A species of protozoan parasite causing MALARIA. It is the rarest of the four species of PLASMODIUM infecting humans, but is common in West African countries and neighboring areas.
A genus of protozoa that comprise the malaria parasites of mammals. Four species infect humans (although occasional infections with primate malarias may occur). These are PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; PLASMODIUM OVALE, and PLASMODIUM VIVAX. Species causing infection in vertebrates other than man include: PLASMODIUM BERGHEI; PLASMODIUM CHABAUDI; P. vinckei, and PLASMODIUM YOELII in rodents; P. brasilianum, PLASMODIUM CYNOMOLGI; and PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI in monkeys; and PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM in chickens.
A protozoan parasite that occurs primarily in subtropical and temperate areas. It is the causal agent of quartan malaria. As the parasite grows it exhibits little ameboid activity.
A species of protozoa that is the causal agent of falciparum malaria (MALARIA, FALCIPARUM). It is most prevalent in the tropics and subtropics.
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.
A protozoan parasite that causes vivax malaria (MALARIA, VIVAX). This species is found almost everywhere malaria is endemic and is the only one that has a range extending into the temperate regions.
An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404)
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of protozoa.
Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.
The study of parasites and PARASITIC DISEASES.
A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles dureni.
Ribonucleic acid in protozoa having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Aspects of health and disease related to travel.
An opening in the wall between the right and the left upper chambers (HEART ATRIA) of a fetal heart. Oval foramen normally closes soon after birth; when it fails to close the condition is called PATENT OVAL FORAMEN.
Agents used in the treatment of malaria. They are usually classified on the basis of their action against plasmodia at different stages in their life cycle in the human. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1585)
The use of instrumentation and techniques for visualizing material and details that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. It is usually done by enlarging images, transmitted by light or electron beams, with optical or magnetic lenses that magnify the entire image field. With scanning microscopy, images are generated by collecting output from the specimen in a point-by-point fashion, on a magnified scale, as it is scanned by a narrow beam of light or electrons, a laser, a conductive probe, or a topographical probe.
Proteins found in any species of protozoan.
The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.
A species of PLASMODIUM causing malaria in rodents.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the ATRIAL SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. Classification of atrial septal defects is based on location of the communication and types of incomplete fusion of atrial septa with the ENDOCARDIAL CUSHIONS in the fetal heart. They include ostium primum, ostium secundum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects.
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM VIVAX. This form of malaria is less severe than MALARIA, FALCIPARUM, but there is a higher probability for relapses to occur. Febrile paroxysms often occur every other day.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
A protozoan parasite from Southeast Asia that causes monkey malaria. It is naturally acquired by man in Malaysia and can also be transmitted experimentally to humans.
A protozoan parasite of rodents transmitted by the mosquito Anopheles stephensi.
Blockage of an artery due to passage of a clot (THROMBUS) from a systemic vein to a systemic artery without its passing through the lung which acts as a filter to remove blood clots from entering the arterial circulation. Paradoxical embolism occurs when there is a defect that allows a clot to cross directly from the right to the left side of the heart as in the cases of ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS or open FORAMEN OVALE. Once in the arterial circulation, a clot can travel to the brain, block an artery, and cause a STROKE.
Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.
The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.

Detection of imported malaria with the Cell-Dyn 4000 hematology analyzer. (1/62)

The sensitivity and specificity of the Cell-Dyn 4000 hematology analyzer in the diagnosis of imported malaria were studied with samples from patients in an academic hospital setting. The performance of the Cell-Dyn 4000 hematology analyzer was compared with that of conventional diagnostic methods for malaria. The Cell-Dyn 4000 hematology analyzer detected hemozoin-containing depolarizing monocytes in 29 of 58 patients with malaria and 2 of 55 patients without malaria. The presence or absence of depolarizing monocytes in patients with malaria was related to duration of symptoms before presentation for malaria analysis. A second parameter, pseudoreticulocytosis due to nuclear material of intraerythrocytic malaria parasites, was detected by the Cell-Dyn 4000 hematology analyzer almost exclusively in Plasmodium falciparum malaria patients with parasitemia levels of >/=0.5%. Attention to these abnormalities in medical centers without tropical disease expertise may decrease a delay in the diagnosis of malaria.  (+info)

Plasmodium ovale malaria acquired in central Spain. (2/62)

We describe a case of locally acquired Plasmodium ovale malaria in Spain. The patient was a Spanish woman who had never traveled out of Spain and had no other risk factors for malaria. Because patients with malaria may never have visited endemic areas, occasional transmission of malaria to European hosts is a diagnostic and clinical challenge.  (+info)

Procalcitonin serum levels in tertian malaria. (3/62)

BACKGROUND: Procalcitonin (PCT) is closely correlated with parasite burden and clinical outcome in falciparum malaria. The role of PCT in tertian malaria has not previously been investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: PCT serum levels in 37 patients with tertian malaria were analysed. Clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed and statistically correlated both to the initial PCT levels and during the course of the disease. RESULTS: PCT levels rose for one day after commencing treatment and declined thereafter. However, there was no significant correlation with parasite burden, clinical parameters, laboratory values, or the presence of semi-immunity. Before treatment, the majority of patients showed normal or slightly elevated PCT levels (< 2.5 ng/ml), but PCT was markedly elevated (4.8-47 ng/ml) in one third of the population. The two groups did not differ by any other of the assessed parameters. Thus, while the post-treatment course of PCT resembles falciparum malaria, the lack of correlation between disease severity and even high PCT levels in a large proportion of patients is intriguing. CONCLUSIONS: There is a fundamental difference in the relationship of PCT with tertian malaria not seen in other infectious diseases in which elevated PCT levels have been observed. This suggests distinct pathophysiological pathways in malaria.  (+info)

Evaluation of the RealArt Malaria LC real-time PCR assay for malaria diagnosis. (4/62)

PCR-based methods have advantages over traditional microscopic methods for the diagnosis of malaria, especially in cases of low parasitemia and mixed infections. However, current PCR-based assays are often labor-intensive and not readily quantifiable and have the potential for contamination due to a requirement for postamplification sample handling. Real-time PCR can address these limitations. This study evaluated the performance characteristics of a commercial malaria real-time PCR assay (RealArt Malaria LC Assay; Artus GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) on the LightCycler platform for the detection of malaria parasites in 259 febrile returned travelers. Compared to nested PCR as the reference standard, the real-time assay had a sensitivity of 99.5%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 99.6% for the detection of malaria. Our results indicate that the RealArt assay is a rapid (<45 min), sensitive, and specific method for the detection of malaria in returned travelers.  (+info)

Development of a real-time PCR assay for detection of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium ovale for routine clinical diagnosis. (5/62)

A TaqMan-based real-time PCR qualitative assay for the detection of three species of malaria parasites-Plasmodium falciparum, P. ovale, and P. vivax-was devised and evaluated using 122 whole-blood samples from patients who had traveled to areas where malaria is endemic and who presented with malaria-like symptoms and fever. The assay was compared to conventional microscopy and to an established nested-PCR assay. The specificity of the new assay was confirmed by sequencing the PCR products from all the positive samples and by the lack of cross-reactivity with Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania infantum DNA. Real-time PCR assay showed a detection limit (analytical sensitivity) of 0.7, 4, and 1.5 parasites/ micro l for P. falciparum, P. vivax, and P. ovale, respectively. Real-time PCR, like nested PCR, brought to light errors in the species identification by microscopic examination and revealed the presence of mixed infections (P. falciparum plus P. ovale). Real-time PCR can yield results within 2 h, does not require post-PCR processing, reduces sample handling, and minimizes the risks of contamination. The assay can therefore be easily implemented in routine diagnostic malaria tests. Future studies are warranted to investigate the clinical value of this technique.  (+info)

Compensatory evolution in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium ovale. (6/62)

The fixation of neutral compensatory mutations in a population depends on the effective population size of the species, which can fluctuate dramatically within a few generations, the mutation rate, and the selection intensity associated with the individual mutations. We observe compensatory mutations and intermediate states in populations of the malaria parasite Plasmodium ovale. The appearance of compensatory mutations and intermediate states in P. ovale raises interesting questions about population structure that could have considerable impact on the control of the associated disease.  (+info)

Molecular analysis of Plasmodium ovale variants. (7/62)

Complete DNA sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) gene and partial sequences of three other loci were obtained from three variant-type and three classic-type Plasmodium ovale isolates from Southeast Asia and compared with GenBank-available data. Three different SSUrRNA sequences (Pov 1-3) were found in each variant-type isolate, and two different SSUrRNA sequences (Poc 1-2) in each classic-type isolate. Pov 1-3 were closer to sequences previously found in the Cameroon and MAL/MAI isolates, whereas Poc 1-2 were closer to sequences previously found in two clones of the Nigerian I/CDC strain. The 3' half of Pov 1-3 was identical to the partial sequence of the SSUrRNA gene from the London School (LS) strain. Results support grouping P. ovale into two groups, the classic type (including the Nigerian I/CDC strain) and the variant type (Cameroon, MAL/MAI, and LS isolates).  (+info)

Detection of four Plasmodium species in blood from humans by 18S rRNA gene subunit-based and species-specific real-time PCR assays. (8/62)

There have been reports of increasing numbers of cases of malaria among migrants and travelers. Although microscopic examination of blood smears remains the "gold standard" in diagnosis, this method suffers from insufficient sensitivity and requires considerable expertise. To improve diagnosis, a multiplex real-time PCR was developed. One set of generic primers targeting a highly conserved region of the 18S rRNA gene of the genus Plasmodium was designed; the primer set was polymorphic enough internally to design four species-specific probes for P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malarie, and P. ovale. Real-time PCR with species-specific probes detected one plasmid copy of P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, and P. ovale specifically. The same sensitivity was achieved for all species with real-time PCR with the 18S screening probe. Ninety-seven blood samples were investigated. For 66 of them (60 patients), microscopy and real-time PCR results were compared and had a crude agreement of 86% for the detection of plasmodia. Discordant results were reevaluated with clinical, molecular, and sequencing data to resolve them. All nine discordances between 18S screening PCR and microscopy were resolved in favor of the molecular method, as were eight of nine discordances at the species level for the species-specific PCR among the 31 samples positive by both methods. The other 31 blood samples were tested to monitor the antimalaria treatment in seven patients. The number of parasites measured by real-time PCR fell rapidly for six out of seven patients in parallel to parasitemia determined microscopically. This suggests a role of quantitative PCR for the monitoring of patients receiving antimalaria therapy.  (+info)

"Plasmodium ovale" is a species of protozoan parasites that are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. This parasite causes a type of malaria known as "ovale malaria," which is generally milder than other forms of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax.

The life cycle of Plasmodium ovale involves two hosts: the mosquito and humans. When an infected mosquito bites a human, the parasites are injected into the skin along with the mosquito's saliva. The parasites then enter the liver where they multiply and form dormant stages called hypnozoites. After a period of time (usually several weeks to months), the hypnozoites become activated and begin to infect red blood cells, leading to the symptoms of malaria.

The symptoms of ovale malaria are similar to those of other forms of malaria and include fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and fatigue. However, ovale malaria is less likely to cause severe complications or death than falciparum malaria. Diagnosis of ovale malaria is typically made through microscopic examination of blood smears or by using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that detect parasite antigens in the blood. Treatment usually involves the use of antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine or primaquine.

"Plasmodium" is a genus of protozoan parasites that are the causative agents of malaria in humans and other animals. There are several species within this genus, including Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi, among others.

These parasites have a complex life cycle that involves two hosts: an Anopheles mosquito and a vertebrate host (such as humans). When a person is bitten by an infected mosquito, the parasites enter the bloodstream and infect red blood cells, where they multiply and cause the symptoms of malaria.

Plasmodium species are transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes, which become infected after taking a blood meal from an infected person. The parasites then develop in the mosquito's midgut, eventually making their way to the salivary glands, where they can be transmitted to another human through the mosquito's bite.

Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. It is characterized by fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and anemia, among other symptoms. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent severe illness and death from malaria.

"Plasmodium malariae" is a species of protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. It's one of the five Plasmodium species known to cause malaria in humans, with the other four being P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi.

P. malariae is transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Once inside the human body, the parasites travel to the liver where they multiply and then infect red blood cells. The infection caused by P. malariae can persist for several years, even a lifetime, if not treated properly.

The symptoms of P. malariae infection include fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and anemia. However, the severity of these symptoms is generally less than that caused by P. falciparum, which is the most deadly form of malaria.

It's worth noting that while P. malariae can be effectively treated with antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and primaquine, drug resistance has been reported in some areas, making accurate diagnosis and treatment even more critical for controlling the spread of this disease.

'Plasmodium falciparum' is a specific species of protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. It is transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes and has a complex life cycle involving both human and mosquito hosts.

In the human host, the parasites infect red blood cells, where they multiply and cause damage, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, anemia, and in severe cases, organ failure and death. 'Plasmodium falciparum' malaria is often more severe and life-threatening than other forms of malaria caused by different Plasmodium species. It is a major public health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions of the world where access to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment remains limited.

Malaria is not a medical definition itself, but it is a disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Here's a simple definition:

Malaria: A mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, characterized by cycles of fever, chills, and anemia. It can be fatal if not promptly diagnosed and treated. The five Plasmodium species known to cause malaria in humans are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi.

"Plasmodium vivax" is a species of protozoan parasite that causes malaria in humans. It's one of the five malaria parasites that can infect humans, with P. falciparum being the most deadly.

P. vivax typically enters the human body through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito. Once inside the human host, the parasite travels to the liver where it multiplies and matures. After a period of development that can range from weeks to several months, the mature parasites are released into the bloodstream, where they infect red blood cells and continue to multiply.

The symptoms of P. vivax malaria include fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and fatigue. One distinctive feature of P. vivax is its ability to form dormant stages (hypnozoites) in the liver, which can reactivate and cause relapses of the disease months or even years after the initial infection.

P. vivax malaria is treatable with medications such as chloroquine, but resistance to this drug has been reported in some parts of the world. Prevention measures include using insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying to reduce mosquito populations, as well as taking prophylactic medications for travelers visiting areas where malaria is common.

Primaquine is an antimalarial medication used to prevent and treat malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax parasites. It is the only antimalarial drug effective against the liver stages (hypnozoites) of P. vivax and P. ovale, which can cause relapses if not treated.

Primaquine works by producing free radicals that damage the malaria parasite's DNA, leading to its death. It is a relatively inexpensive drug and is often used in mass drug administration programs for malaria elimination. However, primaquine can cause hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, so it is important to screen for this condition before prescribing the drug.

In addition to its antimalarial properties, primaquine has also been used off-label to treat certain types of cutaneous leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease caused by Leishmania species.

There doesn't seem to be a specific medical definition for "DNA, protozoan" as it is simply a reference to the DNA found in protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be found in various environments such as soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals.

Protozoan DNA refers to the genetic material present in these organisms. It is composed of nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which contain the instructions for the development, growth, and reproduction of the protozoan.

The DNA in protozoa, like in other organisms, is made up of two strands of nucleotides that coil together to form a double helix. The four nucleotide bases that make up protozoan DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). These bases pair with each other to form the rungs of the DNA ladder, with A always pairing with T and G always pairing with C.

The genetic information stored in protozoan DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nucleotide bases. This information is used to synthesize proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of the organism's cells. Protozoan DNA also contains other types of genetic material, such as regulatory sequences that control gene expression and repetitive elements with no known function.

Understanding the DNA of protozoa is important for studying their biology, evolution, and pathogenicity. It can help researchers develop new treatments for protozoan diseases and gain insights into the fundamental principles of genetics and cellular function.

18S rRNA (ribosomal RNA) is the smaller subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome, which is the cellular organelle responsible for protein synthesis. The "18S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of this rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its rate of sedimentation in a centrifuge and is expressed in Svedberg units (S).

The 18S rRNA is a component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome, and it plays a crucial role in the decoding of messenger RNA (mRNA) during protein synthesis. Specifically, the 18S rRNA helps to form the structure of the ribosome and contains several conserved regions that are involved in binding to mRNA and guiding the movement of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) during translation.

The 18S rRNA is also a commonly used molecular marker for evolutionary studies, as its sequence is highly conserved across different species and can be used to infer phylogenetic relationships between organisms. Additionally, the analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences has been widely used in various fields such as ecology, environmental science, and medicine to study biodiversity, biogeography, and infectious diseases.

Parasitology is a branch of biology that deals with the study of parasites, their life cycles, the relationship between parasites and their hosts, the transmission of parasitic diseases, and the development of methods for their control and elimination. It involves understanding various types of parasites including protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that can infect humans, animals, and plants. Parasitologists also study the evolution, genetics, biochemistry, and ecology of parasites to develop effective strategies for their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

"Plasmodium berghei" is a species of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium, which are the causative agents of malaria. This particular species primarily infects rodents and is not known to naturally infect humans. However, it is widely used in laboratory settings as a model organism to study malaria and develop potential interventions, such as drugs and vaccines, due to its similarities with human-infecting Plasmodium species.

The life cycle of P. berghei involves two hosts: an Anopheles mosquito vector and a rodent host. The parasite undergoes asexual reproduction in the red blood cells of the rodent host, leading to the symptoms of malaria, such as fever, anemia, and organ damage. When an infected mosquito bites another rodent, the parasites are transmitted through the saliva and infect the new host, continuing the life cycle.

While P. berghei is not a direct threat to human health, studying this species has contributed significantly to our understanding of malaria biology and the development of potential interventions against this devastating disease.

I'd be happy to help! However, I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid, which is a type of nucleic acid involved in various biological roles in the coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. On the other hand, protozoan refers to a unicellular organism from the kingdom Protista, which includes a wide variety of simple eukaryotic organisms such as amoebas, paramecia, and plasmodium (the malaria-causing parasite).

There isn't a specific medical definition for "RNA, protozoan" since RNA is a molecule present in all living cells, including human cells, and protozoans are a group of organisms. However, I can tell you that RNA plays crucial roles in protozoan biology, such as acting as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes during protein synthesis or regulating gene expression.

If you have any further questions or need more specific information about RNA in protozoans, please let me know!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "travel" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. In general, travel refers to the act of moving or journeying from one place to another, often over long distances. However, in a medical context, it might refer to the recommendation that individuals with certain medical conditions or those who are immunocompromised avoid traveling to areas where they may be at increased risk of exposure to infectious diseases. It's always best to check with a healthcare professional for advice related to specific medical situations and travel.

The foramen ovale is a fetal cardiovascular structure that usually closes after birth. It's a flap-like opening between the right and left atria (the upper chambers) of the heart. This opening allows oxygen-rich blood from the mother to bypass the fetal lungs and go directly to the fetal brain and body.

After birth, when the newborn starts breathing and blood pressure in the lungs increases, the pressure in the left atrium also rises, causing the flap to close and seal the foramen ovale. In about 25% of adults, this flap doesn't close completely, resulting in a condition known as a patent foramen ovale (PFO), which is usually asymptomatic but can rarely lead to complications such as stroke or migraine with aura.

Antimalarials are a class of drugs that are used for the prevention, treatment, and elimination of malaria. They work by targeting the malaria parasite at various stages of its life cycle, particularly the erythrocytic stage when it infects red blood cells. Some commonly prescribed antimalarials include chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, and artemisinin-based combinations. These drugs can be used alone or in combination with other antimalarial agents to increase their efficacy and prevent the development of drug resistance. Antimalarials are also being investigated for their potential use in treating other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer.

Microscopy is a technical field in medicine that involves the use of microscopes to observe structures and phenomena that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. It allows for the examination of samples such as tissues, cells, and microorganisms at high magnifications, enabling the detection and analysis of various medical conditions, including infections, diseases, and cellular abnormalities.

There are several types of microscopy used in medicine, including:

1. Light Microscopy: This is the most common type of microscopy, which uses visible light to illuminate and magnify samples. It can be used to examine a wide range of biological specimens, such as tissue sections, blood smears, and bacteria.
2. Electron Microscopy: This type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons instead of light to produce highly detailed images of samples. It is often used in research settings to study the ultrastructure of cells and tissues.
3. Fluorescence Microscopy: This technique involves labeling specific molecules within a sample with fluorescent dyes, allowing for their visualization under a microscope. It can be used to study protein interactions, gene expression, and cell signaling pathways.
4. Confocal Microscopy: This type of microscopy uses a laser beam to scan a sample point by point, producing high-resolution images with reduced background noise. It is often used in medical research to study the structure and function of cells and tissues.
5. Scanning Probe Microscopy: This technique involves scanning a sample with a physical probe, allowing for the measurement of topography, mechanical properties, and other characteristics at the nanoscale. It can be used in medical research to study the structure and function of individual molecules and cells.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Protozoan Proteins" is not a specific medical or scientific term. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms, and proteins are large biological molecules consisting of one or more chains of amino acid residues. Therefore, "Protozoan Proteins" generally refers to the various types of proteins found in protozoa.

However, if you're looking for information about proteins specific to certain protozoan parasites with medical relevance (such as Plasmodium falciparum, which causes malaria), I would be happy to help! Please provide more context or specify the particular protozoan of interest.

Parasitemia is a medical term that refers to the presence of parasites, particularly malaria-causing Plasmodium species, in the bloodstream. It is the condition where red blood cells are infected by these parasites, which can lead to various symptoms such as fever, chills, anemia, and organ damage in severe cases. The level of parasitemia is often used to assess the severity of malaria infection and to guide treatment decisions.

Malaria, Falciparum is defined as a severe and often fatal form of malaria caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. It is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. This type of malaria is characterized by high fever, chills, headache, muscle and joint pain, and vomiting. If left untreated, it can cause severe anemia, kidney failure, seizures, coma, and even death. It is a major public health problem in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, particularly in Africa.

'Plasmodium yoelii' is a species of protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Plasmodium, which causes malaria in rodents. It is primarily used as a model organism in malaria research due to its similarity to the human malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. The life cycle of P. yoelii involves two hosts: an Anopheles mosquito vector and a rodent host. The parasite undergoes asexual reproduction in the red blood cells of the rodent host, leading to the symptoms of malaria such as fever, anemia, and organ failure if left untreated. P. yoelii is not known to infect humans.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a type of congenital heart defect that involves the septum, which is the wall that separates the two upper chambers of the heart (atria). An ASD is a hole or abnormal opening in the atrial septum, allowing oxygen-rich blood to leak into the oxygen-poor blood chambers in the heart. This leads to an overload of blood in the right side of the heart, which can cause enlargement of the heart and increased work for the right ventricle.

ASDs can vary in size, and small defects may not cause any symptoms or require treatment. Larger defects, however, can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart rhythm abnormalities. Over time, if left untreated, ASDs can lead to complications like pulmonary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and stroke.

Treatment for ASD typically involves surgical closure of the defect or catheter-based procedures using devices to close the hole. The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the size and location of the defect, the patient's age and overall health, and the presence of any coexisting conditions.

Malaria, Vivax:

A type of malaria caused by the parasite Plasmodium vivax. It is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria, Vivax is characterized by recurring fevers, chills, and flu-like symptoms, which can occur every other day or every third day. This type of malaria can have mild to severe symptoms and can sometimes lead to complications such as anemia and splenomegaly (enlarged spleen). One distinguishing feature of Malaria, Vivax is its ability to form dormant stages in the liver (called hypnozoites), which can reactivate and cause relapses even after years of apparent cure. Effective treatment includes medication to kill both the blood and liver stages of the parasite. Preventive measures include using mosquito nets, insect repellents, and antimalarial drugs for prophylaxis in areas with high transmission rates.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

"Plasmodium knowlesi" is a species of protozoan parasite that causes malaria in certain primates, particularly macaques. It can also infect humans, and has been identified as a significant cause of malaria in Southeast Asia. The life cycle of P. knowlesi involves two hosts: anopheline mosquitoes and primates. The parasite is transmitted to the host through the bite of an infected mosquito, and then invades and reproduces within the host's red blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, headache, and muscle and joint pain. In severe cases, P. knowlesi infections can lead to complications such as respiratory distress, kidney failure, and coma.

It is important to note that "Plasmodium knowlesi" malaria is different from the more common forms of human malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae. P. knowlesi infections can be effectively treated with antimalarial drugs, but early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent severe disease and complications.

"Plasmodium chabaudi" is a species of parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Plasmodium, which includes the causative agents of malaria in various animals and humans. "P. chabaudi" primarily infects rodents, particularly mice, and serves as a model organism for studying the fundamental biology and pathogenesis of malaria.

The life cycle of "P. chabaudi" involves both sexual and asexual reproduction, similar to other Plasmodium species. The parasite is transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito, which injects sporozoites into the host's bloodstream. These sporozoites then infect liver cells, where they undergo schizogony (asexual reproduction) and produce merozoites.

Merozoites released from the liver invade red blood cells, initiating the erythrocytic stage of the life cycle. Within the red blood cells, the parasites multiply by schizogony, forming new merozoites that are eventually released to infect other red blood cells. Some of these parasites differentiate into male and female gametocytes, which can be taken up by a mosquito during a blood meal, completing the life cycle.

"P. chabaudi" infections in mice can lead to various pathological changes, including anemia, splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), and immune responses that contribute to disease progression. Researchers use this model organism to investigate aspects of malaria biology, such as host-parasite interactions, immunity, drug development, and vaccine design.

Paradoxical embolism is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot or other material (embolus) from a vein passes through an abnormal connection between the right and left sides of the heart and lodges in an artery in the systemic circulation. This is considered "paradoxical" because the embolus originates from the venous system but bypasses the lungs and travels directly to the arterial system.

Under normal circumstances, blood flows from the body's veins into the right atrium of the heart, then through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, where it is pumped through the pulmonary artery into the lungs for oxygenation. The now oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins, passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, and is then pumped out to the body's arteries.

However, in certain conditions such as a patent foramen ovale (PFO) or an atrial septal defect (ASD), there can be an abnormal communication between the right and left atria. This allows for the possibility of a paradoxical embolism to occur when a clot or other material from the venous system passes through this connection into the arterial system, bypassing filtration and oxygenation in the lungs.

Paradoxical embolism can lead to serious consequences, such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), or tissue damage in various organs, depending on where the embolus lodges. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the paradoxical embolism and may include anticoagulation therapy, surgical closure of the abnormal connection, or other interventions as necessary.

Antigens are substances (usually proteins) found on the surface of cells, or viruses, that can be recognized by the immune system and stimulate an immune response. In the context of protozoa, antigens refer to the specific proteins or other molecules found on the surface of these single-celled organisms that can trigger an immune response in a host organism.

Protozoa are a group of microscopic eukaryotic organisms that include a diverse range of species, some of which can cause diseases in humans and animals. When a protozoan infects a host, the host's immune system recognizes the protozoan antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response to eliminate the infection. This response involves the activation of various types of immune cells, such as T-cells and B-cells, which recognize and target the protozoan antigens.

Understanding the nature of protozoan antigens is important for developing vaccines and other immunotherapies to prevent or treat protozoan infections. For example, researchers have identified specific antigens on the surface of the malaria parasite that are recognized by the human immune system and have used this information to develop vaccine candidates. However, many protozoan infections remain difficult to prevent or treat, and further research is needed to identify new targets for vaccines and therapies.

Chloroquine is an antimalarial and autoimmune disease drug. It works by increasing the pH or making the environment less acidic in the digestive vacuoles of malaria parasites, which inhibits the polymerization of heme and the formation of hemozoin. This results in the accumulation of toxic levels of heme that are harmful to the parasite. Chloroquine is also used as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, discoid or systemic lupus erythematosus, and photodermatitis.

The chemical name for chloroquine is 7-chloro-4-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)quinoline, and it has a molecular formula of C18H26ClN3. It is available in the form of phosphate or sulfate salts for oral administration as tablets or solution.

Chloroquine was first synthesized in 1934 by Bayer scientists, and it has been widely used since the 1940s as a safe and effective antimalarial drug. However, the emergence of chloroquine-resistant strains of malaria parasites has limited its use in some areas. Chloroquine is also being investigated for its potential therapeutic effects on various viral infections, including COVID-19.

The original species has been shown to be two morphologically identical forms - Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale ... Plasmodium ovale wallikeri and Plasmodium ovale curtisi differ significantly in the duration of latency". BMJ Open. 3 (5): ... "Recent advances in detection of Plasmodium ovale: implications of separation into the two species Plasmodium ovale wallikeri ... It is one of several species of Plasmodium parasites that infect humans, including Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax ...
Clinical features for P. ovale curtisi are described in the article on Plasmodium ovale. This species separated from its ... Plasmodium ovale curtisi is a subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes tertian malaria in humans. The subspecies was ... Plasmodium ovale wallikeri, between 1.0 and 3.5 million years ago. Sutherland CJ, Tanomsing N, Nolder D, Oguike M, Jennison C, ... "Two nonrecombining sympatric forms of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium ovale occur globally". J Infect Dis. 201 (10): 1544 ...
Clinical features for P. ovale wallikeri are described in the article on Plasmodium ovale. This species separated from its ... Plasmodium ovale wallikeri is a subspecies of parasitic protozoa that causes tertian malaria in humans. The subspecies was ... Plasmodium ovale wallikeri has been identified in Ghana, Myanmar, Nigeria, São Tomé, Sierra Leone and Uganda. ... Plasmodium ovale curtisi - between 1.0 and 3.5 million years ago. Sutherland CJ, Tanomsing N, Nolder D, Oguike M, Jennison C, ...
The parasite resembles both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. This species is found in Cameroon. This species may ... Plasmodium schwetzi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Plasmodium. Like all Plasmodium species P. schwetzi has both ... U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. Rodhain J, Dellaert R. Contribution a l etude de Plasmodium schwetzi E. Brumpt ... 2eme note). Transmission de Plasmodium schwetzi a l'homme. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop. 35:757-775 v t e (Articles with short ...
Plasmodium octamerium Plasmodium odhiamboi Plasmodium odocoilei Plasmodium ovale curtisi Plasmodium ovale wallikeri Plasmodium ... Plasmodium hyobati Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium ovale Plasmodium petersi Plasmodium pitheci Plasmodium rhodiani Plasmodium ... Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium fragile, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium fieldi, Plasmodium hylobati, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium ... Plasmodium adunyinkai Plasmodium bitis Plasmodium bowiei Plasmodium brasiliense Plasmodium brucei Plasmodium bufoni Plasmodium ...
These species are Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri. These two species separated between 1.0 and 3.5 ... Plasmodium inui Plasmodium schwetzi Plasmodium semiovale[citation needed] Plasmodium simium (Plasmodium brasilianum and ... Plasmodium ovale curtisi (another, less frequent, cause of benign tertian malaria) Plasmodium ovale wallikeri (another, less ... Ovale Like P. vivax, P. ovale has been shown to be transmittable to chimpanzees. P. ovale has an unusual distribution pattern ...
This species is related to Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium simiovale. As in all Plasmodium species, P. fieldi has both ... Plasmodium fieldi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium sub genus Plasmodium found in Malaysia. ... There are no morphological features to distinguish them from any other Plasmodium species. The life cycle in the mosquito has ... Plasmodium fieldi sp. nov., a new species of malaria parasite from the pig-tailed macaque in Malaya. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit. ...
Chavatte JM, Tan SB, Snounou G, Lin RT (2015). "Molecular characterization of misidentified Plasmodium ovale imported cases in ... Plasmodium vivax accounts for 65% of malaria cases in Asia and South America. Unlike Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax is ... "Mefloquine Is Highly Efficacious against Chloroquine-Resistant Plasmodium vivax Malaria and Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in ... Plasmodium vivax is found mainly in Asia, Latin America, and in some parts of Africa. P. vivax is believed to have originated ...
In humans, malaria is caused by six Plasmodium species: P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale curtisi, P. ovale wallikeri, P. ... Richter J, Franken G, Mehlhorn H, Labisch A, Häussinger D (2010). "What is the evidence for the existence of Plasmodium ovale ... Azithromycin monotherapy or combination therapy has not shown effectiveness in treating Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium ... Five species of Plasmodium can infect and be spread by humans. Most deaths are caused by P. falciparum, whereas P. vivax, P. ...
Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale curtisi, Plasmodium ovale wallikeri, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium knowlesi. At any one ... Malaria Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium ovale Scholia has a topic profile for Plasmodium malariae. Coatney GR ... Plasmodium malariae is a parasitic protozoan that causes malaria in humans. It is one of several species of Plasmodium ... Similar to the other human-infecting Plasmodium parasites, Plasmodium malariae has distinct developmental cycles in the ...
Specifically it is used for malaria due to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale along with other medications and for ... Primaquine is primarily used to prevent relapse of malaria due to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. It eliminates ... Primaquine is lethal to P. vivax and P. ovale in the liver stage, and also to P. vivax in the blood stage through its ability ... If primaquine is not administered to patients with proven P. vivax or P. ovale infection, a very high likelihood of relapse ...
Species of blood parasites that infect humans include Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodiun ovale, and Plasmodium ... Plasmodium and Leucozytozoon displace the nucleus of the host cell so that the parasite can take control of the cell where as ... The study of Plasmodium parasites has been significant in serving the role as a model organism for human malaria research. ... Plasmodium, a genus consisting of over 170 species, infects mammals, reptiles, birds, and amphibians. Blood parasites of the ...
"High prevalence of Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale in malaria patients along the Thai-Myanmar border, as revealed by ... probable association with latency and relapse in human malarial infections caused by Plasmodium ovale and P. vivax". ... In Plasmodium, for instance, the sporozoites are cells that develop in the mosquito's salivary glands, leave the mosquito ... In the case of Plasmodium, merozoites infect red blood cells and then rapidly reproduce asexually. The red blood cell host is ...
Fever occurs after an interval of two days (48-hour periodicity), typical of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. Fever ... Bouts of fever occurring daily (24-hour periodicity) for a few hours, typical of Plasmodium knowlesi. ... occurs after an interval of three days (72-hour periodicity), typical of Plasmodium malariae. The following are examples of ...
Only for use to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections, given for 14 days. For use only in ... For use only in Central American regions, for Plasmodium vivax infections. > 8 years. > 5 kg or > 3 months. For use only in ... 5 kg For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection. > 5 kg For use only in combination with quinine. ...
Only for use to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections, given for 14 days. For use only in ... For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection. For use only in combination with quinine. To be used in ... For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection. For use only in combination with chloroquine. For the treatment ...
Four different species of protozoa cause malaria: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium ... Data has shown that the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum alters the mosquito vector's feeding behavior by increasing ... Koella, J.C.; Sorensen; Anderson (7 May 1998). "The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, increases the frequency of ... Malaria is caused by a protozoan called Plasmodium falciparum. P. falciparum parasites are transmitted mainly by the Anopheles ...
... has been used in the treatment and prevention of malaria from Plasmodium vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. It is ... June 2015). "Replication of Plasmodium in reticulocytes can occur without hemozoin formation, resulting in chloroquine ... "Hemozoin biocrystallization in Plasmodium falciparum and the antimalarial activity of crystallization inhibitors". Parasitology ... generally not used for Plasmodium falciparum as there is widespread resistance to it. Chloroquine has been extensively used in ...
The tissue form of Plasmodium ovale was described in 1954 and that of P. malariae in 1960 in experimentally infected ... Vincke IH, Lips M (1948). "Un nouveau plasmodium d'un rongeur sauvage du Congo: Plasmodium berghei n.sp". Annales de la Société ... Marchiafava and Celli called the new microorganism Plasmodium. H. vivax was soon renamed Plasmodium vivax. In 1892, Marchiafava ... The DNA of Plasmodium falciparum shows the same pattern of diversity as its human hosts, with greater diversity in Africa than ...
"A retrospective examination of sporozoite-induced and trophozoite-induced infections with Plasmodium ovale: development of ... Plasmodium chabaudi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia. As in all Plasmodium species, P. chabaudi has both ... Scholia has a topic profile for Plasmodium chabaudi. GeneDB Plasmodium chabaudi Images of rodent malaria parasites at www. ... and Plasmodium vinckei lentum Landau, Michel, Adam and Boulard, 1970". Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée. 51 (6): ...
... exclusively found in infections caused by Plasmodium ovale or Plasmodium vivax. Plasmodium vivax induces morphologic ... "Immunoelectron microscopy of Schüffner's dots in Plasmodium vivax-infected human erythrocytes". The American Journal of ... ". "Microscopy of Plasmodium species". Udagama, P. V.; Atkinson, C. T.; Peiris, J. S.; David, P. H.; Mendis, K. N.; Aikawa, M ...
... such as Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale. On the other hand, recrudescence means that circulating, multiplying parasites are ... Recrudescence is also used for malarial recurrence caused by drug-resistant strains of P. vivax and P. ovale where parasites ... Markus, MB (2022). "Theoretical origin of genetically homologous Plasmodium vivax malarial recurrences". Southern African ... This term is applied for Plasmodium species that are not associated with hypnozoite-mediated recurrences, such as P. falciparum ...
... while Plasmodium vivax malaria and Plasmodium ovale malaria are less common. P. falciparum malaria occurs mainly in the ... Zhang, Q, Lai, S, Zheng, C (2014). "The epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum malaria in China, 2004-2012 ... Plasmodium vivax malaria is the most common malaria in China, followed by P. falciparum malaria, ...
Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale, airport malaria is most commonly the ... Of the four different species of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium; ...
Primaquine is still used routinely worldwide as part of the treatment of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale malaria, ... "Clinical utility of tafenoquine in the prevention of relapse of Plasmodium vivax malaria: a review on the mode of action and ... against sporozoite-induced infections of Plasmodium vivax (New Guinea strains)". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 71 (2): 187-189. doi: ...
One such species, namely Plasmodium ovale, was first described in 1914 by Stephens in a blood sample taken from a patient in ... There are several species of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. ...
... is used for eliminating the hypnozoite stage of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale that is responsible for ... With respect to acute malaria, it is used together with other medications to prevent relapse by Plasmodium vivax. It may be ... Markus, Miles B. (2021). "Safety and efficacy of tafenoquine for Plasmodium vivax malaria prophylaxis and radical cure: ... Markus, MB (2019). "Killing of Plasmodium vivax by primaquine and tafenoquine". Trends in Parasitology. 35 (11): 857-859. doi: ...
In 1990 she founded the Malaria Group at the university, which was the first to report on cases of Plasmodium ovale (a rare ... Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to Antimalarial Drugs in Zaragoza (Antioquia, Colombia). Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz [online]; ...
Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium ovale, inhabiting the blood-sucking females of the above mosquito species. ... Anopheles sergentii and Anopheles superpictus for availability of the sporozoans Plasmodium falciparum, ...
... ovale, malariae, knowlesi Polio virus (wild or vaccine types) Rabies virus (classical rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses) ... Measles virus Mumps virus Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex Neisseria meningitidis Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus Plasmodium ...
The original species has been shown to be two morphologically identical forms - Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale ... Plasmodium ovale wallikeri and Plasmodium ovale curtisi differ significantly in the duration of latency". BMJ Open. 3 (5): ... "Recent advances in detection of Plasmodium ovale: implications of separation into the two species Plasmodium ovale wallikeri ... It is one of several species of Plasmodium parasites that infect humans, including Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax ...
The host response may reach full strength at lower parasitemia in Plasmodium vivax or ovale, than in P. falciparum malaria. ... Stronger host response per parasitized erythrocyte in Plasmodium vivax or ovale than in Plasmodium falciparum malaria Trop Med ... Objective and methods: Fever tends to start at a lower level of parasitemia in Plasmodium vivax or ovale than in P. falciparum ... Conclusion: The host response may reach full strength at lower parasitemia in Plasmodium vivax or ovale, than in P. falciparum ...
Win TT, Lin K, Mizuno S, Zhou M, Liu Q, Ferreira MU, Wide distribution of Plasmodium ovale in Myanmar. Trop Med Int Health. ... Win TT, Tantular IS, Pusarawati S, Kerong H, Lin K, Matsuoka H, Detection of Plasmodium ovale by the ICT malaria P.f/P.v. ... Zhou M, Liu Q, Wongsrichanalai C, Suwonkerd W, Panat K, Prajakwong S, High prevalence of Plasmodium malariae and P. ovale in ... Toma H, Kobayashi J, Vannachone B, Arakawa T, Sato Y, Nambanya S, Plasmodium ovale infections detected by PCR assay in Lao PDR. ...
... in contrast to Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, which are responsible for most cases of human malaria, P. ovale has ... ovale and for distinguishing P. ovale wallikeri from P. ovale curtisi. To our knowledge, this is the first case report in which ... Here, we report the case of a soldier returning from Liberia with P. ovale wallikeri malaria. This case highlights the ... Plasmodium ovale is one of several clinically relevant malaria species known to cause disease in humans. However, ...
Most research focuses on the most prevalent causative parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, but other strains, including P. vivax ... and P. ovale, are likely to become more dominant. These strains uniquely produce hypnozoites, which can lay dormant for years ... and Technologies of Bamako in Mali will use a metabolomics platform to identify biomarkers to detect dormant Plasmodia ... Most research focuses on the most prevalent causative parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, but other strains, including P. vivax ...
Amino acid substitutions of P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri MSP-1 could be categorized into five and three unique amino ... The average pairwise nucleotide diversities (Ï€) of P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri MSP-1 genes (pomsp1) were 0.01043 ... Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the extent of genetic variation among two subspecies of P. ovale by ... Plasmodium merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) is released into the bloodstream during merozoite invasion, and thus represents ...
A glance of the blood stage transcriptome of a Southeast Asian Plasmodium ovale isolate. In: PLoS neglected tropical diseases. ... Plasmodium ovale accounts for a disproportionate number of travel-related malaria cases. This parasite is understudied since ... N2 - Plasmodium ovale accounts for a disproportionate number of travel-related malaria cases. This parasite is understudied ... AB - Plasmodium ovale accounts for a disproportionate number of travel-related malaria cases. This parasite is understudied ...
... ovale spp. and P. malariae infection. Of 52,242 notified cases of malaria, 6.04% (3157) were caused by P. ovale spp. and 1.61 ... This trend was not seen in P. ovale spp. imported from East Africa nor in P. malariae. In West Africa, where malaria ... The latency of P. ovale spp. infection imported from West Africa was significantly shorter in those arriving in the UK during ... The median latency of P. malariae and P. ovale spp. was 18 and 76 days, respectively; delayed presentation occurred with ...
Twenty five of the P. ovale infections occurred in a single sample of 514 people living in Owi, Irian Jaya. We detected five ... Other infections by P. ovale occurred at two sites in West Flores. Another infection has already been reported from East Timor ... Despite relatively frequent sampling of populations on Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java and Sulawesi, P. ovale has not been found on ... We report 34 infections by Plasmodium ovale found among 15,806 blood film examinations taken between 1973 and 1989 from several ...
Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale can similarly cause malaria several months or years after the original infection, by reactivation ... Plasmodium malariae is known to occur in DR Congo, where it is second in prevalence (by far) to P. falciparum. ... Even in congenital malaria caused by P. vivax and P. ovale , which have liver stage parasites, primaquine treatment of the ... Chloroquine is the drug of choice for the treatment of Plasmodium malariae. P. malariae is chloroquine-sensitive, and ...
Mapua, M. I., Fuehrer, H. P., Petrželková, K. J., Todd, A., Noedl, H., Qablan, M. A., & Modrý, D. (2018). Plasmodium ovale ... Plasmodium ovale wallikeri in western lowland gorillas and humans, central African republic. In: Emerging Infectious Diseases. ... Plasmodium ovale wallikeri in western lowland gorillas and humans, central African republic. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2018 ... Plasmodium ovale wallikeri in western lowland gorillas and humans, central African republic. / Mapua, Mwanahamisi I.; Fuehrer, ...
Plasmodium falciparum infection carries a poor prognosis with a high mortality if untreated, but it has an excellent prognosis ... Malaria is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by infection with Plasmodium protozoa transmitted by an infective ... Numerous small pink-red dots are also seen in both P vivax and P ovale; these are known as caveola-vesicle complexes (CVCs or ... Adverse pregnancy outcomes in an area where multidrug-resistant plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections are ...
Dive into the research topics of Two nonrecombining sympatric forms of the human malaria parasite plasmodium ovale occur ... Two nonrecombining sympatric forms of the human malaria parasite plasmodium ovale occur globally. ...
8.2.1 Plasmodium Falciparum. 8.2.2 Plasmodium Vivax. 8.2.3 Plasmodium Malariae. 8.2.4 Plasmodium Ovale. 8.3 Historic and ... 9.4.1 Plasmodium Falciparum. 9.4.2 Plasmodium Vivax. 9.4.3 Plasmodium Malariae. 9.4.4 Plasmodium Ovale. 9.5 Historic and ... 10.4.1 Plasmodium Falciparum. 10.4.2 Plasmodium Vivax. 10.4.3 Plasmodium Malariae. 10.4.4 Plasmodium Ovale. 10.5 Historic and ... 11.4.1 Plasmodium Falciparum. 11.4.2 Plasmodium Vivax. 11.4.3 Plasmodium Malariae. 11.4.4 Plasmodium Ovale. 11.5 Historic and ...
Categories: Plasmodium ovale Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 67 ...
Infections caused by plasmodium ovale are relatively rare.. Main prevention methods include long-lasting insecticidal nets ( ... Plasmodium falciparum is the most common parasite, responsible for more than 9 out of 10 of all infections. Plasmodium malariae ...
Primaquine: Prevention of Relapses of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. P. vivax and P. ovale parasites can persist in the ... Malaria Malaria in humans is caused by one of four protozoan species of the genus Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale ... Primaquine decreases the risk of relapses by acting against the liver stages of P. vivax and P. ovale. Primaquine is ... ovale. Prophylaxis with primaquinem is generally indicated only for persons who have had prolonged exposure in malaria-endemic ...
... of Plasmodium falciparum. Significant human RBC engraftment was achieved by ameliorating the residual non-adaptive immune ... of Plasmodium falciparum. Significant human RBC engraftment was achieved by ameliorating the residual non-adaptive immune ... Plasmodium falciparum full life cycle and Plasmodium ovale liver stages in humanized mice. Nat Commun. (2015) 6:7690. doi: ... Human malaria in immunocompromised mice: an in vivo model to study defense mechanisms against Plasmodium falciparum. J Exp Med ...
A glance of the blood stage transcriptome of a Southeast Asian Plasmodium ovale isolate. Brashear AM, Roobsoong W, Siddiqui FA ...
plasmodium ovale malaria/ or malaria falciparum/ or malaria/ or Plasmodium knowlesi malaria/ or Plasmodium vivax malaria/ ... Uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria in pregnancy associated with mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome. Malar J ... Plasmodium knowlesi malaria during pregnancy. J Infect Dis 2015;211(7):1104-1110. ...
It is the only drug that prevents relapses of Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium ovale infections. In this study, a fast, sensitive ... Abstract INTRODUCTION Renal damage is a consequence of severe malaria, and is generally caused by sequestration of Plasmodium ...
METHODS: Recombinant Plasmodium falciparum (3D7), Plasmodium malariae (China I), Plasmodium ovale (Nigeria I), and Plasmodium ... Specificity of the IgG antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale ... CONCLUSIONS: Even when P. falciparum, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. vivax are co-endemic in a high transmission setting, most ...
Plasmodium vivax or P ovale, acute hepatitis (B, C or E), TB, amoebic liver abscess ...
Treatment of uncomplicated malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium ovale. ... Treatment of uncomplicated malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium vivax in ... Prevention of relapses of P. vivax or P. ovale because it is not active against the hypnozoite liver stage forms of these ... Prevention of relapses of P. vivax or P. ovale because it is not active against the hypnozoite liver stage forms of these ...
2012, Various pfcrt and pfmdr1 genotypes of Plasmodium falciparum cocirculate with P. malariae, P. ovale spp., and P. vivax in ... Deans AM; Nery S; Conway DJ; Kai O; Marsh K; Rowe JA, 2007, Invasion pathways and malaria severity in Kenyan Plasmodium ... Nery S; Deans AM; Mosobo M; Marsh K; Rowe JA; Conway DJ, 2006, Expression of Plasmodium falciparum genes involved in ...
Case report of Plasmodium ovale curtisi malaria in Sri Lanka: relevance for the maintenance of elimination status. BMC Infect ... An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following ... Persistence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia after artemisinin combination therapy: evidence from a randomized trial in ... Resolving the cause of recurrent Plasmodium vivax malaria probabilistically. Nat Commun. 2019 12 06; 10(1):5595. ...
A retrospective examination of sporozoite-induced and trophozoite-induced infections with Plasmodium ovale: development of ... Polyclonal Plasmodium falciparum malaria in travelers and selection of antifolate mutations after proguanil prophylaxis. By: ... Evaluation of the pyrogenic threshold for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in naive individuals. By: Michelle L Gatton and Qin ... Short report: Positive correlation between rosetting and parasitemia in Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates. By: J ...
Primaquine is often administered for the hypnozoite stage of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale. Primaquine (with ...
Malaria is a parasite, a protozoa with four species affecting humans - Plasmodium falciparum, P vivax, P ovale and P malariae. ... The introduced genes are for monoclonal antibodies which will attack the Plasmodium. In the recently published study, the gene ...
  • P. vivax and P. ovale that have been sitting in EDTA for more than half an hour before the blood film is made will look very similar in appearance to P. malariae, which is an important reason to warn the laboratory immediately when the blood sample is drawn so they can process the sample as soon as it arrives. (wikipedia.org)
  • How prevalent are Plasmodium ovale and P. malariae in East Asia? (ajtmh.org)
  • Five species in the genus Plasmodium ( P. falciparum , P. vivax , P. malariae , P. ovale and P. knowlesi ) are known to cause human malaria under natural transmission [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The median latency of P. malariae and P. ovale spp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plasmodium malariae is known to occur in DR Congo, where it is second in prevalence (by far) to P. falciparum . (cdc.gov)
  • Over the past few decades, healthcare professionals and general public were educated that malaria was caused by four species of human malaria parasites, namely Plasmodium falciparum , Plasmodium vivax , Plasmodium malariae , and Plasmodium ovale [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment of uncomplicated malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale , and Plasmodium vivax in adult and pediatric patients. (nih.gov)
  • Malaria is a parasite, a protozoa with four species affecting humans - Plasmodium falciparum, P vivax, P ovale and P malariae. (theness.com)
  • Plasmodium falciparum , Plasmodium vivax , Plasmodium malariae , Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium knowlesi . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human Malaria is caused by four different species of the protozoan parasite Plasmodium: Plasmodium falciparum, P.vivax, P.ovale and P.malariae. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • These 4 malaria causing parasites are known as Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium ovale. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Malariae and ovale are two species which are less prevalent around the world. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In medical school, I learned that four species of Plasmodium cause malaria in humans- P. falciparum , P. vivax , P. ovale , or P. malariae . (cdc.gov)
  • P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae among other species). (cdc.gov)
  • P. ovale has recently been shown by genetic methods to consist of what is considered to be two species (despite having been given subspecies names), namely P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri. (wikipedia.org)
  • The original species has been shown to be two morphologically identical forms - Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri - which can be differentiated only by genetic means. (wikipedia.org)
  • The average pairwise nucleotide diversities ( Ï€ ) of P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri MSP-1 genes ( pomsp1 ) were 0.01043 and 0.01974, respectively, and the haplotype diversity ( Hd ) were 0.746 and 0.598, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Amino acid substitutions of P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri MSP-1 could be categorized into five and three unique amino acid variants, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In recent years, P. ovale has been distinguished into two separate species, P. ovale curtisi and P. ovale wallikeri . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thirdly, using a subset of isolates speciated to either P. ovale curtisi or P. ovale wallikeri, is there any difference in latency between the two? (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our study confirms the presence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium ovale wallikeri in western lowland gorillas and humans in Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic, and discusses implications for malaria epidemiology. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri are two sympatric human malaria species prevalent in Africa, Asia and Oceania. (unl.pt)
  • We collected a P. ovale curtisi parasite isolate from a clinical case in western Thailand and performed RNAseq analysis on the blood stage transcriptomes. (psu.edu)
  • Our analysis also detected a notable presence of anti-sense transcripts for over 10% of P. ovale curtisi genes. (psu.edu)
  • Case report of Plasmodium ovale curtisi malaria in Sri Lanka: relevance for the maintenance of elimination status. (harvard.edu)
  • Most research focuses on the most prevalent causative parasite, Plasmodium falciparum , but other strains, including P. vivax and P. ovale , are likely to become more dominant. (grandchallenges.org)
  • As a neglected human parasite causing infection, P. ovale was first reported and named by Stephens in 1922 as one of the major Plasmodium species infecting humans [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic malaria parasite that has gained increasing medical interest over the past two decades. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite its epidemiological importance, few antigens from this parasite species have been characterized to date compared to Plasmodium falciparum , due in part to the difficulties of maintaining an in vitro culture of P. vivax . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Instead of the malaria virus, the disease is caused by a parasite that belongs to the Plasmodium genus. (diethealthclub.com)
  • Malaria is a febrile illness caused by the plasmodium parasite, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. (com.pk)
  • Malaria is caused by the Plasmodium parasite. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This disease is caused by different species of apicomplexan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The single-celled parasites are in the genus Plasmodium. (nccid.ca)
  • Protozoal organisms that can be passed on through transfusion include species of the genus Plasmodium , which cause malaria. (medscape.com)
  • It is one of several species of Plasmodium parasites that infect humans, including Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax which are responsible for most cases of malaria in the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • P. ovale is rare compared to these two parasites, and substantially less dangerous than P. falciparum. (wikipedia.org)
  • However P. ovale has also been reported in the Philippines, eastern Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea, as well as in Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam In several studies, the reported prevalence of P. ovale was low relative to other malaria parasites, with fewer than 5% of malaria cases being associated with P. ovale infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • The microscopic appearance of P. ovale is very similar to that of P. vivax and if there are only a small number of parasites seen, it may be impossible to distinguish the two species on morphological grounds alone. (wikipedia.org)
  • and 4) parasites with variant-type sequences tended to produce higher parasitemia levels and higher proportions of single-species infection, when compared with classic P. ovale infections acquired in the same region ( 2 , 11 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Even in congenital malaria caused by P. vivax and P. ovale , which have liver stage parasites, primaquine treatment of the infant is not necessary because no liver stages are transmitted from the mother to the child. (cdc.gov)
  • However, they are very effective at detecting the Plasmodium species in patients with parasitemias as low as 10 parasites/mL of blood. (medscape.com)
  • Prevention of relapses of P. vivax or P. ovale because it is not active against the hypnozoite liver stage forms of these parasites. (nih.gov)
  • Of the two most predominant malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, the prevalence of the latter is increasing in most member GMS countries. (intechopen.com)
  • When an infected mosquito bites a person, it injects plasmodium parasites into their blood. (com.pk)
  • As in the early stages of the disease, fewer parasites are present, a thick blood film identifies the plasmodium . (com.pk)
  • Chloroquine is an effective agent to act against the susceptible strains of malarial parasites Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium falciparum and some parasitic worms and amoebas. (vedantu.com)
  • P. vivax and P. ovale may have dormant liver stage parasites, which can reactivate and cause malaria several months or years after the infecting mosquito bite. (cdc.gov)
  • More recently, however, with the aid of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based species identification and improved microscopic techniques, P. ovale infections have been frequently reported in Southeast Asia ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • all patients had single infections with the variant P. ovale . (cdc.gov)
  • We report 34 infections by Plasmodium ovale found among 15,806 blood film examinations taken between 1973 and 1989 from several sites in Indonesia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Twenty five of the P. ovale infections occurred in a single sample of 514 people living in Owi, Irian Jaya. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Other infections by P. ovale occurred at two sites in West Flores. (ox.ac.uk)
  • For radical cure of P. vivax and P. ovale infections, concomitant therapy with an 8-aminoquinoline drug is necessary. (nih.gov)
  • A retrospective examination of sporozoite-induced and trophozoite-induced infections with Plasmodium ovale: development of parasitologic and clinical immunity during primary infection. (ajtmh.org)
  • Of these, plasmodium falciparum infections are generally considered the most serious and potentially fatal. (com.pk)
  • The widespread distribution of P. ovale in Southeast Asia affects the choice of appropriate drugs for malaria chemoprophylaxis in travelers, since most currently used regimens are not effective against the dormant liver stages of P. ovale and P. vivax , which may cause relapses several months after the primary infection ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Malaria is infection of red blood cells with one of five species of the protozoa Plasmodium . (msdmanuals.com)
  • 14. Somsak V, Damkaew A, Onrak P. Antimalarial activity of kaempferol and its combination with chloroquine in Plasmodium berghei infection in mice. (jabonline.in)
  • Genes adjacent to pvtramp were identified in silico to determine the degree of similarity between the protein sequences encoded by equivalent chromosomic fragments in P. falciparum and Plasmodium knowlesi . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, we compared the relationship between parasitemia and host response parameters before therapy in 97 patients with P. faciparum malaria (18 with complications), and 28 with P. vivax or ovale malaria. (nih.gov)
  • In both types of malaria, parasitemia correlated with blood levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) and elastase, and these parameters were higher in P. falciparum malaria than in P. vivax or ovale malaria. (nih.gov)
  • In contrast, the ratios of TNF-alpha, TAT, elastase, and LDH per parasitized erythrocyte were higher in P. vivax or ovale malaria than in uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria. (nih.gov)
  • Fever tends to start at a lower level of parasitemia in Plasmodium vivax or ovale than in P. falciparum malaria, but hyperparasitemia and complications are more likely to occur in P. falciparum malaria. (nih.gov)
  • The host response may reach full strength at lower parasitemia in Plasmodium vivax or ovale, than in P. falciparum malaria. (nih.gov)
  • Evaluation of the pyrogenic threshold for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in naive individuals. (ajtmh.org)
  • Polyclonal Plasmodium falciparum malaria in travelers and selection of antifolate mutations after proguanil prophylaxis. (ajtmh.org)
  • Multicentric assessment of the efficacy and tolerability of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine compared to artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. (jabonline.in)
  • Plasmodium falciparum is the most dangerous of the four species of human malaria (Plasmodium Falciparum, Plasmodium Vivax, Plasmodium Ovale, and Plasmodium Malaria). (uyaphi.com)
  • Plasmodium ovale is a species of parasitic protozoon that causes tertian malaria in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Persistence of Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia after artemisinin combination therapy: evidence from a randomized trial in Uganda. (harvard.edu)
  • Short report: Positive correlation between rosetting and parasitemia in Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates. (ajtmh.org)
  • Complete DNA sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA ( SSUrRNA ) gene and partial sequences of three other loci were obtained from three variant-type and three classic-type Plasmodium ovale isolates from Southeast Asia and compared with GenBank-available data. (cdc.gov)
  • Results support grouping P. ovale into two groups, the classic type (including the Nigerian I/CDC strain) and the variant type (Cameroon, MAL/MAI, and LS isolates). (cdc.gov)
  • During our previous molecular studies of P. ovale in southern Vietnam ( 4 ), we found two field isolates whose partial sequences at the block 9 region ( 5 ) of the small subunit ribosomal RNA ( SSUrRNA ) genes had a deletion of 2 nt (G-G) and a substitution of 1 nt (C to T), when compared with the classic type, the Nigerian I/CDC strain ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast with P. falciparum and P. vivax , little is known about the patterns of genetic diversity in field isolates of P. ovale . (cdc.gov)
  • In vitro chloroquine susceptibility and PCR analysis of pfcrt and pfmdr1 polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Senegal. (ajtmh.org)
  • P. ovale is primarily concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and islands in the western Pacific. (wikipedia.org)
  • While similar to P. vivax, P. ovale is able to infect individuals who are negative for the Duffy blood group, which is the case for many residents of sub-Saharan Africa. (wikipedia.org)
  • This has been said to explain the greater prevalence of P. ovale (versus P. vivax) in most of Africa. (wikipedia.org)
  • Notably, approximately 300 malaria cases in China imported from Africa annually are caused by P. ovale . (biomedcentral.com)
  • In West Africa, where malaria transmission is highly seasonal, P. ovale spp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plasmodium vivax remains widespread and is becoming the predominant cause of malaria outside of Africa and is expected to be a greater obstacle to malaria elimination than Plasmodium falciparum . (wwarn.org)
  • Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed form of malaria in the world and it can be present not only in Africa but also in the Western Pacific, and importantly in highly populated areas of Latin America and Asia, where it is a big problem. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Plasmodium falciparum is mainly present in Africa and is responsible for high levels of mortality, mainly in children. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We'll start by providing an update on locally acquired malaria cases in the U.S. Between May and July of 2023, two U. S. counties reported locally acquired mosquito transmitted malaria due to Plasmodium vivax. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC is collaborating with two U.S. state health departments with ongoing investigations of locally acquired mosquito-transmitted Plasmodium vivax malaria cases. (cdc.gov)
  • Association of the IgG response to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite protein (C-terminal 19 kD) with clinical immunity to malaria in the Brazilian Amazon region. (ajtmh.org)
  • The reported prevalence of both P. ovale spp. (unl.pt)
  • The predominant species is Plasmodium falciparum. (uyaphi.com)
  • differ according to the transmission in the Plasmodium falciparum is the predominant area. (who.int)
  • Treatment of malaria acquired in geographic areas where chloroquine resistance occurs or when the Plasmodium species has not been identified. (nih.gov)
  • Reversal of chloroquine resistance in rodent and human Plasmodium by antihistaminic agents. (jabonline.in)
  • Primaquine, an 8-aminoquinoline (8-AQ), is the only widely available antimalarial that kills dormant liver stages (hypnozoites) of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale . (wwarn.org)
  • Definitive diagnosis as a simian species of Plasmodium cannot be made in time to guide treatment, but fortunately all simian Plasmodium species are sensitive to chloroquine and other antimalarials available in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Geographical and temporal trends and seasonal relapse in Plasmodium ovale spp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. (harvard.edu)
  • Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the extent of genetic variation among two subspecies of P. ovale by characterizing the MSP-1 N-terminal sequence at the nucleotide and protein levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although substantial research effort has been devoted to uncovering the genetic diversity of MSP-1 for P. falciparum and P. vivax , there is minimal information available regarding the genetic profiles and structure of P. ovale . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium species. (nih.gov)
  • Plasmodium merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) is released into the bloodstream during merozoite invasion, and thus represents a crucial malarial vaccine target. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After different attempts for elimination only Plasmodium falciparum could be eliminated but vivax remained, and this is because it forms this kind of structure but falciparum does not. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The introduced genes are for monoclonal antibodies which will attack the Plasmodium. (theness.com)
  • Plasmodium ovale in Indonesia. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Vivax vaccine development is in the early stages of development in comparison to Plasmodium falciparum which is more advanced. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Be Aware of risk, incubation period, main symptoms and possible late onset of Malaria due to P. vivax and P. ovale. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • The forms of Malaria caused by other Plasmodium species are less severe and rarely life-threatening. (myhealth.gov.my)
  • Since its introduction into clinical practice more than 60 years ago there is a wealth of data from clinical trials documenting the safety and efficacy of primaquine in patients with P. vivax malaria, but relatively limited data in P. ovale malaria. (wwarn.org)
  • Molecular tests (tests that detect DNA in blood) must take into account the fact that there are two P. ovale sensu lato taxa. (wikipedia.org)
  • PCR assay testing is a very specific and sensitive means of determining if species of Plasmodium are present in the blood of an infected individual. (medscape.com)
  • 1539 blood films from 190 individuals were positive for malaria: 95% for Plasmodium falciparum, 3% P. vivax and 2% P. ovale . (who.int)
  • Detection of Plasmodium species by rapid diagnostic antigen testing without confirmation by microscopy or nucleic acid testing in any person (symptomatic or asymptomatic) diagnosed in the United States, regardless of whether the person experienced previous episodes of malaria while outside the country. (cdc.gov)
  • Abdoulaye Djimde of the University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technologies of Bamako in Mali will use a metabolomics platform to identify biomarkers to detect dormant Plasmodia hypnozoites in a previously malaria-infected individual as a diagnostic method and to screen for new therapeutics. (grandchallenges.org)
  • Plasmodium ovale accounts for a disproportionate number of travel-related malaria cases. (psu.edu)
  • Of 52,242 notified cases of malaria, 6.04% (3157) were caused by P. ovale spp. (biomedcentral.com)