects are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. (xiahepublishing.com)
- Chronic inflammation of tonsils not only loses resistance function, but also can become a shelter for invading bacteria and viruses, resulting in various concomitant diseases, such as rheumatic arthritis, rheumatic fever, myocarditis, nephritis, long-term low fever, etc. (hizy.net)
- Pharyngeal inflammation is a disease due to various bacterial infections. (drugcarts.com)
Dysfunction2
- A stroke can cause pharyngeal dysfunction with a high occurrence of aspiration. (wikipedia.org)
- The range of diseases encountered includes seizures, cerebellar dysfunction, cortical dysfunction, and myelopathy, but the association between function of the enzyme and the consequence of the disease is most clear in patients with stiff person syndrome. (medscape.com)
Oral6
- The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate the validity and reliability of a self-report inventory to measure symptomatic severity of oral-pharyngeal dysphagia. (nih.gov)
- Early detection, testing, and treatment are vital to manage the disease, and oral health-care professionals can play an important role. (rdhmag.com)
- Oral diseases, the neglected and silent epidemic, are largely a result of social injustices when goals of private wealth override the public's health. (confex.com)
- The social injustices created by these powerful industries and organizations perpetuate the neglected epidemic of oral diseases. (confex.com)
- Their accountability must be raised to protect the public's health, prevent oral diseases, and improve access to oral health services for all. (confex.com)
- In Spain, approximately 3% of malignant tumors originate in oral cavity and the majority of them correspond to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), followed by malignant tumors of salivary glands, lymphoreticular disease, bone tumors, melanomas, sarcomas, malignant odontogenic tumors and oral metastasis of tumors from other primary sites 1 . (bvsalud.org)
Dysphagia2
- Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy is a genetic disease with palpebral ptosis, oropharyngeal dysphagia, and proximal limb weakness. (wikipedia.org)
- So tonsil hypertrophy is not a disease, But when the tonsils become hypertrophic, Children may suffer from dysphagia, resulting in low food intake, low weight and vague speech. (hizy.net)
Infections1
- Although most cases of invasive Kingella kingae infections are sporadic, clusters of invasive disease have been detected among attendees of daycare centers in Israel, Europe, and the United States. (cdc.gov)
Pathogenesis5
- Ischemic heart disease: pathogenesis and morphological features of angina pectoris, chronic ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction (timing of the progression of ischemic necrosis in myocardial infarction: evaluation methods). (unibo.it)
- Valvular heart disease: morphology and pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease, aortic stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, infective endocarditis, non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. (unibo.it)
- Myocardial diseases: pathogenesis and morphological features of myocarditis and cardiomyopathies, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy (amyloidosis) and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. (unibo.it)
- Pericardial disease: pathogenesis and morphological features of pericarditis and pericardial effusions. (unibo.it)
- In vitro and animal studies suggest that atypical agents play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. (bmj.com)
Abnormalities1
- Current studies to find a cause of this disease focus on immune defects and genetic abnormalities associated with the disease. (frontiersin.org)
Pelvic1
- The cases include pharyngeal, abdominal, and pelvic trauma. (bmj.com)
Proteinuria1
- 2 The disease is characterized by proteinuria and decreased glomerular filtration rate. (xiahepublishing.com)
Centers6
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
- Announcer] This program is presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
- In August 2022, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was consulted about 2 patients. (cdc.gov)
- Outbreaks in Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, South Africa, Sudan, and Pakistan have occurred since 2011 (travel information about diphtheria is available at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] web site for travelers' health ). (msdmanuals.com)
- Inclusion in the update does not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nor does it imply endorsement of the article's methods or findings. (cdc.gov)
Emerging Infectio1
- Emerging Infectious Diseases is a publication of the U.S. Government. (cdc.gov)
Adults1
- In contrast, children older than 4 years of age and adults who become infected frequently have underlying conditions, such as congenital heart diseases, chronic renal failure, or a variety of primary immunodeficiencies. (cdc.gov)
Infectious Mononucleosis1
- Unlike healthy persons with infectious mononucleosis, patients with CAEBV disease often have low numbers of EBV-specific CD8 cells ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
Parkinson's Disease1
- Increased upper esophageal sphincter tone can be due to Parkinson's disease which leads to incomplete opening of the UES. (wikipedia.org)
Occurrence1
- Pharyngeal carriage of Kingella kingae and occurrence of disease before a child is 6 months of age are exceptions, indicating that maternal immunity and limited social contact provide protection. (cdc.gov)
Syndrome4
- Other tests, depending on disease syndrome, can be very diverse in nature. (medscape.com)
- Stiff person syndrome is a rare disease characterized by muscle rigidity that waxes and wanes with concurrent spasms. (medscape.com)
- Stiff person syndrome is rather unique among neurologic diagnoses because of its lack of significant similarity to any other neurologic diseases. (medscape.com)
- 2] The eponym for this syndrome, Moersch-Woltmann syndrome, is one of the few instances in which the eponym may be the most inclusive and at the same time the most appropriately limiting name for the disease. (medscape.com)
Pathogens2
- This trend has substantial public health consequences because the incidence of infectious diseases in general, and of those caused by respiratory pathogens in particular, has substantially increased among daycare center attendees. (cdc.gov)
- From the upper airways, pathogens may invade adjacent structures, such as the lungs, middle ear, or nasal sinuses, and may penetrate into the bloodstream, causing invasive diseases. (cdc.gov)
Genetic6
- Now a large and ever increasing number of genetic subtypes has been described, and major advances in molecular and cellular biology have clarified the understanding of the role of different proteins in the physiology of peripheral nerve conduction in health and in disease. (medscape.com)
- Exploring the genetic factors involved in otorhinolaryngologic diseases, which affect the ear, nose, and throat, can lead to a better understanding of these conditions and their underlying mechanisms. (genet.ca)
- Genet offers a range of services to support research in this area, advancing our understanding of the genetic factors contributing to otorhinolaryngologic diseases and enabling the development of targeted therapies. (genet.ca)
- Investigating the genetics and genomics of endocrine system diseases can provide valuable insights into the genetic factors that influence these conditions. (genet.ca)
- By exploring the genetic components of hemic and lymphatic diseases, researchers can identify key factors that influence blood cells and the lymphatic system. (genet.ca)
- Understanding the genetic factors involved in musculoskeletal diseases can offer insights into the development and progression of these conditions, which affect the bones, joints, and muscles. (genet.ca)
Congenital1
- Congenital heart diseases: principal alterations. (unibo.it)
Patient1
- In the initial stage of the disease, the patient has an exaggerated upright posture and may report back discomfort or stiffness or pain in the entire back, which is worse with tension or stress. (medscape.com)
Therapeutics1
- This discovery lays a good foundation for the development of therapeutics for the treatment of EBV-associated diseases such as NPC,' said Professor Gary Wong Ka-Leung. (labroots.com)
Lung diseases1
- Granulomatous lung diseases: sarcoidosis and tuberculosis (and their differential diagnosis). (unibo.it)
Incidence2
- These include differences in anatomy, physiology, pharmacokinetics, disease incidence and morbidity with certain infectious diseases. (ivis.org)
- However, despite clinical trials that demonstrate the effectiveness of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, prevention strategies have not been implemented widely or consistently, and the incidence of neonatal GBS disease has not declined. (cdc.gov)
Communicable4
- Any person informed by the department, a private physician, or hospital that he or she has or is suspected of having a communicable disease for which isolation is required, shall remain isolated in the manner prescribed by the department of health. (hawaii.gov)
- It is the responsibility of the principal or director in charge of a school to prohibit any student diagnosed or suspected of having a communicable disease for which isolation is required from attending school until the expiration of the prescribed period of isolation. (hawaii.gov)
- Parents, guardians, custodians or any other person in loco parentis shall not permit any child diagnosed or suspected of having a communicable disease for which isolation is required to attend school or to be present at any public gatherings until the expiration of the prescribed period of isolation. (hawaii.gov)
- No person diagnosed or suspected of having a communicable disease for which isolation is required shall engage in any employment in which transmission of disease is likely to occur until the expiration of the prescribed period of isolation. (hawaii.gov)
Throat1
- The local use of the bichloride of mercury in diseases of the nose and throat. (nih.gov)
Chronic Obstruc1
- Non-neoplastic smoke-related lung disease: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, small airways disease/respiratory bronchiolitis, Langerhans cell histiocytosis of the lung. (unibo.it)
Progression1
- Since ultrasound is non-invasive with no reported bioeffects, it can be used repeatedly to follow the progression of a disease. (knowcancer.com)
Predilection1
- Typically, a predilection exists for distal limbs as the site of disease onset and more severe symptoms and signs. (medscape.com)
Respiratory1
- However, there are a number of significant features peculiar to the donkey that practitioners should be aware of when attempting to investigate and treat respiratory disease. (ivis.org)
Symptoms1
- Most patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease have symptoms involving the digestive system. (xiahepublishing.com)
Protocols1
- This report provides the epidemiologic basis for prevention protocols, summarizes results of clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of intrapartum antimicrobial agents, examines limitations of different approaches to prevention, and presents guidelines for the prevention of GBS disease. (cdc.gov)
Neurologic2
- It is also associated with a number of non-neurologic diseases, including diabetes mellitus and thyroiditis. (medscape.com)
- Since that time, the antibody has been found in patients with a number of neurologic diseases, a scenario that is easier to understand because the pathophysiologic link to neurologic disease is easier to explain. (medscape.com)
Stages of the disease2
- In the end stages of the disease, few muscles in the body are spared. (medscape.com)
- Total plasma calcium is usually normal until the terminal stages of the disease. (vin.com)