A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.
An increase in the total red cell mass of the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
A clinical syndrome characterized by repeated spontaneous hemorrhages and a remarkable increase in the number of circulating platelets.
A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTORS; PROLACTIN RECEPTORS; and a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS such as ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTORS and INTERLEUKIN RECEPTORS. Dysregulation of Janus kinase 2 due to GENETIC TRANSLOCATIONS have been associated with a variety of MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.
A de novo myeloproliferation arising from an abnormal stem cell. It is characterized by the replacement of bone marrow by fibrous tissue, a process that is mediated by CYTOKINES arising from the abnormal clone.
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.
Increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.
An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.
The cells in the erythroid series derived from MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS or from the bi-potential MEGAKARYOCYTE-ERYTHROID PROGENITOR CELLS which eventually give rise to mature RED BLOOD CELLS. The erythroid progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E); BFU-E differentiate into CFU-E on stimulation by ERYTHROPOIETIN, and then further differentiate into ERYTHROBLASTS when stimulated by other factors.
The techniques used to draw blood from a vein for diagnostic purposes or for treatment of certain blood disorders such as erythrocytosis, hemochromatosis, polycythemia vera, and porphyria cutanea tarda.
The production of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES). In humans, erythrocytes are produced by the YOLK SAC in the first trimester; by the liver in the second trimester; by the BONE MARROW in the third trimester and after birth. In normal individuals, the erythrocyte count in the peripheral blood remains relatively constant implying a balance between the rate of erythrocyte production and rate of destruction.
Cell surface proteins that bind erythropoietin with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells.
The volume of packed RED BLOOD CELLS in a blood specimen. The volume is measured by centrifugation in a tube with graduated markings, or with automated blood cell counters. It is an indicator of erythrocyte status in disease. For example, ANEMIA shows a low value; POLYCYTHEMIA, a high value.
Cell surface receptors that are specific for THROMBOPOIETIN. They signal through interaction with JANUS KINASES such as JANUS KINASE 2.
Puncture of a vein to draw blood for therapeutic purposes. Bloodletting therapy has been used in Talmudic and Indian medicine since the medieval time, and was still practiced widely in the 18th and 19th centuries. Its modern counterpart is PHLEBOTOMY.
A ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates OXYGEN-dependent polyubiquitination of HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR 1, ALPHA SUBUNIT. It is inactivated in VON HIPPEL-LINDAU SYNDROME.
The formation and development of blood cells outside the BONE MARROW, as in the SPLEEN; LIVER; or LYMPH NODES.
Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups according to the staining properties of the granules: neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and basophilic. Mature granulocytes are the NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and BASOPHILS.
Volume of circulating ERYTHROCYTES . It is usually measured by RADIOISOTOPE DILUTION TECHNIQUE.
A SOMATOSTATIN-secreting tumor derived from the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS). It is also found in the INTESTINE. Somatostatinomas are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS; CHOLELITHIASIS; STEATORRHEA; and HYPOCHLORHYDRIA. The majority of somatostatinomas have the potential for METASTASIS.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Russia" is a country and not a medical term. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.
An individual in which both alleles at a given locus are identical.
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.
A subclass of lipid-linked proteins that contain a GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL LINKAGE which holds them to the CELL MEMBRANE.
An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.
A mutation in which a codon is mutated to one directing the incorporation of a different amino acid. This substitution may result in an inactive or unstable product. (From A Dictionary of Genetics, King & Stansfield, 5th ed)
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
The naturally occurring or experimentally induced replacement of one or more AMINO ACIDS in a protein with another. If a functionally equivalent amino acid is substituted, the protein may retain wild-type activity. Substitution may also diminish, enhance, or eliminate protein function. Experimentally induced substitution is often used to study enzyme activities and binding site properties.
Antigens that exist in alternative (allelic) forms in a single species. When an isoantigen is encountered by species members who lack it, an immune response is induced. Typical isoantigens are the BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS.
A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.
The series of cells in the red blood cell lineage at various stages of differentiation.
The number of PLATELETS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.
A cytologic technique for measuring the functional capacity of stem cells by assaying their activity.
Very large BONE MARROW CELLS which release mature BLOOD PLATELETS.
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
ERYTHROCYTE size and HEMOGLOBIN content or concentration, usually derived from ERYTHROCYTE COUNT; BLOOD hemoglobin concentration; and HEMATOCRIT. The indices include the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.
The number of RED BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in a sample of venous BLOOD.
An individual having different alleles at one or more loci regarding a specific character.
A condition in which the hepatic venous outflow is obstructed anywhere from the small HEPATIC VEINS to the junction of the INFERIOR VENA CAVA and the RIGHT ATRIUM. Usually the blockage is extrahepatic and caused by blood clots (THROMBUS) or fibrous webs. Parenchymal FIBROSIS is uncommon.
The oxygen-carrying proteins of ERYTHROCYTES. They are found in all vertebrates and some invertebrates. The number of globin subunits in the hemoglobin quaternary structure differs between species. Structures range from monomeric to a variety of multimeric arrangements.
Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive.
Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.
Enlargement of the spleen.
A myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disorder characterized by myelodysplasia associated with bone marrow and peripheral blood patterns similar to CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA, but cytogenetically lacking a PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME or bcr/abl fusion gene (GENES, ABL).
The short, metacentric human chromosomes, called group F in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 19 and 20.
A humoral factor that stimulates the production of thrombocytes (BLOOD PLATELETS). Thrombopoietin stimulates the proliferation of bone marrow MEGAKARYOCYTES and their release of blood platelets. The process is called THROMBOPOIESIS.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Insulin-like growth factor I plays a role in regulating erythropoiesis in patients with end-stage renal disease and erythrocytosis. (1/419)

Erythroid progenitor growth, the serum hormones that regulate erythropoiesis, and the effect of patient's serum on the growth of normal erythroid progenitors were assessed in eight patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and erythrocytosis. All patients were male and had been on maintenance dialysis, they had a hematocrit >50% and/or a red blood cell count >6 x 10(12)/L and an arterial oxygen saturation >95%. Four had acquired cystic disease of the kidney (ACDK), and four other non-ACDK patients did not have known causes of secondary erythrocytosis after appropriate investigations and long-term follow-up. The methylcellulose culture technique was used to assay the erythroid progenitor (BFU-E/CFU-E) growth. Serum erythropoietin (EPO) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels were measured by RIA. Paired experiments were performed to determine the effects of 10% sera from ESRD patients and control subjects on normal marrow CFU-E growth. The numbers of EPO-dependent BFU-E in marrow and/or blood of patients with ESRD and erythrocytosis were higher than those of normal controls. No EPO-independent erythroid colonies were found. Serum EPO levels were constantly normal in one patient and elevated in three patients with ACDK; for non-ACDK patients, EPO levels were normal or low in two patients and persistently increased in one, but fluctuated in the remaining one on serial assays. There was no correlation between serum EPO levels and hematocrit values. The serum IGF-I levels in patients with ESRD and erythrocytosis were significantly increased compared with normal subjects or ESRD patients with anemia. We found an inverse correlation between serum EPO and IGF-I levels. Sera from patients with ESRD and erythrocytosis exhibited a stimulating effect on normal marrow CFU-E growth. The stimulating effect of sera from patients who had a normal serum EPO level and an elevated IGF-I level could be partially blocked by anti-IGF-I. The present study suggests that IGF-I plays an important role in the regulation of erythropoiesis in patients with ESRD and erythrocytosis who did not have an increased EPO production.  (+info)

Pulmonary prostacyclin synthase overexpression in transgenic mice protects against development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. (2/419)

Prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) is the final committed enzyme in the metabolic pathway leading to prostacyclin (PGI2) production. Patients with severe pulmonary hypertension have a PGIS deficiency of their precapillary vessels, but the importance of this deficiency for lung vascular remodeling remains unclear. We hypothesized that selective pulmonary overexpression of PGIS may prevent the development of pulmonary hypertension. To study this hypothesis, transgenic mice were created with selective pulmonary PGIS overexpression using a construct of the 3.7-kb human surfactant protein-C (SP-C) promoter and the rat PGIS cDNA. Transgenic mice (Tg+) and nontransgenic littermates (Tg-) were subjected to a simulated altitude of 17,000 ft for 5 weeks, and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was measured. Histology was performed on the lungs. The Tg+ mice produced 2-fold more pulmonary 6-keto prostaglandin F1alpha (PGF1alpha) levels than did Tg- mice. After exposure to chronic hypobaric hypoxia, Tg+ mice have lower RVSP than do Tg- mice. Histologic examination of the lungs revealed nearly normal arteriolar vessels in the Tg+ mice in comparison with vessel wall hypertrophy in the Tg- mice. These studies demonstrate that Tg+ mice were protected from the development of pulmonary hypertension after exposure to chronic hypobaric hypoxia. We conclude that PGIS plays a major role in modifying the pulmonary vascular response to chronic hypoxia. This has important implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of severe pulmonary hypertension.  (+info)

Localization of the gene responsible for familial benign polycythemia to chromosome 11q23. (3/419)

Familial benign polycythemia (FBP) (OMIM 263400) is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by erythrocytosis, normal leukocyte and platelet counts, normal uric acid level, and usually increased erythropoietin production. There is a high incidence of this disorder in Chuvashia (Russian Federation), probably due to a founder effect. In an attempt to locate the gene responsible for this disorder, we have carried out linkage studies in 12 Chuvash families, with 35 affected and 32 unaffected members. Linkage to the erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor loci was excluded, and the FBP gene was assigned to the region of chromosome 11q23 between D11S4142 and D11S1356, with a maximal lod score of 6.61.  (+info)

Activation of the erythropoietin receptor by the gp55-P viral envelope protein is determined by a single amino acid in its transmembrane domain. (4/419)

The spleen focus forming virus (SFFV) gp55-P envelope glycoprotein specifically binds to and activates murine erythropoietin receptors (EpoRs) coexpressed in the same cell, triggering proliferation of erythroid progenitors and inducing erythroleukemia. Here we demonstrate specific interactions between the single transmembrane domains of the two proteins that are essential for receptor activation. The human EpoR is not activated by gp55-P but by mutation of a single amino acid, L238, in its transmembrane sequence to its murine counterpart serine, resulting in its ability to be activated. The converse mutation in the murine EpoR (S238L) abolishes activation by gp55-P. Computational searches of interactions between the membrane-spanning segments of murine EpoR and gp55-P provide a possible explanation: the face of the EpoR transmembrane domain containing S238 is predicted to interact specifically with gp55-P but not gp55-A, a variant which is much less effective in activating the murine EpoR. Mutational studies on gp55-P M390, which is predicted to interact with S238, provide additional support for this model. Mutation of M390 to isoleucine, the corresponding residue in gp55-A, abolishes activation, but the gp55-P M390L mutation is fully functional. gp55-P is thought to activate signaling by the EpoR by inducing receptor oligomerization through interactions involving specific transmembrane residues.  (+info)

Erythropoietin receptor mutations associated with familial erythrocytosis cause hypersensitivity to erythropoietin in the heterozygous state. (5/419)

Inherited mutations in the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) causing premature termination of the receptor cytoplasmic region are associated with dominant familial erythrocytosis (FE), a benign clinical condition characterized by hypersensitivity of erythroid progenitor cells to EPO and low serum EPO (S-EPO) levels. We describe a Swedish family with dominant FE in which erythrocytosis segregates with a new truncation in the negative control domain of the EPOR. We show that cells engineered to concomitantly express the wild-type (WT) EPOR and mutant EPORs associated with FE (FE EPORs) are hypersensitive to EPO-stimulated proliferation and activation of Jak2 and Stat5. These results demonstrate that FE is caused by hyperresponsiveness of receptor-mediated signaling pathways and that this is dominant with respect to WT EPOR signaling.  (+info)

Role of the spleen in the exaggerated polycythemic response to hypoxia in chronic mountain sickness in rats. (6/419)

In a rat model of chronic mountain sickness, the excessive polycythemic response to hypoxic exposure is associated with profound splenic erythropoiesis. We studied the uptake and distribution of radioactive iron and red blood cell (RBC) morphology in intact and splenectomized rats over a 30-day hypoxic exposure. Retention of (59)Fe in the plasma was correlated with (59)Fe uptake by both spleen and marrow and the appearance of (59)Fe-labeled RBCs in the blood. (59)Fe uptake in both the spleen and the marrow paralleled the production of nucleated RBCs. Splenic (59)Fe uptake was approximately 10% of the total marrow uptake under normoxic conditions but increased to 60% of the total marrow uptake during hypoxic exposure. Peak splenic (59)Fe uptake and splenomegaly occurred at the most intense phase of erythropoiesis and coincided with the rapid appearance of (59)Fe-labeled RBCs in the blood. The bone marrow remains the most important erythropoietic organ under both resting and stimulated states, but inordinate splenic erythropoiesis in this rat strain accounts in large measure for the excessive polycythemia during the development of chronic mountain sickness in chronic hypoxia.  (+info)

Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase score in chronic granulocytic leukaemia: effects of splenectomy and antileukaemic drugs. (7/419)

Staining with naphthol AS phosphate and Fast Blue BB salt has been used for the estimation of neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) scores in patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL). The very low scores found at diagnosis rise when the disease is treated, and there is some inverse correlation between the NAP score and the absolute neutrophil count. Patients treated intensively developed high NAP scores. Elective splenectomy performed during the chronic phase of CGL is followed by a pronounced but transient neutrophilia and a concurrent striking rise in the NAP score. Similar changes were observed in patients without CGL who underwent splenectomy. These observations can be explained by assuming that newly formed neutrophils in CGL have a normal content of NAP but are rapidly sequestered in non-circulating extramedullary pools, whereas the circulating neutrophil with a typically low NAP content is a relatively aged cell which has lost enzyme activity. In subjects with or without CGL, removal of the spleen, a major site of such pooling, temporarily permits the circulation of newly formed neutrophils but eventually other organs assume the sequestering functions of the spleen. Thus the aberrations of NAP score seen in CGL might be attributable not to an intrinsic cellular defect but to an exaggeration of the granulocyte storage phenomena which also occur in subjects without CGL.  (+info)

Significance of an abnormally low or high hemoglobin concentration during pregnancy: special consideration of iron nutrition. (8/419)

An association between moderate anemia and poor perinatal outcomes has been found through epidemiologic studies, although available evidence cannot establish this relation as causal. Anemia may not be a direct cause of poor pregnancy outcomes, except in the case of maternal mortality resulting directly from severe anemia due to hypoxia and heart failure. Preventing or treating anemia, whether moderate or severe, is desirable. Because iron deficiency is a common cause of maternal anemia, iron supplementation is a common practice to reduce the incidence of maternal anemia. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of large-scale supplementation programs needs to be improved operationally and, where multiple micronutrient deficiencies are common, supplementation beyond iron and folate can be considered. High hemoglobin concentrations are often mistaken as adequate iron status; however, high hemoglobin is independent of iron status and is often associated with poor health outcomes. Very high hemoglobin concentrations cause high blood viscosity, which results in both compromised oxygen delivery to tissues and cerebrovascular complications. Epidemiologic studies have also found an association between high maternal hemoglobin concentrations and an increased risk of poor pregnancy outcomes. Evidence does not suggest that this association is causal; it could be better attributed to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and to preeclampsia. The pathophysiologic mechanism of these conditions during pregnancy can produce higher hemoglobin concentrations because of reduced normal plasma expansion and cause fetal stress because of reduced placental-fetal perfusion. Accordingly, higher than normal hemoglobin concentrations should be regarded as an indicator of possible pregnancy complications, not necessarily as a sign of adequate iron nutrition, because iron supplementation does not increase hemoglobin higher than the optimal concentration needed for oxygen delivery.  (+info)

Polycythemia Vera is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm, a group of rare blood cancers. In Polycythemia Vera, the body produces too many red blood cells, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and thickening of the blood, which can cause various symptoms such as fatigue, headache, dizziness, and itching. It can also lead to enlargement of the spleen. The exact cause of Polycythemia Vera is not known, but it is associated with genetic mutations in the JAK2 gene in most cases. It is a progressive disease that can lead to complications such as bleeding, thrombosis, and transformation into acute leukemia if left untreated.

Polycythemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the total red blood cell (RBC) mass or hematocrit (the percentage of RBCs in the blood). This results in a higher-than-normal viscosity of the blood, which can lead to various complications such as impaired circulation, increased risk of blood clots, and reduced oxygen supply to the tissues.

There are two main types of polycythemia: primary and secondary. Primary polycythemia, also known as polycythemia vera, is a rare myeloproliferative neoplasm caused by genetic mutations that lead to excessive production of RBCs in the bone marrow. Secondary polycythemia, on the other hand, is a reactive condition triggered by various factors such as chronic hypoxia (low oxygen levels), high altitude, smoking, or certain medical conditions like sleep apnea, heart disease, or kidney tumors.

Symptoms of polycythemia may include fatigue, headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, itching, and a bluish or reddish tint to the skin (cyanosis). Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition and may involve phlebotomy, medications to reduce RBC production, and management of associated complications.

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), a type of blood cancer characterized by the overproduction of platelets (thrombocytosis) in the bone marrow. In ET, there is an excessive proliferation of megakaryocytes, the precursor cells that produce platelets. This leads to increased platelet counts in the peripheral blood, which can increase the risk of blood clots (thrombosis) and bleeding episodes (hemorrhage).

The term "essential" is used to indicate that the cause of this condition is not known or idiopathic. ET is primarily a disease of older adults, but it can also occur in younger individuals. The diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia requires careful evaluation and exclusion of secondary causes of thrombocytosis, such as reactive conditions, inflammation, or other myeloproliferative neoplasms.

The clinical presentation of ET can vary widely among patients. Some individuals may be asymptomatic and discovered only during routine blood tests, while others may experience symptoms related to thrombosis or bleeding. Common symptoms include headaches, visual disturbances, dizziness, weakness, numbness, or tingling in the extremities, if there are complications due to blood clots in the brain or other parts of the body. Excessive bruising, nosebleeds, or blood in the stool can indicate bleeding complications.

Treatment for essential thrombocythemia is aimed at reducing the risk of thrombosis and managing symptoms. Hydroxyurea is a commonly used medication to lower platelet counts, while aspirin may be prescribed to decrease the risk of blood clots. In some cases, interferon-alpha or ruxolitinib might be considered as treatment options. Regular follow-up with a hematologist and monitoring of blood counts are essential for managing this condition and detecting potential complications early.

Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) is a tyrosine kinase enzyme that plays a crucial role in intracellular signal transduction. It is named after the Roman god Janus, who is depicted with two faces, as JAK2 has two similar phosphate-transferring domains. JAK2 is involved in various cytokine receptor-mediated signaling pathways and contributes to hematopoiesis, immune function, and cell growth.

Mutations in the JAK2 gene have been associated with several myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis. The most common mutation is JAK2 V617F, which results in a constitutively active enzyme that promotes uncontrolled cell proliferation and survival, contributing to the development of these MPNs.

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a rare, chronic bone marrow disorder characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow tissue with fibrous scar tissue, leading to impaired production of blood cells. This results in cytopenias (anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia), which can cause fatigue, infection susceptibility, and bleeding tendencies. Additionally, PMF is often accompanied by the proliferation of abnormal megakaryocytes (large, atypical bone marrow cells that produce platelets) and extramedullary hematopoiesis (blood cell formation outside the bone marrow, typically in the spleen and liver).

PMF is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), which is a group of clonal stem cell disorders characterized by excessive proliferation of one or more types of blood cells. PMF can present with various symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, night sweats, abdominal discomfort due to splenomegaly (enlarged spleen), and bone pain. In some cases, PMF may progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

The exact cause of PMF remains unclear; however, genetic mutations are known to play a significant role in its development. The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), calreticulin (CALR), and MPL genes have been identified as commonly mutated in PMF patients. These genetic alterations contribute to the dysregulated production of blood cells and the activation of signaling pathways that promote fibrosis.

Diagnosis of PMF typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, complete blood count (CBC), bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, cytogenetic analysis, and molecular testing to identify genetic mutations. Treatment options depend on the individual patient's symptoms, risk stratification, and disease progression. They may include observation, supportive care, medications to manage symptoms and control the disease (such as JAK inhibitors), and stem cell transplantation for eligible patients.

Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are a group of rare, chronic blood cancers that originate from the abnormal proliferation or growth of one or more types of blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. These disorders result in an overproduction of mature but dysfunctional blood cells, which can lead to serious complications such as blood clots, bleeding, and organ damage.

There are several subtypes of MPDs, including:

1. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of mature granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CML is caused by a genetic mutation that results in the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion protein, which drives uncontrolled cell growth and division.
2. Polycythemia Vera (PV): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of all three types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - in the bone marrow. This can lead to an increased risk of blood clots, bleeding, and enlargement of the spleen.
3. Essential Thrombocythemia (ET): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of platelets in the bone marrow, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and bleeding.
4. Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF): A disorder characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow tissue with scar tissue, leading to impaired blood cell production and anemia, enlargement of the spleen, and increased risk of infections and bleeding.
5. Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (CNL): A rare disorder characterized by the overproduction of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CNL can lead to an increased risk of infections and organ damage.

MPDs are typically treated with a combination of therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including the subtype of MPD, the patient's age and overall health, and the presence of any comorbidities.

Thrombocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high platelet count (also known as thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting. A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. Thrombocytosis is typically defined as a platelet count exceeding 450,000-500,000 platelets/µL.

Thrombocytosis can be classified into two types: reactive (or secondary) thrombocytosis and primary (or essential) thrombocytosis. Reactive thrombocytosis is more common and occurs as a response to an underlying condition, such as infection, inflammation, surgery, or certain types of cancer. Primary thrombocytosis, on the other hand, is caused by intrinsic abnormalities in the bone marrow cells responsible for platelet production (megakaryocytes), and it is often associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms like essential thrombocythemia.

While mild thrombocytosis may not cause any symptoms, higher platelet counts can increase the risk of blood clots (thrombosis) and bleeding disorders due to excessive platelet aggregation. Symptoms of thrombocytosis may include headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, or chest pain if a blood clot forms in the brain or heart. Bleeding symptoms can manifest as easy bruising, nosebleeds, or gastrointestinal bleeding.

Treatment for thrombocytosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In cases of reactive thrombocytosis, treating the underlying disorder often resolves the high platelet count. For primary thrombocytosis, medications like aspirin or cytoreductive therapy (such as hydroxyurea) may be used to reduce the risk of blood clots and control platelet production. Regular monitoring of platelet counts is essential for managing this condition and preventing potential complications.

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that is primarily produced by the kidneys and plays a crucial role in the production of red blood cells in the body. It works by stimulating the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells, which are essential for carrying oxygen to various tissues and organs.

EPO is a glycoprotein that is released into the bloodstream in response to low oxygen levels in the body. When the kidneys detect low oxygen levels, they release EPO, which then travels to the bone marrow and binds to specific receptors on immature red blood cells called erythroblasts. This binding triggers a series of events that promote the maturation and proliferation of erythroblasts, leading to an increase in the production of red blood cells.

In addition to its role in regulating red blood cell production, EPO has also been shown to have neuroprotective effects and may play a role in modulating the immune system. Abnormal levels of EPO have been associated with various medical conditions, including anemia, kidney disease, and certain types of cancer.

EPO is also used as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of anemia caused by chronic kidney disease, chemotherapy, or other conditions that affect red blood cell production. Recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) is a synthetic form of the hormone that is produced using genetic engineering techniques and is commonly used in clinical practice to treat anemia. However, misuse of rhEPO for performance enhancement in sports has been a subject of concern due to its potential to enhance oxygen-carrying capacity and improve endurance.

Pipobroman is an antineoplastic agent, which means it is used to treat cancer. It's a type of alkylating agent, specifically a nitrogen mustard. Alkylating agents work by disrupting the DNA of cancer cells, which can prevent them from dividing and growing. Pipobroman has been used in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), although it's not widely used today due to the availability of more effective treatments.

Please note that medical definitions can vary based on the source, and this definition is intended to be a general overview. Always refer to the most current prescribing information for any medication.

Erythroid precursor cells, also known as erythroblasts or normoblasts, are early stage cells in the process of producing mature red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the bone marrow. These cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells and undergo a series of maturation stages, including proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, and orthochromatic erythroblast, before becoming reticulocytes and then mature red blood cells. During this maturation process, the cells lose their nuclei and become enucleated, taking on the biconcave shape and flexible membrane that allows them to move through small blood vessels and deliver oxygen to tissues throughout the body.

Phlebotomy is a medical term that refers to the process of making an incision in a vein, usually in the arm, in order to draw blood. It is also commonly known as venipuncture. This procedure is performed by healthcare professionals for various purposes such as diagnostic testing, blood donation, or therapeutic treatments like phlebotomy for patients with hemochromatosis (a condition where the body absorbs too much iron from food).

The person who performs this procedure is called a phlebotomist. They must be trained in the proper techniques to ensure that the process is safe and relatively pain-free for the patient, and that the blood sample is suitable for laboratory testing.

Erythropoiesis is the process of forming and developing red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the body. It occurs in the bone marrow and is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which is produced by the kidneys. Erythropoiesis involves the differentiation and maturation of immature red blood cell precursors called erythroblasts into mature red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen to the body's tissues. Disorders that affect erythropoiesis can lead to anemia or other blood-related conditions.

Erythropoietin receptors are cell surface proteins found on immature red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow. They bind to the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. When EPO binds to its receptor, it activates a signaling pathway that promotes the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of red blood cell precursors, leading to increased production of red blood cells. This process is critical for maintaining adequate oxygen delivery to tissues in the body. Mutations in the erythropoietin receptor gene can lead to various blood disorders, including anemia and polycythemia.

Hematocrit is a medical term that refers to the percentage of total blood volume that is made up of red blood cells. It is typically measured as part of a complete blood count (CBC) test. A high hematocrit may indicate conditions such as dehydration, polycythemia, or living at high altitudes, while a low hematocrit may be a sign of anemia, bleeding, or overhydration. It is important to note that hematocrit values can vary depending on factors such as age, gender, and pregnancy status.

Thrombopoietin receptors are a type of cell surface receptor found on megakaryocytes and platelets. They are also known as MPL (myeloproliferative leukemia virus) receptors. Thrombopoietin is a hormone that regulates the production of platelets in the body, and it binds to these receptors to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes, which are large bone marrow cells that produce platelets.

The thrombopoietin receptor is a type I transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain that contains the thrombopoietin-binding site, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain that contains several tyrosine residues that become phosphorylated upon thrombopoietin binding. This triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of various downstream pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.

Mutations in the thrombopoietin receptor gene have been associated with certain myeloproliferative neoplasms, such as essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, which are characterized by excessive platelet production and bone marrow fibrosis.

Bloodletting is a medical procedure that was commonly used in the past to balance the four humors of the body, which were believed to be blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. The procedure involved withdrawing blood from a patient through various methods such as venesection (making an incision in a vein), leeches, or cupping.

The theory behind bloodletting was that if one humor became overabundant, it could cause disease or illness. By removing some of the excess humor, practitioners believed they could restore balance and promote healing. Bloodletting was used to treat a wide variety of conditions, including fever, inflammation, and pain.

While bloodletting is no longer practiced in modern medicine, it was once a common treatment for many different ailments. The practice dates back to ancient times and was used by various cultures throughout history, including the Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, and Chinese. However, its effectiveness as a medical treatment has been called into question, and it is now considered an outdated and potentially harmful procedure.

The Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein is a crucial component in the regulation of cellular growth and division, specifically through its role in oxygen sensing and the ubiquitination of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). The VHL protein forms part of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that targets HIFs for degradation under normoxic conditions. In the absence of functional VHL protein or in hypoxic environments, HIFs accumulate and induce the transcription of genes involved in angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and metabolism.

Mutations in the VHL gene can lead to the development of Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, a rare inherited disorder characterized by the growth of tumors and cysts in various organs, including the central nervous system, retina, kidneys, adrenal glands, and pancreas. These tumors often arise from the overactivation of HIF-mediated signaling pathways due to the absence or dysfunction of VHL protein.

Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) is defined as the production of blood cells outside of the bone marrow in adults. In normal physiological conditions, hematopoiesis occurs within the bone marrow cavities of flat bones such as the pelvis, ribs, skull, and vertebrae. However, certain disease states or conditions can cause EMH to occur in various organs such as the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood.

EMH can be seen in several pathological conditions, including hematologic disorders such as myeloproliferative neoplasms (e.g., polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytopenia), myelodysplastic syndromes, and leukemias. It can also occur in response to bone marrow failure or infiltration by malignant cells, as well as in some non-hematologic disorders such as fibrocystic disease of the breast and congenital hemolytic anemias.

EMH may lead to organ enlargement, dysfunction, and clinical symptoms depending on the site and extent of involvement. Treatment of EMH is generally directed at managing the underlying condition causing it.

Granulocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body's immune system. They are called granulocytes because they contain small granules in their cytoplasm, which are filled with various enzymes and proteins that help them fight off infections and destroy foreign substances.

There are three types of granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutrophils are the most abundant type and are primarily responsible for fighting bacterial infections. Eosinophils play a role in defending against parasitic infections and regulating immune responses. Basophils are involved in inflammatory reactions and allergic responses.

Granulocytes are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream, where they circulate and patrol for any signs of infection or foreign substances. When they encounter a threat, they quickly move to the site of infection or injury and release their granules to destroy the invading organisms or substances.

Abnormal levels of granulocytes in the blood can indicate an underlying medical condition, such as an infection, inflammation, or a bone marrow disorder.

Erythrocyte volume, also known as red cell volume or hematocrit, is the proportion of whole blood that is made up of erythrocytes or red blood cells. It is typically expressed as a percentage and can be measured using a centrifuge to separate the components of a blood sample by density.

The erythrocyte volume is an important clinical parameter because it can provide information about a person's health status, such as their hydration level, altitude acclimatization, and the presence of certain medical conditions like anemia or polycythemia. Changes in erythrocyte volume can also have significant effects on the body's oxygen-carrying capacity and overall cardiovascular function.

Somatostatinoma is a rare type of neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the delta cells (D cells) of the diffuse endocrine system, which are responsible for producing and secreting somatostatin, a hormone that inhibits the release of several other hormones. These tumors can occur in various organs, but they most commonly arise in the pancreas and the small intestine (duodenum).

Somatostatinomas are typically slow-growing and can be functional or nonfunctional. Functional somatostatinomas actively produce and secrete excessive amounts of somatostatin, which can lead to a variety of clinical symptoms due to the inhibition of other hormones' functions. Nonfunctional somatostatinomas do not secrete significant amounts of somatostatin and are often discovered incidentally during imaging studies or when they cause local mass effects.

Common symptoms associated with functional somatostatinomas include diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, fat malabsorption, and steatorrhea (fatty stools). They can also lead to diabetes mellitus due to the inhibition of insulin secretion. Additionally, these tumors may cause symptoms related to hormone deficiencies or the compression of nearby structures, depending on their location.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as CT scans, MRI, and PET scans, along with biochemical tests to measure somatostatin levels in the blood. A definitive diagnosis usually requires a tissue biopsy or surgical removal of the tumor for histopathological examination. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies, depending on the stage and location of the tumor.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Russia" is not a medical term or concept. Russia is the largest country in the world by land area, located primarily in Asia with a smaller portion extending into Europe. It is a nation rich in history and culture, known for its diverse landscapes, from tundra and forests to subtropical beaches.

If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like me to define, please feel free to ask!

A homozygote is an individual who has inherited the same allele (version of a gene) from both parents and therefore possesses two identical copies of that allele at a specific genetic locus. This can result in either having two dominant alleles (homozygous dominant) or two recessive alleles (homozygous recessive). In contrast, a heterozygote has inherited different alleles from each parent for a particular gene.

The term "homozygote" is used in genetics to describe the genetic makeup of an individual at a specific locus on their chromosomes. Homozygosity can play a significant role in determining an individual's phenotype (observable traits), as having two identical alleles can strengthen the expression of certain characteristics compared to having just one dominant and one recessive allele.

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a clot forms in an artery, it can cut off the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues served by that artery, leading to damage or tissue death. If a thrombus forms in the heart, it can cause a heart attack. If a thrombus breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, it can lodge in a smaller vessel, causing blockage and potentially leading to damage in the organ that the vessel supplies. This is known as an embolism.

Thrombosis can occur due to various factors such as injury to the blood vessel wall, abnormalities in blood flow, or changes in the composition of the blood. Certain medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle factors can increase the risk of thrombosis. Treatment typically involves anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy to dissolve or prevent further growth of the clot, as well as addressing any underlying causes.

GPI-linked proteins are a type of cell surface protein that are attached to the plasma membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The GPI anchor is a complex glycolipid molecule that acts as a molecular tether, connecting the protein to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.

The GPI anchor is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and added to proteins in the ER or Golgi apparatus during protein trafficking. The addition of the GPI anchor to a protein occurs in a post-translational modification process called GPI anchoring, which involves the transfer of the GPI moiety from a lipid carrier to the carboxyl terminus of the protein.

GPI-linked proteins are found on the surface of many different types of cells, including red blood cells, immune cells, and nerve cells. They play important roles in various cellular processes, such as cell signaling, cell adhesion, and enzyme function. Some GPI-linked proteins also serve as receptors for bacterial toxins and viruses, making them potential targets for therapeutic intervention.

Hydroxyurea is an antimetabolite drug that is primarily used in the treatment of myeloproliferative disorders such as chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), essential thrombocythemia, and polycythemia vera. It works by interfering with the synthesis of DNA, which inhibits the growth of cancer cells.

In addition to its use in cancer therapy, hydroxyurea is also used off-label for the management of sickle cell disease. In this context, it helps to reduce the frequency and severity of painful vaso-occlusive crises by increasing the production of fetal hemoglobin (HbF), which decreases the formation of sickled red blood cells.

The medical definition of hydroxyurea is:

A hydantoin derivative and antimetabolite that inhibits ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, thereby interfering with DNA synthesis. It has been used as an antineoplastic agent, particularly in the treatment of myeloproliferative disorders, and more recently for the management of sickle cell disease to reduce the frequency and severity of painful vaso-occlusive crises by increasing fetal hemoglobin production.

A missense mutation is a type of point mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in the substitution of a different amino acid in the protein that is encoded by the affected gene. This occurs when the altered codon (a sequence of three nucleotides that corresponds to a specific amino acid) specifies a different amino acid than the original one. The function and/or stability of the resulting protein may be affected, depending on the type and location of the missense mutation. Missense mutations can have various effects, ranging from benign to severe, depending on the importance of the changed amino acid for the protein's structure or function.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

An amino acid substitution is a type of mutation in which one amino acid in a protein is replaced by another. This occurs when there is a change in the DNA sequence that codes for a particular amino acid in a protein. The genetic code is redundant, meaning that most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon (a sequence of three nucleotides). As a result, a single base pair change in the DNA sequence may not necessarily lead to an amino acid substitution. However, if a change does occur, it can have a variety of effects on the protein's structure and function, depending on the nature of the substituted amino acids. Some substitutions may be harmless, while others may alter the protein's activity or stability, leading to disease.

Isoantigens are antigens that are present on the cells or tissues of one individual of a species, but are absent or different in another individual of the same species. They are also known as "alloantigens." Isoantigens are most commonly found on the surface of red blood cells and other tissues, and they can stimulate an immune response when transplanted into a different individual. This is because the recipient's immune system recognizes the isoantigens as foreign and mounts a defense against them. Isoantigens are important in the field of transplantation medicine, as they must be carefully matched between donor and recipient to reduce the risk of rejection.

Cyanosis is a medical term that refers to the bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an insufficient amount of oxygen in the blood. This occurs when the level of deoxygenated hemoglobin (the form of hemoglobin that has released its oxygen) in the blood is increased, causing a blue or purple tint to appear, especially in the lips, fingertips, and nail beds.

Cyanosis can be central or peripheral. Central cyanosis affects the entire body and results from low levels of oxygen in the arterial blood, often due to heart or lung conditions that impair oxygen exchange. Peripheral cyanosis is localized to the extremities, usually caused by poor circulation or cold exposure, which can lead to sluggish blood flow and slow oxygen uptake in the tissues.

It's important to note that cyanosis may not always be visually apparent, particularly in individuals with darker skin tones. In these cases, other signs of hypoxia (low oxygen levels) should be considered for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Erythroid cells are a type of blood cell that develops in the bone marrow and mature into red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes. These cells play a crucial role in the body's oxygen-carrying capacity by transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

The development of erythroid cells begins with hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of blood cells. Through a series of maturation stages, including proerythroblasts, basophilic erythroblasts, polychromatophilic erythroblasts, and orthochromatic erythroblasts, these cells gradually lose their nuclei and organelles to become reticulocytes. Reticulocytes are immature RBCs that still contain some residual ribosomes and are released into the bloodstream. Over time, they mature into fully functional RBCs, which have a biconcave shape and a flexible membrane that allows them to navigate through small blood vessels.

Erythroid cells are essential for maintaining adequate oxygenation of body tissues, and their production is tightly regulated by various hormones and growth factors, such as erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells. Abnormalities in erythroid cell development or function can lead to various blood disorders, including anemia, polycythemia, and myelodysplastic syndromes.

A platelet count is a laboratory test that measures the number of platelets, also known as thrombocytes, in a sample of blood. Platelets are small, colorless cell fragments that circulate in the blood and play a crucial role in blood clotting. They help to stop bleeding by sticking together to form a plug at the site of an injured blood vessel.

A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter (µL) of blood. A lower than normal platelet count is called thrombocytopenia, while a higher than normal platelet count is known as thrombocytosis.

Abnormal platelet counts can be a sign of various medical conditions, including bleeding disorders, infections, certain medications, and some types of cancer. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about your platelet count or if you experience symptoms such as easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, or excessive menstrual flow.

A Colony-Forming Units (CFU) assay is a type of laboratory test used to measure the number of viable, or living, cells in a sample. It is commonly used to enumerate bacteria, yeast, and other microorganisms. The test involves placing a known volume of the sample onto a nutrient-agar plate, which provides a solid growth surface for the cells. The plate is then incubated under conditions that allow the cells to grow and form colonies. Each colony that forms on the plate represents a single viable cell from the original sample. By counting the number of colonies and multiplying by the known volume of the sample, the total number of viable cells in the sample can be calculated. This information is useful in a variety of applications, including monitoring microbial populations, assessing the effectiveness of disinfection procedures, and studying microbial growth and survival.

Megakaryocytes are large, specialized bone marrow cells that are responsible for the production and release of platelets (also known as thrombocytes) into the bloodstream. Platelets play an essential role in blood clotting and hemostasis, helping to prevent excessive bleeding during injuries or trauma.

Megakaryocytes have a unique structure with multilobed nuclei and abundant cytoplasm rich in organelles called alpha-granules and dense granules, which store various proteins, growth factors, and enzymes necessary for platelet function. As megakaryocytes mature, they extend long cytoplasmic processes called proplatelets into the bone marrow sinuses, where these extensions fragment into individual platelets that are released into circulation.

Abnormalities in megakaryocyte number, size, or function can lead to various hematological disorders, such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), thrombocytosis (high platelet count), and certain types of leukemia.

Paraganglioma is a rare type of tumor that develops in the nervous system, specifically in the paraganglia. Paraganglia are clusters of specialized nerve cells throughout the body that release hormones in response to stress or physical activity. Most paragangliomas are benign (noncancerous), but some can be malignant (cancerous) and may spread to other parts of the body.

Paragangliomas can occur in various locations, including the head and neck region (called "head and neck paragangliomas") or near the spine, abdomen, or chest (called "extra-adrenal paragangliomas"). When they develop in the adrenal glands, which are located on top of each kidney, they are called pheochromocytomas.

Paragangliomas can produce and release hormones such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, leading to symptoms like high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, sweating, anxiety, and headaches. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, along with medications to manage symptoms and control hormone levels before and after surgery.

Erythrocyte indices are a set of calculated values that provide information about the size and hemoglobin content of red blood cells (erythrocytes). These indices are commonly used in the complete blood count (CBC) test to help diagnose various types of anemia and other conditions affecting the red blood cells.

The three main erythrocyte indices are:

1. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): This is the average volume of a single red blood cell, measured in femtoliters (fL). MCV helps to differentiate between microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemia. Microcytic anemia is characterized by low MCV values (100 fL).
2. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): This is the average amount of hemoglobin present in a single red blood cell, measured in picograms (pg). MCH helps to assess the oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells. Low MCH values may indicate hypochromic anemia, where the red blood cells have reduced hemoglobin content.
3. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): This is the average concentration of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell, measured as a percentage. MCHC reflects the hemoglobin concentration relative to the size of the red blood cells. Low MCHC values may indicate hypochromic anemia, while high MCHC values could suggest spherocytosis or other conditions affecting red blood cell shape and integrity.

These erythrocyte indices are calculated based on the red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit results obtained from a CBC test. They provide valuable information for healthcare professionals to diagnose and manage various hematological conditions.

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found inside certain bones in the body, such as the hips, thighs, and vertebrae. It is responsible for producing blood-forming cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow, which is involved in blood cell production, and yellow marrow, which contains fatty tissue.

Red bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of blood cells. These stem cells continuously divide and mature to produce new blood cells that are released into the circulation. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells help fight infections, and platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Bone marrow also serves as a site for immune cell development and maturation. It contains various types of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which help protect the body against infections and diseases.

Abnormalities in bone marrow function can lead to several medical conditions, including anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and various types of cancer, such as leukemia and multiple myeloma. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are common diagnostic procedures used to evaluate bone marrow health and function.

Leukocytosis is a condition characterized by an increased number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the peripheral blood. A normal white blood cell count ranges from 4,500 to 11,000 cells per microliter of blood in adults. Leukocytosis is typically considered present when the white blood cell count exceeds 11,000 cells/µL. However, the definition might vary slightly depending on the laboratory and clinical context.

Leukocytosis can be a response to various underlying conditions, including bacterial or viral infections, inflammation, tissue damage, leukemia, and other hematological disorders. It is essential to investigate the cause of leukocytosis through further diagnostic tests, such as blood smears, differential counts, and additional laboratory and imaging studies, to guide appropriate treatment.

Erythrocyte count, also known as red blood cell (RBC) count, is a laboratory test that measures the number of red blood cells in a sample of blood. Red blood cells are important because they carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. A low erythrocyte count may indicate anemia, while a high count may be a sign of certain medical conditions such as polycythemia. The normal range for erythrocyte count varies depending on a person's age, sex, and other factors.

A heterozygote is an individual who has inherited two different alleles (versions) of a particular gene, one from each parent. This means that the individual's genotype for that gene contains both a dominant and a recessive allele. The dominant allele will be expressed phenotypically (outwardly visible), while the recessive allele may or may not have any effect on the individual's observable traits, depending on the specific gene and its function. Heterozygotes are often represented as 'Aa', where 'A' is the dominant allele and 'a' is the recessive allele.

Budd-Chiari syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the obstruction of the hepatic veins, which are the blood vessels that carry blood from the liver to the heart. This obstruction can be caused by blood clots, tumors, or other abnormalities, and it can lead to a backflow of blood in the liver, resulting in various symptoms such as abdominal pain, swelling, and liver enlargement. In severe cases, Budd-Chiari syndrome can cause liver failure and other complications if left untreated. The diagnosis of this condition typically involves imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and treatment may include anticoagulation therapy, thrombolytic therapy, or surgical intervention to remove the obstruction.

Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb) is the main oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood cells, which are responsible for delivering oxygen throughout the body. It is a complex molecule made up of four globin proteins and four heme groups. Each heme group contains an iron atom that binds to one molecule of oxygen. Hemoglobin plays a crucial role in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues, and also helps to carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.

There are several types of hemoglobin present in the human body, including:

* Hemoglobin A (HbA): This is the most common type of hemoglobin, making up about 95-98% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two beta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2): This makes up about 1.5-3.5% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two delta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin F (HbF): This is the main type of hemoglobin present in fetal life, but it persists at low levels in adults. It consists of two alpha and two gamma globin chains.
* Hemoglobin S (HbS): This is an abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause sickle cell disease when it occurs in the homozygous state (i.e., both copies of the gene are affected). It results from a single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain.
* Hemoglobin C (HbC): This is another abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause mild to moderate hemolytic anemia when it occurs in the homozygous state. It results from a different single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain than HbS.

Abnormal forms of hemoglobin, such as HbS and HbC, can lead to various clinical disorders, including sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and other hemoglobinopathies.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are immature, self-renewing cells that give rise to all the mature blood and immune cells in the body. They are capable of both producing more hematopoietic stem cells (self-renewal) and differentiating into early progenitor cells that eventually develop into red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. HSCs are found in the bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and peripheral blood. They have the ability to repair damaged tissues and offer significant therapeutic potential for treating various diseases, including hematological disorders, genetic diseases, and cancer.

Altitude sickness, also known as mountain sickness or hypobaropathy, is a condition that can occur when you travel to high altitudes (usually above 8000 feet or 2400 meters) too quickly. At high altitudes, the air pressure is lower and there is less oxygen available for your body to use. This can lead to various symptoms such as:

1. Headache
2. Dizziness or lightheadedness
3. Shortness of breath
4. Rapid heart rate
5. Nausea or vomiting
6. Fatigue or weakness
7. Insomnia
8. Swelling of the hands, feet, and face
9. Confusion or difficulty with coordination

There are three types of altitude sickness: acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE). AMS is the mildest form, while HAPE and HACE can be life-threatening.

Preventive measures include gradual ascent to allow your body time to adjust to the altitude, staying hydrated, avoiding alcohol and heavy meals, and taking it easy during the first few days at high altitudes. If symptoms persist or worsen, immediate medical attention is necessary.

Splenomegaly is a medical term that refers to an enlargement or expansion of the spleen beyond its normal size. The spleen is a vital organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, behind the stomach and below the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in filtering the blood, fighting infections, and storing red and white blood cells and platelets.

Splenomegaly can occur due to various underlying medical conditions, including infections, liver diseases, blood disorders, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. The enlarged spleen may put pressure on surrounding organs, causing discomfort or pain in the abdomen, and it may also lead to a decrease in red and white blood cells and platelets, increasing the risk of anemia, infections, and bleeding.

The diagnosis of splenomegaly typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to manage the underlying condition.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), atypical, BCR-ABL negative is a rare subtype of CML that does not have the typical Philadelphia chromosome abnormality or the resulting BCR-ABL fusion gene. This means that the disease lacks the constitutively active tyrosine kinase that is targeted by imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) and other similar drugs.

The atypical form of CML is often characterized by a more aggressive clinical course, with a higher risk of transformation to acute leukemia compared to the classic form of CML. It can be difficult to diagnose and treat due to its rarity and heterogeneity. Treatment options may include chemotherapy, targeted therapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up with blood tests and bone marrow examinations is essential for monitoring the disease course and adjusting treatment as necessary.

Human chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain genetic information in the form of DNA and proteins. Each human cell typically contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs, except for the sperm and egg cells which contain only 23 chromosomes (one half of the full set).

Chromosome 19 is one of the autosomal chromosomes, meaning it is not a sex chromosome. It is the fifth smallest human chromosome, spanning about 58 million base pairs and representing approximately 1.9% of the total DNA in cells. Chromosome 19 contains more than 1,200 genes that provide instructions for making proteins and RNA molecules involved in various cellular processes.

Chromosome 20 is also an autosomal chromosome, slightly smaller than chromosome 19. It spans about 54 million base pairs and contains around 800 genes that code for proteins and RNA molecules. Chromosome 20 is known to contain several important genes involved in cancer development, such as the tumor suppressor gene TP53.

Together, chromosomes 19 and 20 carry crucial genetic information necessary for normal human growth, development, and health. Abnormalities in these chromosomes can lead to various genetic disorders and diseases.

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of platelet production, also known as thrombopoiesis. It is primarily produced by the liver and to some extent by megakaryocytes, which are the cells responsible for producing platelets.

TPO binds to its receptor, c-Mpl, on the surface of megakaryocytes and their precursor cells, stimulating their proliferation, differentiation, and maturation into platelets. By regulating the number of platelets in circulation, TPO helps maintain hemostasis, the process that prevents excessive bleeding after injury.

In addition to its role in thrombopoiesis, TPO has been shown to have potential effects on other cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells and certain immune cells. However, its primary function remains the regulation of platelet production.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are the most common type of blood cell in circulating blood in mammals. They are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.

Erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow and have a biconcave shape, which allows them to fold and bend easily as they pass through narrow blood vessels. They do not have a nucleus or mitochondria, which makes them more flexible but also limits their ability to reproduce or repair themselves.

In humans, erythrocytes are typically disc-shaped and measure about 7 micrometers in diameter. They contain the protein hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. The lifespan of an erythrocyte is approximately 120 days, after which it is broken down in the liver and spleen.

Abnormalities in erythrocyte count or function can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, polycythemia, and sickle cell disease.

The management of polycythemia varies based on its etiology: See polycythemia vera for management of primary polycythemia, ... "relative polycythemia"). Absolute polycythemia can be due to genetic mutations in the bone marrow ("primary polycythemia"), ... Polycythemia vera (PCV) (a.k.a. polycythemia rubra vera (PRV)) occurs when excess red blood cells are produced as a result of ... Polycythemia has many causes. It can describe an increase in the number of red blood cells ("absolute polycythemia") or to a ...
"Polycythemia vera - MayoClinic.com". Polycythemia vera: Definition. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2011-09-03. "What Is Polycythemia ... Polycythemia vera (PV), being a primary polycythemia (increase in the fraction of volume occupied by red cells in the blood), ... Clinical symptoms of polycythemia vera are mostly due to hyperviscosity of blood. A classic symptom of polycythemia vera is ... "Polycythemia Vera Follow-up". Retrieved 2011-09-03. Verstovsek, S. (2016). "Highlights in polycythemia vera from the 2016 EHA ...
... (TAPS) is a form of chronic inter-twin transfusion.[excessive citations] It is distinguished ... "Twin Anemia Polycythemia Sequence". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Retrieved 2021-10-04. Genova, L.; ... "Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence in Two Monochorionic Twin Pairs Without Oligo-Polyhydramnios Sequence". Placenta. 28 (1): 47- ... "Twin Anemia-Polycythemia Sequence: Diagnostic Criteria, Classification, Perinatal Management and Outcome". Fetal Diagnosis and ...
FST Polycythemia vera; 263300; JAK2 Polycythemia, benign familial; 263400; VHL Polydactyly, postaxial, types A1 and B; 174200; ...
Anemia and polycythemia. in: Braunwald E, et al. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. (15th Edition). McGraw Hill (New ...
See polycythemia vera.) "Obituary notice. Scott Murphy". philly.com. April 2006. Sandler, S. Gerald (November 2007). "Obituary ... "Polycythemia Vera: Stem-Cell and Probable Clonal Origin of the Disease". N Engl J Med. 295 (17): 913-916. doi:10.1056/ ...
Polycythemia can also occur. In children, chronic hypoxemia may manifest as delayed growth, neurological development and motor ...
Plethora in the newborn, also known as polycythemia of neonates is an increase in the blood volume due in large part to the ... Facial plethora may be a sign of Cushing's syndrome, superior vena cava syndrome, carcinoid syndrome, polycythemia vera, and ... Sarkar S, Rosenkrantz TS (August 2008). "Neonatal polycythemia and hyperviscosity". Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 13 ( ... polycythemia). Extra perfusion to the face is termed facial plethora, a hallmark sign of Cushing's syndrome. Pulmonary plethora ...
Polycythemia, in which the body increases the number of red blood cells in circulation, thickens the blood, raising the risk of ... "Polycythaemia". www.nhs.uk. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2022. West, John B. (1995). "Oxygen Enrichment of Room Air ...
Polycythemia, a condition in which the number of red cells in the blood is too high, is usually diagnosed when the hematocrit ... Polycythemia can make the blood thicker than normal and therefore lead to complications. Partial exchange transfusion has been ... In conditions such as neonatal polycythemia, a specific amount of the child's blood is removed and replaced with normal saline ... Partial exchange might be required for polycythemia. Nearly all exchange transfusions are allogeneic (that is, the new blood or ...
Causes include polycythemia and hyperfibrinogenemia. To help with diagnosis, the clinician can watch out for predisposing ...
Polycythemia vera definition, mayoclinic.org; accessed July 30, 2021. Yetter, Deborah (May 16, 2020). "Phyllis George, former ... George died of complications from polycythemia vera, a blood cancer, on May 14, 2020, aged 70, at the Albert B. Chandler ...
Polycythemia, the opposite of anemia "Leukopenia - MeSH - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-08-14. "Neutropenia - ...
No evidence of polycythemia vera hematocrit < midpoint of normal range or normal red cell mass in presence of normal iron ... Vannucchi, AM (June 2010). "Insights into the pathogenesis and management of thrombosis in polycythemia vera and essential ... Campbell PJ, Green AR (2005). "Management of Polycythemia Vera and Essential Thrombocythemia" (PDF). Hematology. 2005: 201-8. ... polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management". American ...
... including polycythaemia vera. In patients with polycythaemia, the reduction of mutant JAK2 concentrations by givinostat is ... polycythaemia vera. and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. A preclinical study produced early results suggesting the molecule might ... "Treatment options for essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera". Expert Review of Hematology. 2 (1): 41-55. doi:10.1586/ ... Givinostat for the treatment of polycythaemia vera" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. "Potential treatment for diastolic ...
SGA predicts susceptibility to hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and polycythemia. By definition, at least 10% of all newborns will be ...
Burgess, J. H.; Bishop, J. M. (1963). "Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity and ITS Subdivisions in Polycythemia Vera". Journal of ... polycythemia, left to right intracardiac shunts, due increase in volume of blood exposed to inspired gas. Asthma due to better ... More hemoglobin is present in polycythemia, and so D L C O {\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}} is elevated. In anemia, the opposite is ...
Aerts had polycythemia,[clarification needed] a fatal blood disease; however, this was not his cause of death. He was also the ... Aerts had a rare blood disease called polycythemia, which causes the body to produce excess red blood cells. Although the ...
Reikvam H, Tiu RV (April 2012). "Venous thromboembolism in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera". ... polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, intravenous drug use, and smoking. Some risk factors influence the location of ...
"Regulated expression of microRNAs in normal and polycythemia vera erythropoiesis". Experimental Hematology. 35 (11): 1657-67. ...
In addition, these neuroendocrine tumors release erythropoietin (EPO) into circulating blood, and lead to polycythemia. ... leading to polycythemia, paragangliomas, and somatostatinomas". Blood. 121 (13): 2563-6. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-10-460972. PMC ... "Somatic HIF2A gain-of-function mutations in paraganglioma with polycythemia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 367 (10): ...
In polycythaemia vera, the most common side effects include anemia (low red blood cell counts) and thrombocytopenia (low blood ... It is also indicated for the treatment of adults with polycythaemia vera who are resistant to or intolerant of hydroxyurea. ... In 2014, it was approved in polycythemia vera when there has been an inadequate response to or intolerance of hydroxyurea, ... January 2015). "Ruxolitinib versus standard therapy for the treatment of polycythemia vera". The New England Journal of ...
Laboratory findings in neonates may indicate polycythemia, leukopenia, or neutropenia. As they age, neurological deficits begin ...
... complications from polycythemia vera. Mun Jong-nam, North Korean diplomat, ambassador to Italy (2017) and Syria (since 2018), ...
"Anemia and Polycythemia", Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (19 ed.), New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education, retrieved ...
... polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, and primary myelofibrosis. In one review of adult-AMKL, 25% of 49 cases were ... polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, primary myelofibrosis, or mediastinal germ cell tumor. AMKL associated with ...
It can also be associated with lupus, polycythemia vera and homocystinuria. Malar flush is a plum-red discolouration of the ... It can also be associated with other conditions, such as lupus, polycythemia vera and homocystinuria. Malar rash Topol, Eric J ...
December 1988). "[Therapeutic effect of ranimustine (MCNU) on essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera]". Gan To Kagaku ... is a nitrosourea alkylating agent approved in Japan for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and polycythemia vera. It ...
... , sold under the brand name Besremi, is a medication used to treat polycythemia vera. It is an ... In this trial, 51 adults with polycythemia vera received ropeginterferon alfa-2b for an average of about five years. The ... Ropeginterferon alfa-2b is the first medication approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat polycythemia ... In the European Union, ropeginterferon alfa-2b is indicated as monotherapy in adults for the treatment of polycythemia vera ...
The cause of death was polycythemia, a kind of chronic leucosis. It is mentioned in a book Isaak Lipnitsky by Vadim Teplitsky ( ...
Polycythemia vera is a rare blood cancer that affects the bone marrow and causes the body to make too many red blood cells, ... The definition of polycythemia vera has changed in recent years. Once considered a blood disorder only, polycythemia vera is ... You can also find patient information on polycythemia vera on the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences website ... For more detailed information on polycythemia vera, the National Cancer Institute provides patient information on its Chronic ...
Find symptoms and other information about Polycythemia vera. ... Polycythemia vera is a condition characterized by an increased ... Polycythemia vera. Other Names: Acquired primary erythrocytosis; Osler-Vaquez disease; PV; Polycythemia rubra vera; Vaquez ... In rare cases, the risk for PV runs in families and may be inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.Polycythemia vera is a ... When Do Symptoms of Polycythemia vera Begin?. Symptoms of this disease may start to appear at any time in life.. The age ...
The management of polycythemia varies based on its etiology: See polycythemia vera for management of primary polycythemia, ... "relative polycythemia"). Absolute polycythemia can be due to genetic mutations in the bone marrow ("primary polycythemia"), ... Polycythemia vera (PCV) (a.k.a. polycythemia rubra vera (PRV)) occurs when excess red blood cells are produced as a result of ... Polycythemia has many causes. It can describe an increase in the number of red blood cells ("absolute polycythemia") or to a ...
Most of the time, it is used in place of erythrocythemia, or pure red blood cell increase, such as in secondary polycythemia. ... The word polycythemia indicates increased red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. ... Thromboembolic complications of polycythemia: polycythemia vera versus smokers polycythemia. J Vasc Surg. 1993 Mar. 17(3):518- ... Differential cytokine network profile in polycythemia vera and secondary polycythemia. Sci Rep. 2020 Apr 27. 10 (1):7032. [QxMD ...
Polycythemia vera is a condition characterized by an increased number of red blood cells in the bloodstream. Explore symptoms, ... Individuals with polycythemia vera have an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis. (DVT), a type of blood clot that occurs in ... Mutations in the JAK2 and TET2 genes are associated with polycythemia vera. Although it remains unclear exactly what initiates ... In rare instances, polycythemia vera has been found to run in families. In some of these families, the risk of developing ...
Most of the time, it is used in place of erythrocythemia, or pure red blood cell increase, such as in secondary polycythemia. ... The word polycythemia indicates increased red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. ... Thromboembolic complications of polycythemia: polycythemia vera versus smokers polycythemia. J Vasc Surg. 1993 Mar. 17(3):518- ... Differential cytokine network profile in polycythemia vera and secondary polycythemia. Sci Rep. 2020 Apr 27. 10 (1):7032. [QxMD ...
Update - Polycythemia Vera Research in Pennsylvania-Schuylkill, Luzerne, and Carbon Counties (September 2012) Cdc-pdf. [PDF - ... Determination of accuracy of Polycythemia Vera diagnoses and use of the JAK2V617F test in the diagnostic scheme Cdc-pdf. [PDF ... Updated and expanded study of polycythemia vera and other myeloproliferative neoplasms in the tri-county area Cdc-pdf. [PDF - ... Fact sheet: Geographic study of polycythemia vera occurrence in central Pennsylvania (2001-2007) Cdc-pdf. [PDF - 105 KB] ...
Connect Education Workshops About Polycythemia Vera. You can also browse all resources about polycythemia vera» ... leukemiamyelofibrosismyeloproliferative neoplasmspolycythemia veraexercisemind-bodynutritionrelaxation techniquesmeditation ... myelodysplastic syndromesmyelofibrosismyeloproliferative neoplasmspolycythemia verawaldenstroms macroglobulinemiaexercise ... non-hodgkin lymphomaperipheral t-cell lymphomasmall lymphocytic lymphomamyelodysplastic syndromesmyelofibrosispolycythemia vera ...
Most of the time, it is used in place of erythrocythemia, or pure red blood cell increase, such as in secondary polycythemia. ... The word polycythemia indicates increased red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. ... Thromboembolic complications of polycythemia: polycythemia vera versus smokers polycythemia. J Vasc Surg. 1993 Mar. 17(3):518- ... Differential cytokine network profile in polycythemia vera and secondary polycythemia. Sci Rep. 2020 Apr 27. 10 (1):7032. [QxMD ...
Question for Bernie: I am 46 and was diagnosed with Polycythemia Vera some years ago, although my belief is that I have had it ... Polycythemia Vera, Prescriptions for Living, re-parenting yourself ...
... ... The Response study is expected to enroll about 300 polycythemia vera patients who are resistant or intolerant to hydroxyurea ... Polycythemia veraPsoriasisResearch and developmentRheumatic diseases (Musculoskeletal diseases)Rheumatoid arthritisSkin ... from partner Novartis on the start of a global Phase III trial program for the JAK1/2 inhibitor INCB18424 against polycythemia ...
Polycythaemia vera is an acquired myeloproliferative disorder, characterized by the presence of polycythaemia diversely ... A unique clonal JAK2 mutation leading to constitutive signalling causes polycythaemia vera Nature. 2005 Apr 28;434(7037):1144-8 ... Polycythaemia vera progenitors are hypersensitive to erythropoietin and other cytokines. Here, we describe a clonal and ... recurrent mutation in the JH2 pseudo-kinase domain of the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene in most (, 80%) polycythaemia vera ...
Familial polycythemia J T Prchal, G L Semenza, J Prchal, L Sokol ... Familial polycythemia J T Prchal et al. Science. 1995. . Show ... Molecular basis for polycythemia. Prchal JF, Prchal JT. Prchal JF, et al. Curr Opin Hematol. 1999 Mar;6(2):100-9. doi: 10.1097/ ... Inherited polycythemia]. Pavic M, Rousset H. Pavic M, et al. Rev Med Interne. 2003 Aug;24(8):514-21. doi: 10.1016/s0248-8663(03 ... Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of primary familial and congenital polycythaemia. Huang LJ, Shen YM, Bulut GB. Huang ...
Besermi is an interferon alfa-2b indicated for the treatment of adults with polycythemia vera. ... Daily Medication Pearl: Ropeginterferon alfa-2b-njft (Besermi) for Polycythemia Vera November 26, 2021. Saro Arakelians, PharmD ... Indication: Besermi is an interferon alfa-2b indicated for the treatment of adults with polycythemia vera (PV). ... Besermi is an interferon alfa-2b indicated for the treatment of adults with polycythemia vera. ...
Polycythemia is a condition in which the hematocrit level of the body is above the normal level. The hematocrit level is the ... Polycythemia Vera and Stem Cell Therapy. by Danny Davis , Mar 31, 2018 , Stem Cells ... The Warning Signs Of Polycythaemia Vera And Treatment. by Danny Davis , Dec 20, 2018 , Stem Cells ...
The content on this site is for informational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Do not use this information to diagnose or treat a health problem or disease without consulting with a qualified healthcare provider. Please consult your healthcare provider with any questions or concerns you may have regarding your condition. Use of this online service is subject to the disclaimer and the terms and conditions.. Copyright 2000-2023 © Cancer Survivors Network. ...
Shared insight on making a differential diagnosis of polycythemia vera and properly risk-stratifying patients who present with ... Treatment Armamentarium for Polycythemia Vera. EP: 4. .Polycythemia Vera: Ruxolitinib Use and Goals of Therapy EP: 5. .Making a ... And for every polycythemia vera patient there are probably about 10 secondary polycythemia or secondary erythrocytosis patients ... Making a Differential Diagnosis of Polycythemia Vera. April 28, 2022. Stephen Oh, MD, PhD. Pankit Vachhani, MD*Ruben Mesa, MD ...
A:From your mail it appears that your father is suffering from polycythaemia vera. I hope the entire work-up, including ...
Polycythemia vera is a stem cell disorder associated with bleeding complications. Do you know key information about ... Polycythemia vera (PV) is a stem cell disorder characterized as a panhyperplastic, malignant, and neoplastic marrow disorder. ... Fast Five Quiz: Are You Familiar With Key Aspects of Polycythemia Vera? - Medscape - Apr 04, 2018. ... Fast Five Quiz: Are You Familiar With Key Aspects of Polycythemia Vera? ...
Perinatal Polycythemia and Hyperviscosity Syndrome - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the ... The terms polycythemia and hyperviscosity are often used interchangeably but are not equivalent. Polycythemia is significant ... Incidence of polycythemia is about 3 to 4% (range 0.4 to 12%), and about half of infants with polycythemia have hyperviscosity. ... Complications include perinatal asphyxia, meconium aspiration, polycythemia... read more . Polycythemia is also more common ...
... may be useful in distinguishing between polycythemia vera (PV), relative polycythemia and secondary polycythemia (SP), but no ... A follow-up study was carried out in some of these patients (27 with secondary polycythemia and 17 with polycythemia vera). ... Polycythemia related to congenital heart disorders showed the highest levels of sEpo of the SP. When a study was conducted, ... In the present work, we evaluated the role of sEpo in the differential diagnosis of polycythemia vera and its usefulness in the ...
... discusses the rationale for the real-world REVEAL study in polycythemia vera. ... Gerds on the Rationale for the Real-World REVEAL Study in Polycythemia Vera Jan 17, 2022. Aaron Gerds, MD, MS, Cleveland Clinic ... Aaron T. Gerds, MD, MS, discusses the rationale for the real-world REVEAL study in polycythemia vera. ... MWTX-003 Wins FDA Fast Track Designation for Polycythemia Vera. September 21st 2023 ...
Polycythemia in the Newborn - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer ... Symptoms of Polycythemia in the Newborn A newborn with severe polycythemia has a very ruddy or dusky color, is lethargic, feeds ... Other causes of polycythemia include a low oxygen level in the blood (hypoxia), perinatal asphyxia Perinatal asphyxia Birth ... To diagnose polycythemia, the newborn gets a blood test. If the results of the blood test indicate the newborn has too many red ...
Zhao R, Xing S, Li Z, Fu X, Li Q, Krantz SB and Zhao ZJ (2005) Identification of an Acquired JAK2 Mutation in Polycythemia Vera ... Adamson JW, Fialkow PJ, Murphy S, Prchal JF and Steinmann L (1976) Polycythemia vera: Stem-cell and probable clonal origin of ... Dai CH, Krantz SB, Green WF and Gilbert HS (1994) Polycythaemia vera. III. Burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E) response to ... Vainchenker W and Constantinescu SN (2005) A unique activating mutation in JAK2 (V617F) is at the origin of polycythemia vera ...
A New Syndrome of Paraganglioma and Somatostatinoma Associated with Polycythemia: Genetic and Other Findings ... A New Syndrome of Paraganglioma and Somatostatinoma Associated with Polycythemia: Clinical Findings (2) ... CC Grand Rounds: (1) A New Syndrome of Paraganglioma and Somatostatinoma Associated with Polycythemia: Clinical Findings (2) A ... CC Grand Rounds: (1) A New Syndrome of Paraganglioma and Somatostatinoma Associated with Polycythemia: Clinical Findings (2) A ...
Thirty-six patients with polycythemia vera were treated with hydroxyurea for 12 to 67 months. Nineteen patients were previously ... Therapeutic recommendations in polycythemia vera based on Polycythemia Vera Study Group protocols. Berk PD, Goldberg JD, ... Treatment of polycythemia vera with hydroxyurea R Sharon et al. Cancer. 1986. . ... Anesthesia for polycythemia vera. Sosis MB. Sosis MB. J Clin Anesth. 1990 Jan-Feb;2(1):31-4. doi: 10.1016/0952-8180(90)90046-6. ...
Polycythemia Vera - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... Causes of Polycythemia Vera More than 95% of people with polycythemia vera have a mutation in the JAK2 gene. This mutation ... Polycythemia Vera (Primary Polycythemia). By Jane Liesveld , MD, James P. Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester ... Symptoms of Polycythemia Vera Often, people with polycythemia vera have no symptoms for years. The earliest symptoms usually ...

No FAQ available that match "polycythemia"

No images available that match "polycythemia"