Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.
A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.
A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.
A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.
A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.
Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.
The sudden loss of blood supply to the PITUITARY GLAND, leading to tissue NECROSIS and loss of function (PANHYPOPITUITARISM). The most common cause is hemorrhage or INFARCTION of a PITUITARY ADENOMA. It can also result from acute hemorrhage into SELLA TURCICA due to HEAD TRAUMA; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; or other acute effects of central nervous system hemorrhage. Clinical signs include severe HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; bilateral visual disturbances; UNCONSCIOUSNESS; and COMA.
Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Structurally, they include polypeptide, protein, and glycoprotein molecules.
A multi-function neuropeptide that acts throughout the body by elevating intracellular cyclic AMP level via its interaction with PACAP RECEPTORS. Although first isolated from hypothalamic extracts and named for its action on the pituitary, it is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems. PACAP is important in the control of endocrine and homeostatic processes, such as secretion of pituitary and gut hormones and food intake.
Neural tissue of the pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis. It consists of the distal AXONS of neurons that produce VASOPRESSIN and OXYTOCIN in the SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS and the PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS. These axons travel down through the MEDIAN EMINENCE, the hypothalamic infundibulum of the PITUITARY STALK, to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
A lactogenic hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). It is a polypeptide of approximately 23 kD. Besides its major action on lactation, in some species prolactin exerts effects on reproduction, maternal behavior, fat metabolism, immunomodulation and osmoregulation. Prolactin receptors are present in the mammary gland, hypothalamus, liver, ovary, testis, and prostate.
Examinations that evaluate functions of the pituitary gland.
A pituitary adenoma which secretes PROLACTIN, leading to HYPERPROLACTINEMIA. Clinical manifestations include AMENORRHEA; GALACTORRHEA; IMPOTENCE; HEADACHE; visual disturbances; and CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RHINORRHEA.
Hormones secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR) that stimulate gonadal functions in both males and females. They include FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE that stimulates germ cell maturation (OOGENESIS; SPERMATOGENESIS), and LUTEINIZING HORMONE that stimulates the production of sex steroids (ESTROGENS; PROGESTERONE; ANDROGENS).
A pituitary tumor that secretes GROWTH HORMONE. In humans, excess HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE leads to ACROMEGALY.
A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.
A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.
An anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the ADRENAL CORTEX and its production of CORTICOSTEROIDS. ACTH is a 39-amino acid polypeptide of which the N-terminal 24-amino acid segment is identical in all species and contains the adrenocorticotrophic activity. Upon further tissue-specific processing, ACTH can yield ALPHA-MSH and corticotrophin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP).
A pituitary adenoma which secretes ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN, leading to CUSHING DISEASE.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
A decapeptide that stimulates the synthesis and secretion of both pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE. GnRH is produced by neurons in the septum PREOPTIC AREA of the HYPOTHALAMUS and released into the pituitary portal blood, leading to stimulation of GONADOTROPHS in the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

The empty sella syndrome. (1/246)

The empty sella syndrome (ESS) presents a varied clinical and radiographic picture. It may remain asymptomatic or may stimulate an intrasellar growth thereby causing diagnostic and therapeutic problems. An air encephalogram (AEG) is required for diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to review the clinical and radiological features of the ESS and to discuss the pathogenetic mechanisms involved.  (+info)

Probable lymphocytic hypophysitis diagnosed by short-term serial computed tomography and gallium-67 scintigraphy--case report. (2/246)

A 61-year-old female presented with headache, malaise, and left oculomotor nerve paralysis. Computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a diffuse pituitary mass and enlarged pituitary stalk with homogeneous contrast enhancement. Her symptoms gradually resolved without treatment. Gallium-67 scintigraphy showed abnormal uptake in the pituitary lesion. Serial CT every 2 weeks after admission showed homogeneous contrast enhancement and shrinking of the pituitary mass to a normal size 12 weeks after the onset. The final diagnosis was lymphocytic adenohypophysitis without biopsy. Recurrence has not been observed for 8 years after discharge. The patient did not need hormone replacement therapy. Histological examination is not always necessary to diagnose probable lymphocytic adenohypophysitis with the characteristic feature of rapid onset, abnormal gallium-67 uptake in the lesion, and resolution of symptoms in the acute stage with shrinking of the lesion on neuroimaging.  (+info)

Hypertonic saline test for the investigation of posterior pituitary function. (3/246)

The hypertonic saline test is a useful technique for distinguishing partial diabetes insipidus from psychogenic polydipsia, and for the diagnosis of complex disorders of osmoreceptor and posterior pituitary function. However, there is little information concerning its use in childhood. The experience of using this test in five children (11 months to 18 years) who presented diagnostic problems is reported. In two patients, in whom water deprivation tests were equivocal or impractical, an inappropriately low antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentration (< 1 pmol/l) was demonstrated in the presence of an adequate osmotic stimulus (plasma osmolality > 295 mosmol/kg). In two children--one presenting with adipsic hypernatraemia and the other with hyponatraemia complicating desmopressin treatment of partial diabetes insipidus--defects of osmoreceptor function were identified. Confirming a diagnosis of idiopathic syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) was possible in a patient with no other evidence of pituitary dysfunction. The hypertonic saline test was well tolerated, easy to perform, and diagnostic in all cases.  (+info)

Pituitary involvement by Wegener's granulomatosis: a report of two cases. (4/246)

We describe two cases of pituitary involvement by Wegener's granulomatosis. At initial presentation, or during subsequent disease "flares," a pattern of pituitary abnormality was suggested. During periods of remission, we found the pituitary returned to a nearly normal appearance. Loss of the normal posterior pituitary T1 hyper-intensity matched a clinical persistence of diabetes insipidus, suggesting there is permanent damage to this structure by the initial disease process.  (+info)

MR of CNS sarcoidosis: correlation of imaging features to clinical symptoms and response to treatment. (5/246)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic systemic granulomatous disease, recognized in a patient when clinical and radiologic findings are confirmed by histopathologic analysis. The objective was to identify a relationship between MR imaging and clinical findings in CNS sarcoidosis. METHODS: The clinical charts of 461 patients with biopsy-proved sarcoidosis were reviewed retrospectively. Criteria for including patients in the study included those with symptoms referable to the CNS, excluding those with another explanation for their symptoms, those with headaches or other subjective complaints without accompanying objective findings, and those with peripheral neuropathy other than cranial nerve involvement or myopathy without CNS manifestations. Thirty-four of 38 patients whose conditions met the criteria for CNS sarcoidosis underwent a total of 82 MR examinations. The positive imaging findings were divided into categories as follows: pachymeningeal, leptomeningeal, nonenhancing brain parenchymal, enhancing brain parenchymal, cranial nerve, and spinal cord and nerve root involvement. Treatment response, clinical symptomatology, and any available histopathologic studies were analyzed with respect to imaging manifestations in each of the categories. RESULTS: Eighty-two percent of the patients with sarcoidosis with neurologic symptoms referable to the CNS had findings revealed by MR imaging. However, eight (40%) of 20 cranial nerve deficits seen at clinical examination of 13 patients were not seen at contrast-enhanced MR imaging, and 50% of the patients with symptoms referable to the pituitary axis had no abnormal findings on routine contrast-enhanced MR images. In contradistinction, 44% of 18 cranial nerves in nine patients with MR evidence of involvement had no symptoms referable to the involved cranial nerve. Clinical and radiologic deterioration occurred more commonly with leptomeningeal and enhancing brain parenchymal lesions. CONCLUSION: MR imaging can be used to confirm clinical suspicion and to show subclinical disease and the response of pathologic lesions to treatment.  (+info)

Symptomatic Rathke's cleft cyst coexisting with central diabetes insipidus and hypophysitis: case report. (6/246)

We describe a 48-year-old female with acute onset of central diabetes insipidus followed by mild anterior pituitary dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed enlargement of the hypophysis-infundibulum accompanied by a cystic component. She underwent a transsphenoidal exploration of the sella turcica. Histological examination showed foreign body type xanthogranulomatous inflammation in the neurohypophysis which might have been caused by rupture of a Rathke's cleft cyst. The MRI abnormalities and anterior pituitary dysfunction improved after a short course of corticosteroid administration, but the diabetes insipidus persisted. The histological findings in this case indicated the site of RCC rupture and the direction of the progression of RCC induced neurohypophysitis and adenohypophysitis.  (+info)

Lymphocytic hypophysitis: non-invasive diagnosis and treatment by high dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy? (7/246)

Criteria for the non-invasive diagnosis of lymphocytic hypophysitis (LyHy) and the results of the first prospective trial of high dose methylprednisolone pulse therapy (HDMPT) in nine patients are presented. In three patients, the diagnosis was established histologically, and in the others by clinical and endocrinological assessment, MRI, CSF examination, and measurement of thyroglobulin autoantibody concentration. After HDMPT, adenopituitary function improved in four of the nine patients and diabetes insipidus ceased or improved in all four concerned patients. The MRI findings improved in seven patients. LyHy has to be considered in the differential diagnosis of sellar lesions. The presumptive non-invasive diagnosis of LyHy seems possible in a high proportion of patients. HDMPT may result in the improvement of clinical, endocrinological, and MRI findings.  (+info)

Spontaneous recovery from pathologically confirmed lymphocytic adenohypophysitis with a dramatic reduction of hypophyseal size. (8/246)

A pituitary mass compressing the optic nerve was revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a 35-year-old woman complaining of visual disturbance in the post-partum period. Responses of plasma gonadotropin and corticotropin-cortisol levels to respective hypothalamic hormones were delayed or blunted, but the response of plasma prolactin to thyrotropin-releasing hormone was exaggerated. Diabetes insipidus was not associated. Biopsy revealed lymphocytic adenohypophysitis, and no hypophysectomy was performed. Only five weeks later, the pituitary mass spontaneously disappeared on MRI. The pituitary function was normalized. Anti-thyroidal and anti-pituitary antibodies were negative throughout the clinical course. Pituitary masses developing during late pregnancy or the post-partum period should be carefully observed.  (+info)

Pituitary diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is responsible for producing and secreting several important hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, stress response, and reproduction.

Pituitary diseases can be classified into two main categories:

1. Pituitary tumors: These are abnormal growths in or around the pituitary gland that can affect its function. Pituitary tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can vary in size. Some pituitary tumors produce excess hormones, leading to a variety of symptoms, while others may not produce any hormones but can still cause problems by compressing nearby structures in the brain.
2. Pituitary gland dysfunction: This refers to conditions that affect the normal function of the pituitary gland without the presence of a tumor. Examples include hypopituitarism, which is a condition characterized by decreased production of one or more pituitary hormones, and Sheehan's syndrome, which occurs when the pituitary gland is damaged due to severe blood loss during childbirth.

Symptoms of pituitary diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the hormones that are affected. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.

Pituitary neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), with most being benign. They can vary in size and may cause various symptoms depending on their location, size, and hormonal activity.

Pituitary neoplasms can produce and secrete excess hormones, leading to a variety of endocrine disorders such as Cushing's disease (caused by excessive ACTH production), acromegaly (caused by excessive GH production), or prolactinoma (caused by excessive PRL production). They can also cause local compression symptoms due to their size, leading to headaches, vision problems, and cranial nerve palsies.

The exact causes of pituitary neoplasms are not fully understood, but genetic factors, radiation exposure, and certain inherited conditions may increase the risk of developing these tumors. Treatment options for pituitary neoplasms include surgical removal, radiation therapy, and medical management with drugs that can help control hormonal imbalances.

The pituitary gland is a small, endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is often called the "master gland" because it controls other glands and makes the hormones that trigger many body functions. The pituitary gland measures about 0.5 cm in height and 1 cm in width, and it weighs approximately 0.5 grams.

The pituitary gland is divided into two main parts: the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). The anterior lobe is further divided into three zones: the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. Each part of the pituitary gland has distinct functions and produces different hormones.

The anterior pituitary gland produces and releases several important hormones, including:

* Growth hormone (GH), which regulates growth and development in children and helps maintain muscle mass and bone strength in adults.
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which controls the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which regulate reproductive function in both males and females.
* Prolactin, which stimulates milk production in pregnant and lactating women.

The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus:

* Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling urine production.
* Oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk release during breastfeeding.

Overall, the pituitary gland plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating various bodily functions, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproductive function.

Hypopituitarism is a medical condition characterized by deficient secretion of one or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland controls several other endocrine glands in the body, including the thyroid, adrenals, and sex glands (ovaries and testes).

Hypopituitarism can result from damage to the pituitary gland due to various causes such as tumors, surgery, radiation therapy, trauma, or inflammation. In some cases, hypopituitarism may also be caused by a dysfunction of the hypothalamus, a region in the brain that regulates the pituitary gland's function.

The symptoms and signs of hypopituitarism depend on which hormones are deficient and can include fatigue, weakness, decreased appetite, weight loss, low blood pressure, decreased sex drive, infertility, irregular menstrual periods, intolerance to cold, constipation, thinning hair, dry skin, and depression.

Treatment of hypopituitarism typically involves hormone replacement therapy to restore the deficient hormones' normal levels. The type and dosage of hormones used will depend on which hormones are deficient and may require regular monitoring and adjustments over time.

Pituitary dwarfism, also known as growth hormone deficiency dwarfism or hypopituitarism dwarfism, is a type of dwarfism that results from insufficient production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland during childhood. The medical term for this condition is "growth hormone deficiency."

The pituitary gland is a small gland located at the base of the brain that produces several important hormones, including growth hormone. Growth hormone plays a critical role in regulating growth and development during childhood and adolescence. When the pituitary gland fails to produce enough growth hormone, children do not grow and develop normally, resulting in short stature and other symptoms associated with dwarfism.

Pituitary dwarfism can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, brain tumors, trauma, or infection. In some cases, the cause may be unknown. Symptoms of pituitary dwarfism include short stature, delayed puberty, and other hormonal imbalances.

Treatment for pituitary dwarfism typically involves replacing the missing growth hormone with injections of synthetic growth hormone. This therapy can help promote normal growth and development, although it may not completely eliminate the short stature associated with the condition. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to optimize outcomes and improve quality of life for individuals with pituitary dwarfism.

Human Growth Hormone (HGH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone produced in the pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in human development and growth by stimulating the production of another hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 promotes the growth and reproduction of cells throughout the body, particularly in bones and other tissues. HGH also helps regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart function. It is essential for human development and continues to have important effects throughout life. The secretion of HGH decreases with age, which is thought to contribute to the aging process.

Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder that typically occurs in middle-aged adults. It results from the pituitary gland producing too much growth hormone (GH) during adulthood. The excessive production of GH leads to abnormal growth of body tissues, particularly in the hands, feet, and face.

The term "acromegaly" is derived from two Greek words: "akros," meaning extremities, and "megaly," meaning enlargement. In most cases, acromegaly is caused by a benign tumor (adenoma) of the pituitary gland, which results in overproduction of GH.

Common symptoms include enlarged hands and feet, coarse facial features, deepened voice, joint pain, and sweating. If left untreated, acromegaly can lead to serious complications such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and arthritis. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, or medication to control GH production.

An adenoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops from glandular epithelial cells. These types of cells are responsible for producing and releasing fluids, such as hormones or digestive enzymes, into the surrounding tissues. Adenomas can occur in various organs and glands throughout the body, including the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and digestive systems.

Depending on their location, adenomas may cause different symptoms or remain asymptomatic. Some common examples of adenomas include:

1. Colorectal adenoma (also known as a polyp): These growths occur in the lining of the colon or rectum and can develop into colorectal cancer if left untreated. Regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, are essential for early detection and removal of these polyps.
2. Thyroid adenoma: This type of adenoma affects the thyroid gland and may result in an overproduction or underproduction of hormones, leading to conditions like hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).
3. Pituitary adenoma: These growths occur in the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain and controls various hormonal functions. Depending on their size and location, pituitary adenomas can cause vision problems, headaches, or hormonal imbalances that affect growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
4. Liver adenoma: These rare benign tumors develop in the liver and may not cause any symptoms unless they become large enough to press on surrounding organs or structures. In some cases, liver adenomas can rupture and cause internal bleeding.
5. Adrenal adenoma: These growths occur in the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys and produce hormones that regulate stress responses, metabolism, and blood pressure. Most adrenal adenomas are nonfunctioning, meaning they do not secrete excess hormones. However, functioning adrenal adenomas can lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome or Conn's syndrome, depending on the type of hormone being overproduced.

It is essential to monitor and manage benign tumors like adenomas to prevent potential complications, such as rupture, bleeding, or hormonal imbalances. Treatment options may include surveillance with imaging studies, medication to manage hormonal issues, or surgical removal of the tumor in certain cases.

The anterior pituitary, also known as the adenohypophysis, is the front portion of the pituitary gland. It is responsible for producing and secreting several important hormones that regulate various bodily functions. These hormones include:

* Growth hormone (GH), which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in bones and other tissues.
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which regulates the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which regulate reproductive function in both males and females by controlling the development and release of eggs or sperm.
* Prolactin, which stimulates milk production in pregnant and nursing women.
* Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), which regulates skin pigmentation and appetite.

The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus, a small region of the brain located just above it. The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary. These hormones are released into a network of blood vessels called the portal system, which carries them directly to the anterior pituitary gland.

Damage or disease of the anterior pituitary can lead to hormonal imbalances and various medical conditions, such as growth disorders, thyroid dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency, reproductive problems, and diabetes insipidus.

Pituitary hormones are chemical messengers produced and released by the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls several other endocrine glands and regulates various bodily functions.

There are two main types of pituitary hormones: anterior pituitary hormones and posterior pituitary hormones, which are produced in different parts of the pituitary gland and have distinct functions.

Anterior pituitary hormones include:

1. Growth hormone (GH): regulates growth and metabolism.
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH): regulate reproductive function in both males and females.
5. Prolactin: stimulates milk production in lactating women.
6. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): regulates skin pigmentation and appetite.

Posterior pituitary hormones include:

1. Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during lactation.
2. Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH): regulates water balance in the body by controlling urine production in the kidneys.

Overall, pituitary hormones play crucial roles in regulating growth, development, metabolism, reproductive function, and various other bodily functions. Abnormalities in pituitary hormone levels can lead to a range of medical conditions, such as dwarfism, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, infertility, and diabetes insipidus.

Pituitary apoplexy is a medical emergency that involves bleeding into the pituitary gland (a small gland at the base of the brain) and/or sudden swelling of the pituitary gland. This can lead to compression of nearby structures, such as the optic nerves and the hypothalamus, causing symptoms like severe headache, visual disturbances, hormonal imbalances, and altered mental status. It is often associated with a pre-existing pituitary tumor (such as a pituitary adenoma), but can also occur in individuals without any known pituitary abnormalities. Immediate medical attention is required to manage this condition, which may include surgical intervention, hormone replacement therapy, and supportive care.

Anterior pituitary hormones are a group of six major hormones that are produced and released by the anterior portion (lobe) of the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various bodily functions and activities. The six main anterior pituitary hormones are:

1. Growth Hormone (GH): Also known as somatotropin, GH is essential for normal growth and development in children and adolescents. It helps regulate body composition, metabolism, and bone density in adults.
2. Prolactin (PRL): A hormone that stimulates milk production in females after childbirth and is also involved in various reproductive and immune functions in both sexes.
3. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): FSH regulates the development, growth, and maturation of follicles in the ovaries (in females) and sperm production in the testes (in males).
4. Luteinizing Hormone (LH): LH plays a key role in triggering ovulation in females and stimulating testosterone production in males.
5. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): TSH regulates the function of the thyroid gland, which is responsible for producing and releasing thyroid hormones that control metabolism and growth.
6. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol, a steroid hormone involved in stress response, metabolism, and immune function.

These anterior pituitary hormones are regulated by the hypothalamus, which is located above the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus releases releasing and inhibiting factors that control the synthesis and secretion of anterior pituitary hormones, creating a complex feedback system to maintain homeostasis in the body.

Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that belongs to the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)/secretin/glucagon family. It was first isolated from the ovine hypothalamus and later found in various tissues and organs throughout the body, including the brain, pituitary gland, and peripheral nerves.

PACAP exists in two forms, PACAP-38 and PACAP-27, which differ in their length but share the same amino acid sequence at the N-terminus. PACAP exerts its effects through specific G protein-coupled receptors, including PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 receptors, which are widely distributed throughout the body.

PACAP has a wide range of biological activities, including neurotrophic, neuroprotective, vasodilatory, and immunomodulatory effects. In the pituitary gland, PACAP stimulates adenylate cyclase activity, leading to an increase in intracellular cAMP levels, which in turn regulates the release of various hormones, including growth hormone, prolactin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone.

Overall, PACAP is a crucial neuropeptide involved in various physiological processes, and its dysregulation has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases, mood disorders, and cancer.

The posterior pituitary gland, also known as the neurohypophysis, is the posterior portion of the pituitary gland. It is primarily composed of nerve fibers that originate from the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. These nerve fibers release two important hormones: oxytocin and vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH).

Oxytocin plays a role in social bonding, sexual reproduction, and childbirth. During childbirth, it stimulates uterine contractions to help facilitate delivery, and after birth, it helps to trigger the release of milk from the mother's breasts during breastfeeding.

Vasopressin, on the other hand, helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling the amount of water that is excreted by the kidneys. It does this by increasing the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts of the kidney, which leads to a more concentrated urine and helps prevent dehydration.

Overall, the posterior pituitary gland plays a critical role in maintaining fluid balance, social bonding, and reproduction.

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. Its primary function is to stimulate milk production in women after childbirth, a process known as lactation. However, prolactin also plays other roles in the body, including regulating immune responses, metabolism, and behavior. In men, prolactin helps maintain the sexual glands and contributes to paternal behaviors.

Prolactin levels are usually low in both men and non-pregnant women but increase significantly during pregnancy and after childbirth. Various factors can affect prolactin levels, including stress, sleep, exercise, and certain medications. High prolactin levels can lead to medical conditions such as amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), galactorrhea (spontaneous milk production not related to childbirth), infertility, and reduced sexual desire in both men and women.

Pituitary function tests are a group of diagnostic exams that evaluate the proper functioning of the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is responsible for producing and releasing several essential hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, stress response, reproduction, and lactation.

These tests typically involve measuring the levels of different hormones in the blood, stimulating or suppressing the pituitary gland with specific medications, and assessing the body's response to these challenges. Some common pituitary function tests include:

1. Growth hormone (GH) testing: Measures GH levels in the blood, often after a provocative test using substances like insulin, arginine, clonidine, or glucagon to stimulate GH release.
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) testing: Assesses the function of the thyroid gland by measuring TSH and FT4 levels in response to TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) stimulation.
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol testing: Evaluates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by measuring ACTH and cortisol levels after a CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) stimulation test or an insulin tolerance test.
4. Prolactin (PRL) testing: Measures PRL levels in the blood, which can be elevated due to pituitary tumors or other conditions affecting the hypothalamus.
5. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) testing: Assesses reproductive function by measuring FSH and LH levels, often in conjunction with estradiol or testosterone levels.
6. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation test: Evaluates gonadal function by measuring FSH and LH levels after GnRH administration.
7. Growth hormone (GH) testing: Measures GH levels in response to various stimuli, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucagon, or arginine.
8. Vasopressin (ADH) testing: Assesses the posterior pituitary function by measuring ADH levels and performing a water deprivation test.

These tests can help diagnose various pituitary disorders, such as hypopituitarism, hyperpituitarism, or pituitary tumors, and guide appropriate treatment strategies.

A prolactinoma is a type of pituitary tumor that produces an excess amount of the hormone prolactin, leading to various symptoms. The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is responsible for producing and releasing several hormones that regulate different bodily functions. Prolactin is one such hormone, primarily known for its role in stimulating milk production in women during lactation (breastfeeding).

Prolactinoma tumors can be classified into two types: microprolactinomas and macroprolactinomas. Microprolactinomas are smaller tumors, typically less than 10 millimeters in size, while macroprolactinomas are larger tumors, generally greater than 10 millimeters in size.

The overproduction of prolactin caused by these tumors can lead to several clinical manifestations, including:

1. Galactorrhea: Unusual and often spontaneous milk production or leakage from the nipples, which can occur in both men and women who do not have a recent history of pregnancy or breastfeeding.
2. Menstrual irregularities: In women, high prolactin levels can interfere with the normal functioning of other hormones, leading to menstrual irregularities such as infrequent periods (oligomenorrhea) or absent periods (amenorrhea), and sometimes infertility.
3. Sexual dysfunction: In both men and women, high prolactin levels can cause decreased libido and sexual desire. Men may also experience erectile dysfunction and reduced sperm production.
4. Bone loss: Over time, high prolactin levels can lead to decreased bone density and an increased risk of osteoporosis due to the disruption of other hormones that regulate bone health.
5. Headaches and visual disturbances: As the tumor grows, it may put pressure on surrounding structures in the brain, leading to headaches and potential vision problems such as blurred vision or decreased peripheral vision.

Diagnosis typically involves measuring prolactin levels in the blood and performing imaging tests like an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scan to assess the size of the tumor. Treatment usually consists of medication to lower prolactin levels, such as dopamine agonists (e.g., bromocriptine or cabergoline), which can also help shrink the tumor. In some cases, surgery may be necessary if medication is ineffective or if the tumor is large and causing severe symptoms.

Gonadotropins are hormones produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating reproduction and sexual development. There are two main types of gonadotropins:

1. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH): FSH is essential for the growth and development of follicles in the ovaries (in females) or sperm production in the testes (in males). In females, FSH stimulates the maturation of eggs within the follicles.
2. Luteinizing Hormone (LH): LH triggers ovulation in females, causing the release of a mature egg from the dominant follicle. In males, LH stimulates the production and secretion of testosterone in the testes.

Together, FSH and LH work synergistically to regulate various aspects of reproductive function and sexual development. Their secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus, which releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to stimulate the production and release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland.

Abnormal levels of gonadotropins can lead to various reproductive disorders, such as infertility or menstrual irregularities in females and issues related to sexual development or function in both sexes. In some cases, synthetic forms of gonadotropins may be used clinically to treat these conditions or for assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

A Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma (GH-secreting pituitary adenoma, or GHoma) is a type of benign tumor that develops in the pituitary gland and results in excessive production of growth hormone (GH). This leads to a condition known as acromegaly if it occurs in adults, or gigantism if it occurs in children before the closure of the growth plates.

Symptoms of GH-secreting pituitary adenoma may include:

1. Coarsening of facial features
2. Enlargement of hands and feet
3. Deepened voice due to thickening of vocal cords
4. Increased sweating and body odor
5. Joint pain and stiffness
6. Sleep apnea
7. Fatigue, weakness, or muscle wasting
8. Headaches
9. Vision problems
10. Irregular menstrual periods in women
11. Erectile dysfunction in men

Diagnosis typically involves measuring the levels of GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the blood, along with imaging tests like MRI or CT scans to locate and characterize the tumor. Treatment options include surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, and medication to control GH production. Regular follow-ups are necessary to monitor for potential recurrence.

Growth Hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration by stimulating the production of another hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the liver and other tissues. GH also has important metabolic functions, such as increasing glucose levels, enhancing protein synthesis, and reducing fat storage. Its secretion is regulated by two hypothalamic hormones: growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), which stimulates its release, and somatostatin (SRIF), which inhibits its release. Abnormal levels of GH can lead to various medical conditions, such as dwarfism or gigantism if there are deficiencies or excesses, respectively.

Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion, also known as Cushing's disease, is a condition characterized by the excessive production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland. This results in an overproduction of cortisol, a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, leading to a constellation of symptoms known as Cushing's syndrome.

In Cushing's disease, a benign tumor called an adenoma develops on the pituitary gland, causing it to release excess ACTH. This in turn stimulates the adrenal glands to produce more cortisol than necessary. The resulting high levels of cortisol can cause various symptoms such as weight gain, particularly around the trunk and face (central obesity), thinning of the skin, bruising, weakness, fatigue, mood changes, high blood pressure, and an increased risk of infections.

It is important to distinguish Cushing's disease from other causes of Cushing's syndrome, such as cortisol-producing adrenal tumors or exogenous sources of corticosteroid use, as the treatment approach may differ. Treatment for Cushing's disease typically involves surgical removal of the pituitary tumor, with additional medical management and/or radiation therapy in some cases.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) is a hormone produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. ACTH plays a crucial role in the regulation of the body's stress response and has significant effects on various physiological processes.

The primary function of ACTH is to stimulate the adrenal glands, which are triangular-shaped glands situated on top of the kidneys. The adrenal glands consist of two parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. ACTH specifically targets the adrenal cortex, where it binds to specific receptors and initiates a series of biochemical reactions leading to the production and release of steroid hormones, primarily cortisol (a glucocorticoid) and aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid).

Cortisol is involved in various metabolic processes, such as regulating blood sugar levels, modulating the immune response, and helping the body respond to stress. Aldosterone plays a vital role in maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.

ACTH release is controlled by the hypothalamus, another part of the brain, which produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). CRH stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH, which in turn triggers cortisol production in the adrenal glands. This complex feedback system helps maintain homeostasis and ensures that appropriate amounts of cortisol are released in response to various physiological and psychological stressors.

Disorders related to ACTH can lead to hormonal imbalances, resulting in conditions such as Cushing's syndrome (excessive cortisol production) or Addison's disease (insufficient cortisol production). Proper diagnosis and management of these disorders typically involve assessing the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and addressing any underlying issues affecting ACTH secretion.

An ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma is a type of tumor that develops in the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain. This type of tumor is also known as Cushing's disease.

ACTH stands for adrenocorticotropic hormone, which is a hormone produced and released by the pituitary gland. ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands (small glands located on top of the kidneys) to produce cortisol, a steroid hormone that helps regulate metabolism, helps the body respond to stress, and suppresses inflammation.

In an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma, the tumor cells produce and release excessive amounts of ACTH, leading to overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal glands. This can result in a constellation of symptoms known as Cushing's syndrome, which may include weight gain (especially around the trunk), fatigue, muscle weakness, mood changes, thinning of the skin, easy bruising, and increased susceptibility to infections.

Treatment for an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by medications to manage cortisol levels if necessary. Radiation therapy may also be used in some cases.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a glycoprotein hormone, which is primarily produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland. In women, a surge of LH triggers ovulation, the release of an egg from the ovaries during the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, LH stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone. In men, LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. It plays a crucial role in sexual development, reproduction, and maintaining the reproductive system.

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH), also known as Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH), is a hormonal peptide consisting of 10 amino acids. It is produced and released by the hypothalamus, an area in the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

GnRH plays a crucial role in regulating reproduction and sexual development through its control of two gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These gonadotropins, in turn, stimulate the gonads (ovaries or testes) to produce sex steroids and eggs or sperm.

GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland by binding to its specific receptors, leading to the release of FSH and LH. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is under negative feedback control, meaning that when sex steroid levels are high, they inhibit the release of GnRH, which subsequently decreases FSH and LH secretion.

GnRH agonists and antagonists have clinical applications in various medical conditions, such as infertility treatments, precocious puberty, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, prostate cancer, and hormone-responsive breast cancer.

A pituitary disease is a disorder primarily affecting the pituitary gland. The main disorders involving the pituitary gland are ... Pituitary tumour, a tumor of the pituitary gland. Pituitary adenoma, a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland. Pituicytoma, ... Pituitary apoplexy, bleeding into or impaired blood supply of the pituitary gland. "Overview of the Pituitary Gland: Pituitary ... Thyroidisms caused by the pituitary gland are less common though, accounting for less than 10% of all hypothyroidism cases and ...
Greenwood FC, Landon J (May 1966). "Assessment of hypothalamic pituitary function in endocrine disease". J. Clin. Pathol. 19 (3 ... A combined rapid anterior pituitary evaluation panel or triple bolus test or a dynamic pituitary function test is a medical ... June 2007). "Apoplexy accompanying pituitary adenoma as a complication of preoperative anterior pituitary function tests". Acta ... Melmed, Shlomo (2002). The pituitary. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 714-. ISBN 978-0-632-04357-6. Retrieved 15 July 2011. Harsoulis P, ...
"Primary Amenorrhea due to Pituitary Disease". Cancer Therapy Advisor. 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2022-02-21. Franik, Sebastian; ... Pituitary adenomas are a common cause of amenorrhea. Prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas cause amenorrhea due to the hyper- ... Other space occupying pituitary lesions can also cause amenorrhea due to the inhibition of dopamine, an inhibitor of prolactin ... Although multiple cysts on the ovary are characteristic of the syndrome, this has not been noted to be a cause of the disease. ...
Weitzner, M (1998). "Neuropsychiatry and pituitary disease: an overview". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 67 (3): 125-32. doi ... Nearly 100 years ago, Harvey Cushing, the father of neurosurgery, noted that pituitary gland problems often cause mental health ... He wondered whether the depression and anxiety he observed in patients with pituitary disorders were caused by hormonal ... Sonino N; Fava, GA (1998). "Psychosomatic aspects of Cushing's disease". Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 67 (3): 140-6. doi: ...
Sometimes it is used to treat Cushing's syndrome due to pituitary adenoma or Simmond's disease It is also applied in ... Buchfelder, M; Schlaffer, S (2010). "Pituitary surgery for Cushing's disease" (PDF). Neuroendocrinology. 92 (Suppl 1): 102-6. ... In an open craniotomy, a cavity is opened within the skull to reach the pituitary gland. Once the cavity is open, the pituitary ... List of surgeries by type Jaffe, CA (2006). "Clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma". Pituitary. 9 (4): 317-21. doi: ...
... (or Cushing disease) is a form of hyperpituitarism characterized by an abnormally high level of ... "Of old and new diseases: genetics of pituitary ACTH excess (Cushing) and deficiency". Clin. Genet. 72 (3): 175-82. doi:10.1111/ ... Pituitary disorders, All stub articles, Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disease stubs). ... ACTH produced by the anterior pituitary. It is one of the causes of Cushing's syndrome. (However, Cushing's syndrome can be ...
Morbidity from the disease can occur due to pituitary tissue compression or replacement, and compression of structures that ... The severity of the disease is dependent upon the effect of ACTH release on the skin, pituitary hormone loss from mass ... However, does not commonly occur with pituitary diseases. In the rare case, ACTH-secreting tumors can become malignant. ... Techniques such as pituitary radiation therapy, ACTH assay, transsphenoidal pituitary surgery, higher resolution MRIs, and ...
"Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Dysfunction in Cholestatic Liver Disease". Frontiers in Endocrinology. 9: 660. doi:10.3389/fendo ... Excess cortisol has been tied to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but in-vitro studies have found that an over ... a review of basic biology and their role in human diseases". Advances in Urology. 2012: 530121. doi:10.1155/2012/530121. PMC ...
Doctors attributed his growth to a pituitary gland disease. In 2018 he went to hospital due to kidney failure, by the time he ...
Hawkins, Desmond (March 1992). "The diagnosis of pituitary disease from human skeletal remains". International Journal of ...
Autoimmune hypophysitis Lymphocytic hypophysitis Pituitary disease Hypopituitarism "Autoimmune Hypophysitis Symptoms". Johns ... Hypophysitis refers to an inflammation of the pituitary gland. Hypophysitis is rare and not fully understood. There are four ... Caturegli P (June 2007). "Autoimmune hypophysitis: an underestimated disease in search of its autoantigen(s)". J. Clin. ... all which are found in the anterior pituitary. Polyuria is also a common symptom - which results in very dilute urine, as well ...
Pituitary Macroadenomas eMedicine Meyers CA (1998). "Neurobehavioral functioning of adults with pituitary disease". ... patients with pituitary disease were diagnosed and treated for depression and showed little response to the treatment for ... Forensic Neuropathology p. 137 By Jan E. Leestma Weitzner MA, Kanfer S, Booth-Jones M (2005). "Apathy and Pituitary Disease: It ... Graves' disease: an autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, resulting in hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. ...
"Immunoendocrine communication via the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in autoimmune diseases". Endocrine Reviews. 14 (5): ... Dysfunction of the immune system can cause autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when ... Chronic granulomatous disease, where phagocytes have a reduced ability to destroy pathogens, is an example of an inherited, or ... With infectious disease remaining one of the leading causes of death in the human population, vaccination represents the most ...
... of complications stemming from pituitary disease. Sharing her frustration with the lack of awareness and knowledge of pituitary ... disorders, Reese said: When it happened, I thought, "It's such an odd thing to die from," because pituitary problems aren't ...
... therefore affects the functioning of the pituitary and the target organs controlled by the pituitary, ... Obesity and pituitary disease. Pituitary News, 17. Retrieved from http://www.pituitary.org.uk/content/view/166/122/ Archived ... Hypothalamic disease may cause insufficient or inhibited signalling to the pituitary leading to deficiencies of one or more of ... Sylvia L., A. (2004). Hypothalamic disease. In Editor-in-Chief: Luciano Martini (Ed.), Encyclopedia of endocrine diseases (pp. ...
These include endocrine causes such as pituitary and thyroid disease, and some medications. Such medications include: ... Other tests that may be considered include mammography, breast ultrasound, CT scan of the head to rule out a pituitary tumour, ... Dust ectasia, with nipple retraction Mastitis in breast Diagram showing ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) Paget's disease of the ... ISBN 978-0-7020-4967-5. (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Breast diseases, ...
Infiltrative disease or tumors affecting the hypothalamus and pituitary can result in HA. FHA accounts for around 10-15% of all ... The pituitary gland controls most other hormonal glands in the human body. Therefore, any pituitary malfunctioning affects ... The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus. In 10% of cases, alterations in the chemical signals from the ... In women with anovulation, it may be an alternative after 7-12 attempted cycles of pituitary feedback regimens (as evidenced by ...
113-. ISBN 978-0-12-804390-5. Geer EB (1 December 2016). The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Health and Disease: ... Pituitary disorders-it's not the anterior pituitary (posters). Endocrine Society. pp. SAT-547-SAT-547. Archived from the ... Laws Jr ER, Pace L (11 November 2016). Cushing's Disease: An Often Misdiagnosed and Not So Rare Disorder. Elsevier Science. pp ... 170-. ISBN 978-3-319-45950-9. Cuevas-Ramos D, Lim DS, Fleseriu M (2016). "Update on medical treatment for Cushing's disease". ...
Geer EB (1 December 2016). The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Health and Disease: Cushing's Syndrome and Beyond. ... Knuth UA, Hano R, Nieschlag E (November 1984). "Effect of flutamide or cyproterone acetate on pituitary and testicular hormones ... Contraindications of hydroxyprogesterone caproate include previous or current thrombosis or thromboembolic disease, known or ... fibrocystic breast disease, adenosis, and breast pain. In addition, hydroxyprogesterone caproate is used in the treatment of ...
... caused by a malfunction of the pituitary gland. Solomon Carter Fuller first names Alzheimer's disease. Hakaru Hashimoto first ... Karl F. Sundman solves the n-body problem for n=3. Harvey Cushing identifies Cushing's disease, ...
"Of old and new diseases: genetics of pituitary ACTH excess (Cushing) and deficiency". Clin. Genet. 72 (3): 175-82. doi:10.1111/ ... Pituitary disorders, All stub articles, Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disease stubs). ... March 2001). "A pituitary cell-restricted T box factor, Tpit, activates POMC transcription in cooperation with Pitx ... It can be either isolated or part of a generalised pituitary dysfunction. It can be life-threatening if not recognised.[ ...
Endocrine (hypogonadism, pituitary disorders such as hyperprolactinaemia and Cushing's disease, thyroid disorders, etc.). ...
However, it was found that those rats with functioning pituitary glands exhibited maternal behavior within about 3-4 days. In ... challenges in disease detection and treatment". Endocrine Reviews. 26 (6): 775-799. doi:10.1210/er.2004-0025. ISSN 0163-769X. ... Lindsay, John R.; Nieman, Lynnette K. (2005-10-01). "The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: ... estradiol and progesterone which were implanted in nulliparous rats that either maintained the function of their pituitary ...
In 2009, she had a nearly fatal pituitary tumor, which resulted in Cushing's disease. She was treated at King's College ... started out as a science teacher and chose to take a different life path after her first experience of Cushing's Disease. She ...
... is also used to treat Cushing's disease (pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome) in dogs. The medication is used in ... Its main use is in those patients who have persistent disease despite surgical resection, those who are not surgical candidates ... or those who have metastatic disease. In a 2007 retrospective study of 177 patients from 1985 to 2005 showed a significant ...
Paget's disease and pituitary gland abnormalities. His name is associated with "Erdheim's syndrome", a condition that is also ... He is credited with the characterization (or partial characterization) of Erdheim-Chester disease and cystic medial necrosis. ... He used the term "nanosomia pituitaria" to describe pituitary dwarfism. Uber Hypophysenganggeschwülste und Hirncholesteatome, ... Erdheim disease: a synonym for cystic medial necrosis. Erdheim tumor: a synonym for craniopharyngioma. ...
ISBN 0-521-64404-6. which may also suggest Pituitary disease Look up galactorrhea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. (Articles ... pituitary adenomas (with overproduction of prolactin or compression of the pituitary stalk), and hypothyroidism. Adenomas of ... Lactation failure Galactagogue Mammoplasia Hypothalamic-pituitary-prolactin axis Sakiyama, R.; Quan, M. (1983). "Galactorrhea ... the anterior pituitary are most often prolactinomas. Overproduction of prolactin leads to cessation of menstrual periods and ...
... deficiency due to pituitary disease results in hypogonadism, which can lead to infertility. Treatment includes ... Rothman MS, Wierman ME (2008). "Female hypogonadism: evaluation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis". Pituitary. 11 (2 ... LH and FSH are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland, while hCG and eCG are secreted by the placenta in pregnant humans and ... Stewart J, Li CH (August 1962). "On the use of -tropin or -trophin in connection with anterior pituitary hormones". Science. ...
For example, high prolactin levels could result from diseases affecting the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Other organs, ... Drugs that block the effects of dopamine at the pituitary or deplete dopamine stores in the brain may cause the pituitary to ... division of the pituitary stalk or hypothalamic disease. Other causes include chronic kidney failure, hypothyroidism, ... it also gives an image of the pituitary, but is less sensitive than the MRI. In addition to assessing the size of the pituitary ...
This functionality fosters simulation of several functional diseases of the thyroid and the pituitary gland. Parameter sets may ... Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis Thyroid function tests Dietrich, JW; Landgrafe, G; Fotiadou, EH (2012). "TSH and ... Hoermann, R; Midgley, JE; Larisch, R; Dietrich, JW (February 2013). "Is pituitary TSH an adequate measure of thyroid hormone- ... SimThyr is a free continuous dynamic simulation program for the pituitary-thyroid feedback control system. The open-source ...
... (PPID), or equine Cushing's disease, is an endocrine disease affecting the pituitary ... Unlike the human and canine forms of Cushing's disease, which most commonly affect the pars distalis region of the pituitary ... The pituitary gland consists of three parts: the pars nervosa, the pars intermedia, and the pars distalis. The most critical ... Horses with early disease may produce a false-negative result. In these horses, the thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation ...
A pituitary disease is a disorder primarily affecting the pituitary gland. The main disorders involving the pituitary gland are ... Pituitary tumour, a tumor of the pituitary gland. Pituitary adenoma, a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland. Pituicytoma, ... Pituitary apoplexy, bleeding into or impaired blood supply of the pituitary gland. "Overview of the Pituitary Gland: Pituitary ... Thyroidisms caused by the pituitary gland are less common though, accounting for less than 10% of all hypothyroidism cases and ...
... scans performed during pregnancy demonstrate a gradual increase in maternal pituitary volume over the course of gestation, with ... Anatomic changes in the pituitary in normal pregnancy Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ... encoded search term (Pituitary Disease and Pregnancy) and Pituitary Disease and Pregnancy What to Read Next on Medscape ... such as strong evidence of new pituitary disease, or in the presence of preexisting pituitary disease. If an abnormality is ...
... and the insulin tolerance test for assessment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with pituitary disease. J. ... Diseases 2016, 4, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases4010005 AMA Style. Edgar OS, Lucas-Herald AK, Shaikh MG. Pituitary-Adrenal ... Diseases 2016, 4, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases4010005 AMA Style. Edgar OS, Lucas-Herald AK, Shaikh MG. Pituitary-Adrenal ... one study used 3D MRI to review the pituitary gland while simultaneously measuring basal pituitary hormonal levels in patients ...
Supporting Rare Pituitary Disease Awareness, H.R. Con. Res. 31, 113th Cong. (2013). ... 31 - 113th Congress: Supporting Rare Pituitary Disease Awareness. Retrieved from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/ ... 31 - 113th Congress: Supporting Rare Pituitary Disease Awareness." www.GovTrack.us. 2013. September 29, 2023 ,https://www. ...
The diagnosis of pituitary disease is generally uncomplicated. This is despite the high prevalence of occult pituitary adenomas ... Lymphocytic hypophysitis, pituitary apoplexy, and evidence of more extensive disease such as cranial nerve palsies, temporal ... PITUITARY APOPLEXY. Haemorrhage or infarction of the pituitary may be clinically benign or present catastrophically with severe ... CLASSIFICATION OF PITUITARY ADENOMAS. Pituitary adenomas are classified by size and hormone secretory subtype. So-called " ...
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1990) Pituitary gonadotrophin and sex steroid secretion during the first two years of life. in Control of the onset of puberty. ... The hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis is intrinsically active during the first month of life and this is an opportune moment ... 1976) Pituitary-gonadal relations in infancy: 2. Pattern of serum gonadal steroid concentrations in man from birth to two years ... As our understanding of the pathophysiology of male undermasculinisation improves, the practice of evaluating the pituitary- ...
Neurosarcoidosis with pituitary stalk involvement as a first manifestation of a systemic disease Section Neuroradiology ... Loss of the bright signal of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is seen and the pituitary stalk is thickened (arrow).. ... Loss of the bright signal of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is seen and the pituitary stalk is thickened (arrow). ... This disease is common among young adults between 20 and 40 years with a female predilection. Its prevalence is estimated ...
methylguanine DNA methyltransferase, 6, Chemotherapy, Cushings disease, O, Pituitary carcinoma, Temozolomide Persistent URL ... Temozolomide-induced shrinkage of a pituitary carcinoma causing cushings disease - Report of a case and literature review. ... Temozolomide-induced shrinkage of a pituitary carcinoma causing cushings disease - Report of a case and literature review. ... agent that has recently been used in some cases as a new therapeutic tool for pituitary carcinomas and aggressive pituitary ...
Pituitary adenomas are neoplasms in the anterior pituitary and are associated with conditions such as acromegaly (an ... High prevalence of HHV-6B & HPV in invasive pituitary adenomas. A recent study from investigators at Chongqing University in ... NF-kB signaling pathway which in turn contributes to the progression and proliferation of invasive pituitary adenomas. There ... conferences and supports scientists and clinicians seeking to clarify the role of the two HHV-6 viruses in disease. Since HHV- ...
... is a rare disease caused by congenital pituitary anatomical defects. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and the ... Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a rare disease caused by congenital pituitary anatomical defects. The ... Vergier J, Castinetti F, Saveanu A, Girard N, Brue T, Reynaud R. Diagnosis of endocrine disease: pituitary stalk interruption ... Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the lack or thinning of the pituitary ...
... and etiology of headaches in patients with pituitary disease. ... Headache and Pituitary Disease. A Systematic Review. I. ... Headache is very common in pituitary disease and is reported to be present in more than a third of all patients with pituitary ... International Headache Classification and Its Relevance for Pituitary Disease. *Pathophysiology of Headache in Pituitary ... International Headache Classification and Its Relevance for Pituitary Disease. *Pathophysiology of Headache in Pituitary ...
"Pituitary Diseases" by people in this website by year, and whether "Pituitary Diseases" was a major or minor topic of these ... These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also ... "Pituitary Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Serum testosterone as an index of gonadotrophin secretion in acromegaly and pituitary disease. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1970 ...
... metabolic derangement secondary to pituitary dysfunction, and pituitary control of the endocrine pancreas. While the focus of ... diagnosis and treatment of Non-functioning pituitary adenomas.- Chapter 5 Craniopharyngioma and Posttreatment Pituitary ... Ezio Ghigo is Chairman of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease at the Medical School, University of Turin, where he was ... This book presents the state of the art in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy of hypothalamic and pituitary disorders ...
Anterior Pituitary Disease (Anterior): Read more about Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications, Causes and Prognosis. ... This rare pituitary disease affects mostly middle-aged adults. Untreated, the pituitary disorder can lead to severe illness and ... The pituitary gland was very small and there were few remnants of both the anterior and the posterior pituitary. [1] [5] The ... Complications are often related to the underlying disease. For More Information Visit the Pituitary Network Association web ...
Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a rare congenital disease resulting in hypopituitarism of variable degree. ... Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome - Clinical Presentation and Management of a Potentially Life-threatening Disease in ... Serious courses, due to severe combined pituitary insufficiency, are even rarer and associated with a very early manifestation ... PSIS is indispensable in the treatment and prevention of the possible severe clinical manifestation of this orphan disease. ...
The World Alliance of Pituitary Organizations, WAPO is attempting to provide a world view of pituitary ... Disease & Treatment. Information, news, resources and insights from the worlds leading experts on specific pituitary ... PWN publishes regular blog posts and podcasts on pituitary diseases and treatments with the worlds leading experts. ... WAPO is attempting to provide a world view of pituitary disease through a "mapping project" that asks member organizations to ...
View cost for Pituitary Diseases Treatment, book appointment for Pituitary Diseases Treatment on DoctoriDuniya ... Pituitary Diseases Treatment in Azamgarh. Endocrinologist is the study of the endocrine system in the human body. This is a ... pituitary diseases treatment in azamgarh - Book Online Appointment/Online Consultation. .basic3 { background-color: #16A085; ... Endocrinologists can be consulted in case of Acromegaly, Adrenal Insufficiency, and Addisons Disease, Cushings Syndrome. ...
A rare pituitary tumor caused a womans Cushings syndrome case. The tumor was in the clivus region, a bone at the base of the ... Rethinking what success looks like in life with Cushings disease * Levels of S1P can help ID location of pituitary gland ... Ectopic pituitary tumor is culprit in rare Cushings case Ectopic pituitary tumor is culprit in rare Cushings case. Surgery ... These patients, who have a disease form called Cushings disease, have tumors that produce the ACTH hormone in excess, which ...
Update on the Treatment of Pituitary Diseases: Emerging Therapies 12 Apr 2019, 12:30 PM 08:30 PM ... therapies in order to assess and update current practices to promote earlier diagnosis and treatment of pituitary diseases. The ... Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center is providing this course to pituitary patients and caregivers free of charge. To ... The patient breakout sessions will provide pituitary patients the ability to review treatment options, learn about ongoing ...
Home > Events & Deadlines > Endorsed Events > Advances in the understanding and treatment of non-adenomatous pituitary disease ... Advances in the understanding and treatment of non-adenomatous pituitary disease - postgraduate course (RRDF). ... Programme - Advances in the understanding and treatment of non-adenomatous pituitary disease.pdf ... "Advances in the understanding and treatment of non-adenomatous pituitary disease". This in-person meeting will take place in ...
The following is a summary of "Treatment of Cushing Disease With Pituitary-Targeting Seliciclib," published in the March 2023 ... Two prospective, open-label, phase 2 trials were conducted at a tertiary referral pituitary center. Adult patients with de novo ... sought to investigate the effectiveness of seliciclib as a pituitary-targeting treatment for patients with Cushings disease ( ... The results suggested that seliciclib may target pituitary corticotrophs in CD and reverse hypercortisolism. Although potential ...
hypopituitarism, a pituitary gland disorder. Thyroid problems. There is conflicting evidence on whether thyroid disorders are ... autoimmune diseases. *infections. *aging. *obesity. *metabolic syndrome. *certain medications, including some antidepressants ...
Disease & Treatment. Information, news, resources and insights from the worlds leading experts on specific pituitary ... Canada to Mexico: Rare pituitary disease patient bikes the 1845-mile Pacific Coast Highway. August 13, 2021 ... PWN publishes regular blog posts and podcasts on pituitary diseases and treatments with the worlds leading experts. ... a rare disease of the pituitary gland), in 2018, is undertaking this 1845-mile challenge starting this September 12. Listen to ...
Pituitary Disease in Pregnancy. November 27, 2020 - No Grand Rounds. November 20, 2020 - No Grand Rounds ... Socio-endemic Diseases, Hatred, Health and Peace. Izzeldin Abuelaish M.S.C., OOnt, M.D., M.P.H., M. Hon. LL.D., Litt D., D.Sc ... Risks of Infectious Diseases in Newborns Exposed to Alternative Perinatal Practices. June 10, 2022. Brianna Byers, M.D.. Anti- ... Chronic Venous Disease in Women: Its Not Just Varicose Veins. December 4, 2015. Michael Silberbach, MD, Pediatrics, OHSU. ...
Blum Center Program: Heart Disease and HIV - Getting to the HEART of the Matter People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ... Mass General Endocrinology: Neuroendocrine & Pituitary Tumor Clinical Center. 55 Fruit St.. Boston, MA 02114 Phone: 617-726- ... However, research has found that they are at an increased risk for heart disease. Suman Srinivasa, MD, MS, Allie Walpert, MSN, ... Suman Srinivasa is faculty at Harvard Medical School, clinician in the Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Tumor Clinical Center, and ...
Pituitary disease. TEACHING. *Head of Year 1, BSc Medical Biosciences, Imperial College School of Medicine ... Natural history of non-functioning pituitary microadenomas: results from the UK non-functioning pituitary adenoma consortium, ...
... is an inherited condition characterized by development of a noncancerous tumor in the pituitary gland (called a pituitary ... Catalog of Genes and Diseases from OMIM. *PITUITARY ADENOMA 1, MULTIPLE TYPES; PITA1 ... In FIPA, pituitary tumors usually occur at a younger age than sporadic pituitary adenomas, which are not inherited. In general ... It is not known why the pituitary gland is specifically affected or why certain types of pituitary adenomas develop. ...
... accompanied by thickened pituitary stalk and enlarged pituitary on cranial MRI. Neurosarcoidosis was suspected and treatment ... Following two courses of rituximab, the pituitary mass resolved and the corticotroph axis partially recovered. The patient has ... To ascertain the nature of the pituitary lesion, she underwent transsphenoidal biopsy, which revealed lymphocytic hypophysitis ... The patient initially improved but after 6 months developed recurrent pituitary enlargement, bilateral optic neuritis, and ...
... dependent Cushing disease due to a pituitary corticotroph adenoma. Loss-of-heterozygosity analysis of the pituitary tumour ... dependent Cushing disease due to a pituitary corticotroph adenoma. Loss-of-heterozygosity analysis of the pituitary tumour ... dependent Cushing disease due to a pituitary corticotroph adenoma. Loss-of-heterozygosity analysis of the pituitary tumour ... dependent Cushing disease due to a pituitary corticotroph adenoma. Loss-of-heterozygosity analysis of the pituitary tumour ...
  • A pituitary disease is a disorder primarily affecting the pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main disorders involving the pituitary gland are: Overproduction or underproduction of a pituitary hormone will affect the respective end-organ. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, insufficient production (hyposecretion) of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the pituitary gland will cause hypothyroidism, while overproduction (hypersecretion) of TSH will cause hyperthyroidism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thyroidisms caused by the pituitary gland are less common though, accounting for less than 10% of all hypothyroidism cases and much less than 1% of hyperthyroidism cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hypophysitis, inflammation of the pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • Autoimmune hypophysitis (or lymphocytic hypophysitis), inflammation of the pituitary gland due to autoimmunity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pituitary tumour, a tumor of the pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pituitary adenoma, a noncancerous tumor of the pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pituitary apoplexy, bleeding into or impaired blood supply of the pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • The pituitary gland generally undergoes an increase in size during pregnancy, which is mainly due to an increase in blood supply, as it is a highly vascular organ. (medscape.com)
  • Despite the increase in size of the pituitary gland during pregnancy, pituitary function usually remains normal. (medscape.com)
  • Any part of the nervous system can be affected, but the most commonly involved structures are the cranial nerves, the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. (eurorad.org)
  • For example, if the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone in a child, they may have a permanently short stature . (symptoma.com)
  • Dev'tal and Genetic Causes of Hypopituitarism Pituitary Dysplasia  Result in aplastic, hypoplastic, or ectopic pituitary gland dev't Septo-Optic Dysplasia  Pit dysfunction leads to diabetes insipidus, GH def and short stature , and, TSH def. (symptoma.com)
  • The presence of benign tumors (adenomas) in the pituitary gland are the most common cause of Cushing's, accounting for approximately 70% of all cases. (cushingsdiseasenews.com)
  • In some cases, however, the excess of ACTH can come from ectopic pituitary tumors, which are pituitary adenomas located outside the sellar area (the tiny space in the skull where the pituitary gland sits) that have no direct connection with normal pituitary tissue. (cushingsdiseasenews.com)
  • A CT scan revealed a soft tissue mass measuring about 3 centimeters in diameter in the clivus region, but the pituitary gland was normal. (cushingsdiseasenews.com)
  • Marisa "Risa" Heidt, diagnosed with acromegaly (a rare disease of the pituitary gland), in 2018, is undertaking this 1845-mile challenge starting this September 12. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
  • Seliciclib (R-roscovitine) has been shown in preclinical studies to inhibit neoplastic corticotroph proliferation and the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the pituitary gland. (invisionzone.com)
  • Familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) is an inherited condition characterized by development of a noncancerous tumor in the pituitary gland (called a pituitary adenoma). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The pituitary gland, which is found at the base of the brain, produces hormones that control many important body functions. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tumors that form in the pituitary gland can release excess levels of one or more hormones, although some tumors do not produce hormones (nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas). (medlineplus.gov)
  • however, in FIPA, the pituitary adenomas are described as isolated because only the pituitary gland is affected. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is not known why the pituitary gland is specifically affected or why certain types of pituitary adenomas develop. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Indirectly, issues with the pituitary gland can cause Addison's disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The pituitary gland produces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce other hormones. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Secondary adrenal deficiency can also develop when a person uses steroid drugs that affect the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland and prevent the body from producing ACTH. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Pituitary apoplexy or infarction is the death of an area of tissue in the pituitary gland, a small gland joined to the hypothalamus (part of the brain). (tuftsmedicalcenter.org)
  • The prohormone is processed and transported down the axon, which terminates in the posterior pituitary gland. (medscape.com)
  • the pituitary is often called the "master gland" of the body, as it produces hormones that tell other glands to produce their specific hormones. (deaconess.com)
  • Objective -To describe the anatomic features of the pituitary gland region in horses via computed tomography (CT) and determine the accuracy of CT for estimating normal equine pituitary gland dimensions. (avma.org)
  • Contrast-enhanced CT of the pituitary gland region was performed postmortem in 23 horses with 4 slice thickness and interval settings (10-mm contiguous or overlapping slices and 4-mm contiguous or overlapping slices). (avma.org)
  • Gross and CT estimates of pituitary gland dimensions were compared via ANOVA. (avma.org)
  • Accuracy of CT estimates was calculated with gross pituitary gland measurements as the known value. (avma.org)
  • Gross measurements and CT estimates of pituitary gland length from 10-mm contiguous and overlapping slices did not differ. (avma.org)
  • Gross measurements and CT estimates of pituitary gland width from 4-mm contiguous and overlapping slices did not differ. (avma.org)
  • The production of this hormone is regulated by the pituitary gland, which is a small gland located at the base of the brain. (ada.com)
  • The pituitary produces a hormone called TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4 hormones. (ada.com)
  • These hormones also give feedback to the pituitary gland, so that it knows when to slow down on the production of TSH. (ada.com)
  • In the case of hypothyroidism, TSH will be high, as the pituitary gland will try to stimulate the thyroid to produce more thyroid hormone. (ada.com)
  • If both your levels of T4 and TSH are low, this may indicate a condition of the pituitary gland. (ada.com)
  • This form of hyperthyroidism is mild because the feedback system with the pituitary gland still makes up for the increase in thyroid hormone by producing less thyroid stimulating hormone. (ada.com)
  • Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) is a polypeptide hormone composed of 39 amino acids that is secreted by corticotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. (medscape.com)
  • Thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenomas. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is despite the high prevalence of occult pituitary adenomas in the general population, the widespread use of high definition imaging techniques, and the broad range of intra- and perisellar lesions that can mimic pituitary adenomas. (bmj.com)
  • Inappropriate pituitary hormone secretion and visual field deficits are the most characteristic presenting features of pituitary adenomas. (bmj.com)
  • Pituitary adenomas are classified by size and hormone secretory subtype. (bmj.com)
  • Temozolomide (TMZ) is an alkylating chemotherapeutic agent that has recently been used in some cases as a new therapeutic tool for pituitary carcinomas and aggressive pituitary adenomas. (eur.nl)
  • A recent study from investigators at Chongqing University in China explored the involvement of three viruses in the progression of pituitary adenomas (PA). (hhv-6foundation.org)
  • The authors suggest that the HPV-16 and HHV-6 viruses activate the TLR3/ NF-kB signaling pathway which in turn contributes to the progression and proliferation of invasive pituitary adenomas. (hhv-6foundation.org)
  • Pituitary adenomas are neoplasms in the anterior pituitary and are associated with conditions such as acromegaly (an overproduction of growth hormone), Cushing's syndrome (excessive production of cortisol), and diabetes insipidus (a reduction in the production of antidiuretic hormone). (hhv-6foundation.org)
  • Headache is very common in pituitary disease and is reported to be present in more than a third of all patients with pituitary adenomas. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Headaches are frequently linked to pituitary disease, and it is generally accepted that headache is a common presenting feature of pituitary adenomas and other sellar pathologies. (medscape.com)
  • Chapter 4 Physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment of Non-functioning pituitary adenomas. (mymedicalchest.com)
  • consequently, pituitary adenomas frequently extend in a suprasellar direction. (symptoma.com)
  • Less common tumor types in FIPA include somatolactotropinomas, nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas, adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting tumors (which cause a condition known as Cushing disease ), thyrotropinomas, and gonadotropinomas. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In FIPA, pituitary tumors usually occur at a younger age than sporadic pituitary adenomas, which are not inherited. (medlineplus.gov)
  • CONCLUSION: PRKAR1A loss-of-function mutations can rarely lead to ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas in CNC patients. (kl.ac.at)
  • Loss-of-heterozygosity analysis of the pituitary tumour revealed loss of the wild-type copy of PRKAR1A, suggesting a role of this gene in the pituitary adenoma development.CONCLUSION: PRKAR1A loss-of-function mutations can rarely lead to ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas in CNC patients. (kl.ac.at)
  • Like adenomas, the vast majority of reported pituitary carcinomas are endocrinologically active (88%), with most secreting adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) or prolactin (PRL)[ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Corticotropin-secreting adenomas cause Cushing disease. (medscape.com)
  • Corticotropin-secreting adenomas cause Cushing disease characterized by weight gain, primarily in the facial, nuchal, truncal, and girdle areas (ie, centripetal or "buffalo" obesity). (medscape.com)
  • As with adenomas elsewhere, the likely cause of pituitary microadenomas is a local mutation leading to autonomous growth and/or secretion. (medscape.com)
  • Natural history of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas and incidentalomas: a systematic review and metaanalysis. (medscape.com)
  • AIP mutation in pituitary adenomas in the 18th century and today. (medscape.com)
  • Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers: occult adenomas in the general population. (medscape.com)
  • Buurman H, Saeger W. Subclinical adenomas in postmortem pituitaries: classification and correlations to clinical data. (medscape.com)
  • Chapter 5 Craniopharyngioma and Posttreatment Pituitary Dysfunction in Brain Tumors. (mymedicalchest.com)
  • These patients, who have a disease form called Cushing's disease , have tumors that produce the ACTH hormone in excess, which then stimulates the adrenal glands, sitting atop the kidneys, to produce and release cortisol into the bloodstream. (cushingsdiseasenews.com)
  • The tumor was removed via transsphenoidal endoscopy - a minimally invasive surgery that removes tumors in the pituitary region through the nose. (cushingsdiseasenews.com)
  • In general, FIPA tumors are also larger than sporadic pituitary tumors. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pituitary carcinomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors affecting the adenohypophysis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pituitary carcinomas are extremely rare neoplasms, representing only 0.1% to 0.2% of all pituitary tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The purpose of the study was to evaluate the safety of withholding steroids in patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery of pituitary tumors by prospectively comparing patients who did and did not receive perioperative glucocorticoids. (wustl.edu)
  • Patients who undergo transsphenoidal resection of pituitary tumors are at risk for adrenal insufficiency. (wustl.edu)
  • Management of incidentally found nonfunctional pituitary tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Finally, we screened for published case reports on pituitary adenoma, pituitary apoplexy, Rathke's cleft cyst, craniopharyngioma and hypophysitis. (medscape.com)
  • Now, a team of researchers in China described the case of a woman who developed a very rare case of Cushing's syndrome associated with an ectopic ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma located in the clivus region, a bone at the base of the skull, close to the spine. (cushingsdiseasenews.com)
  • Based on the patient's medical history, clinical and laboratory symptoms, and the characteristics of the tumor cells, she was diagnosed with ectopic ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma (EAPA). (cushingsdiseasenews.com)
  • However, only 20 to 30 percent of individuals with an AIP gene mutation develop a pituitary adenoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • CASE DESCRIPTION: Here, we describe the first case of a patient with CNC and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent Cushing disease due to a pituitary corticotroph adenoma. (kl.ac.at)
  • Loss-of-heterozygosity analysis of the pituitary tumour revealed loss of the wild-type copy of PRKAR1A, suggesting a role of this gene in the pituitary adenoma development. (kl.ac.at)
  • Cushing syndrome due to primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is the most frequent endocrine disease observed in CNC.CASE DESCRIPTION: Here, we describe the first case of a patient with CNC and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent Cushing disease due to a pituitary corticotroph adenoma. (kl.ac.at)
  • The latency period between initial presentation of a pituitary adenoma and the development of distal metastases marking carcinoma is extremely variable, and some patients may live well over 10 years with pituitary carcinoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dr. Casanueva is a past president of the Spanish Endocrine Society (SEEN), the European Federation of Endocrine Societies (now SEE), the International Society for Endocrinology (ISE), and The Pituitary Society. (mymedicalchest.com)
  • Ezio Ghigo is Chairman of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease at the Medical School, University of Turin, where he was appointed Full Professor of Endocrinology and Metabolism in 1999. (mymedicalchest.com)
  • The following is a summary of "Treatment of Cushing Disease With Pituitary-Targeting Seliciclib," published in the March 2023 issue of Endocrinology & Metabolism by Liu, et al. (invisionzone.com)
  • Nelson's syndrome, may occur after surgical removal of both adrenal glands, an out-dated method of treating Cushing's disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the following systematic review, we address the literature on headache and pituitary disorders with regard to prevalence, aetiology, pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment. (medscape.com)
  • This book presents the state of the art in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapy of hypothalamic and pituitary disorders. (mymedicalchest.com)
  • After an introduction devoted to the physiology of the neuroendocrine control of the hypothalamic-pituitary unit, the diverse disorders involving hormonal excess or deficiency are systematically addressed axis by axis. (mymedicalchest.com)
  • PWN's sole reason for being is to help diagnose people properly and early by increasing awareness of pituitary disorders and providing a platform for communications, collaborations, creativity, and innovation. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
  • Learn more about our Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Program located in downtown Boston, we specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of various neuroendocrine disorders. (tuftsmedicalcenter.org)
  • Lymphocytic hypophysitis, pituitary apoplexy, and evidence of more extensive disease such as cranial nerve palsies, temporal lobe epilepsy, hydrocephalus, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea are fortunately rarer. (bmj.com)
  • Autoimmune lymphocytic hypophysitis in association with autoimmune eye disease and sequential treatment with infliximab and rituximab. (bvsalud.org)
  • Autoimmune lymphocytic hypophysitis associates predominantly with other autoimmune endocrinopathies and is most commonly treated with glucocorticoids and/or decompressive pituitary surgery . (bvsalud.org)
  • To ascertain the nature of the pituitary lesion, she underwent transsphenoidal biopsy , which revealed lymphocytic hypophysitis with numerous CD20 positive B lymphocytes . (bvsalud.org)
  • Supporting Rare Pituitary Disease Awareness. (govtrack.us)
  • Supporting Rare Pituitary Disease Awareness, H.R. Con. (govtrack.us)
  • This rare pituitary disease affects mostly middle-aged adults. (symptoma.com)
  • A woman developed Cushing's syndrome as a result of a rare pituitary tumor in the clivus region - a bone at the base of the skull - that produced excess levels of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a case study from China reports. (cushingsdiseasenews.com)
  • [ 4 ] The pituitary stalk remains unchanged and is in the midline. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, T1-weighted images showed a pituitary stalk thickening, normal anterior lobe and absence of posterior lobe's bright signal (Fig. 2). (eurorad.org)
  • Neurosarcoidosis with pituitary stalk involvement. (eurorad.org)
  • Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a rare congenital disease resulting in hypopituitarism of variable degree. (qxmd.com)
  • A 52-year-old woman presented with scleritis , uveitis , facial palsy , and central diabetes insipidus , accompanied by thickened pituitary stalk and enlarged pituitary on cranial MRI. (bvsalud.org)
  • The gold standard for the treatment of [Cushing's] caused by EAPA was the surgical removal of [the tumor], which was essential to achieve remission and histological confirmation of the disease," the researchers wrote. (cushingsdiseasenews.com)
  • Therefore, for a study, researchers sought to investigate the effectiveness of seliciclib as a pituitary-targeting treatment for patients with Cushing's disease (CD). (invisionzone.com)
  • We describe a patient with an ACTH-producing carcinoma of the pituitary with refractory Cushing's disease and hepatic metastases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cushing's disease or pituitary incidentaloma? (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Among the many fatal dog ailments that are usually seen, Cushing's disease is one of the most common - and fatal. (greatpettips.com)
  • The average lifespan of a dog suffering from Cushing's disease is as little as 3 years, although proper care and medication can slightly stretch that time frame. (greatpettips.com)
  • The purpose of this article is to explain what Cushing's disease is, as well as the ways to take care of a dog suffering from it. (greatpettips.com)
  • Any diet that helps in reducing the effects of inflammation and improving gut health is ideal for a dog suffering from Cushing's disease. (greatpettips.com)
  • Dogs suffering from Cushing's disease generally experience stiff joints and muscle weakness . (greatpettips.com)
  • You just need to ensure that your Cushing's dog is not getting overwhelmed by the disease by carefully adding exercise daily. (greatpettips.com)
  • Various approaches can be taken to alleviate the causes and symptoms of Cushing's disease. (greatpettips.com)
  • An exaggerated "physiological" trophic response to prolonged hypothyroidism presenting with visual field defects is well described but is, like pituitary carcinoma, very rare. (bmj.com)
  • Many people with autoimmune Addison's disease have another autoimmune condition, such as hypothyroidism , type 1 diabetes, or vitiligo. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Secondary hypothyroidism occurs when the hypothalamus produces insufficient thyrotropin -releasing hormone (TRH) or the pituitary produces insufficient TSH. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Serum testosterone as an index of gonadotrophin secretion in acromegaly and pituitary disease. (uchicago.edu)
  • Any physical abnormalities are caused by excessive hormone secretion (eg, galactorrhea due to hyperprolactinemia, acromegaly due to excessive growth hormone, corticotropin-mediated Cushing disease). (medscape.com)
  • Whereas in pituitary apoplexy a mechanical component explains the almost universal association of the condition with headaches, this correlation is less clear in other forms of pituitary disease and a positive impact of surgery on headaches is not guaranteed. (medscape.com)
  • Despite the cellular hyperplasia that occurs during pregnancy, pituitary tumor formation and, specifically, prolactinoma formation do not usually increase during pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Suman Srinivasa is faculty at Harvard Medical School, clinician in the Neuroendocrine and Pituitary Tumor Clinical Center, and physician investigator in the Metabolism Unit at the Massachusetts General Hospital. (massgeneral.org)
  • These changes likely impair the ability of the AIP protein to control the growth and division of cells, allowing pituitary cells to grow and divide unchecked and form a tumor. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Here, we report the case of a fatal pituitary carcinoma evolving within two years from an adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)-secreting macroadenoma and review the global literature regarding this rare neuroendocrine tumor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A variety of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes have been described in sporadic pituitary tumorigenesis. (medscape.com)
  • 6. History or presence of significant thyroid disease, adrenal dysfunction, organic intracranial lesion such as pituitary tumor. (who.int)
  • Prevalence of Parkinson's disease across North America. (nature.com)
  • Less commonly, pituitary carcinomas may metastasize hematogenously - a prominent feature of ACTH-producing carcinomas - resulting in metastatic invasion of the liver, bone, ovaries, heart, and lung. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Issues with the pituitary glands can cause them to produce less ACTH. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) must be interpreted in context with the other components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, including hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenal cortisol. (medscape.com)
  • Addison's disease, or adrenal insufficiency, is usually an autoimmune disease, resulting from a faulty immune response. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The genes most likely linked with autoimmune Addison's disease belong to the human leukocyte antigen complex. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. (uchicago.edu)
  • The pituitary produces many of the hormones that control essential body processes. (tuftsmedicalcenter.org)
  • This data will allow for analysis of the selected steroid hormones and related binding protein that can be used to assist in disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), androgen deficiency, certain cancers, and hormone imbalances. (cdc.gov)
  • Following two courses of rituximab , the pituitary mass resolved and the corticotroph axis partially recovered. (bvsalud.org)
  • The authors wrote, "The major finding of our study is that a steroid-sparing protocol is safe in patients with an intact HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis and does not affect surgical complications or the incidence of adrenal insufficiency, diabetes insipidus, or delayed hyponatremia. (wustl.edu)
  • While prior publications have addressed the presence of sexual dysfunction (SD) among men with PD, there has been a paucity of work examining the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and the interplay between dopamine, prolactin (PRL), and testosterone. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 1: Anticipated hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in eugonadal male without PD. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 2: Anticipated natural history of the male, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in Parkinson's Disease. (nature.com)
  • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a major role responding to stressor exposure by releasing cortisol. (cdc.gov)
  • Hypothalamus and pituitary involvement pertains to the last category and shows as leptomeningeal thickening and enhancement around the hypothalamus and pituitary infundibulum. (eurorad.org)
  • Less specific symptoms such as headache, and subtle signs of pituitary hormone deficiency with peripheral endocrine organ hypofunction characterised by amenorrhoea, loss of libido, and lethargy, are also common. (bmj.com)
  • Symptoms and signs of pituitary hormone deficiency are more subtle than those seen in primary end organ failure (table 1). (bmj.com)
  • The present review attempts to systematically review the literature for any combination of headache and pituitary or hormone overproduction or deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • Hyposomatotropism is a deficiency in the release of pituitary growth hormone (somatotropin), resulting in short stature. (medscape.com)
  • Androgen deficiency, such as hypogonadism, is associated with a range of chronic diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Androgen deficiency in men and excess in women and the associated chronic diseases are a public health concern. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. Jennifer H. Kuo is a board-certified surgeon-scientist nationally recognized for her expertise in the surgical treatment of thyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal diseases. (columbiasurgery.org)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • Inclusion in the update does not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention nor does it imply endorsement of the article's methods or findings. (cdc.gov)
  • Follow up and optimisation of pituitary hormone replacement is also relatively straightforward, but management of visual impairment, reduced fertility, coarsened facial features, arthritis, obesity, headaches, and obstructive sleep apnoea is often much more troublesome. (bmj.com)
  • Syndromes of pituitary hormone excess are described below. (bmj.com)
  • Addison's disease occurs when damage to the adrenal cortex disrupts hormone production in the adrenal glands. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In Addison's disease, the immune system attacks cells of the adrenal glands, and they gradually stop working. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Results -Pituitary glands were located between the temporomandibular joints and had contrast enhancement. (avma.org)
  • In the years that followed, other sources of infection were problem for public health offi cials, whose recommendations identifi ed: stereotactic electroencephalogram electrodes, may diminish the number of new cases but are impotent neurosurgical instruments, cadaveric dura mater and when it comes to preventing cases in already-infected pituitary glands, and, most recently, secondary variant persons in the preclinical phase of disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Chapter 6 Physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment of Functional pituitary dysfunction. (mymedicalchest.com)
  • This course is suited for medical professionals, patients, and caregivers to improve patient care and outcomes through evidence-based discussion of clinical practice guidelines and emerging therapies in order to assess and update current practices to promote earlier diagnosis and treatment of pituitary diseases. (invisionzone.com)
  • The posterior pituitary, which is normally visualized as an intense, T1-weighted signal on MRI scans (the so-called pituitary bright spot) is not visualized in the third trimester. (medscape.com)
  • Clinical Presentation and Management of a Potentially Life-threatening Disease in Newborns. (qxmd.com)
  • Conclusively, the early diagnosis of neonatal PSIS is indispensable in the treatment and prevention of the possible severe clinical manifestation of this orphan disease. (qxmd.com)
  • Information, news, resources and insights from the world's leading experts on specific pituitary conditions and treatments, including research and clinical trials. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
  • After completion of this educational activity, participants will be up-to-date on the latest in ongoing care and clinical management of patients with pituitary conditions. (invisionzone.com)
  • The patient breakout sessions will provide pituitary patients the ability to review treatment options, learn about ongoing clinical trials, and discuss their comprehensive care with providers and other patients. (invisionzone.com)
  • Her clinical research trajectory has concentrated on exploring mechanisms and treatment strategies for inflammation and cardiometabolic disease in HIV. (massgeneral.org)
  • Animals -25 adult horses with no clinical signs of pituitary disease. (avma.org)
  • The association between Parkinson's disease and Sexual dysfunction: Clinical correlation and therapeutic implications. (nature.com)
  • The Pituitary Foundation (internet search term: "Pit Pat") provides important opinion and information, and reassures patients that they are not alone. (bmj.com)
  • Phase two has added questions to help assess the preponderance of substandard medications in some parts of the world, a critical issue that could be affecting pituitary patients. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
  • The multidisciplinary nature of the course will allow the dissemination of knowledge across the variety of practitioners caring for pituitary patients, as well as for patients and caregivers. (invisionzone.com)
  • Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center is providing this course to pituitary patients and caregivers free of charge. (invisionzone.com)
  • Pituitary-dependent disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Cushing syndrome in CNC patients. (kl.ac.at)
  • Savci C, Sendir M. Evaluation of health related quality of life in patients with Parkinsons disease. (nature.com)
  • Mortality in patients with pituitary disease. (medscape.com)
  • Studies have shown that some chronic complications of diabetes such as eye disease, kidney disease, and nerve disease can be significantly reduced if the blood sugar is maintained as close to normal as possible. (drugs.com)
  • You need to ensure that despite the disease, mobility is not hampered as the dog needs to stay active and not succumb to the symptoms. (greatpettips.com)
  • Parkinson's disease (PD) is often most recognized for motor symptoms but associated non-motor symptoms such as sexual dysfunction can significantly impact quality of life. (nature.com)
  • In addition, individual chapters focus on the neuroendocrinology of energy homeostasis and of bone metabolism, metabolic derangement secondary to pituitary dysfunction, and pituitary control of the endocrine pancreas. (mymedicalchest.com)
  • Parkinson's Disease is associated with risk of sexual dysfunction in men but not in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (nature.com)
  • Sexual dysfunction in Parkinson Disease: a multicenter italian cross-sectional study on a still overlooked problem. (nature.com)
  • This revealed a 2.8 × 2.1 × 1.7 cm homogeneous pituitary mass involving the sella turcica with extension into the right cavernous sinus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Addison's disease disrupts the production of aldosterone and cortisol, which can lead to severe complications. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Get the latest news from Pituitary World News, a non-profit organization that seeks to increase awareness and reduce the number of undiagnosed and misdiagnosed people with a debilitating pituitary disease. (pituitaryworldnews.org)
  • Although the combination of these findings raised the suspicion of neurosarcoidosis, due to the lack of history of a pulmonary disease, metastases were the first diagnosis to be taken under consideration. (eurorad.org)
  • In this brief overview, the presentation, classification, and general investigation of pituitary lesions is followed by a discussion of the diagnosis and management of specific secretory subtypes. (bmj.com)
  • Gadolinium enhancement of pituitary MRI can be helpful for small microadenomas. (bmj.com)