Phencyclidine Abuse
Phencyclidine
Receptors, Phencyclidine
Differential and region-specific activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases following chronic administration of phencyclidine in rat brain. (1/14)
We have previously demonstrated elevation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in the cerebellum from patients with schizophrenia, an illness that may involve dysfunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Since the NMDA antagonist, phencyclidine (PCP), produces schizophrenic-like symptoms in humans, and abnormal behavior in animals, we examined the effects of chronic PCP administration in time- and dose-dependent manner on ERK and two other members of mitogen-activated protein kinase family, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and p38, in rat brain. Osmotic pumps for PCP (18 mg/kg/day) and saline (controls) were implanted subcutaneously in rats for three, 10, and 20 days. Using Western blot analysis, we found no change at three days, but a significant increase in the phosphorylation of ERK1, ERK2 and MEK in the cerebellum at 10- and 20-days of continuous PCP infusion. For the experiments involving various doses of PCP, rats were infused with PCP at concentrations of 2.5, 10, 18, or 25 mg/kg/day, or saline for 10 days. We observed a dose-dependent elevation in the phosphorylation of ERK1 and ERK2 only in the cerebellum but not in brainstem, frontal cortex or hippocampus. The activities of JNK and p38 were unchanged in all investigated brain regions including cerebellum. These results demonstrate that chronic infusion of PCP in rats produces a differential and brain region-specific activation of MAP kinases, suggesting a role for the ERK signaling pathway in PCP abuse and perhaps in schizophrenia. (+info)Transcriptional changes common to human cocaine, cannabis and phencyclidine abuse. (2/14)
A major goal of drug abuse research is to identify and understand drug-induced changes in brain function that are common to many or all drugs of abuse. As these may underlie drug dependence and addiction, the purpose of the present study was to examine if different drugs of abuse effect changes in gene expression that converge in common molecular pathways. Microarray analysis was employed to assay brain gene expression in postmortem anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC) from 42 human cocaine, cannabis and/or phencyclidine abuse cases and 30 control cases, which were characterized by toxicology and drug abuse history. Common transcriptional changes were demonstrated for a majority of drug abuse cases (N = 34), representing a number of consistently changed functional classes: Calmodulin-related transcripts (CALM1, CALM2, CAMK2B) were decreased, while transcripts related to cholesterol biosynthesis and trafficking (FDFT1, APOL2, SCARB1), and Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions (SEMA3B, GCC1) were all increased. Quantitative PCR validated decreases in calmodulin 2 (CALM2) mRNA and increases in apolipoprotein L, 2 (APOL2) and semaphorin 3B (SEMA3B) mRNA for individual cases. A comparison between control cases with and without cardiovascular disease and elevated body mass index indicated that these changes were not due to general cellular and metabolic stress, but appeared specific to the use of drugs. Therefore, humans who abused cocaine, cannabis and/or phencyclidine share a decrease in transcription of calmodulin-related genes and increased transcription related to lipid/cholesterol and Golgi/ER function. These changes represent common molecular features of drug abuse, which may underlie changes in synaptic function and plasticity that could have important ramifications for decision-making capabilities in drug abusers. (+info)Distribution of phencyclidine into vitreous humor. (3/14)
Vitreous humor is a fluid contained in the eye that is largely composed of water. The advantages of vitreous humor as a specimen for postmortem drug analysis include its relatively low susceptibility to contamination and the ability to analyze vitreous humor with little or no pretreatment. The postmortem analysis of ethanol in vitreous humor has been well established. However, studies of drug disposition into vitreous humor are limited. Heart blood, subclavian blood, and vitreous humor specimens from 26 phencyclidine-positive postmortem cases were analyzed to evaluate the distribution of phencyclidine into vitreous humor. Phencyclidine intoxication was not the cause of death in any of the cases analyzed. Specimens were analyzed by solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. All positive blood specimens were associated with a positive vitreous humor specimen. On average, the blood phencyclidine concentrations were greater than the vitreous humor phencyclidine concentrations, with average blood/vitreous ratios of 2.85 for heart blood and 2.51 for subclavian blood. However, there was considerable variability between cases, which indicates that although vitreous humor is an appropriate specimen for the detection of phencyclidine in postmortem cases, its interpretative value is limited. (+info)Postmortem diagnosis and toxicological validation of illicit substance use. (4/14)
(+info)The use of fry (embalming fluid and PCP-laced cigarettes or marijuana sticks) among crack cocaine smokers. (5/14)
Statistics show that the prevalence of crack cocaine use and embalming fluid and phencyclidine (PCP)-laced cigarettes or marijuana sticks, commonly referred to on the street as "fry" or "wet" is a problem; however, the relationship between these substances of abuse and concurrent polydrug use is unknown. In the present study, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 426 African-American crack users in Houston, Texas, to investigate the difference between those who concurrently reported lifetime (defined as at least one usage of fry in life) fry use and those who stated they never used fry. The data were analyzed using chi-square and logistic regression analyses. Fry users were significantly more likely than non-users to not have a casual sex partner (92% users vs. 84% non-users, p < or = 0.05) and were more likely to have been diagnosed with gonorrhea in the past 12 months (9% users vs. 2% non-users, p < or = 0.05). In addition fry users had significantly higher odds of currently trading sex for drugs (OR = 2.30, p < or = 0.05), marijuana use (OR = 12.11, p < or = 0.05), and codeine (syrup) use (OR = 8.10, p < or = 0.05). These findings are important in determining the "cultural novelties" relative to crack and fry use among younger African Americans. (+info)Comparison of drugs of abuse detection in meconium by EMIT II and ELISA. (6/14)
The results of meconium specimens and fortified samples screened for drugs of abuse by both enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT((R) )II) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods were compared. The sample preparation for the ELISA screen was a simple buffer extraction versus a lengthy and more laborious sample preparation procedure for the EMIT II screen. The ELISA method was automated using a TECAN Genesis. The EMIT II analysis was automated with an Olympus AU400e. The opioid screen was calibrated with hydromorphone and the benzodiazepine screen was calibrated with clonazepam to maximize detection for these analytes. Previously validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), two-dimensional GC-MS, or liquid chromatography-tandem MS methods were used for confirmation. Results from the two techniques compared well. Agreement of the ELISA assay was greater than 90% when compared to EMIT II for all drug classes except barbiturates and benzodiazepines. ELISA appears to be more sensitive than EMIT II for the detection of amphetamines, methadone, propoxyphene, and cocaine. ELISA compared well to EMIT II for cannabinoids, opioids, and PCP. Specificity of the ELISA assay was slightly better for PCP and opioids. EMIT II appears to be more sensitive for the detection of barbiturates and benzodiazepines. The ELISA method reduced turnaround time by 50% compared to the EMIT II method. (+info)NMDA receptor and schizophrenia: a brief history. (7/14)
(+info)Increased impulsive choice for saccharin during PCP withdrawal in female monkeys: influence of menstrual cycle phase. (8/14)
(+info)Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dissociative drug, which means it alters perception, thoughts, and feelings. It can cause hallucinations and a distorted sense of time, place, and reality. PCP abuse refers to the use of this substance in a manner that is not medically indicated and/or in a way that is harmful to the individual or others. This could include using PCP more frequently or in larger quantities than intended, continuing to use PCP despite negative consequences, or experiencing cravings or withdrawal symptoms when not using PCP. It's important to note that PCP abuse can lead to serious health issues, both physical and psychological, and can be addictive.
Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dissociative drug that was originally developed as an intravenous anesthetic in the 1950s. It can lead to distortions of time, space and body image, hallucinations, and a sense of physical invulnerability.
It can also cause numbness, loss of coordination, and aggressive behavior. High doses can lead to seizures, coma, and death. Long-term use can lead to memory loss, difficulties with speech and thinking, and mental health issues such as depression and suicidal thoughts. It is classified as a Schedule II drug in the United States, indicating it has a high potential for abuse but also an accepted medical use.
Phencyclidine (PCP) receptors refer to the specific binding sites in the brain and central nervous system where the drug phencyclidine exerts its pharmacological effects. PCP is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, which means it blocks the action of the neurotransmitter glutamate at the NMDA receptors. These receptors are involved in learning, memory, and perception of pain.
PCP also interacts with other types of receptors, including sigma receptors, dopamine receptors, and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which contributes to its psychoactive effects. The drug's ability to cause dissociative states, hallucinations, and changes in perception is thought to be due to its antagonism of NMDA receptors, while its stimulant and euphoric effects are attributed to its interaction with dopamine receptors.
Overall, the binding of PCP to these various receptors results in a complex set of effects that can include altered mood, perception, and cognition, as well as potentially dangerous physical symptoms such as increased heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature.
Wasp dope
Thyroid disease
NMDA receptor antagonist
Clinical neurochemistry
Phencyclidine
Dopamine reuptake inhibitor
List of MeSH codes (F03)
DSM-IV codes
Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor
PCHP
4-Phenyl-4-(1-piperidinyl)cyclohexanol
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring
Ketamine
Dissociative
DSM-IV codes (alphabetical)
Delsym
Recreational use of dextromethorphan
Major League Baseball drug policy
Ciramadol
Eticyclidine
Club drug
April 1979
Ketamine in society and culture
Nucleus accumbens
University of Minnesota primate research
Α-Endopsychosin
Smooth pursuit
List of banned substances in Major League Baseball
Stimulant psychosis
Pain compliance
Phencyclidine (PCP)-Related Psychiatric Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
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Substance Abuse
Opiates1
- According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse, Fentanyl and laboratory-made opiates were responsible for the overdose death of 20,000 Americans in 2016. (kimrosenthalmd.com)
Ketamine1
- Кетамін і фенциклідин (ФЦП) Ketamine and phencyclidine are N-methyl-D-asparate receptor antagonists and dissociative anesthetics that can cause intoxication, sometimes with confusion or a catatonic state. (msdmanuals.com)
Cocaine3
- 1995). Although cocaine and heroin represent the major drugs of abuse for a large proportion of individuals who seek treatment, most patients abuse more than one drug. (nationalacademies.org)
- Recently, smoking has also gained popularity for the use of phencyclidine (PCP), cocaine, and methamphetamine. (erowid.org)
- This route of administration is a major contributing factor to the current epidemic of cocaine and methamphetamine abuse. (erowid.org)
Morphine1
- Other drugs of abuse in this category include methadone, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, fentanyl (China white), and black tar (a potent form of heroin). (medscape.com)
Substance abuse16
- A substance abuse that involves the recurring use of phencyclidine (PCP) drugs despite negative consequences. (cognitiveatlas.org)
- 5. To provide resources for those seeking information about, or struggling with, a substance abuse problem. (nyu.edu)
- New York University's policies on substance abuse and on alcoholic beverages are set out below, along with related information regarding University sanctions for violation of these policies, criminal sanctions for the illegal possession or distribution of drugs and alcohol, the health risks associated with drugs and alcohol, and places to obtain help concerning the use and abuse of alcohol and illicit drugs. (nyu.edu)
- NYU is committed to creating and maintaining a campus environment that is free of alcohol and substance abuse. (nyu.edu)
- Accordingly, the University takes very seriously its obligation to address the issue of all forms of substance abuse. (nyu.edu)
- Do you have a substance abuse issue? (drugabuse.com)
- Our self-assessment may be helpful in recognizing substance abuse in yourself. (drugabuse.com)
- AAC is one of the largest substance abuse treatment providers in the US with facilities coast to coast. (drugabuse.com)
- Substance abuse is a major issue in the United States. (drugabuse.com)
- 10 The Connection Between Mental Health and Substance Abuse Mental illness and drug and alcohol addiction are often closely linked. (drugabuse.com)
- Quick, noteworthy facts about substance abuse and/or mental health topics. (samhsa.gov)
- A single chart that provides a snapshot of select substance abuse and/or mental health topics. (samhsa.gov)
- As with other forms of substance abuse, people sometimes use hallucinogenic drugs with other illicit drugs . (addictionresource.net)
- toms in 22%, with depression signifi- substance abuse. (who.int)
- Physicians in the emergency department (ED) regularly encounter patients seeking treatment for alcohol or substance abuse problems. (medscape.com)
- Data supports the notion that the ED serves an important role in identifying and helping patients with alcohol and substance abuse issues. (medscape.com)
Marijuana1
- Marijuana abuse can be a real problem and knowing what to look for can be vital in finding a person's help for an addiction. (rehabnet.com)
Illicit drug4
- The amount of drug usage is increasing around the globe 3 , and with it grows the number of illicit drug use and drug-abuse-related deaths. (beckmancoulter.com)
- These factors combined make it a frequently abused illicit drug. (healthy.net)
- approximately 20 percent of those in treatment were enrolled mainly for illicit drug abuse, 45 percent for alcohol, and 35 percent for combined alcohol and other drug dependencies (SAMHSA, 1995a). (nationalacademies.org)
- Bey T, Patel A. "Phencyclidine intoxication and adverse effects: a clinical and pharmacological review of an illicit drug" Cal J Emerg Med . (erowid.org)
Hallucinogenic4
- Phencyclidine (PCP) is a Schedule II substance with hallucinogenic effects and the potential for abuse and addiction. (diamondrehabthailand.com)
- Phencyclidine (PCP) is a dissociative hallucinogenic drug that was initially developed as a general anesthetic. (diamondrehabthailand.com)
- But there are many dangers associated with the chronic use and abuse of hallucinogenic drugs. (addictionresource.net)
- Phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust ) is an infamous hallucinogenic sought for its ability to induce the illusion of euphoria, omnipotence, superhuman strength, and social and sexual prowess. (erowid.org)
Immunoassay3
- Some labratories screen for phencyclidine by immunoassay and confirms by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). (healthy.net)
- Previous reports describe false-positive urine immunoassay screens for phencyclidine (PCP) associated with use of tramadol, dextromethorphan, or diphenhydramine. (erowid.org)
- Urine samples were tested for drugs of abuse using the Siemens Syva EMIT II Immunoassay. (erowid.org)
Hallucinogens3
- The National Institute on Drug Abuse has a list of facts about PCP, LSD, and other hallucinogens. (drugabuse.com)
- From classic hallucinogens to modern party drugs, psychedelic drugs have popularly been used and abused from the Summer of Love forward. (addictionresource.net)
- But hallucinogens are largely illegal in the U.S., barring a couple of exceptions, and can be addictive leading to drug abuse and mental repercussions. (addictionresource.net)
Heroin2
- In clinical practice they are used to treat pain (except for heroin), but many people abuse them. (kimrosenthalmd.com)
- Heroin is by far the most commonly abused opiate. (medscape.com)
Widely abused2
- PCP has been illicitly used since the 1960's, but not a widely abused drug until the 1980's when it was placed on cigarettes (Sherms), and smoked. (healthy.net)
- Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic hallucinogen, widely abused for decades, while phencyclidine (PCP) has increased in popularity in recent years, especially among the adolescents. (imi.hr)
Erowid Reference1
- Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 9250 : How often do false-positive phencyclidine urine screens occur with use of common medications? (erowid.org)
Drugs of ab7
- In this model, the signs and symptoms of drugs of abuse ( Figure 1 ) are organized around the activity of six neurotransmitters. (aafp.org)
- As newer drugs of abuse are identified, physicians only need to know the affected neurotransmitter and receptor site to recognize the resultant signs and symptoms. (aafp.org)
- A chronically relapsing disorder, drug addiction is characterized by the compulsive use of addictive substances, despite adverse consequences to the individual and society 1 , making reliable testing for drugs of abuse needed now more than ever. (beckmancoulter.com)
- Meet the testing demands for drugs-of-abuse detection and therapeutic drug monitoring in your laboratory with a comprehensive menu of assays. (beckmancoulter.com)
- Drugs of abuse are generally classified into seven groups (Table 1). (the-medical-dictionary.com)
- Though it may be a new concept to some, the use of hair testing for drugs of abuse was pioneered by Psychemedics Corporation more than 25 years ago. (ohsonline.com)
- This article is an objective review of the side effects and withdrawal symptoms of common drugs of abuse. (kimrosenthalmd.com)
Urine2
- Most of the commonly abused drugs are rapidly excreted from the fluids of the body (blood, saliva, and urine), and this leads to a very short drug detection window. (ohsonline.com)
- The cassettes are intended for the qualitative detection of Drug of Abuse markers and their principal metabolites in human urine at specified cut off level. (trulaboratories.com)
Cytochrome2
- These studies determined the effects of continuous phencyclidine (PCP) administration on cytochrome P 450 2C11 (CYP2C11) function, protein expression and mRNA levels. (aspetjournals.org)
- Phencyclidine (PCP) inactivates the 7-ethoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin O -deethylase activity of P4502B1 in a reconstituted system containing NADPH-cytochrome P450 (P450) reductase (reductase) and l -α-phosphatidylcholine, dilauroyl in a time-, concentration-, and NADPH-dependent manner. (aspetjournals.org)
Assays1
- The report provides five-year volume and sales forecasts for over 100 clinical chemistry, TDM, endocrine, cancer, immunoprotein and abused drug assays performed in hospitals, commercial laboratories, physician offices, and ambulatory care centers, including controls, calibrators and consumables. (reportlinker.com)
Psychosis1
- Possible role of the DA 2 receptor in phencyclidine psychosis. (cigarettesintheusa.com)
Addiction4
- PCP addiction Pennsylvania is caused by the abuse of PCP (phencyclidine). (clearbrookinc.com)
- The abuse of PCP almost certainly leads to PCP addiction. (clearbrookinc.com)
- Does Hallucinogen Abuse Lead To Addiction? (addictionresource.net)
- Like many other forms of drug abuse, hallucinogen drug addiction can lead to withdrawal symptoms when you stop using the drugs. (addictionresource.net)
Opioid1
- Substance use disorders (SUDs), including alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and opioid use disorders, are all recognized patterns of problematic substance dependence and/or abuse included in the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition from 2014. (medscape.com)
Hallucinogen1
- Will Hallucinogen Abuse Lead To Withdrawal Symptoms? (addictionresource.net)
Acute1
- Short-term health effects of phencyclidine (PCP) are the acute effects of this drug. (diamondrehabthailand.com)
National Insti4
- Much of the treatment research was made possible by expansion of research funding by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). (nationalacademies.org)
- A technical review concerning research finding on smoking of abused substances was held by the National Institute on Drug Abuse on November 10, 1988. (erowid.org)
- 1 This work was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse Grant DA 04136, a Research Scientist Development Award (K02 DA 00110) to S.M.O. and a National Research Service Award to S.R.S. (F31 DA 05607). (aspetjournals.org)
- This study was supported in part by Grant CA16954 from the National Cancer Institute (U.S. Public Health Service) (to P.F.H.), by Grant DA04136 (National Institute on Drug Abuse), and by a Research Scientist Development Award K02 DA00110 (to S.M.O. (aspetjournals.org)
Receptor2
- Rather, all known abused drugs affect a limited number of neurotransmitters by agonism or antagonism of a specific receptor site 2 ( Table 1 ) . (aafp.org)
- 5. Carlezon, W.A. Jr. & Wise, R.A. Rewarding actions drug to its receptor, but rather by the rats, treatments associated with aversive of phencyclidine and related drugs in nucleus ac- failure of an expected drug injection to states such as severe drug withdrawal cumbens shell and frontal cortex. (lu.se)
Methods1
- 4. Harwood H. Updating estimates of economic costs of alcohol abuse in the United States: estimates, update methods, and data. (cdc.gov)
Effects3
- The symptomatic effects of drug abuse are a result of alterations in the functioning of the following neurotransmitters or their receptors: acetylcholine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, opioids and serotonin. (aafp.org)
- Long-term phencyclidine effects range from speech difficulties and memory problems to anxiety and depression, social withdrawal, suicidal thoughts, and flashbacks. (diamondrehabthailand.com)
- What are Phencyclidine (PCP) short-term health effects? (diamondrehabthailand.com)
Detection1
- Drug abuse around the world is on the rise and there is a demand for robust drug detection and monitoring solutions throughout institutions globally. (beckmancoulter.com)
Rapidly1
- Phencyclidine is rapidly absorbed from the lung and easily crosses the blood/brain barrier. (healthy.net)
Agitation1
- however, the agitation that some people developed following phencyclidine-induced anesthesia quickly led to its abandonment for this indication. (medscape.com)
Substances of abuse3
- 1. The possession, use and/or distribution of substances of abuse are prohibited on premises owned or controlled by MAHE. (manipal.edu)
- 2. MAHE squads will carry out random checks on students/residential premises for substances of abuse. (manipal.edu)
- 3. Possession, use and/or distribution of substances of abuse will attract appropriate disciplinary action which may include expulsion. (manipal.edu)
Angel1
- Phencyclidine (PCP, Angel Dust) is a cheap and popular drug often concentrated in selected socioeconomic groups. (healthy.net)
Disorders1
- The remainder of the chapter discusses opportunities for future research on medications development, treatment of HIV-infected drug abusers, matching patients to treatment options, treatment of patients with co-occurring psychiatric disorders and drug abuse, and treatment of drug abuse in special populations. (nationalacademies.org)
Adverse2
- This Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) short report looks at the estimated number of emergency room visits for adverse reactions involving involving the prescription sleep qie zolpidem for 2005 through 2010. (samhsa.gov)
- For medications, the report looks at misuse and abuse, adverse reactions, and accidental ingestion of drugs. (samhsa.gov)
Findings2
- "Research Findings on Smoking of Abused Substances" NIDA Research Monographs . (erowid.org)
- This Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) short report summarizes key findings about drug-related emergency department visits between 2004 and 2011. (samhsa.gov)
Characteristics1
- This short report uses data on drug-related emergency department (ED) visits from the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) to examine the trends and characteristics of ED visits involving drug-related suicide attempts among ED patients aged 45-64 in 2011. (samhsa.gov)
Dependence3
- Treatment is clearly indicated for individuals diagnosed with drug dependence, the most serious of the three levels of drug consumption-use, abuse, and dependence (see definitions in Chapter 1 ). (nationalacademies.org)
- A diagnosis of drug abuse may also require treatment, but most clients in treatment have the more serious diagnosis of dependence. (nationalacademies.org)
- Schedule II indicates a substance has a high potential for abuse, with use leading to potentially severe physical and psychological dependence. (diamondrehabthailand.com)
Treatment6
- A biopsychiatric model may assist family physicians in the accurate diagnosis and efficient treatment of drug abuse. (aafp.org)
- Substantial progress has been made in our knowledge of drug abuse treatment. (nationalacademies.org)
- Research has shown that drug abuse treatment is both effective and cost-effective in reducing not only drug consumption but also the associated health and social consequences. (nationalacademies.org)
- This chapter begins with a discussion of the need for treatment and then presents the many accomplishments in drug abuse treatment including the range of treatment options available (e.g., pharmacotherapies and psychosocial treatments), treatment effectiveness, the cost-effectiveness of treatment, and the development of tools and techniques for clinical assessment and diagnostic differentiation. (nationalacademies.org)
- There are many reasons for the inadequate number of clients in treatment, including insufficient public funding for drug abuse treatment, cutbacks in treatment availability in the private sector, an unwillingness of many clients to seek treatment, and the deterrent effect of being placed on a waiting list for treatment (IOM, 1990b). (nationalacademies.org)
- Clearly, the development of varied treatment modalities and interventions discussed below are major accomplishments of drug abuse research. (nationalacademies.org)
Intentional1
- Exposures to illicit or abused drugs in pet animals can be accidental, intentional, or malicious. (merckvetmanual.com)