Abnormal responses to sunlight or artificial light due to extreme reactivity of light-absorbing molecules in tissues. It refers almost exclusively to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn, reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in the absence of photosensitizing factors, and reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases. With restricted reference to skin tissue, it does not include photosensitivity of the eye to light, as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy.
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of FERROCHELATASE (heme synthetase) in both the LIVER and the BONE MARROW, the last enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include mainly neurological symptoms, rarely cutaneous lesions, and elevated levels of protoporphyrin and COPROPORPHYRINS in the feces.
A delayed hypersensitivity involving the reaction between sunlight or other radiant energy source and a chemical substance to which the individual has been previously exposed and sensitized. It manifests as a papulovesicular, eczematous, or exudative dermatitis occurring chiefly on the light-exposed areas of the skin.
A nonimmunologic, chemically induced type of photosensitivity producing a sometimes vesiculating dermatitis. It results in hyperpigmentation and desquamation of the light-exposed areas of the skin.
A subtype of epilepsy characterized by seizures that are consistently provoked by a certain specific stimulus. Auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli as well as the acts of writing, reading, eating, and decision making are examples of events or activities that may induce seizure activity in affected individuals. (From Neurol Clin 1994 Feb;12(1):57-8)
A mitochondrial enzyme found in a wide variety of cells and tissues. It is the final enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Ferrochelatase catalyzes ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX to form protoheme or heme. Deficiency in this enzyme results in ERYTHROPOIETIC PROTOPORPHYRIA.
Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.
A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of LIVER enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME. They are characterized by the accumulation and increased excretion of PORPHYRINS or its precursors. Clinical features include neurological symptoms (PORPHYRIA, ACUTE INTERMITTENT), cutaneous lesions due to photosensitivity (PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA), or both (HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA). Hepatic porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic tissues.
A form of lupus erythematosus in which the skin may be the only organ involved or in which skin involvement precedes the spread into other body systems. It has been classified into three forms - acute (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC with skin lesions), subacute, and chronic (= LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, DISCOID).
Redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries. This condition may result from a variety of causes.
A complex mixture of monomeric and aggregated porphyrins used in the photodynamic therapy of tumors (HEMATOPORPHYRIN PHOTORADIATION). A purified component of this mixture is known as DIHEMATOPORPHYRIN ETHER.
Porphyrins with four methyl, two vinyl, and two propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings. Protoporphyrin IX occurs in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and most of the cytochromes.
Photochemotherapy using visible light, usually red, topically or delivered locally by fiberoptic probe to tissues sensitized with hematoporphyrins.
A name applied to several itchy skin eruptions of unknown cause. The characteristic course is the formation of a dome-shaped papule with a small transient vesicle on top, followed by crusting over or lichenification. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
An autosomal recessive cutaneous porphyria that is due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN DECARBOXYLASE in both the LIVER and the BONE MARROW. Similar to PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA, this disorder is caused by defects in the fifth enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME, but is a homozygous enzyme deficiency with less than 10% of the normal enzyme activity. Cutaneous lesions are severe and mutilating.
The purified component of HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE, it consists of a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins. It is used in photodynamic therapy (HEMATOPORPHYRIN PHOTORADIATION); to treat malignant lesions with visible light and experimentally as an antiviral agent. It is the first drug to be approved in the use of PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY in the United States.
The conversion of absorbed light energy into molecular signals.
A disorder characterized by the onset of myoclonus in adolescence, a marked increase in the incidence of absence seizures (see EPILEPSY, ABSENCE), and generalized major motor seizures (see EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). The myoclonic episodes tend to occur shortly after awakening. Seizures tend to be aggravated by sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption. Hereditary and sporadic forms have been identified. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p323)
A group of compounds containing the porphin structure, four pyrrole rings connected by methine bridges in a cyclic configuration to which a variety of side chains are attached. The nature of the side chain is indicated by a prefix, as uroporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, etc. The porphyrins, in combination with iron, form the heme component in biologically significant compounds such as hemoglobin and myoglobin.
A diverse group of metabolic diseases characterized by errors in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME in the LIVER, the BONE MARROW, or both. They are classified by the deficiency of specific enzymes, the tissue site of enzyme defect, or the clinical features that include neurological (acute) or cutaneous (skin lesions). Porphyrias can be hereditary or acquired as a result of toxicity to the hepatic or erythropoietic marrow tissues.
Photosensitive proteins expressed in the ROD PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are the protein components of rod photoreceptor pigments such as RHODOPSIN.
A syndrome characterized by multiple system abnormalities including DWARFISM; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS; PREMATURE AGING; and HEARING LOSS. It is caused by mutations of a number of autosomal recessive genes encoding proteins that involve transcriptional-coupled DNA REPAIR processes. Cockayne syndrome is classified by the severity and age of onset. Type I (classical; CSA) is early childhood onset in the second year of life; type II (congenital; CSB) is early onset at birth with severe symptoms; type III (xeroderma pigmentosum; XP) is late childhood onset with mild symptoms.
Therapy using oral or topical photosensitizing agents with subsequent exposure to light.
An autosomal recessive porphyria that is due to a deficiency of UROPORPHYRINOGEN III SYNTHASE in the BONE MARROW; also known as congenital erythropoietic porphyria. This disease is characterized by SPLENOMEGALY; ANEMIA; photosensitivity; cutaneous lesions; accumulation of hydroxymethylbilane; and increased excretion of UROPORPHYRINS and COPROPORPHYRINS.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum immediately below the visible range and extending into the x-ray frequencies. The longer wavelengths (near-UV or biotic or vital rays) are necessary for the endogenous synthesis of vitamin D and are also called antirachitic rays; the shorter, ionizing wavelengths (far-UV or abiotic or extravital rays) are viricidal, bactericidal, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and are used as disinfectants.
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms.
An autosomal recessive syndrome occurring principally in females, characterized by the presence of reticulated, atrophic, hyperpigmented, telangiectatic cutaneous plaques, often accompanied by juvenile cataracts, saddle nose, congenital bone defects, disturbances in the growth of HAIR; NAILS; and TEETH; and HYPOGONADISM.
Photosensitive protein complexes of varied light absorption properties which are expressed in the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are OPSINS conjugated with VITAMIN A-based chromophores. Chromophores capture photons of light, leading to the activation of opsins and a biochemical cascade that ultimately excites the photoreceptor cells.
An autosomal dominant porphyria that is due to a deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4) in the LIVER, the seventh enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME. Clinical features include both neurological symptoms and cutaneous lesions. Patients excrete increased levels of porphyrin precursors, COPROPORPHYRINS and protoporphyrinogen.
Blue-light receptors that regulate a range of physiological responses in PLANTS. Examples include: PHOTOTROPISM, light-induced stomatal opening, and CHLOROPLAST movements in response to changes in light intensity.
Specialized cells that detect and transduce light. They are classified into two types based on their light reception structure, the ciliary photoreceptors and the rhabdomeric photoreceptors with MICROVILLI. Ciliary photoreceptor cells use OPSINS that activate a PHOSPHODIESTERASE phosphodiesterase cascade. Rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells use opsins that activate a PHOSPHOLIPASE C cascade.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
Processes and properties of the EYE as a whole or of any of its parts.
A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.
Porphyrins with four acetic acid and four propionic acid side chains attached to the pyrrole rings.
Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.
A chronic form of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, CUTANEOUS) in which the skin lesions mimic those of the systemic form but in which systemic signs are rare. It is characterized by the presence of discoid skin plaques showing varying degrees of edema, erythema, scaliness, follicular plugging, and skin atrophy. Lesions are surrounded by an elevated erythematous border. The condition typically involves the face and scalp, but widespread dissemination may occur.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
A membrane-bound flavoenzyme that catalyzes the oxygen-dependent aromatization of protoporphyrinogen IX (Protogen) to protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX). It is the last enzyme of the common branch of the HEME and CHLOROPHYLL pathways in plants, and is the molecular target of diphenyl ether-type herbicides. VARIEGATE PORPHYRIA is an autosomal dominant disorder associated with deficiency of protoporphyrinogen oxidase.
Diseases of the skin with a genetic component, usually the result of various inborn errors of metabolism.
An enzyme that catalyzes the cyclization of hydroxymethylbilane to yield UROPORPHYRINOGEN III and water. It is the fourth enzyme in the 8-enzyme biosynthetic pathway of HEME, and is encoded by UROS gene. Mutations of UROS gene result in CONGENITAL ERYTHROPOIETIC PORPHYRIA.
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.
Constriction of the pupil in response to light stimulation of the retina. It refers also to any reflex involving the iris, with resultant alteration of the diameter of the pupil. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.
The time period of daily exposure that an organism receives from daylight or artificial light. It is believed that photoperiodic responses may affect the control of energy balance and thermoregulation.

Alterations in the CSB gene in three Italian patients with the severe form of Cockayne syndrome (CS) but without clinical photosensitivity. (1/258)

Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by postnatal growth failure, mental retardation and otherwise clinically heterogeneous features which commonly include cutaneous photosensitivity. Cultured cells from sun-sensitive CS patients are hypersensitive to ultraviolet (UV) light and, following UV irradiation, are unable to restore RNA synthesis rates to normal levels. This has been attributed to a specific deficiency in CS cells in the ability to carry out preferential repair of damage in actively transcribed regions of DNA. We report here a cellular and molecular analysis of three Italian CS patients who were of particular interest because none of them was sun-sensitive, despite showing most of the features of the severe form of CS, including the characteristic cellular sensitivity to UV irradiation. They all were altered in the CSB gene. The genetically related patients CS1PV and CS3PV were homozygous for the C1436T transition resulting in the change Arg453opal. Patient CS2PV was a compound heterozygote for two new causative mutations, insertions of an A at position 1051 and of TGTC at 2053, leading to truncated proteins of 367 and 681 amino acids. These mutations result in severely truncated proteins, as do many of those that we previously identified in several sun-sensitive CS-B patients. These observations confirm that the CSB gene is not essential for viability and cell proliferation, an important issue to be considered in any speculation on the recently proposed additional function of the CSB protein in transcription. Our investigations provide data supporting the notion that other factors, besides the site of the mutation, influence the type and severity of the CS clinical features.  (+info)

Effects of long-term intake of retinol on selected clinical and laboratory indexes. (2/258)

BACKGROUND: Chemopreventive agents developed to be used in a moderate-risk but otherwise healthy population need to be both efficacious and to have minimal adverse effects. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the adverse effects of long-term retinol intake in a skin cancer chemoprevention trial in a large population at moderate risk for skin cancer. DESIGN: Participants (n = 2297) were randomly assigned to receive retinol [7576 retinol equivalents (RE), or 25000 IU] or a placebo daily. The adverse effects of retinol intake were studied by monitoring 14 clinical symptoms and laboratory indexes. The median follow-up time was 3.8 y. RESULTS: No adverse effects concerning the 14 symptoms were observed. Significant differences in alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.0001), triacylglycerol (P < 0.0001), cholesterol (P = 0.04), and HDL (P = 0.01) were observed over time between the 2 groups. After 49 mo of follow-up, alkaline phosphatase was 7% higher, triacylglycerol was 11% higher, cholesterol was 3% higher, and HDL was 1% lower in the retinol group than in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Because a 1% increase in cholesterol concentrations has been reported to be associated with a 2% increase in coronary artery disease risk, long-term ingestion of 7576 RE vitamin A/d should be considered with caution. However, further studies are needed to confirm this finding.  (+info)

Skin toxicity of propranolol in guinea pigs. (3/258)

The skin toxicities of propranolol were studied in guinea pigs. In the primary and cumulative skin irritation studies, the skin reactions and the histopathological changes were observed in all animals treated with propranolol, and those tended to increase with the increase of propranolol dosage. The skin reactions increased with the application times of propranolol up to 7 days in the cumulative skin irritation study. In the skin sensitization, the phototoxicity and the skin photosensitization studies, no skin reactions were observed in any animals used in the studies. These results indicate that propranolol caused skin irritation, but was negative for skin sensitization, phototoxicity and skin photosensitization in guinea pigs.  (+info)

CD11b+ cells and ultraviolet-B-resistant CD1a+ cells in skin of patients with polymorphous light eruption. (4/258)

After ultraviolet exposure Langerhans cells (epidermal CD1a+ cells) disappear from the healthy skin, and CD11b+ macrophage-like cells, which are reported to produce interleukin-10, appear in a matter of days. These phenomena are related to the ultraviolet-induced local suppression of contact hypersensitivity reactions. A defect in this suppression might allow inadvertent immune reactions to develop after ultraviolet (over)exposure; i.e., it could cause ultraviolet-B-induced polymorphous light eruption. In order to test this we first exposed buttock skin of eight healthy volunteers to six minimal erythema doses from Philips TL12 lamps, and indeed observed a dramatic disappearance of CD1a+ cells 48 and 72 h later, at which time the number of CD11b+ cells increased in the dermis, and some occurred in the epidermis. The epidermis thickened and showed large defects, filled by CD11b+ cells, just below the stratum corneum. In 10 patients with polymorphous light eruption (five with a normal minimal erythema dose and five with a low minimal erythema dose) CD1a+ cells were present in the epidermis as well as in the dermis before exposure. Strikingly, these cells were still present in considerable number at 48 and 72 h after exposure to six minimal erythema doses. CD11b+ cells already present in the dermis before ultraviolet exposure, increased after ultraviolet exposure, and subsequently also invaded the epidermis. Despite the six minimal erythema doses, there were no apparent defects in the epidermis of the polymorphous light eruption patients. This deviant early response to ultraviolet radiation is likely to be of direct relevance to the polymorphous light eruption and is perhaps useful as a diagnostic criterion.  (+info)

Evaluation of a new Apo-1/Fas promoter polymorphism in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. (5/258)

OBJECTIVE: We looked for an association between the MvaI polymorphism, a recently reported polymorphism on the promoter of the Apo-1/Fas gene, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. METHODS: Two cohorts of Caucasian RA patients (total number = 185) and one cohort of SLE patients (n = 103) were studied. The MvaI polymorphism was typed by polymerase chain reaction and followed by MvaI digestion and gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: A skewed distribution of MvaI genotypes was found in the first cohort of RA patients (n = 103) compared to the controls, as a result of increased MvaI*2 and decreased MvaI*1 homozygosity. This skewed distribution of genotypes was also observed in RA patients with either early onset of disease or with systemic involvement or progressive disease (assessed by the presence of erosions). The frequency of the MvaI*2 allele was significantly increased in female patients (P = 0.035), patients with extra-articular involvement (P = 0.04) and patients with early onset (P < 0.01), compared to the normals. To confirm these findings, the MvaI polymorphism was also examined in a second cohort of RA patients (n = 82). The results in this cohort did not replicate the associations shown in the first cohort of RA patients. Part of this inconsistency could be attributed to different populations and different parameters collected and analysed. In SLE patients, frequencies of MvaI alleles were not statistically different to the controls. However, MvaI*2 homozygosity was significantly higher in SLE patients with photosensitivity (P = 0.03) or oral ulcers (P = 0.01) than in SLE patients without these features. CONCLUSION: The role of the Apo-1/Fas gene promoter MvaI polymorphism in RA and SLE is unclear and further substantiation in larger patient samples is needed.  (+info)

A newly identified patient with clinical xeroderma pigmentosum phenotype has a non-sense mutation in the DDB2 gene and incomplete repair in (6-4) photoproducts. (6/258)

We report here a patient (Ops1) with clinical photosensitivity, including pigmented or depigmented macules and patches, and multiple skin neoplasias (malignant melanomas, basal cell carcinomas, and squamous cell carcinomas in situ) in sun-exposed areas. These clinical features are reminiscent of xeroderma pigmentosum. As cells from Ops1 showed normal levels in DNA repair synthesis in vivo (unscheduled DNA synthesis and recovery of RNA synthesis after ultraviolet irradiation), we performed a postreplication repair assay and recovery of replicative DNA synthesis after ultraviolet irradiation to investigate if Ops1 cells belonged to a xeroderma pigmentosum variant pattern. Ops1 cells were normal, but there was an incomplete pattern repair in (6-4) photoproducts in contrast to a normal pattern repair in cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers by repair kinetics using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, Ops1 cells were defective in a damage-specific DNA binding protein and carried a non-sense mutation in the DDB2 gene. These results suggest that (i) the DDB2 gene is somewhat related to skin carcinogenesis, photoaging skin, and the removal of (6-4) photoproducts; (ii) although it is believed that cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers are the principal mutagenic lesion and (6-4) photoproducts are less likely to contribute to ultraviolet-induced mutations in mammals, Ops1 is one of the ultraviolet-induced mutagenic models induced by (6-4) photoproducts.  (+info)

Oxidative damage and age-related macular degeneration. (7/258)

This article provides current information on the potential role of oxidation in relation to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The emphasis is placed on the generation of oxidants and free radicals and the protective effects of antioxidants in the outer retina, with specific emphasis on the photoreceptor cells, the retinal pigment epithelium and the choriocapillaris. The starting points include a discussion and a definition of what radicals are, their endogenous sources, how they react, and what damage they may cause. The photoreceptor/pigment epithelium complex is exposed to sunlight, is bathed in a near-arterial level of oxygen, and membranes in this complex contain high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, all considered to be potential factors leading to oxidative damage. Actions of antioxidants such as glutathione, vitamin C, superoxide dismutase, catalase, vitamin E and the carotenoids are discussed in terms of their mechanisms of preventing oxidative damage. The phototoxicity of lipofuscin, a group of complex autofluorescent lipid/protein aggregates that accumulate in the retinal pigment epithelium, is described and evidence is presented suggesting that intracellular lipofuscin is toxic to these cells, thus supporting a role for lipofuscin in aging and AMD. The theory that AMD is primarily due to a photosensitizing injury to the choriocapillaris is evaluated. Results are presented showing that when protoporphyric mice are exposed to blue light there is an induction in the synthesis of Type IV collagen synthesis by the choriocapillary endothelium, which leads to a thickened Bruch's membrane and to the appearance of sub-retinal pigment epithelial fibrillogranular deposits, which are similar to basal laminar deposits. The hypothesis that AMD may result from oxidative injury to the retinal pigment epithelium is further evaluated in experiments designed to test the protective effects of glutathione in preventing damage to cultured human pigment epithelial cells exposed to an oxidant. Experiments designed to increase the concentration of glutathione in pigment epithelial cells using dimethylfumarate, a monofunctional inducer, are described in relation to the ability of these cells to survive an oxidative challenge. While all these models provide undisputed evidence of oxidative damage to the retinal pigment epithelium and the choriocapillaris that is both light- and oxygen-dependent, it nevertheless is still unclear at this time what the precise linkage is between oxidation-induced events and the onset and progression of AMD.  (+info)

UVs syndrome: establishment and characterization of fibroblastic cell lines transformed with simian virus 40 DNA. (8/258)

Ultraviolet-sensitive syndrome (UVsS) is a newly established photosensitive disorder. Patients with UVsS showed mild clinical manifestations similar to classical types of xeroderma pigmentosum, and had biochemical phenotypes of Cockayne syndrome but not those of xeroderma pigmentosum. Fibroblasts from a UVsS patient were treated with simian virus 40 DNA containing the large T antigen with a defective origin of DNA replication to establish a transformed cell line. We obtained two independent transformed cell lines (Kps3SVY and Kps3SVI3) and report their initial characterization. These cells showed the same pattern in variable number of tandem repeat analyses as a primary fibroblast cell strain, Kps3, and retain the UVsS phenotype as demonstrated by increased UV sensitivity (three to four times more sensitive to UV than normal cells) and by reduced recovery of RNA synthesis after UV irradiation (20% - 30% of that of normal cells). These cells, however, showed different phenotypes as regards plating efficiency, doubling time, and transfection efficiency in spite of the fact that the same method was used to transform the cells. Kps3SVY cells were closer in phenotype to Kps3 cells than Kps3SVI3 cells. As a variable number of tandem repeat analyses also showed that Kps3SVI3 cells have lost one of the two alleles in some chromosomes, this may explain the different phenotypes between Kps3SVY and Kps3SVI3 cells. Moreover, these cells were distinct from cells with Cockayne syndrome group A or B. Thus, these cell lines provide the opportunity to conduct transfection studies on cells with the UVsS defect in DNA repair and transcription.  (+info)

Photosensitivity disorders refer to conditions that cause an abnormal reaction to sunlight or artificial light. This reaction can take the form of various skin changes, such as rashes, inflammation, or pigmentation, and in some cases, it can also lead to systemic symptoms like fatigue, fever, or joint pain.

The two main types of photosensitivity disorders are:

1. Phototoxic reactions: These occur when a substance (such as certain medications, chemicals, or plants) absorbs light energy and transfers it to skin cells, causing damage and inflammation. The reaction typically appears within 24 hours of exposure to the light source and can resemble a sunburn.

2. Photoallergic reactions: These occur when the immune system responds to the combination of light and a particular substance, leading to an allergic response. The reaction may not appear until several days after initial exposure and can cause redness, itching, and blistering.

It is important for individuals with photosensitivity disorders to avoid excessive sun exposure, wear protective clothing, and use broad-spectrum sunscreens with a high SPF rating to minimize the risk of phototoxic or photoallergic reactions.

Erythropoietic Protoporphyria (EPP) is a rare inherited disorder of porphyrin metabolism. It results from a deficiency in the ferrochelatase enzyme, which normally catalyzes the insertion of iron into protoporphyrin to form heme. This deficiency leads to an accumulation of protoporphyrin, particularly in red blood cells and plasma.

The accumulated protoporphyrin is sensitive to light, particularly wavelengths between 400-410 nm (blue light). When exposed to this light, the protoporphyrin molecules absorb the light energy and transfer it to molecular oxygen, leading to the formation of highly reactive singlet oxygen. This reaction causes oxidative damage to surrounding tissues, resulting in the symptoms of EPP.

The main symptom is severe, painful burn-like reactions on exposed skin after sunlight exposure, often accompanied by swelling and itching. These symptoms can occur within minutes of sun exposure and can last for several days. Chronic skin changes such as scarring and milia can also occur over time.

EPP is usually diagnosed through the measurement of porphyrins in the blood or stool, and genetic testing can confirm the diagnosis. Treatment typically involves avoiding sunlight exposure, using sun protection measures, and in some cases, oral beta-carotene or cysteine supplements to reduce symptoms. In severe cases, heme arginate or afamelanotide may be used.

Photoallergic dermatitis is a type of contact dermatitis that occurs as a result of an allergic reaction to a substance after it has been exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. This means that when the substance (allergen) comes into contact with the skin and is then exposed to UV light, usually from the sun, an immune response is triggered, leading to an inflammatory reaction in the skin.

The symptoms of photoallergic dermatitis include redness, swelling, itching, and blistering or crusting of the skin. These symptoms typically appear within 24-72 hours after exposure to the allergen and UV light. The rash can occur anywhere on the body but is most commonly found in areas that have been exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, arms, and hands.

Common allergens that can cause photoallergic dermatitis include certain medications, fragrances, sunscreens, and topical skin products. Once a person has become sensitized to a particular allergen, even small amounts of it can trigger a reaction when exposed to UV light.

Prevention measures for photoallergic dermatitis include avoiding known allergens, wearing protective clothing, and using broad-spectrum sunscreens that protect against both UVA and UVB rays. If a reaction does occur, topical corticosteroids or oral antihistamines may be prescribed to help relieve symptoms.

Phototoxic dermatitis is a skin reaction that occurs when certain chemicals (known as photosensitizers) in a substance come into contact with the skin and then are exposed to sunlight or artificial UV light. This results in an exaggerated sunburn-like reaction, characterized by redness, swelling, itching, and sometimes blistering of the skin. The reaction usually occurs within a few hours to a couple of days after exposure to the offending agent and light. Common causes include certain medications, essential oils, fragrances, and plants like limes, celery, and parsley. Once the irritant is no longer in contact with the skin and sun exposure is avoided, the symptoms typically resolve within a week or two. Prevention includes avoiding the offending agent and protecting the skin from sunlight through the use of clothing, hats, and broad-spectrum sunscreens.

Reflex epilepsy is a type of epilepsy in which seizures are consistently triggered by specific, recurring sensory stimuli. These triggers can vary widely and may include visual patterns, flashes of light, touch, sound, or even emotional experiences. When the brain receives input from these triggers, it responds with an abnormal electrical discharge that can lead to a seizure.

Reflex epilepsy is relatively rare, accounting for only about 5-10% of all epilepsy cases. It's important to note that not everyone who experiences seizures in response to these triggers has reflex epilepsy; the defining characteristic of this condition is the consistent and reproducible nature of the seizure response to a specific stimulus.

There are several different types of reflex epilepsy, each characterized by its own unique set of triggers. For example, some people with this condition may experience seizures in response to visual patterns or flashes of light (known as photosensitive epilepsy), while others may have seizures triggered by certain sounds or tactile sensations.

Treatment for reflex epilepsy typically involves identifying and avoiding triggers whenever possible, as well as using medication to control seizures. In some cases, surgery may be recommended to remove the specific area of the brain that is responsible for the abnormal electrical activity. With proper treatment and management, many people with reflex epilepsy are able to lead full and active lives.

Ferrochelatase is a medical/biochemical term that refers to an enzyme called Fe-chelatase or heme synthase. This enzyme plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a vital component of hemoglobin, cytochromes, and other important biological molecules.

Ferrochelatase functions by catalyzing the insertion of ferrous iron (Fe2+) into protoporphyrin IX, the final step in heme biosynthesis. This enzyme is located within the inner mitochondrial membrane of cells and is widely expressed in various tissues, with particularly high levels found in erythroid precursor cells, liver, and brain.

Defects or mutations in the ferrochelatase gene can lead to a rare genetic disorder called erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), which is characterized by an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in red blood cells, plasma, and other tissues. This accumulation results in photosensitivity, skin lesions, and potential complications such as liver dysfunction and gallstones.

Hematoporphyrins are porphyrin derivatives that contain iron and are found in hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. Specifically, hematoporphyrin is a complex organic compound with the chemical formula C34H32N4O4Fe. It is a reddish-brown powder that is soluble in alcohol and ether but insoluble in water.

Hematoporphyrins have been studied for their potential use in photodynamic therapy, which involves using light to activate a photosensitizing agent like hematoporphyrin to destroy cancer cells. However, other porphyrin derivatives such as Photofrin are more commonly used in clinical practice due to their superior properties and safety profile.

In the context of medical terminology, "light" doesn't have a specific or standardized definition on its own. However, it can be used in various medical terms and phrases. For example, it could refer to:

1. Visible light: The range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye, typically between wavelengths of 400-700 nanometers. This is relevant in fields such as ophthalmology and optometry.
2. Therapeutic use of light: In some therapies, light is used to treat certain conditions. An example is phototherapy, which uses various wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) or visible light for conditions like newborn jaundice, skin disorders, or seasonal affective disorder.
3. Light anesthesia: A state of reduced consciousness in which the patient remains responsive to verbal commands and physical stimulation. This is different from general anesthesia where the patient is completely unconscious.
4. Pain relief using light: Certain devices like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units have a 'light' setting, indicating lower intensity or frequency of electrical impulses used for pain management.

Without more context, it's hard to provide a precise medical definition of 'light'.

Hepatic porphyrias are a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the production of heme in the liver. Heme is a crucial component of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. In hepatic porphyrias, there is a buildup of porphyrins or porphyrin precursors, which are toxic and can cause a variety of symptoms.

The four types of hepatic porphyrias are:

1. Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP): This is the most common type of hepatic porphyria. It is characterized by attacks of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and neurological symptoms such as muscle weakness, seizures, and mental changes.
2. Variegate Porphyria (VP): This type of porphyria is more common in South Africa but can occur worldwide. It is characterized by skin symptoms such as blistering and scarring after exposure to sunlight, as well as acute attacks similar to those seen in AIP.
3. Hereditary Coproporphyria (HCP): This type of porphyria is similar to VP, but the symptoms are usually less severe. It can cause both skin symptoms and acute attacks.
4. ALA Dehydratase Deficiency Porphyria (ADDP): This is the rarest type of hepatic porphyria. It is characterized by severe neurological symptoms and is often diagnosed in infancy or early childhood.

The diagnosis of hepatic porphyrias typically involves measuring the levels of porphyrins and their precursors in the urine, blood, or stool during an attack or between attacks. Treatment may include avoiding trigger factors such as certain medications, alcohol, and smoking, as well as providing supportive care during acute attacks. In some cases, medication to reduce porphyrin production or prevent attacks may be necessary.

Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CLE) is a skin manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease, but it can also occur without systemic involvement. It is characterized by various skin lesions that differ in appearance and distribution. The three main subtypes of CLE are:

1. Acute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (ACLE): This form is typically associated with SLE and is characterized by a classic malar or "butterfly" rash on the face, which is often photosensitive and can be accompanied by discoid lesions. The rash may also appear on other sun-exposed areas of the body.

2. Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CCLE): This subtype includes Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) and other less common forms such as lupus panniculitis and chilblain lupus. DLE is characterized by well-circumscribed, erythematous, scaly plaques that can cause scarring and pigmentation changes, often found on the face, scalp, and ears. Lupus panniculitis presents as deep subcutaneous nodules or indurated plaques, typically located on the trunk and proximal extremities. Chilblain lupus is characterized by violaceous, tender, and swollen lesions on acral areas, often triggered by cold exposure.

3. Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (SCLE): This form of CLE presents as non-scarring, papulosquamous or annular polycyclic rashes, often located on the trunk and proximal extremities. The lesions are typically photosensitive and may appear in patients with SLE or those with isolated cutaneous disease.

The diagnosis of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus is based on clinical presentation, histopathological findings, and sometimes direct immunofluorescence. Treatment depends on the severity and extent of skin involvement and may include topical therapies, antimalarials, corticosteroids, immunomodulatory agents, or photoprotection measures.

Erythema is a term used in medicine to describe redness of the skin, which occurs as a result of increased blood flow in the superficial capillaries. This redness can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, infection, trauma, or exposure to heat, cold, or ultraviolet radiation. In some cases, erythema may also be accompanied by other symptoms such as swelling, warmth, pain, or itching. It is a common finding in many medical conditions and can vary in severity from mild to severe.

Hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) is not a medical term per se, but rather a historical term used in the field of oncology to describe a mixture of porphyrin derivatives. HPD was initially developed as a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT), a type of cancer treatment that uses light to activate a chemical, which then reacts with oxygen to kill nearby cells.

HPD is derived from hematoporphyrin, a naturally occurring porphyrin found in small amounts in blood. The derivative is created through a series of chemical reactions that result in a mixture of monomeric and dimeric porphyrins. These compounds have the ability to accumulate in cancer cells, making them more sensitive to light-induced damage during PDT.

Although HPD was an important early photosensitizer in the development of PDT, it has largely been replaced by more efficient and specific agents, such as Photofrin and temoporfin. Nonetheless, the concept and principles behind HPD's use in PDT remain relevant to the ongoing research and clinical application of this promising cancer treatment modality.

Protoporphyrins are organic compounds that are the immediate precursors to heme in the porphyrin synthesis pathway. They are composed of a porphyrin ring, which is a large, complex ring made up of four pyrrole rings joined together, with an acetate and a propionate side chain at each pyrrole. Protoporphyrins are commonly found in nature and are important components of many biological systems, including hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body.

There are several different types of protoporphyrins, including protoporphyrin IX, which is the most common form found in humans and other animals. Protoporphyrins can be measured in the blood or other tissues as a way to diagnose or monitor certain medical conditions, such as lead poisoning or porphyrias, which are rare genetic disorders that affect the production of heme. Elevated levels of protoporphyrins in the blood or tissues can indicate the presence of these conditions and may require further evaluation and treatment.

Hematoporphyrin photoradiation is not a widely recognized medical term, but I believe you may be referring to "PhotoDynamic Therapy (PDT) using Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HpD)." Here's the definition:

PhotoDynamic Therapy (PDT) using Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HpD) is a medical procedure that involves the use of a photosensitizing agent, such as Hematoporphyrin Derivative (HpD), and light to treat various types of cancer and other diseases. The process begins with the administration of the photosensitizer, which accumulates in malignant cells more than in normal cells. After some time, the treatment site is exposed to a specific wavelength of light that activates the photosensitizer, causing it to produce a form of oxygen that kills the cancerous cells. This procedure can be used alone or in combination with other therapies for treating various types of cancer, such as skin, lung, and bladder cancer.

Prurigo is a dermatological condition characterized by the development of persistent, itchy papules (small, solid, raised bumps) on the skin. These lesions often result in scratching or rubbing, which can further exacerbate the itching and lead to the formation of new papules. The exact cause of prurigo is not well understood, but it may be associated with various underlying conditions such as atopic dermatitis, diabetes, HIV infection, or chronic renal failure.

There are two main types of prurigo: acute and chronic. Acute prurigo typically lasts for less than six months and is often triggered by an insect bite, drug reaction, or other short-term factors. Chronic prurigo, on the other hand, can persist for years and may be more resistant to treatment.

Prurigo can significantly affect a person's quality of life due to constant itching, discomfort, and potential sleep disturbances. Dermatological evaluation, identification of underlying causes, and appropriate management strategies are essential in addressing this condition effectively.

Hepatoerythropoietic porphyria (HEP) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that affects the production of heme, a component in hemoglobin. It is a subtype of porphyria known as "erythropoietic porphyria," which primarily affects the bone marrow and erythroid cells.

In HEP, there are deficiencies in the activity of two enzymes involved in heme biosynthesis: uroporphyrinogen III synthase (UROS) and coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX). This double enzyme deficiency leads to the accumulation of porphyrin precursors, particularly uroporphyrinogen I and coproporphyrinogen I, in erythrocytes, plasma, and tissues.

The main clinical manifestations of HEP include severe cutaneous photosensitivity, blistering, scarring, and hypertrichosis (excessive hair growth) on sun-exposed areas. Other features may include hemolytic anemia, splenomegaly, and liver dysfunction. The condition typically presents in infancy or early childhood, and it can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality if not properly managed.

Diagnosis of HEP is based on the detection of elevated levels of porphyrin precursors in plasma, erythrocytes, and stool, as well as genetic testing to confirm mutations in the UROS and CPOX genes. Treatment involves avoidance of sunlight exposure, use of sun-protective measures, and management of anemia with blood transfusions or other therapies. In some cases, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may be considered as a curative treatment option.

Dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE) is a photosensitizing agent used in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of various types of cancer. It is a porphyrin derivative that is selectively taken up by cancer cells, and when activated by light of a specific wavelength, it produces singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species that can destroy the cancer cells.

DHE is typically administered intravenously and then followed by exposure to laser light at a wavelength of 652 nm. The therapy has been used to treat various types of cancer including skin, lung, bladder, and brain tumors. However, it should be noted that the use of DHE and other photosensitizing agents in photodynamic therapy is still considered experimental and further research is needed to establish its safety and efficacy.

Light signal transduction is a biological process that refers to the way in which cells convert light signals into chemical or electrical responses. This process typically involves several components, including a light-sensitive receptor (such as a photopigment), a signaling molecule (like a G-protein or calcium ion), and an effector protein that triggers a downstream response.

In the visual system, for example, light enters the eye and activates photoreceptor cells in the retina. These cells contain a light-sensitive pigment called rhodopsin, which undergoes a chemical change when struck by a photon of light. This change triggers a cascade of signaling events that ultimately lead to the transmission of visual information to the brain.

Light signal transduction is also involved in other biological processes, such as the regulation of circadian rhythms and the synthesis of vitamin D. In these cases, specialized cells contain light-sensitive receptors that allow them to detect changes in ambient light levels and adjust their physiology accordingly.

Overall, light signal transduction is a critical mechanism by which organisms are able to sense and respond to their environment.

Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME) is a genetic condition that is characterized by the occurrence of myoclonic seizures, which are sudden, brief, shock-like jerks of muscles typically occurring in the arms and legs. These seizures usually begin in adolescence or early adulthood, between 12 to 18 years of age.

JME is a type of generalized epilepsy, meaning that it involves abnormal electrical activity throughout the brain rather than just one area. In addition to myoclonic seizures, individuals with JME may also experience absence seizures (brief periods of staring and unresponsiveness) and/or tonic-clonic seizures (generalized convulsions).

The condition is often inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the gene mutation from a parent with JME. However, not all cases are familial, and some may result from new genetic changes (mutations) that occur spontaneously.

JME is typically treated with anticonvulsant medications such as valproate or lamotrigine to control seizures. Lifestyle modifications, including avoiding sleep deprivation, stress, and excessive alcohol consumption, may also help reduce the frequency of seizures. With appropriate treatment, most individuals with JME can lead normal or near-normal lives.

Porphyrins are complex organic compounds that contain four pyrrole rings joined together by methine bridges (=CH-). They play a crucial role in the biochemistry of many organisms, as they form the core structure of various heme proteins and other metalloproteins. Some examples of these proteins include hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and catalases, which are involved in essential processes such as oxygen transport, electron transfer, and oxidative metabolism.

In the human body, porphyrins are synthesized through a series of enzymatic reactions known as the heme biosynthesis pathway. Disruptions in this pathway can lead to an accumulation of porphyrins or their precursors, resulting in various medical conditions called porphyrias. These disorders can manifest as neurological symptoms, skin lesions, and gastrointestinal issues, depending on the specific type of porphyria and the site of enzyme deficiency.

It is important to note that while porphyrins are essential for life, their accumulation in excessive amounts or at inappropriate locations can result in pathological conditions. Therefore, understanding the regulation and function of porphyrin metabolism is crucial for diagnosing and managing porphyrias and other related disorders.

Porphyrias are a group of rare genetic disorders that affect the production of heme, a component in hemoglobin that carries oxygen in the blood. The diseases are caused by mutations in the genes involved in the production of heme, leading to the buildup of porphyrins or their precursors in the body. These substances can be toxic and can cause various symptoms depending on the specific type of porphyria. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, neurological problems, and skin issues. Porphyrias are typically divided into two categories: acute porphyrias, which affect the nervous system, and cutaneous porphyrias, which primarily affect the skin.

Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a light-sensitive protein found in the rods of the eye's retina. It is a type of opsin, a class of proteins that are activated by light and play a crucial role in vision. Rhodopsin is composed of two parts: an apoprotein called opsin and a chromophore called 11-cis-retinal. When light hits the retina, it changes the shape of the 11-cis-retinal, which in turn activates the rhodopsin protein. This activation triggers a series of chemical reactions that ultimately lead to the transmission of a visual signal to the brain. Rhodopsin is highly sensitive to light and allows for vision in low-light conditions.

Cockayne Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that affects the body's ability to repair DNA. It is characterized by progressive growth failure, neurological abnormalities, and premature aging. The syndrome is typically diagnosed in childhood and is often associated with photosensitivity, meaning that affected individuals are unusually sensitive to sunlight.

Cockayne Syndrome is caused by mutations in either the ERCC6 or ERCC8 gene, which are involved in the repair of damaged DNA. There are two types of Cockayne Syndrome: Type I and Type II. Type I is the more common form and is characterized by normal development during the first year of life followed by progressive growth failure, neurological abnormalities, and premature aging. Type II is a more severe form that is apparent at birth or within the first few months of life and is associated with severe developmental delays, intellectual disability, and early death.

There is no cure for Cockayne Syndrome, and treatment is focused on managing symptoms and improving quality of life. This may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and special education services. In some cases, medications may be used to treat specific symptoms such as seizures or gastrointestinal problems.

Photochemotherapy is a medical treatment that combines the use of drugs and light to treat various skin conditions. The most common type of photochemotherapy is PUVA (Psoralen + UVA), where the patient takes a photosensitizing medication called psoralen, followed by exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) light.

The psoralen makes the skin more sensitive to the UVA light, which helps to reduce inflammation and suppress the overactive immune response that contributes to many skin conditions. This therapy is often used to treat severe cases of psoriasis, eczema, and mycosis fungoides (a type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma). It's important to note that photochemotherapy can increase the risk of skin cancer and cataracts, so it should only be administered under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.

Erythropoietic Porphyria (EP) is a rare inherited disorder of the heme biosynthesis pathway, specifically caused by a deficiency of the enzyme uroporphyrinogen III synthase. This results in the accumulation of porphyrin precursors, particularly uroporphyrin I and coproporphyrin I, in erythrocytes (red blood cells), bone marrow, and other tissues. The accumulation of these porphyrins leads to photosensitivity, hemolysis, and iron overload.

The symptoms of EP typically appear in childhood or early adulthood and include severe skin fragility and blistering, particularly on sun-exposed areas, which can result in scarring, disfigurement, and increased susceptibility to infection. Other features may include anemia due to hemolysis, iron overload, and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen).

The diagnosis of EP is based on clinical symptoms, laboratory tests measuring porphyrin levels in blood and urine, and genetic testing to confirm the presence of pathogenic variants in the UROS gene. Treatment for EP includes avoidance of sunlight exposure, use of sun-protective measures, and management of anemia with blood transfusions or erythropoietin injections. In some cases, bone marrow transplantation may be considered as a curative treatment option.

According to the medical definition, ultraviolet (UV) rays are invisible radiations that fall in the range of the electromagnetic spectrum between 100-400 nanometers. UV rays are further divided into three categories: UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm), and UVC (100-280 nm).

UV rays have various sources, including the sun and artificial sources like tanning beds. Prolonged exposure to UV rays can cause damage to the skin, leading to premature aging, eye damage, and an increased risk of skin cancer. UVA rays penetrate deeper into the skin and are associated with skin aging, while UVB rays primarily affect the outer layer of the skin and are linked to sunburns and skin cancer. UVC rays are the most harmful but fortunately, they are absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere and do not reach the surface.

Healthcare professionals recommend limiting exposure to UV rays, wearing protective clothing, using broad-spectrum sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30, and avoiding tanning beds to reduce the risk of UV-related health problems.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

Photosensitizing agents are substances that, when exposed to light, particularly ultraviolet or visible light, can cause chemical reactions leading to the production of reactive oxygen species. These reactive oxygen species can interact with biological tissues, leading to damage and a variety of phototoxic or photoallergic adverse effects.

Photosensitizing agents are used in various medical fields, including dermatology and oncology. In dermatology, they are often used in the treatment of conditions such as psoriasis and eczema, where a photosensitizer is applied to the skin and then activated with light to reduce inflammation and slow the growth of skin cells.

In oncology, photosensitizing agents are used in photodynamic therapy (PDT), a type of cancer treatment that involves administering a photosensitizer, allowing it to accumulate in cancer cells, and then exposing the area to light. The light activates the photosensitizer, which produces reactive oxygen species that damage the cancer cells, leading to their death.

Examples of photosensitizing agents include porphyrins, chlorophyll derivatives, and certain antibiotics such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the potential for photosensitivity when prescribing these medications and to inform patients of the risks associated with exposure to light.

Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the triad of poikiloderma, juvenile cataracts, and skeletal abnormalities. Poikiloderma is a skin condition that involves changes in coloration, including redness, brownish pigmentation, and telangiectasia (dilation of small blood vessels), as well as atrophy (wasting) of the skin.

The syndrome is caused by mutations in the RECQL4 gene, which plays a role in DNA repair. RTS has an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent, to develop the condition.

Individuals with RTS may also experience other symptoms, such as sparse hair, short stature, small hands and feet, missing teeth, and a predisposition to developing certain types of cancer, particularly osteosarcoma (a type of bone cancer). The severity of the condition can vary widely among individuals.

RTS is typically diagnosed based on clinical features and genetic testing. Treatment is focused on managing the symptoms of the condition and may include measures such as sun protection to prevent skin damage, eye exams to monitor for cataracts, and regular cancer screenings.

Retinal pigments refer to the light-sensitive chemicals found in the retina, specifically within the photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. The main types of retinal pigments are rhodopsin (also known as visual purple) in rods and iodopsins in cones. These pigments play a crucial role in the process of vision by absorbing light and initiating a series of chemical reactions that ultimately trigger nerve impulses, which are then transmitted to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Rhodopsin is more sensitive to lower light levels and is responsible for night vision, while iodopsins are sensitive to specific wavelengths of light and contribute to color vision.

Variegate Porphyria (VP) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder that affects the production of heme, a component in hemoglobin. It is one of the types of porphyrias, which are caused by genetic mutations that result in deficiencies of enzymes needed to synthesize heme.

In variegate porphyria, the deficient enzyme is protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPOX). This leads to the accumulation of porphyrins and their precursors, particularly coproporphyrin III and protoporphyrin, in the body. These substances can cause neurological symptoms when they are excreted in urine and exposed to light.

Variegate porphyria is characterized by both cutaneous (skin) and neurovisceral (neurological) manifestations. Cutaneous symptoms include skin sensitivity to sunlight, blistering, scarring, and fragility. Neurovisceral symptoms can include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, muscle weakness, seizures, and mental changes such as anxiety, hallucinations, or confusion.

The severity of variegate porphyria can vary widely between individuals, even among family members who carry the same genetic mutation. Symptoms may be triggered by certain medications, hormonal changes, alcohol consumption, infections, or other factors that increase heme synthesis. Diagnosis typically involves measuring porphyrin levels in blood and urine, as well as genetic testing for the PPOX gene mutation. Treatment usually focuses on managing symptoms, avoiding triggers, and providing supportive care during acute attacks.

Phototropins are a type of photoreceptor protein found in plants that play a crucial role in the perception and response to light. They are responsible for mediating phototropism, which is the growth movement of a plant in response to a unidirectional light source. This process allows the plant to optimize its exposure to sunlight for photosynthesis.

Phototropins contain two flavin-binding domains called LOV (Light, Oxygen, or Voltage) domains that absorb blue light at around 450 nm wavelength. Upon absorption of light, a conformational change occurs in the phototropin protein, leading to activation of downstream signaling pathways involved in various light-dependent responses such as chloroplast movement, leaf expansion, and stomatal opening.

Overall, phototropins are essential for plants' ability to sense and adapt to their light environment, which is critical for their growth, development, and survival.

Photoreceptor cells are specialized neurons in the retina of the eye that convert light into electrical signals. These cells consist of two types: rods and cones. Rods are responsible for vision at low light levels and provide black-and-white, peripheral, and motion sensitivity. Cones are active at higher light levels and are capable of color discrimination and fine detail vision. Both types of photoreceptor cells contain light-sensitive pigments that undergo chemical changes when exposed to light, triggering a series of electrical signals that ultimately reach the brain and contribute to visual perception.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

"Ocular physiological phenomena" is not a standardized medical term with a specific definition. However, I can provide some examples of ocular physiological phenomena, which refer to various normal functions and processes that occur in the eye. Here are a few examples:

1. Accommodation: The ability of the eye to change optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies. This is primarily achieved by changing the curvature of the lens through the action of the ciliary muscles.
2. Pupillary reflex: The automatic adjustment of the pupil's size in response to changes in light intensity. In bright light, the pupil constricts (miosis), while in dim light, it dilates (mydriasis). This reflex helps regulate the amount of light that enters the eye.
3. Tear production: The continuous secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands to keep the eyes moist and protected from dust, microorganisms, and other foreign particles.
4. Extraocular muscle function: The coordinated movement of the six extraocular muscles that control eyeball rotation and enable various gaze directions.
5. Color vision: The ability to perceive and distinguish different colors based on the sensitivity of photoreceptor cells (cones) in the retina to specific wavelengths of light.
6. Dark adaptation: The process by which the eyes adjust to low-light conditions, improving visual sensitivity primarily through changes in the rod photoreceptors' sensitivity and pupil dilation.
7. Light adaptation: The ability of the eye to adjust to different levels of illumination, mainly through alterations in pupil size and photoreceptor cell response.

These are just a few examples of ocular physiological phenomena. There are many more processes and functions that occur within the eye, contributing to our visual perception and overall eye health.

Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a light-sensitive pigment found in the rods of the vertebrate retina. It is a complex protein molecule made up of two major components: an opsin protein and retinal, a form of vitamin A. When light hits the retinal in rhodopsin, it changes shape, which initiates a series of chemical reactions leading to the activation of the visual pathway and ultimately results in vision. This process is known as phototransduction. Rhodopsin plays a crucial role in low-light vision or scotopic vision.

Uroporphyrins are porphyrin derivatives that contain four carboxylic acid groups. They are intermediates in the biosynthesis of heme, which is a component of hemoglobin and other hemoproteins. Uroporphyrinogen I and III are precursors to uroporphyrin I and III, respectively, through the action of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase.

Uroporphyrin I and III differ in the position of acetate and propionate side chains on the porphyrin ring. Uroporphyrins are usually elevated in the urine of patients with certain inherited metabolic disorders, such as acute intermittent porphyria, variegate porphyria, and hereditary coproporphyria, due to enzyme deficiencies in the heme biosynthetic pathway.

The measurement of uroporphyrins in urine or other body fluids can be helpful in diagnosing and monitoring these disorders.

Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:

1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.

These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.

Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the skin. It is a subtype of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CLE). DLE is characterized by coin-shaped, disc-like rashes on the face, scalp, and other sun-exposed areas of the body. These lesions are often red, scaly, and may cause scarring and pigmentation changes. Unlike Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), DLE typically does not affect internal organs, but in some cases, it can progress to SLE. The exact cause of DLE is unknown, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors that trigger an abnormal immune response. Treatment for DLE may include topical creams, oral medications, and avoidance of sun exposure.

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (PPO) is a mitochondrial enzyme that plays a crucial role in the heme biosynthesis pathway. It catalyzes the oxidation of protoporphyrinogen IX to protporphyrin IX, which is the penultimate step in the production of heme. This enzyme is the target of certain herbicides, such as those containing the active ingredient diphenyl ether, and genetic deficiencies in PPO can lead to a rare genetic disorder called Protoporphyria.

Genetic skin diseases are a group of disorders caused by mutations or alterations in the genetic material (DNA), which can be inherited from one or both parents. These mutations affect the structure, function, or development of the skin and can lead to various conditions with different symptoms, severity, and prognosis.

Some examples of genetic skin diseases include:

1. Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB): A group of disorders characterized by fragile skin and mucous membranes that blister and tear easily, leading to painful sores and wounds. There are several types of EB, each caused by mutations in different genes involved in anchoring the epidermis to the dermis.
2. Ichthyosis: A family of genetic disorders characterized by dry, thickened, scaly, or rough skin. The severity and symptoms can vary widely, depending on the specific type and underlying genetic cause.
3. Neurofibromatosis: A group of conditions caused by mutations in the NF1 gene, which regulates cell growth and division. The most common types, NF1 and NF2, are characterized by the development of benign tumors called neurofibromas on the skin and nerves, as well as other symptoms affecting various organs and systems.
4. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC): A genetic disorder caused by mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes, which control cell growth and division. TSC is characterized by the development of benign tumors in multiple organs, including the skin, brain, heart, kidneys, and lungs.
5. Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP): A rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in genes responsible for repairing DNA damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation. People with XP are extremely sensitive to sunlight and have a high risk of developing skin cancer and other complications.
6. Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP): A genetic disorder that affects the development and growth of skin, hair, nails, teeth, and eyes. IP is caused by mutations in the IKBKG gene and primarily affects females.
7. Darier's Disease: An inherited skin disorder characterized by greasy, crusted, keratotic papules and plaques, usually located on the trunk, scalp, and seborrheic areas of the body. Darier's disease is caused by mutations in the ATP2A2 gene.

These are just a few examples of genetic skin disorders. There are many more, each with its unique set of symptoms, causes, and treatments. If you or someone you know has a genetic skin disorder, it is essential to consult with a dermatologist or other healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Uroporphyrinogen III Synthase is a crucial enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of heme and chlorophyll. This enzyme, specifically classified under EC 4.2.1.75, catalyzes the conversion of coproporphyrinogen III to protoporphyrinogen IX, which is a key step in the synthesis of heme.

The reaction it facilitates is:

Coproporphyrinogen III + reduced ferredoxin → Protoporphyrinogen IX + oxidized ferredoxin + CO2

Deficiency or malfunctioning of this enzyme can lead to a rare genetic disorder known as "congenital erythropoietic porphyria" (CEP), also known as Günther's disease, which is characterized by severe photosensitivity and related symptoms.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease that can affect almost any organ or system in the body. In SLE, the immune system produces an exaggerated response, leading to the production of autoantibodies that attack the body's own cells and tissues, causing inflammation and damage. The symptoms and severity of SLE can vary widely from person to person, but common features include fatigue, joint pain, skin rashes (particularly a "butterfly" rash across the nose and cheeks), fever, hair loss, and sensitivity to sunlight.

Systemic lupus erythematosus can also affect the kidneys, heart, lungs, brain, blood vessels, and other organs, leading to a wide range of symptoms such as kidney dysfunction, chest pain, shortness of breath, seizures, and anemia. The exact cause of SLE is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. Treatment typically involves medications to suppress the immune system and manage symptoms, and may require long-term management by a team of healthcare professionals.

A pupillary reflex is a type of reflex that involves the constriction or dilation of the pupils in response to changes in light or near vision. It is mediated by the optic and oculomotor nerves. The pupillary reflex helps regulate the amount of light that enters the eye, improving visual acuity and protecting the retina from excessive light exposure.

In a clinical setting, the pupillary reflex is often assessed as part of a neurological examination. A normal pupillary reflex consists of both direct and consensual responses. The direct response occurs when light is shone into one eye and the pupil of that same eye constricts. The consensual response occurs when light is shone into one eye, causing the pupil of the other eye to also constrict.

Abnormalities in the pupillary reflex can indicate various neurological conditions, such as brainstem injuries or diseases affecting the optic or oculomotor nerves.

Hyperpigmentation is a medical term that refers to the darkening of skin areas due to an increase in melanin, the pigment that provides color to our skin. This condition can affect people of all races and ethnicities, but it's more noticeable in those with lighter skin tones.

Hyperpigmentation can be caused by various factors, including excessive sun exposure, hormonal changes (such as during pregnancy), inflammation, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions like Addison's disease or hemochromatosis. It can also result from skin injuries, such as cuts, burns, or acne, which leave dark spots known as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

There are several types of hyperpigmentation, including:

1. Melasma: This is a common form of hyperpigmentation that typically appears as symmetrical, blotchy patches on the face, particularly the forehead, cheeks, and upper lip. It's often triggered by hormonal changes, such as those experienced during pregnancy or while taking birth control pills.
2. Solar lentigos (age spots or liver spots): These are small, darkened areas of skin that appear due to prolonged sun exposure over time. They typically occur on the face, hands, arms, and decolletage.
3. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: This type of hyperpigmentation occurs when an injury or inflammation heals, leaving behind a darkened area of skin. It's more common in people with darker skin tones.

Treatment for hyperpigmentation depends on the underlying cause and may include topical creams, chemical peels, laser therapy, or microdermabrasion. Preventing further sun damage is crucial to managing hyperpigmentation, so wearing sunscreen with a high SPF and protective clothing is recommended.

Photoperiod is a term used in chronobiology, which is the study of biological rhythms and their synchronization with environmental cycles. In medicine, photoperiod specifically refers to the duration of light and darkness in a 24-hour period, which can significantly impact various physiological processes in living organisms, including humans.

In human medicine, photoperiod is often considered in relation to circadian rhythms, which are internal biological clocks that regulate several functions such as sleep-wake cycles, hormone secretion, and metabolism. The length of the photoperiod can influence these rhythms and contribute to the development or management of certain medical conditions, like mood disorders, sleep disturbances, and metabolic disorders.

For instance, exposure to natural daylight or artificial light sources with specific intensities and wavelengths during particular times of the day can help regulate circadian rhythms and improve overall health. Conversely, disruptions in the photoperiod due to factors like shift work, jet lag, or artificial lighting can lead to desynchronization of circadian rhythms and related health issues.

2017). "PHOTOSENSITIVITY, PHOTO-INDUCED DISORDERS, AND DISORDERS BY IONIZING RADIATION". Fitzpatrick's Color Atlas and Synopsis ... and other dermatologic disorders that are aggravated by exposure to sunlight. Considerations for diagnosis include duration and ...
A personal and family history of hepatitis, porphyria, or photosensitivity disorder must be sought. Although a genetic factor ... which may be the underlying pathology of the photosensitivity. Recent reports suggest that a connective tissue disorder may be ... Aluminum hydroxide is found in dialysis solution and has been shown to produce a porphyrialike disorder after long-term ... Bullous photosensitivity to naproxen: "pseudoporphyria". Arthritis Rheum. Jun 1990;33(6):903-8 (CS1 errors: missing periodical ...
CS is an accelerated aging disorder characterized by photosensitivity, impaired development and multi-system progressive ...
... in the autosomal recessive skin fragility and photosensitivity disorder, Kindler syndrome". J. Invest. Dermatol. 122 (1): 78-83 ...
... photosensitivity), eye disorders and premature aging. Failure to thrive and neurological disorders are criteria for diagnosis, ... Neurological disorders, Syndromes affecting the nervous system, Genodermatoses, DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorders ... The underlying disorder is a defect in a DNA repair mechanism. Unlike other defects of DNA repair, patients with CS are not ... Genetic counseling for the parents is recommended, as the disorder has a 25% chance of being passed to any future children, and ...
... failure Erectile dysfunction Female orgasmic disorder Vulvovaginal Dryness Rash Photosensitivity Pigmentation disorder ... Tachycardia Heart palpitations Vertigo Accommodation disorder Abnormal vision Salivary hypersecretion Constipation Vomiting ... Muscle rigidity Trismus Torticollis Tardive dyskinesia Hyperreflexia Dyskinesia Parkinsonism Syncope Ataxia Speech disorder ...
In the United States, whilst one-quarter of people being investigated for a photosensitivity disorder were diagnosed with PLE, ... The photosensitivity connected with lupus erythematosus is the main condition that may appear like PLE. However, the rash of ... Photosensitivity is also found in some of the porphyrias. Nearly all cases of porphyria cutanea tarda exhibit blister formation ... He has since been credited with coining the term "polymorphic light eruption". Photosensitivity with HIV infection List of ...
Andressoo JO, Hoeijmakers JH, Mitchell JR (2006). "Nucleotide excision repair disorders and the balance between cancer and ... severe photosensitivity, high cancer rates in areas of the body exposed to the sun (e.g. skin) At any given time, most of the ... Mutations in GG-NER machinery are responsible for multiple genetic disorders including: Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP): ... Mutations in TC-NER machinery are responsible for multiple genetic disorders including: Trichothiodystrophy (TTD): some ...
... and some patients may also experience photosensitivity. Atypical and conventional antipsychotics also differ in the fact that ... Individuals diagnosed with certain mental disorders can be unable to function normally in society. Mental disorders may consist ... due to the belief that chemical imbalances resulted in mental disorders. A more scientific reason behind mental disorders but ... drugs used in mental disorders). Different perspectives on the causes of psychological disorders arose. Some believed that ...
... photosensitivity, fever, sweating, depression, interstitial nephritis, blood disorders (including leukopenia, leukocytosis, ...
Photosensitivity, jaundice. Enhances effects of CNS depressants e.g. alcohol, barbiturates, hypnotics, opioid analgesics, ... Pregnancy, lactation; severe cardiovascular disorders; asthma; angle-closure glaucoma, urinary retention, prostatic hyperplasia ... Rarely, rashes and hypersensitivity reactions, blood disorders, convulsions, sweating, myalgia, paraesthesias, extrapyramidal ...
Also common disorders affecting the skin (itching, urticaria, rash, phototoxicity and photosensitivity) and central nervous ... Kimura M, Kawada A, Kobayashi T, Hiruma M, Ishibashi A (January 1996). "Photosensitivity induced by fleroxacin". Clinical and ... to patients with epilepsy or a personal history of previous convulsive attacks as may promote the onset of these disorders. ... system (dizziness, headache, tremor, paresthesia, impaired sense of taste and smell), psychiatric disorders (alteration of the ...
Photosensitivity Maculopapular eruption Itch Cardiotoxicity (see below for details) Persistent hiccups Mood disorders ( ... Moore AY (2009). "Clinical applications for topical 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of dermatological disorders". The Journal ... Common (> 1% frequency): Local pain Itchiness Burning Stinging Crusting Weeping Dermatitis Photosensitivity Uncommon (0.1-1% ... Oesophagitis GI ulceration and bleeding Proctitis Nail disorders Vein pigmentation Confusion Cerebellar syndrome Encephalopathy ...
... should be employed in Jeavons syndrome when photosensitivity persists. Jeavons syndrome is a lifelong disorder, even if ... There is a tendency for photosensitivity to disappear in middle age, but eyelid myoclonia persists. It is highly resistant to ... Furthermore, the EEG with the characteristic eye-closure-related discharges and photosensitivity leaves no room for diagnostic ... and photosensitivity. Eyelid myoclonia with or without absences is a form of epileptic seizure manifesting with myoclonic jerks ...
In children, the disorder can present with a skin rash, fever, pain, disability, and limitations in daily activities. With ... Other features of lupus include a skin rash, extreme photosensitivity, hair loss, kidney problems, lung fibrosis and constant ... Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disorder in which the body's own immune system starts to attack body tissues. The attack is not ... The disease does recur with periods of remission but there is no cure for the disorder. A small percentage develop a severely ...
Photosensitivity Agitation, confusion Induction of hypomania or mania in patients with underlying bipolar affective disorder ... adolescents and young adults in short-term studies of major depressive disorder (MDD) and other psychiatric disorders. Anyone ... A case of major depressive disorder barely distinguishable from narcissistic personality disorder]. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi ... Perugi G, Medda P, Toni C, Mariani MG, Socci C, Mauri M. The Role of Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in Bipolar Disorder: ...
Skin reactions and photosensitivity are also possible side effects. The frequency and severity of side effects and the ... For patients taking lithium (e.g. for treatment of depression or bipolar disorder), less toxic NSAIDs such as sulindac or ... psychotic disorders (indometacin may worsen these conditions) Concurrent with potassium sparing diuretics Patients who have a ... and psychiatric disorders. Cases of life-threatening shock (including angioedema, sweating, severe hypotension and tachycardia ...
Photosensitivity or irritant contact may contribute in certain cases. Rarely, vasculitis can cause continued inflammation. ... Rainscald Pascoe, Reginald R.; Knottenbelt, Derek C. (1999). "Iatrogenic and Idiopathic Disorders". Manual of Equine ...
HCP is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder, whereas harderoporphyria is a rare erythropoietic variant form of HCP and is ... Additionally, it may be associated with abdominal pain and/or skin photosensitivity. Hyper-excretion of coproporphyrin III in ... Hereditary coproporphyria (HCP) and harderoporphyria are two phenotypically separate disorders that concern partial deficiency ...
Neurological disorders, Learning disabilities, Disorders causing seizures, Autosomal dominant disorders, Neurogenetic disorders ... Reflex seizures are also seen, often triggered by eating and photosensitivity. Atonic seizures Eyelid myoclonia Myoclonic ... Autism spectrum disorders, Genetics of autism, Genetic diseases and disorders). ... Missense variations, which may result in either a loss or a change-of-function can also result in the disorder. These ...
... is known to cause mild adverse effects such as photosensitivity, irritation, redness, dryness, itching, and burning. ... pigmentary disorders, actinic keratoses and alopecia areata. ...
Many of these disorders persist on a strict gluten-free diet (GF diet or GFD), and are thus independent of coeliac disease ... generally attributed to mutations of the RECQL4 helicase gene on 8q24 with features that include photosensitivity and ... Atopy disorders have been found to be more common in coeliacs and in first degree relatives. Coeliac disease is associated with ... With some early onset and a large percentage of late onset disease, other disorders appear prior to the coeliac diagnosis or ...
... except in the case of non-OCA disorders. Such disorders cause other medical problems in conjunction with albinism, and may be ... Lack of pigment in the eyes also results in problems with vision, both related and unrelated to photosensitivity. Those with ... Magna, P. (January 2014). "Biology and genetics of Oculocutaneous albinism and vitiligo-common pigmentation disorders in ... Autosomal recessive disorders, Dermatologic terminology, Disturbances of human pigmentation, Human skin color). ...
Hypersensitivity reaction Muscle twitching Amnesia Aphasia Hypoesthesia Speech disorder Bladder pain Urinary incontinence Gait ... disturbance Reflux oesophagitis Dry eye Eye pain Photophobia Hypoacusis Tinnitus Vertigo Acne Hyperhidrosis Photosensitivity ... Vomiting Constipation Diarrhea Backache Confusion Insomnia Dream disorder Disorientation Incoordination Nasal congestion ...
... for panic disorder. Imipramine is primarily used for the treatment of depression and certain anxiety disorders, including acute ... photosensitivity Imipramine affects numerous neurotransmitter systems known to be involved in the etiology of depression, ... "Pharmacological prevention and early treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: a systematic review ... It is also effective in treating anxiety and panic disorder. Imipramine is taken by mouth. Common side effects of imipramine ...
Moreover, it can lead to weight gain, nausea, skin irritation and, very rarely, photosensitivity. Some patients become ... therefore it can further lead to an urinary tract disorder. This is caused by metabolite precipitation due to acetylated ...
Deficiency in prolidase leads to a rare, severe autosomal recessive disorder (prolidase deficiency) that causes many chronic, ... photosensitivity, hyperkeratosis, and unusual facial appearance. Furthermore, prolidase activity was found to be abnormal ... compared to healthy levels in various medical conditions including but limited to: bipolar disorder, breast cancer, endometrial ...
Sleep Disorders Section 4: Disorders of Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat Chapter 28: Disorders of the Eye Chapter 29: Disorders of ... Photosensitivity and Other Reactions to Light Section 9: Hematologic Alterations Chapter 58: Interpreting Peripheral Blood ... Disorders of Sex Development Chapter 384: Disorders of the Testes and Male Reproductive System Chapter 385: Disorders of the ... Disorders of the Pleura Chapter 289: Disorders of the Mediastinum Chapter 290: Disorders of Ventilation Chapter 291: Sleep ...
Pages 705-717 Rare Disorders: All you need to know. Trichothiodystrophy[2]. Copyright © 2005 Rare-Disorders.com Sabinas brittle ... including investigation of photosensitivity and DNA repair defects. Because the disease appears to be inherited in an autosomal ... Although there has been no conclusive evidence on medications to manage the disorder, many organizations help with several ... Trichothiodystrophy represents a central pathologic feature of a specific hair dysplasia associated with several disorders in ...
Ramsay CA (August 1973). "Photosensitivity from nalidixic acid". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 66 (8): 747. doi ... In case of overdose the patient experiences headache, visual disturbances, balance disorders, mental confusion, metabolic ... Nalidixic acid may also cause convulsions and hyperglycemia, photosensitivity reactions, and sometimes haemolytic anaemia, ...
"Photosensitivity Disorders" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Photosensitivity Disorders" was a ... "Photosensitivity Disorders" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Photosensitivity Disorders" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Photosensitivity Disorders". ...
... photosensitivity disorders. On-line free medical diagnosis assistant. Ranked list of possible diseases from either several ... Photosensitivity disorders. FOTODERMATOSIS EN LA INFANCIA .... Dra Cristina Albarrán Planelles. UGC de Dermatología Médico- ... Photosensitivity Linked to Autism, Epilepsy - YouTube. Nearly one-third of older teens with autism spectrum disorders and ... Toxic dangers of photosensitivity and drug .... This process is referred to as photosensitivity, which is further broken ... EN ...
"Photosensitivity Disorders" by people in this website by year, and whether "Photosensitivity Disorders" was a major or minor ... "Photosensitivity Disorders" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Photosensitivity Disorders" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Photosensitivity Disorders". ...
3.2.1. Photosensitivity Disorders. One example of photosensitivity disorder is erythropoietic protoporphyria. This is an ... Skin Disorders Associated to UVR. Depending on the intensity and the continuity, exposure to UVR may lead to disorders of ... 3. Skin Disorders. It is estimated that over one thousand disorders involving the skin have been described (infections, drug ... can lead to photosensitivity, sunburn, photoaging, immunosuppresive effects, or even development of skin cancer, disorders with ...
Other Photosensitivity Disorders. Increased exposure to sunlight, particularly UVA, can exacerbate existing skin conditions and ... can unmask photosensitivity disorders, such as autoimmune connective tissue diseases (e.g., dermatomyositis or systemic lupus ... Monteiro AF, Rato M, Martins C. Drug-induced photosensitivity: photoallergic and phototoxic reactions. Clin Dermatol. 2016;34: ... UVA causes more acute photosensitivity reactions than UVB, and it contributes more to premature aging. ...
Photosensitivity - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... Unless the cause is obvious, patients with pronounced photosensitivity should be evaluated for systemic or cutaneous disorders ... Chemical photosensitivity Over 100 substances, ingested or applied topically, are known to predispose to cutaneous reactions ... Photoallergy is a type IV (cell-mediated) immune response Overview of Allergic and Atopic Disorders Allergic (including atopic ...
The causes of photosensitivity are diverse, ranging from primary, immunologically mediated disorders of photosensitivity to ... The causes of photosensitivity are diverse, ranging from primary, immunologically mediated disorders of photosensitivity to ... The causes of photosensitivity are diverse, ranging from primary, immunologically mediated disorders of photosensitivity to ... The causes of photosensitivity are diverse, ranging from primary, immunologically mediated disorders of photosensitivity to ...
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Photosensitivity Disorders / metabolism* * Singlet Oxygen * Spectrophotometry * Spin Labels * Superoxide Dismutase / metabolism ...
2017). "PHOTOSENSITIVITY, PHOTO-INDUCED DISORDERS, AND DISORDERS BY IONIZING RADIATION". Fitzpatricks Color Atlas and Synopsis ... and other dermatologic disorders that are aggravated by exposure to sunlight. Considerations for diagnosis include duration and ...
Skin disorders; Skin exposure; Skin irritants; Imaging techniques; Tissue disorders; Photosensitivity; Painting; Hexavalent ...
Photosensitivity disorders (1). * Precious metals (1). * Microservices (1). * Soft power (1). * Scholarly (1). ...
Impact of photosensitivity disorders on the life quality of children. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2012 Dec. 28(6):290- ... Atopic dermatitis with photosensitivity is the main differential diagnosis with actinic prurigo in children. ... similar to all immune-mediated hypersensitivity disorders, a minor amount of the offensive agent may provoke outbreaks. ...
... skin disorders (photosensitivity, itching, erythema, urticaria, eczema up to exfoliative dermatitis); other allergic reactions ... IN ADULT PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS. Adjust dosage to the response of the individual and according to the severity of the condition ... There have been reports of agitation, hypertonia, hypotonia, tremor, somnolence, respiratory distress and feeding disorder in ... ejaculatory disorders/impotence, priapism, atonic colon, urinary retention, miosis and mydriasis); reactivation of psychotic ...
Categories: Photosensitivity Disorders Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
... www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/reactions-to-sunlight/photosensitivity?query=photosensitivity#. ... Lupus rash. Lupus is an inflammatory disorder that affects a number of body systems. One symptom is the appearance of a bumpy ... Chemical photosensitivity. A number of chemicals - drugs, medicated lotions, fragrances, plant products - can induce ... Your health care provider might need to rule out other disorders characterized by light-induced skin reactions. These ...
... skin disorders (photosensitivity, itching, erythema, urticaria, eczema up to exfoliative dermatitis); other allergic reactions ... There have been reports of agitation, hypertonia, hypotonia, tremor, somnolence, respiratory distress and feeding disorder in ... ejaculatory disorders/impotence, priapism, atonic colon, urinary retention, miosis and mydriasis); reactivation of psychotic ... particularly in patients with EEG abnormalities or history of such disorders; altered cerebrospinal fluid proteins; cerebral ...
Photosensitivity Disorders. *Psoriasis. *Riboflavin Deficiency. *Scurvy. *Seizures. *Skin Neoplasms. *Tyrosinemias. *Vitamin A ...
Photosensitivity Reactions - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the Merck Manuals - Medical Consumer ... What is a photosensitivity reaction? "Photo" refers to light. A photosensitivity reaction is a disorder in which your immune ... What causes photosensitivity reactions? There are different types of photosensitivity reactions that have different causes, ... How do doctors tell if I have a photosensitivity reaction? Doctors suspect a photosensitivity reaction when you have a rash ...
Hartnup disorder is a genetic condition in which there is a defect in the transport of certain amino acids (such as tryptophan ... Hartnup disorder is a genetic condition in which there is a defect in the transport of certain amino acids (such as tryptophan ... Hartnup disorder is a genetic condition in which there is a defect in the transport of certain amino acids (such as tryptophan ... Hartnup disorder is a metabolic condition involving amino acids. It is an inherited condition. This condition occurs due to ...
Photosensitivity Disorders. *Psoriasis. *Riboflavin Deficiency. *Scurvy. *Seizures. *Skin Neoplasms. *Tyrosinemias. *Vitamin A ...
Hypersensitivity reactions: photosensitivity, vasculitis, erythema multiforme, skin pigmentation disorder, and Stevens-Johnson ... Vision Disorders Narrow-angle glaucoma. Miscellaneous Creatine phosphokinase elevation, hyperuricemia, hyponatremia, ... Immune System Disorders Angioedema, leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Urogenital System Acute interstitial nephritis, nocturnal ... 14.2 Recurrent Suicidal Behavior in Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 17 PATIENT ...
... is a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disorder, with a hetero ... The disorder was recognized as early as the Middle Ages, with ... Common manifestations include rashes, photosensitivity, arthritis, pleuritis, pericarditis, nephritis, neuropsychiatric ... APS is classified as a primary disorder, or a secondary disorder if in the presence of an autoimmune process such as SLE. ... SLE is a multisystem autoimmune disorder with a complex pattern of disease manifestations and damage accrual. Prognosis has ...
Photosensitivity Disorders, "Melanoma", Ferimentos e LesõesS, ologiaologia, ãorfusão XI São Paulo Research Conference: " ... Epigenesis, Genetic, Cardiovascular Diseases, Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Mental Disorders, Neoplasms, Inflammation, Evidence- ...
Hydroa vacciniforme is one of the rarest forms of photosensitivity disorders of the skin. Effective treatment options are ... Hydroa vacciniforme is one of the rarest forms of photosensitivity disorders of the skin. Effective treatment options are ...
Frequency not reported: Skin reactions/disorders, photosensitivity reactions, skin pigmentation, epithelial keratopathy, ...
... resulting in PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS. ...
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Alopecia, erythema multiforme, hyperhidrosis, photosensitivity, Stevens-Johnson ... GI disorders: Pancreatitis, stomatitis, microscopic colitis. Hepatobiliary disorders: Hepatic failure, hepatitis with or ... Musculoskeletal disorders: Muscular weakness, myalgia, bone fracture. Nervous system disorders: Hepatic encephalopathy, taste ...
... as is the case in other skin autoimmune disorders, suchas pemphigus and psoriasis. Material/Methods: In this paper we compare ... Photosensitivity Disorders - immunology, Immunity, Innate, Immunity, Cellular, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Direct, Enzyme- ... as is the case in other skin autoimmune disorders, suchas pemphigus and psoriasis. Material/Methods: In this paper we compare ...
  • Photosensitivity is a cutaneous overreaction to sunlight. (msdmanuals.com)
  • KS is characterized by skin fragility acral blister formation beginning at birth or in early infancy, diffuse cutaneous atrophy, poikiloderma, photosensitivity (which is severe during childhood and usually weakens after adolescence), palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and pseudo syndactyly ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The sunlight- or UVr-induced immune system modulation can cause skin disorders like skin cancer and cutaneous photosensitivity in Lupus, but it also may be useful to treat cutaneous pathologies such as psoriasis and vitiligo. (intechopen.com)
  • Combination of sunlight with some abnormality in the skin such as loss of pigment, a chemical agent, a metabolic product, another skin disorder, a genetic disease, or an unknown factor produces a cutaneous abnormality. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • It refers almost exclusively to skin photosensitivity, including sunburn, reactions due to repeated prolonged exposure in the absence of photosensitizing factors, and reactions requiring photosensitizing factors such as photosensitizing agents and certain diseases. (harvard.edu)
  • Overview of Effects of Sunlight The skin may respond to sunlight with chronic (eg, dermatoheliosis [photoaging], actinic keratosis) or acute (eg, photosensitivity, sunburn) changes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In contrast to porphyria cutanea tarda, erythropoietic protoporphyria usually begins in childhood with a history of photosensitivity, often described as a burning sensation immediately after sunlight exposure. (medscape.com)
  • People with autoimmune connective tissue diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus) exhibit heightened photosensitivity. (cdc.gov)
  • They are sometimes referred to as rheumatic diseases, connective tissue disorders, or collagen vascular disorders. (ssa.gov)
  • The Doberman Pinscher Club of America (DPCA) has extensively studied white/albino Dobies and found that, like true albinos , the dogs in the study were more at risk of immunity diseases, neurological disorders, sensitive or cracked skin, skin cancer, photosensitivity, poor eyesight, unilateral or bilateral deafness, and more. (loveyourdog.com)
  • It can also sometimes be a feature of systemic disorders (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus, porphyria, pellagra, xeroderma pigmentosum). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory connective tissue disorder that can involve joints, kidneys, skin, mucous membranes, and blood vessel walls. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disorder, with a heterogeneous presentation. (lww.com)
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic, multisystem, inflammatory disorder of autoimmune etiology, occurring predominantly in young women. (merckmanuals.com)
  • A subtype of porphyria, variegate porphyria is an uncommon genetic disorder. (naturalpedia.com)
  • A personal and family history of hepatitis, porphyria, or photosensitivity disorder must be sought. (medscape.com)
  • Benzodiazepine-induced photosensitivity reactions: A compilation of cases from literature review with Naranjo causality assessment. (harvard.edu)
  • UVA causes more acute photosensitivity reactions than UVB, and it contributes more to premature aging. (cdc.gov)
  • Many medications, including several prescribed specifically for travelers, can lead to photosensitivity reactions. (cdc.gov)
  • Your health care provider might need to rule out other disorders characterized by light-induced skin reactions. (mayoclinic.org)
  • What causes photosensitivity reactions? (merckmanuals.com)
  • How do doctors treat photosensitivity reactions? (merckmanuals.com)
  • Group of disorders where skin reactions are triggered by light. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • She founded and directs a major specialist diagnostic and treatment service for patients with photodermatoses (photosensitivity disorders) covering 15M UK population, including immune-based conditions (e.g. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Idiopathic/immunologically mediated photodermatoses: Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE), most common photosensitivity, is thought to have an immunologic basis. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The skin sometimes is characterized by its sensitiveness, a sensitive skin is more reactive to the environment or internal disorders, causing irritations, allergies and other skin issues as atopic dermatitis. (mediluxegulf.com)
  • a skin disorder, such as seborrheic dermatitis, acne, rosacea, as well as many other situations unleash the sensitivity of your skin. (mediluxegulf.com)
  • The causes of photosensitivity are diverse, ranging from primary, immunologically mediated disorders of photosensitivity to inherited genetic or metabolic disorders. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Hartnup disorder is a metabolic condition involving amino acids. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Whether photosensitivity is a result of metabolic disorders or an effect really caused by environmental factors and only triggered by the sun is not clear. (us.com)
  • While mechanisms of photosensitivity and genetic underpinnings associated with various conditions such as xeroderma pigmentosum continue to be uncovered, the literature on disorders of photosensitivity has been otherwise without many recent significant advances. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Hartnup disorder is a genetic condition in which there is a defect in the transport of certain amino acids (such as tryptophan and histidine) by the small intestine and kidneys. (medlineplus.gov)
  • X-linked agammaglobulinemia is a genetic immunodeficiency disorder. (naturalpedia.com)
  • Wilson's disease is a rare genetic disorder that prevents a patient's body from getting rid of excess copper. (naturalpedia.com)
  • Genetic disorders include the porphyrias, DNA repair defects, and other biochemical disorders. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Most genetic disorders are autosomal recessive. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Cockayne syndrome (CS) and UV-sensitive syndrome (UVSS) are rare genetic disorders caused by mutation of the DNA repair and multifunctional CSA or CSB protein, but only CS patients display a progeroid and neurodegenerative phenotype, providing a unique conceptual and experimental paradigm. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mutations in CSA and CSB proteins cause Cockayne syndrome, a rare genetic neurodevelopment disorder. (bvsalud.org)
  • Fast reaction Photosensitivity in action. (lookfordiagnosis.com)
  • What is a photosensitivity reaction? (merckmanuals.com)
  • What are the symptoms of a photosensitivity reaction? (merckmanuals.com)
  • Symptoms are different depending on the type of photosensitivity reaction you have. (merckmanuals.com)
  • But one kind of photosensitivity reaction can spread to skin that wasn't exposed to sun. (merckmanuals.com)
  • How do doctors tell if I have a photosensitivity reaction? (merckmanuals.com)
  • Doctors suspect a photosensitivity reaction when you have a rash mostly on areas of your skin exposed to the sun. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Your treatment depends on which type of photosensitivity reaction you have. (merckmanuals.com)
  • They can intercalate DNA and, in an UV-initiated reaction of the furan portion, alkylate PYRIMIDINES, resulting in PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS. (curehunter.com)
  • Although light induces the skin abnormalities in photosensitivity, in some instances, repeated light exposure may suppress the skin reaction. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Treatment for chemical photosensitivity is topical corticosteroids and avoidance of the causative substance. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Not much is known about the pathogenic mechanisms of thedisease, although associations with the human leucocitary antigens (HLA) and local immune responses seemto play an important role in its expression, as is the case in other skin autoimmune disorders, suchas pemphigus and psoriasis. (medscimonit.com)
  • Porphyrias and photosensitivity: pathophysiology for the clinician. (harvard.edu)
  • Some disorders, such as the porphyrias, are triggered by visible light (400 to 800 nm), thus are difficult to prevent with sunscreens. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Criteria from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition ( DSM-5 ) should be used in the diagnosis of dementia. (medscape.com)
  • Like other autoimmune disorders, SLE occurs more commonly in women, with more than 90% of SLE sufferers being female. (paleoplan.com)
  • 2. Autoimmune disorders (14.00D) . Autoimmune disorders are caused by dysfunctional immune responses directed against the body's own tissues, resulting in chronic, multisystem impairments that differ in clinical manifestations, course, and outcome. (ssa.gov)
  • Some of the features of autoimmune disorders in adults differ from the features of the same disorders in children. (ssa.gov)
  • Individuals with immune deficiency disorders also have an increased risk of malignancies and of having autoimmune disorders. (ssa.gov)
  • The patient should be thoroughly questioned regarding any symptoms of connective tissue disorder, which may be the underlying pathology of the photosensitivity. (medscape.com)
  • If your skin reacts to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, you're considered sensitive to sunlight (photosensitive) and may have polymorphous light eruption or another light-induced disorder. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Prior to initiating treatment it may be appropriate to phototest the patient's normal skin to screen for unusual UVA1 reactivity (e.g., occult polymorphous light eruption or UVA photosensitivity). (skintherapyletter.com)
  • This review will highlight the key features of these disorders to familiarize the pediatric practitioner with their symptoms and any associated extracutaneous clinical or laboratory findings that may accompany them. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Recent Findings: New developments in the field of pediatric photosensitivity have been scant over recent years. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Summary: Although the differential diagnosis of pediatric photosensitivity disorders is broad, it is often possible to establish the diagnosis by following an algorithmic approach. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Grossberg, AL 2013, ' Update on pediatric photosensitivity disorders ', Current opinion in pediatrics , vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 474-479. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Pediatrics Central , peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/617581/all/Photosensitivity. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • CARMIL2-related immunodeficiency manifesting with photosensitivity. (harvard.edu)
  • Reducing suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. (nih.gov)
  • Some reports suggest that a connective-tissue disorder may be a predisposing factor in patients using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) who develop pseudoporphyria. (medscape.com)
  • Potential SLE cases were identified based on the presence of a diagnostic code for SLE or related disorder in the IHS National Data Warehouse. (cdc.gov)
  • Findings are diverse for the different disorders and rarely diagnostic. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Immune system disorders may result in recurrent and unusual infections, or inflammation and dysfunction of the body's own tissues. (ssa.gov)
  • Rarely, there have been reports of severe nervous system disease and even deaths in families with this disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rarely, CEP is discovered when neonates with this disorder are given phototherapy for jaundice and develop severe blistering skin lesions. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The disorder was recognized as early as the Middle Ages, with the 12th-century physician Rogerius being the first to apply the term lupus to the classic malar rash, and in 1872, Moric Kaposi first recognized the systemic nature of the disease. (lww.com)
  • With restricted reference to skin tissue, it does not include photosensitivity of the eye to light, as in photophobia or photosensitive epilepsy. (harvard.edu)
  • Contact your provider if you have symptoms of this condition, especially if you have a family history of Hartnup disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 3. Immune deficiency disorders, excluding HIV infection (14.00E) . Immune deficiency disorders are characterized by recurrent or unusual infections that respond poorly to treatment, and are often associated with complications affecting other parts of the body. (ssa.gov)
  • Clinically, the Department of Dermatology offers sophisticated services in the diagnosis and treatment of skin disease and is a national center for the management of complicated skin disorders. (uab.edu)
  • Gamerith, in several cases photosensitivity was the paors disorder leading to the diagnosis of HIV infection (5). (forex-consultant.com)
  • Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a deadly brain disorder related to the rubeola infection, commonly known as measles. (naturalpedia.com)
  • Specific wavelengths of the radiant energy emitted by the sun and reaching the earth are usually responsible for each photosensitivity disorder, most commonly UVB (290 to 320 nm), or UVA (320 to 400 nm). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Lupus is an inflammatory disorder that affects a number of body systems. (mayoclinic.org)
  • It is overdoing things which we can expect to lead to trouble but a sun allergy or photosensitivity is different. (us.com)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Photosensitivity Disorders" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Photosensitivity Disorders" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Photosensitivity Disorders" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
  • The disorder is chronic and can wax and wane over years. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Photosensitivity Disorders" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • The effectiveness of trifluoperazine HCl as a treatment for non-psychotic anxiety was established in a four-week clinical multicenter study of outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder (DSM-III). (nih.gov)
  • A. What disorders do we evaluate under the immune system disorders listings? (ssa.gov)
  • 1. We evaluate immune system disorders that cause dysfunction in one or more components of your immune system. (ssa.gov)
  • Immune system disorders can cause a deficit in a single organ or body system that results in extreme (that is, very serious) loss of function. (ssa.gov)
  • B. What information do we need to show that you have an immune system disorder? (ssa.gov)
  • Generally, we need your medical history, a report(s) of a physical examination, a report(s) of laboratory findings, and in some instances, appropriate medically acceptable imaging or tissue biopsy reports to show that you have an immune system disorder. (ssa.gov)
  • The precise meaning will depend on the specific immune system disorder, the usual course of the disorder, and the other circumstances of your clinical course. (ssa.gov)