Influenza-like febrile viral disease caused by several members of the BUNYAVIRIDAE family and transmitted mostly by the bloodsucking sandfly Phlebotomus papatasii.
A genus of PSYCHODIDAE which functions as the vector of a number of pathogenic organisms, including LEISHMANIA DONOVANI; LEISHMANIA TROPICA; Bartonella bacilliformis, and the Pappataci fever virus (SANDFLY FEVER NAPLES VIRUS).
An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.
Small, hairy, moth-like flies which are of considerable public health importance as vectors of certain pathogenic organisms. Important disease-related genera are PHLEBOTOMUS, Lutzomyia, and Sergentomyia.
Insects that transmit infective organisms from one host to another or from an inanimate reservoir to an animate host.
A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) of the Old World. Transmission is by Phlebotomus sandflies.
A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL). Human infections are confined almost entirely to children. This parasite is commonly seen in dogs, other Canidae, and porcupines with humans considered only an accidental host. Transmission is by Phlebotomus sandflies.
A chronic disease caused by LEISHMANIA DONOVANI and transmitted by the bite of several sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia. It is commonly characterized by fever, chills, vomiting, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, leukopenia, hypergammaglobulinemia, emaciation, and an earth-gray color of the skin. The disease is classified into three main types according to geographic distribution: Indian, Mediterranean (or infantile), and African.
An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.
Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
An acute infectious disease caused by COXIELLA BURNETII. It is characterized by a sudden onset of FEVER; HEADACHE; malaise; and weakness. In humans, it is commonly contracted by inhalation of infected dusts derived from infected domestic animals (ANIMALS, DOMESTIC).
The reduction or regulation of the population of noxious, destructive, or dangerous insects through chemical, biological, or other means.
A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and rodents. This taxonomic complex includes species which cause a disease called Oriental sore which is a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS) of the Old World.
A species in the genus PHLEBOVIRUS causing PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER, an influenza-like illness. Related serotypes include Toscana virus and Tehran virus.
A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.
A disease caused by any of a number of species of protozoa in the genus LEISHMANIA. There are four major clinical types of this infection: cutaneous (Old and New World) (LEISHMANIASIS, CUTANEOUS), diffuse cutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, DIFFUSE CUTANEOUS), mucocutaneous (LEISHMANIASIS, MUCOCUTANEOUS), and visceral (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL).
An acute infectious disease primarily of the tropics, caused by a virus and transmitted to man by mosquitoes of the genera Aedes and Haemagogus. The severe form is characterized by fever, HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE, and renal damage.
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.
Any of certain small mammals of the order Hyracoidea.
Proteins and peptides found in SALIVA and the SALIVARY GLANDS. Some salivary proteins such as ALPHA-AMYLASES are enzymes, but their composition varies in different individuals.
Organs and other anatomical structures of non-human vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
A country in northern Africa bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between MOROCCO and TUNISIA. Its capital is Algiers.
A country located in north Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, with a southern border with Western Sahara, eastern border with Algeria. The capital is Rabat.
Fever in which the etiology cannot be ascertained.
A polychlorinated pesticide that is resistant to destruction by light and oxidation. Its unusual stability has resulted in difficulties in residue removal from water, soil, and foodstuffs. This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen: Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A parasitic hemoflagellate of the subgenus Leishmania leishmania that infects man and animals and causes visceral leishmaniasis (LEISHMANIASIS, VISCERAL). The sandfly genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are the vectors.
A genus of flagellate protozoa comprising several species that are pathogenic for humans. Organisms of this genus have an amastigote and a promastigote stage in their life cycles. As a result of enzymatic studies this single genus has been divided into two subgenera: Leishmania leishmania and Leishmania viannia. Species within the Leishmania leishmania subgenus include: L. aethiopica, L. arabica, L. donovani, L. enrietti, L. gerbilli, L. hertigi, L. infantum, L. major, L. mexicana, and L. tropica. The following species are those that compose the Leishmania viannia subgenus: L. braziliensis, L. guyanensis, L. lainsoni, L. naiffi, and L. shawi.
A genus of the family BUNYAVIRIDAE comprising many viruses, most of which are transmitted by Phlebotomus flies and cause PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER. The type species is RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS.
A country in northern Africa between ALGERIA and LIBYA. Its capital is Tunis.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common name of marigold is also used for CALENDULA.
Glands that secrete SALIVA in the MOUTH. There are three pairs of salivary glands (PAROTID GLAND; SUBLINGUAL GLAND; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND).
The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)

Detection of Toscana virus-specific immunoglobulins G and M by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on recombinant viral nucleoprotein. (1/39)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the recombinant Toscana virus nucleoprotein (rN) has been developed. Its sensitivity and specificity for the detection of virus-specific immunoglobulins G and M in human sera were similar to those of the ELISA that is based on an antigen extracted from infected mouse brain and that is routinely used for serodiagnosis.  (+info)

Seroprevalence of West Nile, Rift Valley, and sandfly arboviruses in Hashimiah, Jordan. (2/39)

We conducted a serosurvey among patients of a health center in Hashimiah, a Jordanian town of 30,000 inhabitants located near a wastewater treatment plant and its effluent channel. Serum samples from 261 patients >/=5 years of age were assessed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies against West Nile, sandfly Sicilian, sandfly Naples, and Rift Valley viruses; the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies was 8%, 47%, 30%, and 0%, respectively. Female participants were more likely to have been infected than male. Persons living within 2 km of the treatment plant were more likely to have been infected with West Nile (p=0.016) and sandfly Sicilian (p=0.010) viruses. Raising domestic animals within the house was a risk factor for sandfly Sicilian (p=0.003) but not for sandfly Naples virus (p=0.148). All serum samples were negative for IgM antibodies against the tested viruses. Our study is the first documentation of West Nile and sandfly viruses in Jordan and calls attention to the possible health hazards of living close to wastewater treatment plants and their effluent channels.  (+info)

Encephalitis without meningitis due to sandfly fever virus serotype toscana. (3/39)

The role of Toscana (TOS) virus in producing encephalitis without meningitis is uncertain. We studied 2 cases of TOS virus encephalitis without meningitis by means of nested polymerase chain reaction assay and DNA sequencing. Findings confirm that TOS virus may directly cause encephalitis and suggest the usefulness of DNA sequencing in investigating relationships between TOS virus molecular patterns and the spectrum of neurological involvement.  (+info)

Phylogenetic relationships among members of the genus Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) based on partial M segment sequence analyses. (4/39)

Viruses in the Phlebovirus genus of the family Bunyaviridae cause clinical syndromes ranging from a short, self-limiting febrile illness to fatal haemorrhagic fever. The genus currently consists of 68 antigenically distinct virus serotypes, most of which have not been genetically characterized. RT-PCR with four 'cocktail' primers was performed to amplify a region of the M segment of the genome of 24 phleboviruses included in the sandfly fever Naples, sandfly fever Sicilian and Punta Toro serocomplexes. Partial M segment sequences were successfully obtained and phylogenetic analysis was performed. The three resultant genotypic lineages were consistent with serological data. The sequence divergences were 27.6 % (nucleotide) and 25.7 % (amino acid) within the Sicilian serocomplex, 33.7 % (nucleotide) and 34.4 % (amino acid) within the Naples serocomplex and 35.6 % (nucleotide) and 37.5 % (amino acid) within the Punta Toro serocomplex. Overall, the diversities among viruses of Sicilian, Naples and Punta Toro serocomplexes were 48.2 % and 57.6 % at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively. This high genetic divergence may explain the difficulties in designing a consensus primer pair for the amplification of all the phleboviruses using RT-PCR. It also suggests that infection with one genotype may not completely immunize against infection with all other genotypes in a given serocomplex. These findings have implications for potential vaccine development and may help explain clinical reports of multiple episodes of sandfly fever in the same individual.  (+info)

Serological survey of Toscana virus infections in a high-risk population in Italy. (5/39)

Toscana virus is the most important agent responsible for meningitis in central Italy. We report a serosurveillance study, using an immunoenzymatic assay, of 360 serum samples harvested from a high-risk population occupationally exposed to Toscana virus in two regions of Italy, Tuscany and Piedmont. The results indicates a seroprevalence of Toscana virus of 77.2% in the forestry workers, particularly in the Tuscany region. This fact is strictly correlated with the ecological niches specific for the survival of Toscana virus arthropod vector.  (+info)

Unusual presentation of life-threatening Toscana virus meningoencephalitis. (6/39)

This case report describes a brother and a sister with severe meningoencephalitis caused by Toscana virus (TOSv). The clinical presentation was characterized by stiff neck, deep coma, maculopapular rash, diffuse lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, renal involvement, tendency to bleeding, and diffuse intravascular coagulation. The boy had epididymo-orchitis. Recovery with neurologic sequelae as hydrocephalus was observed. Microbiological diagnosis was obtained by serological tests and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products from the S and M segments was carried out. TOSv may be a causative agent in severe meningoencephalitis.  (+info)

Emergence of Toscana virus in Europe. (7/39)

Toscana virus (TOSV) is an arthropod-borne virus first identified in 1971 from the sandfly Phlebotomus perniciosus in central Italy. Many case reports in travelers and clinical research and epidemiologic studies conducted around the Mediterranean region have shown that TOSV has a tropism for the central nervous system (CNS) and is a major cause of meningitis and encephalitis in countries in which it circulates. In central Italy, TOSV is the most frequent cause of meningitis from May to October, far exceeding enteroviruses. In other northern Mediterranean countries, TOSV is among the 3 most prevalent viruses associated with meningitis during the warm seasons. Therefore, TOSV must be considered an emerging pathogen. Here, we review the epidemiology of TOSV in Europe and determine questions that should be addressed in future studies. Despite increasing evidence of its major role in medicine as an emerging cause of CNS infections, TOSV remains an unstudied pathogen, and few physicians are aware of its potential to cause CNS infections.  (+info)

Toscana virus in Spain. (8/39)

Toscana virus (TOSV, Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) infection is one of the most prevalent arboviruses in Spain. Within the objectives of a multidisciplinary network, a study on the epidemiology of TOSV was conducted in Granada, in southern Spain. The overall seroprevalence rate was 24.9%, significantly increasing with age. TOSV was detected in 3 of 103 sandfly pools by viral culture or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction from a region of the L gene. Nucleotide sequence homology was 99%-100% in TOSV from vectors and patients and 80%-81% compared to the Italian strain ISS Phl.3. Sequencing of the N gene of TOSV isolates from patients and vectors indicated 87%-88% and 100% homology at the nucleotide and amino acid levels, respectively, compared to the Italian strain. These findings demonstrate the circulation of at least 2 different lineages of TOSV in the Mediterranean basin, the Italian lineage and the Spanish lineage.  (+info)

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Phlebotomus Fever" is not a recognized medical term. It seems there might be a misunderstanding or miscommunication.

However, I can provide information on diseases that are transmitted by the Phlebotomus sand fly. One such disease is Sand Fly Fever, also known as Pappataci Fever. It is a viral disease characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain. The disease is usually self-limiting, with symptoms resolving within a week.

If you meant to ask about a different medical term, please provide more details.

"Phlebotomus" is a genus of sandflies, which are small flies that are known to transmit various diseases such as leishmaniasis. These flies are typically found in warm and humid regions around the world, particularly in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The females of this genus feed on the blood of mammals, including humans, for egg production. It is important to note that not all species of Phlebotomus are vectors of disease, but those that are can cause significant public health concerns in affected areas.

Fever, also known as pyrexia or febrile response, is a common medical sign characterized by an elevation in core body temperature above the normal range of 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) due to a dysregulation of the body's thermoregulatory system. It is often a response to an infection, inflammation, or other underlying medical conditions, and it serves as a part of the immune system's effort to combat the invading pathogens or to repair damaged tissues.

Fevers can be classified based on their magnitude:

* Low-grade fever: 37.5-38°C (99.5-100.4°F)
* Moderate fever: 38-39°C (100.4-102.2°F)
* High-grade or severe fever: above 39°C (102.2°F)

It is important to note that a single elevated temperature reading does not necessarily indicate the presence of a fever, as body temperature can fluctuate throughout the day and can be influenced by various factors such as physical activity, environmental conditions, and the menstrual cycle in females. The diagnosis of fever typically requires the confirmation of an elevated core body temperature on at least two occasions or a consistently high temperature over a period of time.

While fevers are generally considered beneficial in fighting off infections and promoting recovery, extremely high temperatures or prolonged febrile states may necessitate medical intervention to prevent potential complications such as dehydration, seizures, or damage to vital organs.

Psychodidae is a family of small, delicate flies known as psychodids or moth flies. The term "psychodidae" itself is the taxonomic name for this group of insects, and it does not have a specific medical definition. However, some species within this family are known to be vectors of various diseases, such as Leishmaniasis, which is transmitted through the bites of infected sandflies (a type of psychodid).

Therefore, in a broader medical context, "psychodidae" may refer to the group of flies that includes potential disease-carrying species. It's important to note that not all psychodids are vectors of diseases, and many species are harmless to humans.

Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.

"Leishmania major" is a species of parasitic protozoan that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, a type of disease transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The organism's life cycle involves two main stages: the promastigote stage, which develops in the sandfly vector and is infective to mammalian hosts; and the amastigote stage, which resides inside host cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, where it replicates.

The disease caused by L. major typically results in skin ulcers or lesions that can take several months to heal and may leave permanent scars. While not usually life-threatening, cutaneous leishmaniasis can cause significant disfigurement and psychological distress, particularly when it affects the face. In addition, people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, may be at risk of developing more severe forms of the disease.

L. major is found primarily in the Old World, including parts of North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. It is transmitted by various species of sandflies belonging to the genus Phlebotomus. Preventive measures include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and reducing outdoor activities during peak sandfly feeding times.

"Leishmania infantum" is a species of protozoan parasite that causes a type of disease known as leishmaniasis. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies, primarily of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World and Lutzomyia in the New World.

The parasite has a complex life cycle, alternating between the sandfly vector and a mammalian host. In the sandfly, it exists as an extracellular flagellated promastigote, while in the mammalian host, it transforms into an intracellular non-flagellated amastigote that multiplies within macrophages.

"Leishmania infantum" is the primary causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Mediterranean basin, parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. VL, also known as kala-azar, is a systemic infection that can affect multiple organs, including the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. Symptoms include fever, weight loss, anemia, and enlargement of the spleen and liver. If left untreated, VL can be fatal.

In addition to VL, "Leishmania infantum" can also cause cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms of leishmaniasis, which are characterized by skin lesions and ulcers, respectively. These forms of the disease are typically less severe than VL but can still result in significant morbidity.

Prevention and control measures for "Leishmania infantum" infection include avoiding sandfly bites through the use of insect repellents, protective clothing, and bed nets, as well as reducing sandfly breeding sites through environmental management. Effective treatment options are available for leishmaniasis, including antimonial drugs, amphotericin B, and miltefosine, among others. However, access to treatment and drug resistance remain significant challenges in many endemic areas.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a systemic protozoan disease caused by the Leishmania donovani complex. It is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and is characterized by fever, weight loss, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. If left untreated, it can be fatal in over 95% of cases within 2 years of onset of symptoms. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies (Phlebotomus spp. or Lutzomyia spp.). The parasites enter the skin and are taken up by macrophages, where they transform into amastigotes and spread to internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Diagnosis is typically made through demonstration of the parasite in tissue samples or through serological tests. Treatment options include antimonial drugs, amphotericin B, miltefosine, and paromomycin. Prevention measures include vector control, early detection and treatment, and protection against sandfly bites.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The disease primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes, causing lesions that can be disfiguring and stigmatizing. There are several clinical forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, including localized, disseminated, and mucocutaneous.

Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of the disease, characterized by the development of one or more nodular or ulcerative lesions at the site of the sandfly bite, typically appearing within a few weeks to several months after exposure. The lesions may vary in size and appearance, ranging from small papules to large plaques or ulcers, and can be painful or pruritic (itchy).

Disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis is a more severe form of the disease, characterized by the widespread dissemination of lesions across the body. This form of the disease typically affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those receiving immunosuppressive therapy.

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis is a rare but severe form of the disease, characterized by the spread of infection from the skin to the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat. This can result in extensive tissue destruction, disfigurement, and functional impairment.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, epidemiological data, and laboratory tests such as parasite detection using microscopy or molecular techniques, or serological tests to detect antibodies against the Leishmania parasites. Treatment options for cutaneous leishmaniasis include systemic or topical medications, such as antimonial drugs, miltefosine, or pentamidine, as well as physical treatments such as cryotherapy or thermotherapy. The choice of treatment depends on various factors, including the species of Leishmania involved, the clinical form of the disease, and the patient's overall health status.

A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.

Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.

Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. It is characterized by acute or chronic flu-like symptoms, pneumonia, and hepatitis. The bacteria are primarily transmitted to humans through inhalation of contaminated dust or aerosols from infected animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Q fever can also be transmitted through consumption of unpasteurized milk or direct contact with infected animals. It is often asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic in animals but can cause severe disease in humans.

The acute form of Q fever typically presents with sudden onset of high fever, severe headache, fatigue, muscle pain, and cough. Some patients may also develop pneumonia or hepatitis. The chronic form of the disease is less common but more serious, often affecting people with compromised immune systems. Chronic Q fever can lead to endocarditis, an infection of the inner lining of the heart, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.

Diagnosis of Q fever typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, serological testing, and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays. Treatment usually involves antibiotics such as doxycycline or fluoroquinolones for several weeks to months, depending on the severity and duration of the illness. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with infected animals, wearing protective clothing and masks when handling animal products, and pasteurizing milk before consumption.

'Insect control' is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, it generally refers to the methods and practices used to manage or reduce the population of insects that can be harmful or disruptive to human health, food supply, or property. This can include various strategies such as chemical pesticides, biological control agents, habitat modification, and other integrated pest management techniques.

In medical terms, 'vector control' is a more relevant concept, which refers to the specific practices used to reduce or prevent the transmission of infectious diseases by insects and other arthropods that act as disease vectors (such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas). Vector control measures may include the use of insecticides, larvicides, biological control agents, environmental management, personal protection methods, and other integrated vector management strategies.

'Leishmania tropica' is a species of parasitic protozoan that causes cutaneous leishmaniasis, a skin infection commonly known as "Old World" or Middle Eastern form of the disease. The parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies, primarily of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World.

The infection often results in skin ulcers, typically on exposed parts of the body such as the face, arms, and legs. These lesions can be disfiguring and may take several months to heal, leaving scars. In some cases, the infection can spread to other parts of the body, leading to more severe forms of the disease.

The incubation period for cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica can range from a few weeks to several months after the sandfly bite. The severity and duration of the disease can vary widely depending on various factors, including the immune status of the infected individual and the specific strain of the parasite.

Preventive measures include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets in areas where sandflies are prevalent. There is no vaccine available for cutaneous leishmaniasis, but several treatment options are available, including topical treatments, intralesional injections, and systemic medications, depending on the severity of the infection and the patient's overall health condition.

Sandfly Fever Naples Virus (SFNV) is an single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and genus Phlebovirus. It is the causative agent of sandfly fever, also known as "pappataci fever," a disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies (Phlebotomus spp.). The virus was first isolated in Naples, Italy, hence its name.

The incubation period for sandfly fever Naples virus infection is typically 3-5 days, after which patients may experience sudden onset of symptoms including high fever, chills, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, and a transient skin rash. The disease is usually self-limiting, with symptoms resolving within 7-10 days, although some cases may be more severe and require hospitalization. There is no specific treatment for sandfly fever Naples virus infection, and management is primarily supportive. Prevention measures include the use of insect repellent and protective clothing to reduce exposure to sandfly bites.

Malathion is a type of organophosphate pesticide that is widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for the control of various insect pests. It works by inhibiting an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase, which leads to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in the synapses, resulting in overstimulation of the nervous system and ultimately death of the insect.

In a medical context, malathion is also used as a topical treatment for head lice infestations. It is available in various forms, such as shampoos, lotions, and sprays, and works by killing the lice and their eggs on contact. However, it is important to follow the instructions carefully when using malathion products to avoid excessive exposure and potential health risks.

Leishmaniasis is a complex of diseases caused by the protozoan parasites of the Leishmania species, which are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The disease presents with a variety of clinical manifestations, depending upon the Leishmania species involved and the host's immune response.

There are three main forms of leishmaniasis: cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), and visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar. CL typically presents with skin ulcers, while MCL is characterized by the destruction of mucous membranes in the nose, mouth, and throat. VL, the most severe form, affects internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, causing symptoms like fever, weight loss, anemia, and enlarged liver and spleen.

Leishmaniasis is prevalent in many tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Asia, Africa, South America, and southern Europe. The prevention strategies include using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and improving housing conditions to minimize exposure to sandflies. Effective treatment options are available for leishmaniasis, depending on the form and severity of the disease, geographical location, and the Leishmania species involved.

Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease that's transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. The "yellow" in the name refers to the jaundice that can occur in some patients, resulting from liver damage caused by the virus. The disease is endemic in tropical regions of Africa and Central and South America.

The yellow fever virus is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus. It's closely related to other mosquito-borne viruses like dengue and Zika. The virus has three distinct geographical variants (West African, East African, and South American), each with different epidemiological patterns and clinical features.

The incubation period for yellow fever is typically 3 to 6 days after infection. The initial symptoms include fever, chills, headache, back pain, myalgia, and fatigue. Most patients recover after this initial phase, but around 15% of those infected enter a more severe phase characterized by high fever, jaundice, abdominal pain, vomiting, bleeding, and often rapid death within 7 to 10 days.

There is no specific treatment for yellow fever, and management is focused on supportive care, including fluid replacement, blood transfusions, and addressing any complications that arise. Prevention relies on vaccination and mosquito control measures. The yellow fever vaccine is safe and highly effective, providing immunity in 95% of those who receive it. A single dose offers lifelong protection in most individuals. Mosquito control efforts, such as reducing breeding sites and using insecticide-treated materials, can help prevent the spread of the virus in affected areas.

Typhoid fever is an acute illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. It is characterized by sustained fever, headache, constipation or diarrhea, rose-colored rash (in some cases), abdominal pain, and weakness. The bacteria are spread through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with an infected person's feces. If left untreated, typhoid fever can lead to severe complications and even be fatal. It is diagnosed through blood, stool, or urine tests and treated with antibiotics. Vaccination is available for prevention.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hyraxes" is not a medical term. Hyraxes are small, mammalian herbivores that belong to the family Procaviidae and order Hyracoidea. They are native to Africa and the Middle East. If you have any questions about animals or a different topic, I'd be happy to try and help with those!

Salivary proteins and peptides refer to the diverse group of molecules that are present in saliva, which is the clear, slightly alkaline fluid produced by the salivary glands in the mouth. These proteins and peptides play a crucial role in maintaining oral health and contributing to various physiological functions.

Some common types of salivary proteins and peptides include:

1. **Mucins**: These are large, heavily glycosylated proteins that give saliva its viscous quality. They help to lubricate the oral cavity, protect the mucosal surfaces, and aid in food bolus formation.
2. **Amylases**: These enzymes break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars, initiating the digestive process even before food reaches the stomach.
3. **Proline-rich proteins (PRPs)**: PRPs contribute to the buffering capacity of saliva and help protect against tooth erosion by forming a protective layer on tooth enamel.
4. **Histatins**: These are small cationic peptides with antimicrobial properties, playing a significant role in maintaining oral microbial homeostasis and preventing dental caries.
5. **Lactoferrin**: An iron-binding protein that exhibits antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory activities, contributing to the overall oral health.
6. **Statherin and Cystatins**: These proteins regulate calcium phosphate precipitation, preventing dental calculus formation and maintaining tooth mineral homeostasis.

Salivary proteins and peptides have attracted significant interest in recent years due to their potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Alterations in the composition of these molecules can provide valuable insights into various oral and systemic diseases, making them promising biomarkers for disease detection and monitoring.

'Animal structures' is a broad term that refers to the various physical parts and organs that make up animals. These structures can include everything from the external features, such as skin, hair, and scales, to the internal organs and systems, such as the heart, lungs, brain, and digestive system.

Animal structures are designed to perform specific functions that enable the animal to survive, grow, and reproduce. For example, the heart pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells, while the lungs facilitate gas exchange between the animal and its environment. The brain serves as the control center of the nervous system, processing sensory information and coordinating motor responses.

Animal structures can be categorized into different systems based on their function, such as the circulatory system, respiratory system, nervous system, digestive system, and reproductive system. Each system is made up of various structures that work together to perform a specific function.

Understanding animal structures and how they function is essential for understanding animal biology and behavior. It also has important implications for human health, as many animals serve as models for studying human disease and developing new treatments.

I believe there might be some confusion in your question. Algeria is a country located in North Africa, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition. If you had intended to ask about a different term, please provide clarification, and I would be happy to help you with that.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Morocco" is not a medical term. It is the constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary national unity government located in North Africa. It has a population of over 33 million and an area of 446,550 km2. The capital city is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Morocco's official languages are Arabic and Berber, with French widely spoken as well.

If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like me to define, please let me know!

Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) is a medical condition defined as a fever that remains undiagnosed after one week of inpatient evaluation or three days of outpatient evaluation, with temperatures repeatedly measuring at or above 38.3°C (101°F). The fevers can be continuous or intermittent and are often associated with symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and general malaise.

The causes of FUO can be broadly categorized into four groups: infections, inflammatory diseases, neoplasms (cancers), and miscellaneous conditions. Infections account for a significant proportion of cases, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Other possible causes include connective tissue disorders, vasculitides, drug reactions, and factitious fever.

The diagnostic approach to FUO involves a thorough history and physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The goal is to identify the underlying cause of the fever and provide appropriate treatment. In some cases, despite extensive evaluation, the cause may remain undiagnosed, and management focuses on supportive care and monitoring for any new symptoms or complications.

DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) is a synthetic insecticide that was widely used in the mid-20th century to control agricultural pests and vector-borne diseases such as malaria. It belongs to a class of chemicals called organochlorines, which are known for their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain.

DDT was first synthesized in 1874, but its insecticidal properties were not discovered until 1939. Its use as an insecticide became widespread during World War II, when it was used to control typhus and malaria-carrying lice and mosquitoes among troops. After the war, DDT was widely adopted for agricultural and public health purposes.

However, concerns about the environmental and human health effects of DDT led to its ban or severe restriction in many countries starting in the 1970s. The United States banned the use of DDT for most purposes in 1972, and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) prohibited its production and use globally in 2004, except in cases where there is a risk of vector-borne diseases.

DDT has been linked to several health problems, including reproductive effects, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. It is also highly persistent in the environment, with a half-life of up to 15 years in soil and up to 30 years in water. This means that DDT can accumulate in the food chain, posing risks to wildlife and humans who consume contaminated food or water.

In summary, DDT is a synthetic insecticide that was widely used in the mid-20th century but has been banned or restricted in many countries due to its environmental and health effects. It belongs to a class of chemicals called organochlorines, which are known for their persistence in the environment and potential for bioaccumulation in the food chain. DDT has been linked to several health problems, including reproductive effects, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine disruption.

'Leishmania donovani' is a species of protozoan parasite that causes a severe form of visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar. This disease primarily affects the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, leading to symptoms such as fever, weight loss, anemia, and enlargement of the spleen and liver. The parasite is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female sandflies. It's worth noting that this organism can also affect dogs and other animals, causing a disease known as canine leishmaniasis.

Leishmania is a genus of protozoan parasites that are the causative agents of Leishmaniasis, a group of diseases with various clinical manifestations. These parasites are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies. The disease has a wide geographic distribution, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of Asia, Africa, South America, and Southern Europe.

The Leishmania species have a complex life cycle that involves two main stages: the promastigote stage, which is found in the sandfly vector, and the amastigote stage, which infects mammalian hosts, including humans. The clinical manifestations of Leishmaniasis depend on the specific Leishmania species and the host's immune response to the infection.

The three main forms of Leishmaniasis are:

1. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL): This form is characterized by skin lesions, such as ulcers or nodules, that can take several months to heal and may leave scars. CL is caused by various Leishmania species, including L. major, L. tropica, and L. aethiopica.

2. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL): Also known as kala-azar, VL affects internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Symptoms include fever, weight loss, anemia, and enlarged liver and spleen. VL is caused by L. donovani, L. infantum, and L. chagasi species.

3. Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (MCL): This form affects the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat, causing destruction of tissues and severe disfigurement. MCL is caused by L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis species.

Prevention and control measures for Leishmaniasis include vector control, early diagnosis and treatment, and protection against sandfly bites through the use of insect repellents and bed nets.

Phlebovirus is a type of virus that belongs to the family Bunyaviridae. These viruses have a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome and are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected insects, such as sandflies or ticks. Some examples of diseases caused by Phleboviruses include sandfly fever, Toscana virus infection, and Rift Valley fever.

The term "Phlebovirus" comes from the Greek word "phleps," which means "vein," reflecting the viruses' tendency to cause febrile illnesses characterized by symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. The virus was first identified in the 1960s and has since been found in many parts of the world, particularly in areas with warm climates where sandflies and ticks are more common.

Phleboviruses have a complex structure, consisting of three segments of RNA enclosed within a lipid membrane derived from the host cell. The viral membrane contains two glycoproteins, Gn and Gc, which are important for attachment to and entry into host cells. Once inside the cell, the virus uses its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to replicate its genome and produce new virions, which can then infect other cells or be transmitted to a new host through the bite of an infected insect.

Prevention and treatment of Phlebovirus infections are focused on avoiding exposure to infected insects and reducing symptoms through supportive care. There are no specific antiviral treatments available for these infections, although research is ongoing to develop effective therapies. Vaccines are also being developed for some Phleboviruses, such as Rift Valley fever, which can cause severe illness and death in humans and animals.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tunisia" is not a medical term. It is actually the name of a country located in North Africa, known for its rich history, beautiful coastline, and vibrant culture. If you have any questions about medical terms or if there's another topic you'd like to know more about, please let me know!

"Tagetes" is a term that refers to a genus of plants commonly known as marigolds. While "Tagetes" itself is not a medical term, some species of these plants have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes. However, it's important to note that the use of Tagetes in this context is not widely accepted or studied in modern evidence-based medicine. Always consult with a healthcare professional before using any plant or herbal remedy for medicinal purposes.

Salivary glands are exocrine glands that produce saliva, which is secreted into the oral cavity to keep the mouth and throat moist, aid in digestion by initiating food breakdown, and help maintain dental health. There are three major pairs of salivary glands: the parotid glands located in the cheeks, the submandibular glands found beneath the jaw, and the sublingual glands situated under the tongue. Additionally, there are numerous minor salivary glands distributed throughout the oral cavity lining. These glands release their secretions through a system of ducts into the mouth.

An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.

Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.

Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.

"Characterization of eight new phlebotomus fever serogroup arboviruses (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) from the Amazon region of ...
The result of many of these viruses are some sort of fever. Pappataci fevers, or Phlebotomus fevers, are mild 3-day fevers that ... Phlebotomus sandflies are the primary sources for dipteran-borne phleboviruses, with Rift Valley fever virus being the ... "Characterization of eight new phlebotomus fever serogroup arboviruses (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) from the Amazon region of ... such as pappataci fever, to encephalitis and fatal viral hemorrhagic fever.[citation needed] Phlebovirus is derived from ...
"Isolation of a virus belonging to the Phlebotomus fever virus group from febrile cases in Aurangabad". The Indian Journal of ... Sandfly fever, an aroboviral disease is known to occur in the arid regions of West Pakistan and Middle East. Its occurrence in ... However, in 1967, the sandfly fever virus was isolated in Aurangabad from febrile cases. The GMC provides residential facility ...
PTV is a member of the phlebotomus fever subgroup of Phleboviruses, and as the name suggests, causes an acute febrile illness. ... Acute febrile illness in humans is characterized by a rapid onset of fever that is often accompanied by secondary symptoms such ...
... phlebotomus and other fevers. In the circumstances that existed, it may well be believed that close clinical observation was ... An outbreak of cerebro-spinal fever was suspected. The arrival of the Malaria Diagnosis Station on October 12 in some measure ... They mainly suffered galls, debility, fever and colic or diarrhoea. After they were treated 904 were returned to service. The ... still having a bad time with fever. 50 prisoners daily...[were]...employed to look after horses and clean up the lines so that ...
3-day fever, and Pappataci fever. Three-day fever was first characterized in the United States when many US soldiers were ... Srinivasan R, Jambulingam P (May 1, 2012). "Morphological and Anatomical Variations Among Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi ... Phlebotomus papatasi are endophilic, opportunistic feeders that do not travel far from their dwellings to eat, as they are very ... Phlebotomus papatasi are common vectors of Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). CL is a health problem in 88 countries, ...
... (also known as Phlebotomus fever and, somewhat confusingly, sandfly fever and three-day fever) is a vector- ... Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus perfiliewi. The sandfly becomes infected when biting an infected ... "Pappataci fever". Retrieved 2009-07-03. Tavana AM. Sandfly fever in the world. Ann Trop Med Public Health 2015;8:83-7 Gratz N.G ... Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers, Insect-borne diseases). ...
... also known as Phlebotomus fever and sandfly fever). He died in Cairo of a brain tumor, and was buried at the Heliopolis War ... and fought a hard war in the desert during which he contracted pappataci fever virus ( ...
... he did important research on role of the body louse for Borrelia recurrentis in relapsing fever (1907-1908) and the role of ... Phlebotomus in the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis (1904-1921). His discoveries also concern veterinary diseases such ...
In Asia, Africa, and Europe, leishmaniasis is spread by sand flies of the genus Phlebotomus; in the Americas, the disease is ... Some sandfly genera of the subfamily Phlebotominae are the primary vectors of leishmaniasis and pappataci fever; both diseases ... Leishmania donovani causes spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. It can be diagnosed through microscopic review ... are confusingly referred to as sandfly fever. ...
... species are also vectors for bartonellosis, verruga peruana, and pappataci fever, an arboviral disease caused by ... Phlebotomus is a genus of "sand flies" in the Diptera family Psychodidae. In the past, they have sometimes been considered to ... In Egypt, two species of medical importance are Phlebotomus papatasii and P. langerni. These flies are short-lived. Females are ... In the Old World, Phlebotomus sand flies are primarily responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis, an important ...
In the Old World, sand flies in the genus Phlebotomus spread leishmaniasis. Phlebotomine females, and only females, suck blood ... bartonellosis and pappataci fever. In the New World, leishmaniasis is spread by sand flies in the genus Lutzomyia, which ... Eocene Phlebotomus Rondani, 1995 & Berté, 1840 (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia) Pintomyia Costa Lima, 1932 Pressatia ...
Toscana virus (TOSV) was first isolated in 1971 from Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus perfiliewi in Monte Argentario ( ... infection may result in Pappataci fever, an illness with mild fever, headache and myalgia. In serious cases that go undiagnosed ... The virus can be transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected sandfly of the genus Phlebotomus. Toscana is not normally ...
The only sandfly fever virus known to be neurotropic is Toscana virus. However, there have been a report of encephalitis and ... The peak incidence occurs in warm months, especially August, when the Phlebotomus papatasi sandfly vectors, which transmit the ... Sandfly fever is a nonfatal influenza-like illness. The incubation period is 3-6 days, and signs and symptoms include high ... It is related to the Naples and Toscana viruses, which also cause sandfly fever. The virus was discovered in Palermo, Sicilia, ...
200,000 estimated cases of yellow fever (with 30,000 deaths) per year. Ross River fever - Vector: Mosquitoes, main vectors ... Leishmaniasis - Vectors: species in the genus Lutzomyia in the New World and Phlebotomus in the Old World. Two million people ... Yellow fever - Principal vectors: Aedes simpsoni, A. africanus, and A. aegypti in Africa, species in genus Haemagogus in South ... Dengue fever - Vectors: Aedes aegypti (main vector) Aedes albopictus (minor vector). 50 million people are infected by dengue ...
Sandfly fever (Pappataci fever, phlebotomus fever) Sealpox Varicella (chickenpox) Variola major (smallpox) Verruca plana (flat ... Trench fever (five-day fever, quintan fever, urban trench fever) Tropical ulcer (Aden ulcer, jungle rot, Malabar ulcer, ... Malta fever, undulant fever) Bubonic plague Bullous impetigo Cat scratch disease (cat scratch fever, English-Wear infection, ... Aeromonas infection African tick bite fever American tick bite fever (Rickettsia parkeri infection) Arcanobacterium ...
... phlebotomus fever MeSH C02.782.147.810 - rift valley fever MeSH C02.782.160.927 - vesicular exanthema of swine MeSH C02.782. ... dengue fever MeSH C02.782.417.214.200 - dengue hemorrhagic fever MeSH C02.782.417.400 - cgi?mode=&term=Hemorrhagic+Fever,+ ... hemorrhagic fever, crimean MeSH C02.782.417.415 - hemorrhagic fever, ebola MeSH C02.782.417.435 - hemorrhagic fever, omsk MeSH ... Fever,+American hemorrhagic fever, american MeSH C02.782.082.545 - lassa fever MeSH C02.782.082.580 - lymphocytic ...
The only way the disease spreads from human to human is by one insect in the region, Phlebotomus argentipes. As of 2009,[update ... Signs and symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, anemia, and substantial swelling of the liver and spleen. People get ... Signs and symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, anemia, and substantial swelling of the liver and spleen.[citation ... In the Indian subcontinent the particular sandfly is Phlebotomus argentipes and it transmits Leishmania donovani. One part of ...
... "black fever", kālā meaning black and āzār meaning fever or disease). In the Americas, evidence of the cutaneous form of the ... Elsewhere in the world, the genus Phlebotomus is considered the vector of leishmaniasis. Some cases of infection of non-human ... The visceral form starts with skin ulcers and later presents with fever, low red blood cell count, and enlarged spleen and ... Other consequences, which can occur a few months to years after infection, include fever, damage to the spleen and liver, and ...
In August 1907 Mackie was sent to investigate an outbreak of relapsing fever that had broken out at a mission settlement in ... He found flagellated forms of the parasite in sand flies of the genus Phlebotomus. The topographical distribution of kala-azar ... During this time, in December 1898, he published his first of some 85 scientific papers, "Notes on a Case of Blackwater Fever" ... F. Percival Mackie, "The Part Played by Pediculus Corporis in the Transmission of Relapsing Fever," Br Med J. 1907 Dec 14; 2( ...
... fever", "kala azar" (black fever), or "Dumdum [a city in West Bengal] fever". The causative parasite for the disease was ... They are spread by sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World, and of the genus Lutzomyia in the New World. At least ... "black fever". Some of these names suggest links to negative cultural beliefs or mythology, which still feed into the social ...
Species of Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia sandflies are notorious as transmitters of species of Leishmania protozoa that cause ... Stomoxys flies transmit the bacterium Eperythrozoon ovis to sheep and this infection may lead to fever and anemia. There is one ... Sheep-keds transmit the bacterium Eperythrozoon ovis to sheep and this infection may cause fever and anemia. They also transmit ... Culex mosquitoes transmit West Nile virus between birds and horses; they transmit Rift Valley fever virus to livestock species ...
Mosquito-borne diseases that are sensitive to climate include malaria, elephantiasis, Rift Valley fever, yellow fever, dengue ... For example, modelling studies have predicted that climate change will increase suitable conditions for Phlebotomus vector ... Dengue fever is an infectious disease caused by dengue viruses known to be in the tropical regions. It is transmitted by the ... Dengue fever is spread by the bite of the female mosquito known as Aedes aegypti. The female mosquito is a highly effective ...
Notes on the Phlebotomus of Panama. (Diptera: Psychodidae). X. P. aragoi, P. barrettoi and two new species. Annals of the ... It was not long until a small outbreak of yellow fever occurred near the Canal Zone. This resulted in a detailed study of ...
... bovine ephemeral fever (C. osystoma and C. nipponesis), Akabane virus, Queensland itch and epizootic hemorrhagic disease. A ... ignacioi Culicoides insignis Culicoides lutzi Culicoides maruim Culicoides paramaruim Subgenus Macfiella Culicoides phlebotomus ...
For example, Japanese encephalitis, Yellow fever, and Dengue fever have FDA-approved vaccines available. Since they are ... Lutzomyia Phlebotomus Blow-flies (as larvae, Calliphoridae) Screw-worm flies (as larvae, Calliphoridae) Hippoboscidae (Keds) ... Headaches, vomiting and a mild fever may also occur. Feeding bites have characteristic patterns and symptoms that reflect ...
Infection is transmitted by species of sandfly belonging to the genus Phlebotomus in Old World and Lutzomyia in New World. The ... L. donovani is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, traditionally known as kala-azar ("black fever", particularly in ... Clinical symptoms include pyrexia (recurring high fever which may be continuous or remittent), enlargement of spleen and liver ... Its acute effects includes nausea, vomiting, rigors, fever, hypertension or hypotension, and hypoxia, and its chronic effect is ...
In 1902, Grassi abandoned his study of malaria and began work on the sandfly responsible for Leishmaniasis (Phlebotomus ... HE TOOK ARMS AGAINST MARSH FEVER/UNSUCCESSFULLY FOUGHT FOR CENTURIES/DIED IN ROME ON 4 MAY 1925/WANTED TO BE BURIED AT ...
Kala-azar (black fever) or visceral leishmaniasis is a deadly parasitic disease in the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe ... with special emphasis on Phlebotomus orientalis." Journal of Vector Ecology 36.s1 (2011): S23-S31. Shaw, J. J., and Ralph ... Kala-azar (black fever) or visceral leishmaniasis is a deadly parasitic disease endemic to the tropics, subtropics, and ... In 1954 Oriedo led a successful government campaign to stem typhoid fever epidemic in present-day Kenya and Uganda. In the ...
The insect vectors are species of sandfly of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World, and of Lutzomyia in the New World. ... Locally, the disease was called kala-azar or black fever, which is the meaning in the Hindustani language. Paniker, C.K. ... Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar (Hindi: kālā āzār, "black sickness") or "black fever", is the most severe ... Assam gave kala-azar one of its common names, Assam fever. Another common name, kala-azar (Hindustani: काला आज़ार (Devanagari) ...
Phlebotomus fever. *Rheumatoid arthritis. *Laboratory error. High or low amounts of individual plasma amino acids must be ... Increased or decreased levels of amino acids in the blood may occur with fevers, inadequate nutrition, and certain medical ...
Phlebotomus Fever. #section tr td {vertical-align:text-top; height:28px;} #isolation tr td {text-align:center;} Section XIII - ...
Phlebotomus Fever. #section tr td {vertical-align:text-top; height:28px;} #isolation tr td {text-align:center;} Section II - ...
Phlebotomus Fever. #section tr td {vertical-align:text-top; height:28px;} #isolation tr td {text-align:center;} Section IV - ...
Experimental Infection of Phlebotomus Papatasi with Sand Fly Fever Sicilian Virus Douglas M. Watts ... Experimental Transmission and Field Isolation Studies Implicating Culex Pipiens as a Vector of Rift Valley Fever Virus in Egypt ...
"Characterization of eight new phlebotomus fever serogroup arboviruses (Bunyaviridae: Phlebovirus) from the Amazon region of ...
Phlebotomus fever DOID:11360 * Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever DOID:12287 * no_name ...
Sandfly fever (pappataci, Phlebotomus, three-day fever). In: Hoff EC, ed. Preventive Medicine in World War II. Vol. 7: ... Phlebotomus (papataci or sandfly) fever: a disease of military importance. JAMA. 1944;125:603-606.. Saidi S, Tesh R, Javadian E ... The epidemiology of Phlebotomus (sandfly) fever. Isr J Med Sci. 1989; 25:214-217.. Tesh RB, Chaniotis BN. Transovarial ... The prevalence of human and animal infection with five phlebotomus fever virus serotypes in Isfahan province. Am J Trop Med Hyg ...
Sandfly fever or phlebotomus fever, also known as pappataci fever, is an interesting disease that causes fever, myalgia, and ... Fever and phlebotomus. Clinical studies on the possible occurrence of phlebotomus fever in North Africa. Bull Soc Pathol Exot ... Isolation of Phlebotomus fever virus from Phlebotomus papatasi and determination of the host ranges of sandflies (Diptera: ... Sandfly fever, also called pappataci fever or three-day fever, is a vector-borne disease and rodents may play a key role in the ...
Oroya Fever and Verruga Peruana - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - ... both Oroya fever and verruga peruana are passed from human to human by the Phlebotomus sandfly. ... Oroya fever Symptoms of Oroya fever include fever and profound anemia, which may be sudden or indolent in onset. The anemia is ... Oroya fever and verruga peruana are infections caused by the gram-negative bacterium Bartonella bacilliformis. Oroya fever ...
... most of which are transmitted by Phlebotomus flies and cause PHLEBOTOMUS FEVER. The type species is RIFT VALLEY FEVER VIRUS. ...
... like West Nile fever, Dengue fever, or Leishmaniases, and to enhanced transmission of borreliosis and tick-borne encephalitis. ... and phlebotomus mosquitos; hard ticks). Global warming may lead to the emergence of diseases which at present are not endemic ... data on the monitoring of the Aedes aegypti in the Information System for Yellow Fever and Dengue Fever (FAD), and population ... Each year, dengue fever incidence in the city of Teresina was higher during the first semester, which is the period of both ...
The Toscana virus infection is characterized by fever, strong headache, and meningitis, or meningoencephalitis. TOSV is the ... and is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted to humans by Phlebotomus spp sandflies. ...
Sandfly Fever Sicilian virus (SFSV) and Toscana virus (TOSV) are two of these viruses commonly transmitted by Phlebotomus ... Seroprevalence of Toscana and sandfly fever Sicilian viruses in humans and livestock animals from western Saudi Arabia. ...
Phlebotomus perniciosus was the main vector of the Tosca virus in the Mediterranean regions such as Italy, France, and Greece. ... In African counties, Aedes species were more important vectors of phleboviruses, especially Rift Valley fever. As these ...
Phlebotomus Fever [C01.925.782.147.700] Phlebotomus Fever * Rift Valley Fever [C01.925.782.147.810] ... This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the ... This is associated with at least four clinical syndromes: HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME caused by viruses of the ...
Phlebotomus Fever. *Rift Valley Fever. *Tick-Borne Diseases. *Yellow Fever. *Encephalitis, Viral ... Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, alterations of mentation, focal neurologic deficits, and COMA. (From Clin ...
Sandfly Fever use Phlebotomus Fever Sandfly fever Naples virus Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus use Phlebovirus ...
Sandfly Fever use Phlebotomus Fever Sandfly fever Naples virus Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus use Phlebovirus ...
Sandfly Fever use Phlebotomus Fever Sandfly fever Naples virus Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus use Phlebovirus ...
Sandfly Fever use Phlebotomus Fever Sandfly fever Naples virus Sandfly Fever Sicilian Virus use Phlebovirus ...
It is also known as three-day fever, phlebotomus fever and sandfly fever. There is no specific treatment. ... Yellow fever. Insects: Mosquitoes. Organism: Virus, Flavivirus. Yellow fever is a haemorrhagic fever that originated in the ... Relapsing fever is characterised by episodes of fever lasting several days followed by a longer fever-free period of about ... Relapsing fever is characterised by episodes of fever lasting several days followed by a longer fever-free period of about ...
It may cause a fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans.. Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus. Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus. Omsk hemorrhagic ... the bite of the sandfly (Phlebotomus papatasi). The virus is endemic in Sicily, Cyprus, and elsewhere in the Mediterranean and ... Colorado tick fever virus. Colorado tick fever virus. Colorado tick fever virus ... It causes fevers, headache, joint and muscle pain, vomiting, and a potentially deadly hemorrhagic fever. It is related to other ...
Trench fever is a nonlethal and self-limiting disease, although relapses and chronic bacteremic states are well known. [3] ... is limited to the Andes Mountains at elevations of 1000-3000 meters because of the habitat of the sand fly Phlebotomus, now ... Trench fever syndrome is found among people with alcoholism and those who are homeless. Persons who are indigent in inner-city ... Trench fever is a self-limited relapsing febrile illness. Affected persons regularly recover, even without treatment. Liver ...
Fever. Although a fever technically is any body temperature above the normal of 98.6 F (37 C), in practice, a person is usually ... Leishmania spreads to people through the bite of over 30 Phlebotomus genus of sand flies. These flies are only up to 2 mm long ... Another type is visceral leishmaniasis (also called kala-azar or dum-dum fever). Parasites infect the tissues of major organs, ... Leishmaniasis is caused by a parasite that spreads to humans through the bite of infected Phlebotomus sand flies and found in ...
First demonstrated experimentally the possibility of transmission of Leishmania brasiliensis by Phlebotomus sp. independently ... With A. M. Costa Lima showed that yellow fever could be transmitted mosquito to mosquito ... With Costa Lima performed studies about behavior of yellow fever virus in mosquito and its transmissibility requirements ... Established the protection test in Rhesus monkeys for diagnosis of yellow fever ...
Phlebotomus FBQ33: The vector for scabies disease is the ____________. Answer: Mite FBQ34: The vector for Enteric infections is ... relapsing fever FBQ28: Cyclops belongs to the order _________. Answer: Crustacea FBQ29: Malaria disease is transmitted by ... Answer: Anopheles mosquito FBQ30: Yellow fever disease is transmitted by____________ Answer: Aedes mosquito FBQ31: ...
Sandfly Fever Viruses. Sandfly fever is a neglected disease since its reporting is not mandatory in Croatia. Due to mild ... Co-circulation of two TOSV lineages (B and C) was detected in Phlebotomus neglectus sandfly pools (Figure 5) [50]. Since TOSV ... Sandfly fever Sicilian virus; SFNV = Sandfly fever Naples virus; TAHV = Tahyna virus; BHAV = Bhanja virus; LCMV = Lymphocytic ... Autochthonous dengue fever in Croatia, August-September 2010. Euro Surveill. 2011, 16, 19805. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] ...
  • Leishmania spreads to people through the bite of over 30 Phlebotomus genus of sand flies. (medicinenet.com)
  • First demonstrated experimentally the possibility of transmission of Leishmania brasiliensis by Phlebotomus sp. (neglectedscience.com)
  • In Central Asian foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniases, mixed infections of Leishmania turanica and L. major have been found in a reservoir host (the great gerbil, Rhombomys opimus) as well as in the sand fly vector Phlebotomus papatasi, but hybrids between these two Leishmania species have never been reported. (palebludata.com)
  • Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus papa- the disease in Lebanon. (who.int)
  • Rubella tasi or Phlebotomus papatasi ). (who.int)
  • The disease is transmitted to humans by bites of the female species of Phlebotomus , which may differ from one country to another. (atmph.org)
  • In African counties, Aedes species were more important vectors of phleboviruses, especially Rift Valley fever. (magiran.com)
  • The transmission of Bartonella species occurs by traumatic contact with infected animals or by vectors like cat fleas or other blood-sucking arthropods (eg, sand fly, Phlebotomus for B bacilliformis ). (medscape.com)
  • with the species of the genus Phlebotomus being the intermediate vector. (vin.com)
  • Different species of Phlebotomus, are proven or probable vectors of canine leishmaniosis in eastern and western Mediterranean Basin and variations also exist in different regions of this area. (vin.com)
  • Toscana virus can present serological cross-reactions with other phleboviruses, particularly those included in the Naples phlebovirus species (sandfly fever Naples virus, Granada virus, and to a lesser extent Arrabida, Balkan, Fermo, Saddaguia viruses) or Punique phlebovirus . (europa.eu)
  • As a putative vector, sand flies of the species Phlebotomus mascittii have been identified. (elanco.com)
  • The Toscana virus (TOSV) belongs to the Phlebovirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family, and is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted to humans by Phlebotomus spp sandflies. (loinc.org)
  • Sandfly Fever Sicilian virus (SFSV) and Toscana virus (TOSV) are two of these viruses commonly transmitted by Phlebotomus sandflies. (bvsalud.org)
  • It is a zoonotic disease transmitted by the bite of bloodsucking Phlebotomus sandflies.1 Reservoirs of the disease are found in wild or semi-domesticated animals including rodents and dogs. (dermatologyadvisor.com)
  • It is a zoonotic disease transmitted by the bite of bloodsucking Phlebotomus sandflies. (dermatologyadvisor.com)
  • The sandfly vector is a 2-mm long, hairy fly of the genus Phlebotomus in the Old World and Lutzomyia in the New World. (aafp.org)
  • Another type is visceral leishmaniasis (also called kala-azar or dum-dum fever ). (medicinenet.com)
  • Visceral leishmaniasis Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is characterized by irregular bouts of fever, substantial weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, and anaemia (which may be serious). (firebaseapp.com)
  • VoteView Results Kala-azar, visceral leishmaniasis, även kallad svartfeber, är en tropisk infektionssjukdom orsakad av en protozo , som överförs genom bett av sandflugan. (firebaseapp.com)
  • 2020-07-21 Visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar ('black fever') is the most serious form, and is generally fatal if untreated. (firebaseapp.com)
  • Clinical and serologic responses of volunteers infected with phlebotomus fever virus (Sicilian type). (health.mil)
  • [4],[5] There are four main serotypes including sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV), sandfly fever Cyprus virus (SFCV), sandfly fever Naples virus (SFNV), and Toscana virus (TOSV). (atmph.org)
  • It is transmitted by phlebotomine female sand flies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia in the old and new world, respectively. (degruyter.com)
  • A parasite that spreads to humans through the bite of infected Phlebotomus sand flies causes leishmaniasis. (medicinenet.com)
  • Serologic evidence of dengue fever among refugees, Hargeyeasa, Somalia. (health.mil)
  • Dengue fever in US military personnel - Republic of the Phillipines. (health.mil)
  • Method: A systematic review of studies published in databases (SciELO, PubMed, MEDLINE, Lilacs) using descriptors related to weather variations and dengue fever in Brazil, published between 1991 to 2010. (researchgate.net)
  • Dengue fever cases, for example, have multiplied 30 times over five decades as urbanisation has spread in developing countries. (rentokil.com)
  • The reinfection in the same area may be seen after 1-2 year(s) but travellers are more susceptible to this infection due to lack of immunity against every sandfly fever serotype. (atmph.org)
  • The Toscana virus infection is characterized by fever, strong headache, and meningitis, or meningoencephalitis. (loinc.org)
  • Visceral leishmaniasis is a systemic infection characterized by fever, weight loss, and hepatosplenomegaly, and it is usually fatal without treatment. (aafp.org)
  • Other consequences, which can occur a few months to years after infection, include fever, damage to the spleen and liver, and anemia. (firebaseapp.com)
  • Oroya fever and verruga peruana are infections caused by the gram-negative bacterium Bartonella bacilliformis . (msdmanuals.com)
  • Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by blood cultures (for Oroya fever) and sometimes by biopsy (for verruga peruana). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Endemic only to the Andes Mountains in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, both Oroya fever and verruga peruana are passed from human to human by the Phlebotomus sandfly. (msdmanuals.com)
  • B bacilliformis causes Oroya fever and verruga peruana. (medscape.com)
  • I believe that sandfly fever has been described well by scientists in different parts of the world because this disease has the same vector as that of Leishmaniasis. (atmph.org)
  • Health researchers expect human leishmaniasis to follow the spread of Phlebotomus flies into regions of increasing warmth and humidity. (medicinenet.com)
  • In World War II, there was a high incidence of leishmaniasis and sandfly fever in troops deployed to the Persian Gulf region. (aafp.org)
  • SFSV, SFNV, and other related viruses cause sandfly fever. (atmph.org)
  • Sandfly fever, also called pappataci fever or three-day fever, is a vector-borne disease and rodents may play a key role in the life cycle of the diseases [Figure 1]. (atmph.org)
  • Pappataci fever occurs in a band around the mediterranean, across the Middle Wast to northern India and Southwest China. (rentokil.com)
  • Symptoms of Oroya fever include fever and profound anemia, which may be sudden or indolent in onset. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Bartonella quintana causes trench fever . (medscape.com)
  • Trench fever syndrome is found among people with alcoholism and those who are homeless. (medscape.com)
  • Some of the most virulent diseases are caused by viruses, e.g., the hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Diagnosis of Oroya fever is confirmed by blood cultures. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Because Oroya fever is often complicated by Salmonella bacteremia, ciprofloxacin with ceftriaxone for 14 days is the treatment of choice. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Burney Ml, Ghafoor A, Saleen M, Webb PA, Casals J. Nosocomial outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Crimean hemorrhagic fever-Congo virus in Pakistan, January 1976. (health.mil)
  • We can find piperazine commercially in pharmacy first instance, followed by fevers, headaches, anemia, the 20th century including. (pgtuniform.com)
  • The Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus , for example, is a prolific breeder in man-made environments and a vector for several diseases including dengue, West Nile fever and Japanese encephalitis. (rentokil.com)
  • Increased or decreased levels of amino acids in the blood may occur with fevers, inadequate nutrition, and certain medical conditions. (medlineplus.gov)
  • [6] The distribution of sandfly fever virus is different in many parts of the world [Figure 2]. (atmph.org)
  • Phlebotomus perniciosus was the main vector of the Tosca virus in the Mediterranean regions such as Italy, France, and Greece. (magiran.com)
  • In 2015 Austria reported its first case of West Nile fever, and it was also reported in Italy, Bulgaria and Romania, Israel and Serbia. (rentokil.com)
  • Eitrem R, Vene S, Niklasson B . Incidence of sandfly fever among Swedish United Nations soldiers during 1985. (health.mil)
  • It is transmitted by female sandfly - Phlebotomus argentipes . (studyiq.com)
  • Female Phlebotomus sp. (plos.org)
  • Further investigations on the pathology and virulence of ecology of sandfly fever are necessary to improve the understanding of this cycle in order to provide adequate preventive measures, and also to improve them. (atmph.org)
  • Congo/Crimean haemorrhagic fever in Iraq: a seroepidemiological survey. (health.mil)
  • The animal reservoir is psamomys obesus, the vector is phlebotomus papattasi sandfly which use the reservoir host burrows as breeding site. (slideserve.com)
  • Sandfly fever remains a significant health problem in many parts of the world (particularly in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, Central Asia, and Europe). (atmph.org)
  • Tavana AM. Sandfly fever in the world. (atmph.org)
  • In PubMed, 156 articles and in Google Scholar, 70,400 articles mentioned the term sandfly fever. (atmph.org)