A plant family of the order Liliales, subclass Liliidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Most species are perennials, native primarily to tropical America. They have creeping rootstocks, fibrous roots, and leaves in clusters at the base of the plant or borne on branched stems. The fruit is a capsule containing many seeds, or a one-seeded winged structure.

Rooting phylogenetic trees with distant outgroups: a case study from the commelinoid monocots. (1/9)

Phylogenetic rooting experiments demonstrate that two chloroplast genes from commelinoid monocot taxa that represent the closest living relatives of the pickerelweed family, Pontederiaceae, retain measurable signals regarding the position of that family's root. The rooting preferences of the chloroplast sequences were compared with those for artificial sequences that correspond to outgroups so divergent that their signal has been lost completely. These random sequences prefer the three longest branches in the unrooted ingroup topology and do not preferentially root on the branches favored by real outgroup sequences. However, the rooting behavior of the artificial sequences is not a simple function of branch length. The random outgroups preferentially root on long terminal ingroup branches, but many ingroup branches comparable in length to those favored by random sequences attract no or few hits. Nonterminal ingroup branches are generally avoided, regardless of their length. Comparisons of the ease of forcing sequences onto suboptimal roots indicate that real outgroups require a substantially greater rooting penalty than random outgroups for around half of the least-parsimonious candidate roots. Although this supports the existence of nonrandomized signal in the real outgroups, it also indicates that there is little power to choose among the optimal and nearly optimal rooting possibilities. A likelihood-based test rejects the hypothesis that all rootings of the subtree using real outgroup sequences are equally good explanations of the data and also eliminates around half of the least optimal candidate roots. Adding genes or outgroups can improve the ability to discriminate among different root locations. Rooting discriminatory power is shown to be stronger, in general, for more closely related outgroups and is highly correlated among different real outgroups, genes, and optimality criteria.  (+info)

Systematic significance of cell inclusions in Haemodoraceae and allied families: silica bodies and tapetal raphides. (2/9)

This paper presents the first record of silica deposits in tissues of Haemodoraceae and adds new records of tapetal raphides in this family. Within the order Commelinales, silica is present in leaves of three families (Hanguanacaeae, Haemodoraceae and Commelinaceae), but entirely absent from the other two (Pontederiaceae and Philydraceae). Presence or absence of characteristic cell inclusions may have systematic potential in commelinid monocotyledons, although the existing topology indicates de novo gains and losses in individual families. Silica sand was observed in leaves of five out of nine genera examined of Haemodoraceae, predominantly in vascular bundle sheath cells and epidermal cells. Within Haemodoraceae, silica is limited to subfamily Conostylidoideae. The occurrence of silica in Phlebocarya supports an earlier transfer of this genus from Haemodoroideae to Conostylidoideae. The presence of raphides (calcium oxalate crystals) in the anther tapetum represents a rare character, only reported in a few monocot families of the order Commelinales, and possibly representing a mechanism for regulation of cytoplasmic free calcium levels. Tapetal raphides were observed here in Anigozanthus and Conostylis (both Haemodoraceae), and Tradescantia (Commelinaceae), thus supplementing two earlier records in Haemodoraceae, Philydraceae and Commelinaceae.  (+info)

Genetic control of albinism in pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.). (3/9)

Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.) is a diploid (2n = 2x = 16) perennial aquaphyte. Preliminary studies revealed that a group of nonalbino pickerelweed plants maintained for breeding and inheritance studies regularly produced albino seedlings. The objective of this experiment was to determine the number of loci, number of alleles, and gene action controlling albinism in pickerelweed. Five nonalbino parental lines were used in this experiment to create S(1) and F(1) populations. F(2) populations were produced through self-pollination of F(1) plants. Evaluation of S(1), F(1), and F(2) generations allowed us to identify a single diallelic locus controlling albinism in these populations of pickerelweed, with albinism completely recessive to normal green leaf production. We propose that this locus be named albino with alleles A and a.  (+info)

Nucleotide substitutions in the acetolactate synthase genes of sulfonylurea-resistant biotypes of Monochoria vaginalis (Pontederiaceae). (4/9)

Some point mutations in acetolactate synthase (ALS) confer resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in weeds. To clarify the evolution of the herbicide resistance of Monochoria vaginalis, a weed in rice fields in Japan, the nucleotide sequences of four genes encoding ALS were surveyed in five sulfonylurea-resistant (SU-R) and five sulfonylurea-susceptible (SU-S) biotypes. In the ALS1 gene, two SU-R biotypes showed nucleotide substitutions changing Pro197 to Ser and Leu, respectively. In a different gene, ALS3, three other SU-R biotypes showed either of the two nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions seen in ALS1. Only two biotypes geographically located distantly from each other shared the same mutation conferring SU resistance in the same gene. These patterns of nucleotide substitutions indicate that the SU-R phenotype was acquired independently by different biotypes. Nucleotide diversity values of the genes showing SU-R mutations were higher than those of ALS2 lacking any SU-R mutation and of a putative pseudogene, ALS4. This result suggests that the maintenance of nucleotide variability within target genes provides an opportunity for the evolution of SU-R phenotypes by herbicide-driven selection for mutations conferring resistance.  (+info)

Inheritance of flower color in pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.). (5/9)

Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.) is a diploid (2n = 2x = 16), erect, emergent, herbaceous aquatic perennial. The showy inflorescences of pickerelweed make this species a prime candidate for inclusion in water gardens and aquascapes. The objective of this experiment was to determine the number of loci, number of alleles, and gene action controlling flower color (blue vs. white) in pickerelweed. Two blue-flowered and one white-flowered parental lines were used in this experiment to create S(1) and F(1) populations. F(2) populations were produced through self-pollination of F(1) plants. Evaluation of S(1), F(1), and F(2) generations revealed that flower color in these populations was controlled by 2 alleles at one locus with blue flower color completely dominant to white. We propose that this locus be named white flower with alleles W and w.  (+info)

Genetic control of floral morph in tristylous Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.). (6/9)

 (+info)

Gibberellin-producing endophytic fungi isolated from Monochoria vaginalis. (7/9)

The role of endophytic fungi in plant growth and development is well documented. However, endophytic fungi with growth promotion capacity have never been isolated from weeds previously. In the current study, we isolated 8 fungal endophytes from the roots of Monochoria vaginalis, a serious weed of rice paddy in Korea. These isolates were screened on Waito-C, in order to identify plant growth promoting metabolites. Two fungal isolates (M5.A & M1.5) significantly promoted the plant height and shoot length of Waito-C during preliminary screening experiments. The culture filtrates (CFs) of M5.A and M1.5 also promoted the shoot length of Echinocloa crusgalli. Gibberellins (GAs) analysis of the CFs of M5.A and M1.5 showed that these endophytic fungi secrete higher quantities of GAs as compared with wild-type G. fujikuroi KCCM12329. The CF of M5.A contained bioactive GAs (GA3, 2.8 ng/ml; GA4, 2.6 ng/ml, and GA7, 6.68 ng/ml) in conjunction with physiologically inactive GA9 (1.61 ng/ml) and GA24 (0.18 ng/ml). The CF of M1.5 contained physiologically active GAs (GA3, 1.64 ng/ml; GA4, 1.37 ng/ml and GA7, 6.29 ng/ml) in conjunction with physiologically inactive GA9 (3.44 ng/ml), GA12 (0.3 ng/ml), and GA24 (0.59 ng/ml). M5.A and M1.5 were identified as new strains of Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp., respectively, based on their 18S rDNA sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis.  (+info)

Reconciling gene and genome duplication events: using multiple nuclear gene families to infer the phylogeny of the aquatic plant family Pontederiaceae. (8/9)

 (+info)

I apologize for any confusion, but "Pontederiaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in botany, specifically the name of a family of flowering plants that includes water hyacinth and pickerelweed. If you have any questions about a medical term or concept, I would be happy to help with those instead!

Media related to Pontederiaceae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Pontederiaceae at Wikispecies links at CSDL (Articles with ... Pontederiaceae is a family of flowering plants. The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the APG III system of 2009, the APG ... Pellegrini, M. O. O. & Horn, C. N. (2017). "Two peculiar new species of Heteranthera Ruiz & Pavón (Pontederiaceae) from Brazil ... Pellegrini, M. O. O.; Horn, C. N. & Alemida, R. F. (2018). "Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds ...
IPNI, Pontederiaceae, Type Name. POWO, Pontederiaceae. POWO, Pontederiaceae, Flora of Tropical East Africa. Christenhusz, Fay ...
Pontederiaceae (PDF). Flora Iberica: Plantas Vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Vol. 18. Consejo Superior de ...
Pontederiaceae Kunth, nom. cons. Haemodoraceae R.Br., nom. cons. Zingiberales Griseb. Strelitziaceae Hutch., nom. cons. ...
Pontederiaceae superorder 3. Commelinanae order 1. Xyridales family 1. Rapateaceae family 2. Xyridaceae family 3. Mayacaceae ...
Pontederiaceae (PDF). Flora Iberica: Plantas Vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Vol. 18. Consejo Superior de ...
Mulcahy, David L. (1975). "The Reproductive Biology of Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae)". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical ... Pontederiaceae, and the Boraginaceae. These families do not exhibit heterostyly across all species, and some families can ... exhibit both mating systems, such as among species in the genus Eichhornia (Pontederiaceae). For example, Eichhornia azurea ...
... Hook.f. was previously a monotypic flowering plant genus of Pontederiaceae, but is currently included in a broader ... "On Hydrothrix, a new genus of Pontederiaceae". oxfordjournals.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Data related to ... Pellegrini, M. O. O. (2017). "Two new synonyms in Heteranthera (Pontederiaceae, Commelinales)". Nordic Journal of Botany. 35: ... Pontederiaceae, Flora of Brazil, All stub articles, Commelinales stubs). ...
endemic Family: Pontederiaceae, Genus Eichhornia: Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, not indigenous, naturalised, invasive ... It comprises five families: Commelinaceae, Haemodoraceae, Hanguanaceae, Philydraceae, and Pontederiaceae. All the families ...
Binggeli, P. (2003). "Pontederiaceae, Eichhornia crassipes, water hyacinth, jacinthe d'eau, tetezanalika, tsikafokafona". In ...
It comprises five families: Commelinaceae, Haemodoraceae, Hanguanaceae, Philydraceae, and Pontederiaceae. All the families ... Commelinaceae Haemodoraceae Hanguanaceae Philydraceae Pontederiaceae This is unchanged from the APG III of 2009 and the APG II ...
U. Hamann in Cyanastraceae, Pontederiaceae, Philydraceae, Juncales, Bromeliales and Commelinales. E. Potztal in Graminales, ... Cyanastraceae Amaryllidaceae Hypoxidaceae Velloziaceae Taccaceae Dioscoreaceae subordo Pontederiineae Pontederiaceae subordo ...
with G Bruynseels) Flore d'Afrique Centrale: Spermatophytes, Pontederiaceae 11 pp. 1982. Flore d'Afrique Centrale: ...
Pontederiaceae)". Evolution. 47 (3): 925-934. doi:10.2307/2410195. ISSN 0014-3820. JSTOR 2410195. PMID 28567904. Uyenoyama, ...
Tristylous species have been found in several angiosperm families including the Oxalidaceae, Pontederiaceae, Amaryllidaceae, ... Pontederiaceae)". Evolution. 47 (3): 925-934. Lloyd, D. G.; Webb, C. J. (1992). Barrett, S. C. H. (ed.). The evolution of ...
Cunha, Nicolay Leme da; Fischer, Erich (2009-04-07). "Breeding system of tristylous Eichhornia azurea (Pontederiaceae) in the ... "Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of ...
... tristylous genera of the Pontederiaceae (PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley. OCLC 6180836. ProQuest 302835946. " ...
C.N.Horn Pellegrini, M. O. O.; Horn, C. N. & Alemida, R. F. (2018). "Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) ... Monochoria was originally a genus of aquatic plants in the water hyacinth family, Pontederiaceae. Currently, it has been ... Pontederiaceae, Commelinales genera, All stub articles, Commelinales stubs). ...
Pellegrini, M. O. O.; Horn, C. N. & Alemida, R. F. (2018). "Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds ... Eichhornia, commonly called water hyacinths, was a polyphyletic genus of the aquatic flowering plants family Pontederiaceae. ... Pontederiaceae, Commelinales genera, Historically recognized angiosperm genera). ...
Commons link is locally defined, Environment of Africa, Lake Victoria, Pontederiaceae, Invasive plant species by region). ...
Pontederiaceae). His scientific work focuses on taxonomy, the formation of natural hybrids, paleobotany, and evolution, some of ...
Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw Philydraceae Link Pontederiaceae Kunth Poales Small Anarthriaceae D.F.Cutler & Airy Shaw Bromeliaceae ...
... is a genus of aquatic plants in the water hyacinth family, Pontederiaceae, known generally as mud plantains. ... Pontederiaceae, Commelinales genera, All stub articles, Commelinales stubs). ...
Pontederiaceae). E. catarinensis has been used as a biological control agent on water hyacinth in several African countries and ...
The water hyacinth is an aquatic plant in the family Pontederiaceae whose natural enemies keep under control in its native ... It feeds and breeds exclusively on members of the aquatic plant family Pontederiaceae, especially water hyacinth (Eichhornia ... Pontederiaceae) floating meadows". Revista de Biología Tropical. 59 (3): 1407-1418. PMID 22017141. Balian, E.V.; Lévêque, C.; ... both also in the family Pontederiaceae, and on Canna indica. In laboratory starvation trials, nymphs can also feed on some ...
... and Pontederiaceae. Female adults have a strong, pointed ovipositor used to pierce and insert eggs in the stems of the plants. ...
Pontederiaceae, and Asteraceae. The genus is found in the New World, with species ranging across the Americas. The genus ...
Pontederiaceae). It is native to North and Central America where it is widespread from Canada to Guatemala. It lives submerged ... Pontederiaceae, Freshwater plants, Flora of Northern America, Flora of Guatemala, All stub articles, Commelinales stubs). ...
Pontederiaceae. Late-acting (ovarian) self-incompatibility has been described in Agavaceae, Iridaceae, and Amaryllidaceae. ...
Pellegrini, M. O. O.; Horn, C. N. & Alemida, R. F. (2018). "Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds ... Pontederiaceae, Aquatic plants, Flora of the Amazon, Invasive plant species in Sri Lanka). ...
Media related to Pontederiaceae at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Pontederiaceae at Wikispecies links at CSDL (Articles with ... Pontederiaceae is a family of flowering plants. The APG IV system of 2016 (unchanged from the APG III system of 2009, the APG ... Pellegrini, M. O. O. & Horn, C. N. (2017). "Two peculiar new species of Heteranthera Ruiz & Pavón (Pontederiaceae) from Brazil ... Pellegrini, M. O. O.; Horn, C. N. & Alemida, R. F. (2018). "Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds ...
Pontederiaceae (Water-Hyacinth Family). USDA Symbol: POCO14. Image Information. Photographer: Flaigg, Norman G.. State: LA. ...
Family: Pontederiaceae. Declared Pest, Prohibited - s12 (C2 Prohibited). Common names: waterhiasint, water orchid, water ...
Pontederiaceae. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Hassler, E. - HM176. Paraguay. s.f.. 31783/1. Pontederiaceae. Eichhornia ... Pontederiaceae. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Saint-Yves, Ar. - 66. Paraguay. 1885. 321595/1. Pontederiaceae. Eichhornia ... Pontederiaceae. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Bänninger, V. - 0046. Côte dIvoire. 1992. 31123/1. Pontederiaceae. ... Pontederiaceae. Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Balansa, B. - 606. Paraguay. 1874. 31103/1. Pontederiaceae. Eichhornia ...
PONTEDERIACEAE Current Status: Accepted name for taxon occurring in CA only as agricultural or garden weed [More details ...]. ...
Pontederiaceae, modr skovit .. P VOD: Brazilie. TEPLOTA:. Vodn hyacint (Eichhornia crassipes) je teplomiln rostlina, pot ebuje ...
Pontederiaceae Kunth. *Poales Takımı Small *Anarthriaceae D.F.Cutler & Airy Shaw. *Bromeliaceae Juss. (Ananasgiller) ...
Pontederiaceae. monocots. 3. 10726. Potamogetonaceae. monocots. 1. 10740. Pteridaceae. pteridophytes. 4. 20267. Ruppiaceae. ...
Familia: Pontederiaceae Genus: Pontederia. Species: P. africana - P. australasica - P. azurea - P. brevipetiolata - P. cordata ... Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of ...
Pontederiaceae. 雨久花科. 2. 10761. Restionaceae. 帚灯草科. 1. ...
En la década de los años setenta se inicia la colección de plantas que actualmente constituye el Herbario "Jaime Andrés Rodríguez" -LEB- de la Universidad de León. Se ha dedicado expresamente a la memoria de quien impulsó su creación y fue el primer profesor de Botánica de esta institución. El Herbario de la Universidad de León alberga, en la actualidad, además de la colección de Brasil, aproximadamente, 110.000 pliegos de plantas, 9.000 muestras de líquenes, 4.300 de hongos y 25 ejemplares tipo de diatomeas ...
Family/Famiglia: Pontederiaceae Genus/Genere: Heteranthera Ruiz & Pav.. Species/Specie: 1) Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacMill. ...
... aquatic plants comprising the family Pontederiaceae, especially those of the genus Pontederia. Most species are perennials, ... aquatic plants comprising the family Pontederiaceae, especially those of the genus Pontederia. Most species are perennials, ...
Hosted by the USGS Core Science Analytics and Synthesis. Page designed through the cooperative efforts of interagency ITIS Teams. Point of Contact: [email protected].
Home ,, Checklist: San Rafael State Park ,, Previous version of Key ,, Identification Key (new version): San Rafael State Park ...
Pontederiaceae பேரினம்: Eichhornia. Kunth இனங்கள் Seven species, including:. E. azurea - Anchored Water Hyacinth. E. crassipes ...
Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation, with data contributed by public and private institutions and individuals. [web application]. 2023. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database [a non-profit organization]. Available: https://www.calflora.org/ (Accessed: 12/04/2023). ...
Pontederiaceae Family description. Checklist. Portulacaceae Family description, Sample image. Checklist. Primulaceae Family ...
Eichhornia crassipes (Pontederiaceae) daboaghavat Other Teucrium vesicarium (Lamiaceae) dactyle aggloméré French Dactylis ...
Einfache online Bestellung von homöopathischen Arzneimitteln per Webshop. Gratis Lieferung ab 60€ und kostenlose Beratung.
PONTEDERIACEAE. Genus. Heteranthera Species. Heteranthera limosa (Sw.)Willd. - BLUE MUDPLANTAIN. Citation. Citation. ...
The Sunflower/Aster family (Asteraceae) is coming on with various Daisy like plants (Chrysanthemum spp.), Knapweed/Batchelor’s Buttons (Centaurea spp.), Sunflowers (Helianthus spp.), Black Eyed Susans (Rudbeckia spp.), Echinacea (Echinacea spp.) and Chickory (Cichorium intybus) for example. How many of these commonly distributed plants do you recognize? What other plants in this family have you noticed blooming? i recently keyed in on a beautiful little pink flower going off right now called Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) However, it’s also considered a noxious weed. So pick some flowers for a sweetie and don’t let it spread its seedâ ...
Family: Pontederiaceae. Declared Pest, Prohibited - s12 (C1 Prohibited). Common names: blue water hyacinth, anchored water ... Family: Pontederiaceae. Declared Pest, Prohibited - s12 (C2 Prohibited). Common names: waterhiasint, water orchid, water ... Family: Pontederiaceae. Declared Pest, Prohibited - s12 (C1 Prohibited). Common names: arrowleaf monochoria, arrowleaf false ... A total of 15 results were found at 16:22 on 21st September 2023 when searching for Pontederiaceae. ...
Family: Pontederiaceae Native Range: Eastern North America to Caribbean Zone: 3 to 10 ...
... (Pontederiaceae) is commonly utilised as a pond plant in the EPPO region. In some areas where the plant is ... Dana ED, García-de-Lomas J, Verloove F (2021) First record of Pontederia cordata L. (Pontederiaceae) in southern Spain and risk ...
Arrowleafed Monochoria (Monochoria vaginalis) is a monocot weed in the Pontederiaceae family. In China this weed first evolved ...
Jacobs, S.W.L. (1993). Pontederiaceae Flora of New South Wales 4: 249-251 (Ed. Harden) Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. ...
C) Waterhyacinth Family: Pontederiaceae-Eichhornia crassipes (floating waterhyacinth) and E. azurea (rooted waterhyacinth); ... I) Rooted Waterhyacinth Family: Pontederiaceae-Eichhornia azurea;]. (I)[(J)] Paperbark Family: Myrtaceae-Melaleuca ...
Eichhornia crassipes FAMILY Pontederiaceae SYNONYMOUS WITH Manual of the Southeastern Flora (Small, 1933, 1938). Piaropus ... Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) ... (Pellegrini, et al., 2018). Pontederia crassipes ... SYNONYMOUS WITH Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) ... (Pellegrini, et al., 2018) ...
Seasonal dynamics of Callibaetis willineri (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) associated with Eichhornia azurea (Pontederiaceae) in ...
  • Eichhornia crassipes , called also water hyacinth, is a free-floating, aquatic, perennial herbaceous belonging to Pontederiaceae family. (plantsbank.com)
  • Evolution of breeding systems in Eichhornia (Pontederiaceae): a review. (bbg.org)
  • Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L." PhytoKeys (108): 25-83. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pontederia cordata (Pontederiaceae) is commonly utilised as a pond plant in the EPPO region. (eppo.int)
  • Dana ED, García-de-Lomas J, Verloove F (2021) First record of Pontederia cordata L. (Pontederiaceae) in southern Spain and risk assessment for Europe. (eppo.int)
  • Pontederiaceae is a family of flowering plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Arrowleafed Monochoria ( Monochoria vaginalis ) is a monocot weed in the Pontederiaceae family. (weedscience.org)
  • Pollen ultrastructure of the Pontederiaceae, evidence for exine homology with the Haemodoraceae. (bbg.org)
  • The genera of Pontederiaceae in the southeastern United States. (bbg.org)
  • 1996. Reconstruction of the evolution of reproductive characters in Pontederiaceae using phylogenetic evidence from chloroplast DNA restriction-site variation. (bbg.org)
  • A total of 15 results were found at 16:22 on 21st September 2023 when searching for Pontederiaceae . (wa.gov.au)
  • Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L." PhytoKeys (108): 25-83. (wikipedia.org)
  • A plant genus of the family PONTEDERIACEAE that is used as a biological filter for treating wastewater. (bvsalud.org)
  • Género de plantas de la familia PONTEDERIACEAE que se utilizan como filtro biológico para la depuración de aguas residuales. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pontederiaceae) native to the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. (geneticsmr.com)