Emesis and queasiness occurring after anesthesia.
Drugs used to prevent NAUSEA or VOMITING.
An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.
A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)
A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.
The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.
A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.
Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.
Surgery performed on the female genitalia.
A type of massage in which finger pressure on specific body sites is used to promote healing, relieve fatigue, etc. Although the anatomical locations are the same as the ACUPUNCTURE POINTS used in ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY (hence acu-), no needle or other acupuncture technique is employed in acupressure. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed). Shiatsu is a modern outgrowth that focuses more on prevention than healing.
Surgery performed on an outpatient basis. It may be hospital-based or performed in an office or surgicenter.
Pain during the period after surgery.
Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.
A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.
A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.
Compounds with activity like OPIATE ALKALOIDS, acting at OPIOID RECEPTORS. Properties include induction of ANALGESIA or NARCOSIS.
Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.
Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles.
An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT3 RECEPTOR AGONISTS.
Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)
Relief of PAIN, without loss of CONSCIOUSNESS, through ANALGESIC AGENTS administered by the patients. It has been used successfully to control POSTOPERATIVE PAIN, during OBSTETRIC LABOR, after BURNS, and in TERMINAL CARE. The choice of agent, dose, and lockout interval greatly influence effectiveness. The potential for overdose can be minimized by combining small bolus doses with a mandatory interval between successive doses (lockout interval).
Injection of an anesthetic into the nerves to inhibit nerve transmission in a specific part of the body.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Hospital department responsible for the administration of functions and activities pertaining to the delivery of anesthetics.
A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.
Surgery performed on the pregnant woman for conditions associated with pregnancy, labor, or the puerperium. It does not include surgery of the newborn infant.
The occupational discipline of the traditional Chinese methods of ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY for treating disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians.
Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.
Surgical restoration of a perforated tympanic membrane by grafting. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.
Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.
A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)
The period during a surgical operation.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
An anti-inflammatory 9-fluoro-glucocorticoid.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate serotonin receptors, thereby blocking the actions of serotonin or SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS.
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.
Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.
Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)
Patient care procedures performed during the operation that are ancillary to the actual surgery. It includes monitoring, fluid therapy, medication, transfusion, anesthesia, radiography, and laboratory tests.
Quinolizines are heterocyclic organic compounds containing a bicyclic structure formed by a benzene ring fused to a piperidine ring, which have been used as building blocks in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and bioactive molecules.
A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.
A variety of anesthetic methods such as EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA used to control the pain of childbirth.
Excision of the gallbladder through an abdominal incision using a laparoscope.
A procedure in which a laparoscope (LAPAROSCOPES) is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
Inhalation of oxygen aimed at restoring toward normal any pathophysiologic alterations of gas exchange in the cardiopulmonary system, as by the use of a respirator, nasal catheter, tent, chamber, or mask. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Stedman, 25th ed)
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A family of hexahydropyridines.
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.
Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.
Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.
A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned.
Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.
The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.
A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3.
Excision of the uterus.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.
The period following a surgical operation.
The degree to which the individual regards the health care service or product or the manner in which it is delivered by the provider as useful, effective, or beneficial.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.
The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.
Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.
Disorder caused by motion, as sea sickness, train sickness, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. It may include nausea, vomiting and dizziness.

Effects of anticholinergics on postoperative vomiting, recovery, and hospital stay in children undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. (1/321)

BACKGROUND: Nausea and vomiting are the most frequent problems after minor ambulatory surgical procedures. The agents used to induce and maintain anesthesia may modify the incidence of emesis. When neuromuscular blockade is antagonized with anticholinesterases, atropine or glycopyrrolate is used commonly to prevent bradycardia and excessive oral secretions. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of atropine and glycopyrrolate on postoperative vomiting in children. METHODS: Ninety-three patients undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy were studied. After inhalation induction of anesthesia with nitrous oxide, oxygen, and halothane, anesthesia was maintained with a nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture, halothane, morphine, and atracurium. Patients were randomized to receive, in a double-blinded manner, either 15 microg/kg atropine or 10 microg/kg glycopyrrolate with 60 microg/kg neostigmine to reverse neuromuscular blockade. Patient recovery, the incidence of postoperative emesis, antiemetic therapy, and the duration of postoperative hospital stay were assessed. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, gender, weight, or discharge time from the postanesthesia care unit or the hospital between the groups. Twenty-four hours after operation, the incidence of vomiting in the atropine group (56%) was significantly less than in the glycopyrrolate group (81%; P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the atropine and glycopyrrolate groups in the number of patients who required antiemetics or additional analgesics. CONCLUSIONS: In children undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy, reversal of neuromuscular blockade with atropine and neostigmine is associated with a lesser incidence of postoperative emesis compared with glycopyrrolate and neostigmine.  (+info)

Comparison of three solutions of ropivacaine/fentanyl for postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia. (2/321)

BACKGROUND: Ropivacaine, 0.2%, is a new local anesthetic approved for epidural analgesia. The addition of 4 microg/ml fentanyl improves analgesia from epidural ropivacaine. Use of a lower concentration of ropivacaine-fentanyl may further improve analgesia or decrease side effects. METHODS: Thirty patients undergoing lower abdominal surgery were randomized in a double-blinded manner to receive one of three solutions: 0.2% ropivacaine-4 microg fentanyl 0.1% ropivacaine-2 microg fentanyl, or 0.05% ropivacaine-1 microg fentanyl for patient-controlled epidural analgesia after standardized combined epidural and general anesthesia. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia settings and adjustments for the three solutions were standardized to deliver equivalent drug doses. Pain scores (rest, cough, and ambulation), side effects (nausea, pruritus, sedation, motor block, hypotension, and orthostasis), and patient-controlled epidural analgesia consumption were measured for 48 h. RESULTS: All three solutions produced equivalent analgesia. Motor block was significantly more common (30 vs. 0%) and more intense with the 0.2% ropivacaine-4 microg fentanyl solution. Other side effects were equivalent between solutions and mild in severity. A significantly smaller volume of 0.2% ropivacaine-4 microg fentanyl solution was used, whereas the 0.1% ropivacaine-2 microg fentanyl group used a significantly greater amount of ropivacaine and fentanyl. CONCLUSIONS: Lesser concentrations of ropivacaine and fentanyl provide comparable analgesia with less motor block despite the use of similar amounts of ropivacaine and fentanyl. This finding suggests that concentration of local anesthetic solution at low doses is a primary determinant of motor block with patient-controlled epidural analgesia after lower abdominal surgery.  (+info)

Postoperative analgesia and vomiting, with special reference to day-case surgery: a systematic review. (3/321)

BACKGROUND: Day-case surgery is of great value to patients and the health service. It enables many more patients to be treated properly, and faster than before. Newer, less invasive, operative techniques will allow many more procedures to be carried out. There are many elements to successful day-case surgery. Two key components are the effectiveness of the control of pain after the operation, and the effectiveness of measures to minimise postoperative nausea and vomiting. OBJECTIVES: To enable those caring for patients undergoing day-case surgery to make the best choices for their patients and the health service, this review sought the highest quality evidence on: (1) the effectiveness of the control of pain after an operation; (2) the effectiveness of measures to minimise postoperative nausea and vomiting. METHODS: Full details of the search strategy are presented in the report. RESULTS - ANALGESIA: The systematic reviews of the literature explored whether different interventions work and, if they do work, how well they work. A number of conclusions can be drawn. RESULTS-ANALGESIA, INEFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS: There is good evidence that some interventions are ineffective. They include: (1) transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in acute postoperative pain; (2) the use of local injections of opioids at sites other than the knee joint; (3) the use of dihydrocodeine, 30 mg, in acute postoperative pain (it is no better than placebo). RESULTS-ANALGESIA, INTERVENTIONS OF DOUBTFUL VALUE: Some interventions may be effective but the size of the effect or the complication of undertaking them confers no measurable benefit over conventional methods. Such interventions include: (1) injecting morphine into the knee joint after surgery: there is a small analgesic benefit which may last for up to 24 hours but there is no clear evidence that the size of the benefit is of any clinical value; (2) manoeuvres to try and anticipate pain by using pre-emptive analgesia; these are no more effective than standard methods; (3) administering non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by injection or per rectum in patients who can swallow; this appears to be no more effective than giving NSAIDs by mouth and, indeed, may do more harm than good; (4) administering codeine in single doses; this has poor analgesic efficacy. RESULTS-ANALGESIA, INTERVENTIONS OF PROVEN VALUE: These include a number of oral analgesics including (at standard doses): (1) dextropropoxyphene; (2) tramadol; (3) paracetamol; (4) ibuprofen; (5) diclofenac. Diclofenac and ibuprofen at standard doses give analgesia equivalent to that obtained with 10 mg of intramuscular morphine. Each will provide at least 50% pain relief from a single oral dose in patients with moderate or severe postoperative pain. Paracetamol and codeine combinations also appear to be highly effective, although there is little information on the standard doses used in the UK. The relative effectiveness of these analgesics is compared in an effectiveness 'ladder' which can inform prescribers making choices for individual patients, or planning day-case surgery. Dose-response relationships show that higher doses of ibuprofen may be particularly effective. Topical NSAIDs (applied to the skin) are effective in minor injuries and chronic pain but there is no obvious role for them in day-case surgery. RESULTS-POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING: The proportion of patients who may feel nauseated or vomit after surgery is very variable, despite similar operations and anaesthetic techniques. Systematic review can still lead to clear estimations of effectiveness of interventions. Whichever anti-emetic is used, the choice is often between prophylactic use (trying to prevent anyone vomiting) and treating those people who do feel nauseated or who may vomit. Systematic reviews of a number of different anti-emetics show clearly that none of the anti-emetics is sufficiently effective to be used for prophylaxis. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATE  (+info)

Prophylactic antiemetic therapy with a combination of granisetron and dexamethasone in patients undergoing middle ear surgery. (4/321)

We have compared the efficacy of granisetron in combination with dexamethasone with each drug alone in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after middle ear surgery. In a randomized, double-blind study, 120 patients (85 females) received granisetron 3 mg, dexamethasone 8 mg or granisetron 3 mg with dexamethasone 8 mg i.v. (n = 40 in each group), immediately before induction of anaesthesia. A standardized general anaesthetic technique was used. A complete response, defined as no PONV and no need for another rescue antiemetic during the first 3 h after anaesthesia, was recorded in 83%, 50% and 98% of patients who had received granisetron, dexamethasone and granisetron-dexamethasone, respectively. The corresponding incidences during the next 21 h after anaesthesia were 80%, 55% and 98% (P < 0.05; overall Fisher's exact probability test). In summary, prophylactic use of combined granisetron and dexamethasone was more effective than each antiemetic alone for the prevention of PONV after middle ear surgery.  (+info)

Neostigmine with glycopyrrolate does not increase the incidence or severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting in outpatients undergoing gynaecological laparoscopy. (5/321)

We studied 100 healthy women undergoing outpatient gynaecological laparoscopy in a randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of neostigmine on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). After induction of anaesthesia with propofol, anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane and 66% nitrous oxide in oxygen. Mivacurium was used for neuromuscular block. At the end of anaesthesia, neostigmine 2.0 mg and glycopyrrolate 0.4 mg, or saline, was given i.v. The incidence of PONV was evaluated in the postanaesthesia care unit, on the ward and at home. The severity of nausea and vomiting, worst pain, antiemetic and analgesic use, times to urinary voiding and home readiness were recorded. During the first 24 h after operation, 44% of patients in the neostigmine group and 43% in the saline group did not have PONV. We conclude that neostigmine with glycopyrrolate did not increase the occurrence of PONV in this patient group.  (+info)

Comparison of intrathecal and epidural diamorphine for elective caesarean section using a combined spinal-epidural technique. (6/321)

To assess calculated equivalent doses of intrathecal and epidural opioids for elective Caesarean section in terms of quality and duration of analgesia, and incidence of side effects, we have compared 50 patients, allocated randomly to one of two groups to receive either diamorphine 0.25 mg intrathecally (group 1) or 5 mg epidurally (group 2), in addition to intrathecal bupivacaine 10 mg, using a combined spinal-epidural technique. There was no significant difference in duration of analgesia between groups (group 1 mean 14.6 (SD 5.9) h, group 2 14.2 (6.5) h; mean difference 0.8 h; 95% Cl -2.8-4.5; P = 0.65) or quality of analgesia (VAPS and VRS scores). The degree of pruritus was similar in both groups (80-88%) but the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was significantly higher in the epidural group (24% vs 4%; P < 0.05). Intrathecal diamorphine 0.25 mg produced the same duration and quality of postoperative analgesia as epidural diamorphine 5 mg for elective Caesarean section but with significantly less nausea and vomiting.  (+info)

Antiemetic activity of the NK1 receptor antagonist GR205171 in the treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting after major gynaecological surgery. (7/321)

In this double-blind, randomized, parallel group study, we have investigated the antiemetic activity of the potent and selective NK1 receptor antagonist GR205171 25 mg i.v. compared with placebo in the treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients after major gynaecological surgery performed under general anaesthesia. The incidence of PONV in the study population was 65%. Thirty-six patients were treated with placebo or GR205171 (18 patients per group). GR205171 produced greater control of PONV than placebo over the 24-h assessment period. The stimuli for emesis after PONV are multifactorial and the efficacy of GR205171 in this study supports the broad spectrum potential for NK1 receptor antagonists in the management of postoperative emesis. GR205171 was well tolerated and no adverse events were reported that would preclude the further development of this agent.  (+info)

Glycopyrrolate reduces nausea during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section without affecting neonatal outcome. (8/321)

We have tested the hypotheses that glycopyrrolate, administered immediately before induction of subarachnoid anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section, reduces the incidence and severity of nausea, with no adverse effects on neonatal Apgar scores, in a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Fifty women received either glycopyrrolate 200 micrograms or saline (placebo) i.v. during fluid preload, before induction of spinal anaesthesia with 2.5 ml of 0.5% isobaric bupivacaine. Patients were questioned directly regarding nausea at 3-min intervals throughout operation and asked to report symptoms as they arose. The severity of nausea was assessed using a verbal scoring system and was treated with increments of i.v. ephedrine and fluids. Patients in the group pretreated with glycopyrrolate reported a reduction in the frequency (P = 0.02) and severity (P = 0.03) of nausea. Glycopyrrolate also reduced the severity of hypotension, as evidenced by reduced ephedrine requirements (P = 0.02). There were no differences in neonatal Apgar scores between groups.  (+info)

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common complications following surgical procedures. It is defined as nausea, vomiting, or both that occurs within the first 24 hours after surgery. PONV can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, wound dehiscence, and impaired patient satisfaction. Risk factors for PONV include female gender, non-smoking status, history of motion sickness or PONV, use of opioids, and longer duration of surgery. Preventive measures and treatments include antiemetic medications, fluid therapy, and acupuncture or acupressure.

Antiemetics are a class of medications that are used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting. They work by blocking or reducing the activity of dopamine, serotonin, and other neurotransmitters in the brain that can trigger these symptoms. Antiemetics can be prescribed for a variety of conditions, including motion sickness, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pregnancy-related morning sickness. Some common examples of antiemetic medications include ondansetron (Zofran), promethazine (Phenergan), and metoclopramide (Reglan).

Nausea is a subjective, unpleasant sensation of discomfort in the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract that may precede vomiting. It's often described as a feeling of queasiness or the need to vomit. Nausea can be caused by various factors, including motion sickness, pregnancy, gastrointestinal disorders, infections, certain medications, and emotional stress. While nausea is not a disease itself, it can be a symptom of an underlying medical condition that requires attention and treatment.

Droperidol is a butyrophenone neuroleptic medication that is primarily used for its antiemetic (anti-nausea and vomiting) properties. It works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, which can help to reduce feelings of nausea and vomiting caused by various factors such as chemotherapy, surgery, or motion sickness.

Droperidol is also known for its sedative and anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects, and has been used in the past as a premedication before surgery to help reduce anxiety and produce sedation. However, due to concerns about rare but serious side effects such as QT prolongation (a heart rhythm disorder), droperidol is now less commonly used for this purpose.

Droperidol is available in injectable form and is typically administered by healthcare professionals in a hospital or clinical setting. It should be used with caution and only under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can cause a range of side effects including dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, and restlessness. More serious side effects such as seizures, irregular heartbeat, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (a rare but potentially life-threatening condition characterized by muscle rigidity, fever, and autonomic instability) have also been reported with droperidol use.

Ondansetron is a medication that is primarily used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery. It is a selective antagonist of 5-HT3 receptors, which are found in the brain and gut and play a role in triggering the vomiting reflex. By blocking these receptors, ondansetron helps to reduce the frequency and severity of nausea and vomiting.

The drug is available in various forms, including tablets, oral solution, and injection, and is typically administered 30 minutes before chemotherapy or surgery, and then every 8 to 12 hours as needed. Common side effects of ondansetron include headache, constipation, and diarrhea.

It's important to note that ondansetron should be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, and its use may be contraindicated in certain individuals, such as those with a history of allergic reactions to the drug or who have certain heart conditions.

Vomiting is defined in medical terms as the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. It is a violent, involuntary act that is usually accompanied by strong contractions of the abdominal muscles and retching. The body's vomiting reflex is typically triggered when the brain receives signals from the digestive system that something is amiss.

There are many potential causes of vomiting, including gastrointestinal infections, food poisoning, motion sickness, pregnancy, alcohol consumption, and certain medications or medical conditions. In some cases, vomiting can be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as a brain injury, concussion, or chemical imbalance in the body.

Vomiting is generally not considered a serious medical emergency on its own, but it can lead to dehydration and other complications if left untreated. If vomiting persists for an extended period of time, or if it is accompanied by other concerning symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, fever, or difficulty breathing, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

Metoclopramide is a medication that is primarily used to manage gastrointestinal disorders. It is classified as a dopamine antagonist and a prokinetic agent, which means it works by blocking the action of dopamine, a chemical in the brain that can slow down stomach and intestine function.

The medical definition of Metoclopramide is:
A synthetic congener of procainamide, used as an antiemetic and to increase gastrointestinal motility. It has a antidopaminergic action, binding to D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and stomach, and it may also block 5HT3 receptors at intrapyloric and central levels. Its actions on the gut smooth muscle are mediated via cholinergic muscarinic receptors. (Source: Dorland's Medical Dictionary)

Metoclopramide is commonly used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, and gastroparesis, which is a condition that affects the normal movement of food through the digestive tract. It can also be used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Like any medication, Metoclopramide can have side effects, including drowsiness, restlessness, and muscle spasms. In some cases, it may cause more serious side effects such as tardive dyskinesia, a condition characterized by involuntary movements of the face, tongue, or limbs. It is important to use Metoclopramide only under the supervision of a healthcare provider and to follow their instructions carefully.

General anesthesia is a state of controlled unconsciousness, induced by administering various medications, that eliminates awareness, movement, and pain sensation during medical procedures. It involves the use of a combination of intravenous and inhaled drugs to produce a reversible loss of consciousness, allowing patients to undergo surgical or diagnostic interventions safely and comfortably. The depth and duration of anesthesia are carefully monitored and adjusted throughout the procedure by an anesthesiologist or certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) to ensure patient safety and optimize recovery. General anesthesia is typically used for more extensive surgical procedures, such as open-heart surgery, major orthopedic surgeries, and neurosurgery.

Gynecologic surgical procedures refer to the operations that are performed on the female reproductive system and related organs. These surgeries can be either minimally invasive or open procedures, depending on the condition and the patient's health status.

The indications for gynecologic surgical procedures may include but are not limited to:

1. Diagnosis and treatment of various benign and malignant conditions such as uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis, and cancers of the reproductive organs.
2. Management of abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, and infertility.
3. Treatment of ectopic pregnancies and miscarriages.
4. Pelvic organ prolapse repair.
5. Sterilization procedures such as tubal ligation.
6. Investigation and treatment of suspicious lesions or abnormal Pap smears.

Some common gynecologic surgical procedures include hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), oophorectomy (removal of the ovary), salpingectomy (removal of the fallopian tube), cystectomy (removal of a cyst), myomectomy (removal of fibroids while preserving the uterus), and endometrial ablation (destruction of the lining of the uterus).

Minimally invasive surgical techniques such as laparoscopy and hysteroscopy have gained popularity in recent years due to their advantages over traditional open surgeries, including smaller incisions, less postoperative pain, quicker recovery times, and reduced risk of complications.

Acupressure is a complementary therapy based on the concept of acupuncture, which involves applying pressure (usually with fingers, hands, or elbow) to specific points on the body (known as acupoints). The goal of acupressure is to stimulate and balance the flow of energy (chi or qi) through the body's meridians or channels. This practice is believed to help promote relaxation, reduce stress, relieve pain, improve sleep, and enhance overall well-being.

It is important to note that while acupressure has been used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicine, its effectiveness is not consistently supported by scientific research. Some studies suggest potential benefits, but more rigorous, high-quality research is needed to confirm these findings. As with any therapy, it's recommended to consult a healthcare professional before starting an acupressure practice, especially if you have any health conditions or are taking medications.

Ambulatory surgical procedures, also known as outpatient or same-day surgery, refer to medical operations that do not require an overnight hospital stay. These procedures are typically performed in a specialized ambulatory surgery center (ASC) or in a hospital-based outpatient department. Patients undergoing ambulatory surgical procedures receive anesthesia, undergo the operation, and recover enough to be discharged home on the same day of the procedure.

Examples of common ambulatory surgical procedures include:

1. Arthroscopy (joint scope examination and repair)
2. Cataract surgery
3. Colonoscopy and upper endoscopy
4. Dental surgery, such as wisdom tooth extraction
5. Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy)
6. Hernia repair
7. Hysteroscopy (examination of the uterus)
8. Minor skin procedures, like biopsies and lesion removals
9. Orthopedic procedures, such as carpal tunnel release or joint injections
10. Pain management procedures, including epidural steroid injections and nerve blocks
11. Podiatric (foot and ankle) surgery
12. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

Advancements in medical technology, minimally invasive surgical techniques, and improved anesthesia methods have contributed to the growth of ambulatory surgical procedures, offering patients a more convenient and cost-effective alternative to traditional inpatient surgeries.

Postoperative pain is defined as the pain or discomfort experienced by patients following a surgical procedure. It can vary in intensity and duration depending on the type of surgery performed, individual pain tolerance, and other factors. The pain may be caused by tissue trauma, inflammation, or nerve damage resulting from the surgical intervention. Proper assessment and management of postoperative pain is essential to promote recovery, prevent complications, and improve patient satisfaction.

Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, is a colorless and non-flammable gas with a slightly sweet odor and taste. In medicine, it's commonly used for its anesthetic and pain reducing effects. It is often used in dental procedures, surgery, and childbirth to help reduce anxiety and provide mild sedation. Nitrous oxide works by binding to the hemoglobin in red blood cells, which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, but this effect is usually not significant at the low concentrations used for analgesia and anxiolysis. It's also considered relatively safe when administered by a trained medical professional because it does not cause depression of the respiratory system or cardiovascular function.

The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.

Granisetron is a medication that is primarily used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery. It belongs to a class of drugs known as serotonin antagonists, which work by blocking the action of serotonin, a chemical in the brain that can trigger nausea and vomiting.

Granisetron is available in several forms, including oral tablets, oral solution, and injectable solutions. It is usually taken or administered about an hour before chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or shortly before surgery. The medication may also be given as needed to manage nausea and vomiting that occur after these treatments.

Common side effects of granisetron include headache, constipation, dizziness, and tiredness. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects such as irregular heartbeat, seizures, or allergic reactions. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and inform your healthcare provider if you experience any unusual symptoms while taking granisetron.

Analgesics, opioid are a class of drugs used for the treatment of pain. They work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Opioids can be synthetic or natural, and include drugs such as morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and methadone. They are often used for moderate to severe pain, such as that resulting from injury, surgery, or chronic conditions like cancer. However, opioids can also produce euphoria, physical dependence, and addiction, so they are tightly regulated and carry a risk of misuse.

Preanesthetic medication, also known as premedication, refers to the administration of medications before anesthesia to help prepare the patient for the upcoming procedure. These medications can serve various purposes, such as:

1. Anxiolysis: Reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation in patients before surgery.
2. Amnesia: Causing temporary memory loss to help patients forget the events leading up to the surgery.
3. Analgesia: Providing pain relief to minimize discomfort during and after the procedure.
4. Antisialagogue: Decreasing saliva production to reduce the risk of aspiration during intubation.
5. Bronchodilation: Relaxing bronchial smooth muscles, which can help improve respiratory function in patients with obstructive lung diseases.
6. Antiemetic: Preventing or reducing the likelihood of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
7. Sedation: Inducing a state of calmness and drowsiness to facilitate a smooth induction of anesthesia.

Common preanesthetic medications include benzodiazepines (e.g., midazolam), opioids (e.g., fentanyl), anticholinergics (e.g., glycopyrrolate), and H1-antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine). The choice of preanesthetic medication depends on the patient's medical history, comorbidities, and the type of anesthesia to be administered.

Acupuncture points, also known as "acupoints," are specific locations on the body that are used in acupuncture therapy. These points are believed to correspond to underlying pathways, or meridians, through which vital energy, or "qi" (pronounced "chee"), flows.

Acupuncture points are typically found along these meridians and are thought to have specific therapeutic properties. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, stimulating these points with needles, heat, pressure, or electrical impulses can help restore the balance of qi and promote healing in the body.

There are over 360 acupuncture points identified in TCM, each with its own name, location, and set of indications for use. Modern research has attempted to identify the anatomical structures underlying these points, with some studies suggesting that they may correspond to nerve bundles, blood vessels, or other physiological features. However, the exact mechanisms by which acupuncture works remain a topic of ongoing scientific investigation and debate.

Propofol is a short-acting medication that is primarily used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia during procedures such as surgery. It belongs to a class of drugs called hypnotics or sedatives, which work by depressing the central nervous system to produce a calming effect. Propofol can also be used for sedation in mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units and for procedural sedation in various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures outside the operating room.

The medical definition of Propofol is:
A rapid-onset, short-duration intravenous anesthetic agent that produces a hypnotic effect and is used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, sedation in mechanically ventilated patients, and procedural sedation. It acts by enhancing the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, leading to a decrease in neuronal activity and a reduction in consciousness. Propofol has a rapid clearance and distribution, allowing for quick recovery after discontinuation of its administration.

Serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists are a class of medications that work by blocking the serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, which are found in the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. These receptors play a role in regulating nausea and vomiting, among other functions.

When serotonin binds to these receptors, it can trigger a series of events that lead to nausea and vomiting, particularly in response to chemotherapy or surgery. By blocking the 5-HT3 receptors, serotonin cannot bind to them and therefore cannot trigger these events, which helps to reduce nausea and vomiting.

Examples of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists include ondansetron (Zofran), granisetron (Kytril), palonosetron (Aloxi), and dolasetron (Anzemet). These medications are commonly used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery.

Intravenous anesthetics are a type of medication that is administered directly into a vein to cause a loss of consciousness and provide analgesia (pain relief) during medical procedures. They work by depressing the central nervous system, inhibiting nerve impulse transmission and ultimately preventing the patient from feeling pain or discomfort during surgery or other invasive procedures.

There are several different types of intravenous anesthetics, each with its own specific properties and uses. Some common examples include propofol, etomidate, ketamine, and barbiturates. These drugs may be used alone or in combination with other medications to provide a safe and effective level of anesthesia for the patient.

The choice of intravenous anesthetic depends on several factors, including the patient's medical history, the type and duration of the procedure, and the desired depth and duration of anesthesia. Anesthesiologists must carefully consider these factors when selecting an appropriate medication regimen for each individual patient.

While intravenous anesthetics are generally safe and effective, they can have side effects and risks, such as respiratory depression, hypotension, and allergic reactions. Anesthesia providers must closely monitor patients during and after the administration of these medications to ensure their safety and well-being.

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a method of pain management that allows patients to self-administer doses of analgesic medication through a controlled pump system. With PCA, the patient can press a button to deliver a predetermined dose of pain medication, usually an opioid, directly into their intravenous (IV) line.

The dosage and frequency of the medication are set by the healthcare provider based on the patient's individual needs and medical condition. The PCA pump is designed to prevent overinfusion by limiting the amount of medication that can be delivered within a specific time frame.

PCA provides several benefits, including improved pain control, increased patient satisfaction, and reduced sedation compared to traditional methods of opioid administration. It also allows patients to take an active role in managing their pain and provides them with a sense of control during their hospital stay. However, it is essential to monitor patients closely while using PCA to ensure safe and effective use.

Conduction anesthesia is a type of local anesthesia in which an anesthetic agent is administered near a peripheral nerve to block the transmission of painful stimuli. It is called "conduction" anesthesia because it works by blocking the conduction of nerve impulses along the nerve fibers.

There are several types of conduction anesthesia, including:

1. Infiltration anesthesia: In this technique, the anesthetic agent is injected directly into the tissue where the surgical procedure will be performed. This type of anesthesia can be used for minor surgeries such as wound closure or repair of simple lacerations.
2. Nerve block anesthesia: In this technique, the anesthetic agent is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of nerves to block sensation in a larger area of the body. For example, a brachial plexus block can be used to numb the arm and hand for procedures such as shoulder surgery or fracture reduction.
3. Field block anesthesia: In this technique, the anesthetic agent is injected around the periphery of the surgical site to create a "field" of anesthesia that blocks sensation in the area. This type of anesthesia is often used for procedures such as hernia repair or circumcision.

Conduction anesthesia has several advantages over general anesthesia, including reduced risk of complications, faster recovery time, and lower cost. However, it may not be appropriate for all types of surgical procedures or patients, and its effectiveness can vary depending on the skill of the practitioner and the individual patient's response to the anesthetic agent.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

The Anesthesia Department in a hospital is a specialized medical unit responsible for providing anesthetic care to patients undergoing surgical and diagnostic procedures. The department is typically staffed by trained medical professionals known as anesthesiologists, who are medical doctors specializing in anesthesia, as well as nurse anesthetists and anesthesia assistants.

The primary role of the Anesthesia Department is to ensure the safety and comfort of patients during medical procedures that require anesthesia. This may involve administering general anesthesia, which renders the patient unconscious, or regional anesthesia, which numbs a specific area of the body. The anesthesiologist will monitor the patient's vital signs throughout the procedure and adjust the anesthesia as necessary to ensure the patient's safety and comfort.

The Anesthesia Department is also responsible for preoperative assessment and evaluation of patients, including medical history review, physical examination, and laboratory testing. This helps to identify any potential risks or complications associated with anesthesia and allows the anesthesiologist to develop an appropriate anesthetic plan for each patient.

In addition to providing anesthesia care during surgical procedures, the Anesthesia Department may also be involved in managing pain in other settings, such as critical care units, emergency departments, and pain clinics. They may use a variety of techniques, including medications, nerve blocks, and other interventional procedures, to help relieve pain and improve patients' quality of life.

Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid analgesic, which is similar to morphine but is 50 to 100 times more potent. It is a schedule II prescription drug, typically used to treat patients with severe pain or to manage pain after surgery. It works by binding to the body's opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body.

Fentanyl can be administered in several forms, including transdermal patches, lozenges, injectable solutions, and tablets that dissolve in the mouth. Illegally manufactured and distributed fentanyl has also become a major public health concern, as it is often mixed with other drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and counterfeit pills, leading to an increase in overdose deaths.

Like all opioids, fentanyl carries a risk of dependence, addiction, and overdose, especially when used outside of medical supervision or in combination with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol or benzodiazepines. It is important to use fentanyl only as directed by a healthcare provider and to be aware of the potential risks associated with its use.

The anesthesia recovery period, also known as the post-anesthetic care unit (PACU) or recovery room stay, is the time immediately following anesthesia and surgery during which a patient's vital signs are closely monitored as they emerge from the effects of anesthesia.

During this period, the patient is typically observed for adequate ventilation, oxygenation, circulation, level of consciousness, pain control, and any potential complications. The length of stay in the recovery room can vary depending on the type of surgery, the anesthetic used, and the individual patient's needs.

The anesthesia recovery period is a critical time for ensuring patient safety and comfort as they transition from the surgical setting to full recovery. Nurses and other healthcare providers in the recovery room are specially trained to monitor and manage patients during this vulnerable period.

Obstetric surgical procedures are operations that are performed on the female reproductive system during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or after childbirth to address various medical conditions and complications. Some common obstetric surgical procedures include:

1. Cesarean section (C-section): A surgical delivery of a baby through incisions in the abdomen and uterus.
2. Induction of labor: The use of medication or other methods to stimulate labor.
3. Dilation and curettage (D&C): A procedure to remove tissue from the uterus using a thin, sharp instrument called a curette.
4. Hysterectomy: The surgical removal of the uterus.
5. Myomectomy: The surgical removal of fibroids, which are noncancerous growths in the muscular wall of the uterus.
6. Ovarian cystectomy: The surgical removal of a cyst from the ovary.
7. Tubal ligation: A permanent form of birth control in which the fallopian tubes are tied, cut, or sealed to prevent pregnancy.
8. Ectopic pregnancy surgery: Removal of an ectopic pregnancy, which is a pregnancy that develops outside of the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube.

These procedures may be necessary to save the life of the mother or baby, to treat medical conditions, or to prevent future complications. They should only be performed by trained medical professionals in a hospital setting.

Acupuncture is a form of traditional Chinese medicine that involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate the body's natural healing processes. According to traditional Chinese medicine theory, energy (known as "qi" or "chi") flows through the body along pathways called meridians. Acupuncture is believed to help restore the flow of qi and improve the balance of the body's energy.

In modern medical practice, acupuncture is often used to treat pain, including chronic pain, muscle stiffness, and headaches. It is also sometimes used to treat conditions such as nausea and vomiting, insomnia, and addiction. The precise mechanism by which acupuncture works is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve the release of natural pain-relieving chemicals called endorphins, as well as other physiological changes in the body. Acupuncture is generally considered safe when performed by a qualified practitioner, and side effects are typically mild and temporary.

Intravenous anesthesia, also known as IV anesthesia, is a type of anesthesia that involves the administration of one or more drugs into a patient's vein to achieve a state of unconsciousness and analgesia (pain relief) during medical procedures. The drugs used in intravenous anesthesia can include sedatives, hypnotics, analgesics, and muscle relaxants, which are carefully selected and dosed based on the patient's medical history, physical status, and the type and duration of the procedure.

The administration of IV anesthesia is typically performed by a trained anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist, who monitors the patient's vital signs and adjusts the dosage of the drugs as needed to ensure the patient's safety and comfort throughout the procedure. The onset of action for IV anesthesia is relatively rapid, usually within minutes, and the depth and duration of anesthesia can be easily titrated to meet the needs of the individual patient.

Compared to general anesthesia, which involves the administration of inhaled gases or vapors to achieve a state of unconsciousness, intravenous anesthesia is associated with fewer adverse effects on respiratory and cardiovascular function, and may be preferred for certain types of procedures or patients. However, like all forms of anesthesia, IV anesthesia carries risks and potential complications, including allergic reactions, infection, bleeding, and respiratory depression, and requires careful monitoring and management by trained medical professionals.

Myringoplasty is a surgical procedure that involves reconstructing or repairing the tympanic membrane (eardrum) in the middle ear. The eardrum is the thin, delicate tissue that separates the outer ear from the inner ear. It plays a crucial role in hearing by vibrating in response to sound waves and transmitting these vibrations to the bones of the middle ear.

Myringoplasty is typically performed to treat chronic perforations or holes in the eardrum that have not healed on their own or with medical management. These perforations can result from various causes, such as infection, trauma, or congenital defects. By closing the perforation, myringoplasty helps prevent the risk of middle ear infections and improves hearing function.

The procedure involves harvesting a small piece of tissue, often from the patient's own body (such as the fascia surrounding a muscle), to use as a graft to cover the eardrum perforation. The graft is placed through an incision made in the ear canal or, less commonly, via an external approach through the mastoid bone behind the ear.

Myringoplasty is typically performed under general anesthesia and requires a short hospital stay for observation and monitoring. Following surgery, patients may need to avoid water exposure, heavy lifting, and strenuous activities for a few weeks to allow proper healing. The success rate of myringoplasty is generally high, with most patients experiencing improved hearing and reduced symptoms of ear infections.

Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic (pain reliever) derived from the opium poppy. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals and reducing the perception of pain. Morphine is used to treat moderate to severe pain, including pain associated with cancer, myocardial infarction, and other conditions. It can also be used as a sedative and cough suppressant.

Morphine has a high potential for abuse and dependence, and its use should be closely monitored by healthcare professionals. Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness, respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Overdose can result in respiratory failure, coma, and death.

Inhalational anesthesia is a type of general anesthesia that is induced by the inhalation of gases or vapors. It is administered through a breathing system, which delivers the anesthetic agents to the patient via a face mask, laryngeal mask airway, or endotracheal tube.

The most commonly used inhalational anesthetics include nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane. These agents work by depressing the central nervous system, causing a reversible loss of consciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation.

The depth of anesthesia can be easily adjusted during the procedure by changing the concentration of the anesthetic agent. Once the procedure is complete, the anesthetic agents are eliminated from the body through exhalation, allowing for a rapid recovery.

Inhalational anesthesia is commonly used in a wide range of surgical procedures due to its ease of administration, quick onset and offset of action, and ability to rapidly adjust the depth of anesthesia. However, it requires careful monitoring and management by trained anesthesia providers to ensure patient safety and optimize outcomes.

Alfentanil is a synthetic opioid analgesic drug that is chemically related to fentanyl. It is used for the provision of sedation and pain relief, particularly in critical care settings and during surgical procedures.

The medical definition of Alfentanil is as follows:

Alfentanil is a potent, short-acting opioid analgesic with a rapid onset of action. It is approximately 10 times more potent than morphine and has a rapid clearance rate due to its short elimination half-life of 1-2 hours. Alfentanil is used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia, as well as for sedation and pain relief in critically ill patients. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which inhibits the transmission of pain signals and produces analgesia, sedation, and respiratory depression.

Like all opioids, Alfentanil carries a risk of dependence, tolerance, and respiratory depression, and should be used with caution in patients with respiratory or cardiovascular disease. It is typically administered by healthcare professionals in a controlled setting due to its potency and potential for adverse effects.

Strabismus is a condition of the ocular muscles where the eyes are not aligned properly and point in different directions. One eye may turn inward, outward, upward, or downward while the other one remains fixed and aligns normally. This misalignment can occur occasionally or constantly. Strabismus is also commonly referred to as crossed eyes or walleye. The condition can lead to visual impairments such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and depth perception problems if not treated promptly and effectively, usually through surgery, glasses, or vision therapy.

The intraoperative period is the phase of surgical treatment that refers to the time during which the surgery is being performed. It begins when the anesthesia is administered and the patient is prepared for the operation, and it ends when the surgery is completed, the anesthesia is discontinued, and the patient is transferred to the recovery room or intensive care unit (ICU).

During the intraoperative period, the surgical team, including surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, and other healthcare professionals, work together to carry out the surgical procedure safely and effectively. The anesthesiologist monitors the patient's vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and body temperature, throughout the surgery to ensure that the patient remains stable and does not experience any complications.

The surgeon performs the operation, using various surgical techniques and instruments to achieve the desired outcome. The surgical team also takes measures to prevent infection, control bleeding, and manage pain during and after the surgery.

Overall, the intraoperative period is a critical phase of surgical treatment that requires close collaboration and communication among members of the healthcare team to ensure the best possible outcomes for the patient.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Dexamethasone is a type of corticosteroid medication, which is a synthetic version of a natural hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It is often used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system in a variety of medical conditions, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain skin conditions.

Dexamethasone works by binding to specific receptors in cells, which triggers a range of anti-inflammatory effects. These include reducing the production of chemicals that cause inflammation, suppressing the activity of immune cells, and stabilizing cell membranes.

In addition to its anti-inflammatory effects, dexamethasone can also be used to treat other medical conditions, such as certain types of cancer, brain swelling, and adrenal insufficiency. It is available in a variety of forms, including tablets, liquids, creams, and injectable solutions.

Like all medications, dexamethasone can have side effects, particularly if used for long periods of time or at high doses. These may include mood changes, increased appetite, weight gain, acne, thinning skin, easy bruising, and an increased risk of infections. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking dexamethasone to minimize the risk of side effects.

Serotonin antagonists are a class of drugs that block the action of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, at specific receptor sites in the brain and elsewhere in the body. They work by binding to the serotonin receptors without activating them, thereby preventing the natural serotonin from binding and transmitting signals.

Serotonin antagonists are used in the treatment of various conditions such as psychiatric disorders, migraines, and nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. They can have varying degrees of affinity for different types of serotonin receptors (e.g., 5-HT2A, 5-HT3, etc.), which contributes to their specific therapeutic effects and side effect profiles.

Examples of serotonin antagonists include ondansetron (used to treat nausea and vomiting), risperidone and olanzapine (used to treat psychiatric disorders), and methysergide (used to prevent migraines). It's important to note that these medications should be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as they can have potential risks and interactions with other drugs.

Pruritus is a medical term derived from Latin, in which "prurire" means "to itch." It refers to an unpleasant sensation on the skin that provokes the desire or reflex to scratch. This can be caused by various factors, such as skin conditions (e.g., dryness, eczema, psoriasis), systemic diseases (e.g., liver disease, kidney failure), nerve disorders, psychological conditions, or reactions to certain medications.

Pruritus can significantly affect a person's quality of life, leading to sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Proper identification and management of the underlying cause are essential for effective treatment.

Intravenous injections are a type of medical procedure where medication or fluids are administered directly into a vein using a needle and syringe. This route of administration is also known as an IV injection. The solution injected enters the patient's bloodstream immediately, allowing for rapid absorption and onset of action. Intravenous injections are commonly used to provide quick relief from symptoms, deliver medications that are not easily absorbed by other routes, or administer fluids and electrolytes in cases of dehydration or severe illness. It is important that intravenous injections are performed using aseptic technique to minimize the risk of infection.

Inhalational anesthetics are a type of general anesthetic that is administered through the person's respiratory system. They are typically delivered in the form of vapor or gas, which is inhaled through a mask or breathing tube. Commonly used inhalational anesthetics include sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, and nitrous oxide. These agents work by depressing the central nervous system, leading to a loss of consciousness and an inability to feel pain. They are often used for their rapid onset and offset of action, making them useful for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia during surgical procedures.

Intraoperative care refers to the medical care and interventions provided to a patient during a surgical procedure. This care is typically administered by a team of healthcare professionals, including anesthesiologists, surgeons, nurses, and other specialists as needed. The goal of intraoperative care is to maintain the patient's physiological stability throughout the surgery, minimize complications, and ensure the best possible outcome.

Intraoperative care may include:

1. Anesthesia management: Administering and monitoring anesthetic drugs to keep the patient unconscious and free from pain during the surgery.
2. Monitoring vital signs: Continuously tracking the patient's heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, body temperature, and other key physiological parameters to ensure they remain within normal ranges.
3. Fluid and blood product administration: Maintaining adequate intravascular volume and oxygen-carrying capacity through the infusion of fluids and blood products as needed.
4. Intraoperative imaging: Utilizing real-time imaging techniques, such as X-ray, ultrasound, or CT scans, to guide the surgical procedure and ensure accurate placement of implants or other devices.
5. Neuromonitoring: Using electrophysiological methods to monitor the functional integrity of nerves and neural structures during surgery, particularly in procedures involving the brain, spine, or peripheral nerves.
6. Intraoperative medication management: Administering various medications as needed for pain control, infection prophylaxis, or the treatment of medical conditions that may arise during the surgery.
7. Temperature management: Regulating the patient's body temperature to prevent hypothermia or hyperthermia, which can have adverse effects on surgical outcomes and overall patient health.
8. Communication and coordination: Ensuring effective communication among the members of the surgical team to optimize patient care and safety.

Quinolizines are not a medical term, but a chemical classification for a group of compounds that contain a quinolizine ring in their structure. A quinolizine ring is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with eight pi electrons and consists of two benzene rings fused to a piperidine ring.

Quinolizines have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including anti-malarial, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial activities. However, there are no currently approved drugs that contain quinolizine as the primary active ingredient. Therefore, it is not possible to provide a medical definition of 'Quinolizines.'

Neostigmine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called cholinesterase inhibitors. It works by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter in the body, leading to an increase in its levels at the neuromuscular junction. This helps to improve muscle strength and tone by enhancing the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles.

Neostigmine is primarily used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis, a neurological disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. It can also be used to reverse the effects of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants administered during surgery. Additionally, neostigmine may be used to diagnose and manage certain conditions that cause decreased gut motility or urinary retention.

It is important to note that neostigmine should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional due to its potential side effects, which can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased salivation, sweating, and muscle cramps. In some cases, it may also cause respiratory distress or cardiac arrhythmias.

Sufentanil is a potent, synthetic opioid analgesic that is approximately 5-10 times more potent than fentanyl and 1000 times more potent than morphine. It is primarily used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain in surgical settings, as an adjunct to anesthesia, or for obstetrical analgesia during labor and delivery.

Sufentanil works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which inhibits the transmission of pain signals to the brain. It has a rapid onset of action and a short duration of effect, making it useful for procedures that require intense analgesia for brief periods.

Like other opioids, sufentanil can cause respiratory depression, sedation, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. It should be used with caution in patients with compromised respiratory function or those who are taking other central nervous system depressants.

Obstetrical anesthesia refers to the use of anesthetic techniques and medications during childbirth or obstetrical procedures. The goal is to provide pain relief and comfort to the birthing person while ensuring the safety of both the mother and the baby. There are different types of obstetrical anesthesia, including:

1. Local anesthesia: Injection of a local anesthetic agent to numb a specific area, such as the perineum (the area between the vagina and the anus) during childbirth.
2. Regional anesthesia: Numbing a larger region of the body using techniques like spinal or epidural anesthesia. These methods involve injecting local anesthetic agents near the spinal cord to block nerve impulses, providing pain relief in the lower half of the body.
3. General anesthesia: Using inhaled gases or intravenous medications to render the birthing person unconscious during cesarean sections (C-sections) or other surgical procedures related to childbirth.

The choice of anesthetic technique depends on various factors, including the type of delivery, the mother's medical history, and the preferences of both the mother and the healthcare team. Obstetrical anesthesia requires specialized training and expertise to ensure safe and effective pain management during labor and delivery.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the gallbladder using a laparoscope, a thin tube with a camera, which allows the surgeon to view the internal structures on a video monitor. The surgery is performed through several small incisions in the abdomen, rather than a single large incision used in open cholecystectomy. This approach results in less postoperative pain, fewer complications, and shorter recovery time compared to open cholecystectomy.

The procedure is typically indicated for symptomatic gallstones or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), which can cause severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the standard of care for gallbladder removal due to its minimally invasive nature and excellent outcomes.

Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that involves the insertion of a laparoscope, which is a thin tube with a light and camera attached to it, through small incisions in the abdomen. This allows the surgeon to view the internal organs without making large incisions. It's commonly used to diagnose and treat various conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts, infertility, and appendicitis. The advantages of laparoscopy over traditional open surgery include smaller incisions, less pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times.

Combined anesthetics refer to the use of two or more types of anesthetic agents together during a medical procedure to produce a desired level of sedation, amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation. This approach can allow for lower doses of individual anesthetic drugs, which may reduce the risk of adverse effects associated with each drug. Common combinations include using a general anesthetic in combination with a regional or local anesthetic technique. The specific choice of combined anesthetics depends on various factors such as the type and duration of the procedure, patient characteristics, and the desired outcomes.

Oxygen inhalation therapy is a medical treatment that involves the administration of oxygen to a patient through a nasal tube or mask, with the purpose of increasing oxygen concentration in the body. This therapy is used to treat various medical conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, and other conditions that cause low levels of oxygen in the blood. The additional oxygen helps to improve tissue oxygenation, reduce work of breathing, and promote overall patient comfort and well-being. Oxygen therapy may be delivered continuously or intermittently, depending on the patient's needs and medical condition.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Piperidines are not a medical term per se, but they are a class of organic compounds that have important applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Medically relevant piperidines include various drugs such as some antihistamines, antidepressants, and muscle relaxants.

A piperidine is a heterocyclic amine with a six-membered ring containing five carbon atoms and one nitrogen atom. The structure can be described as a cyclic secondary amine. Piperidines are found in some natural alkaloids, such as those derived from the pepper plant (Piper nigrum), which gives piperidines their name.

In a medical context, it is more common to encounter specific drugs that belong to the class of piperidines rather than the term itself.

Anesthesia is a medical term that refers to the loss of sensation or awareness, usually induced by the administration of various drugs. It is commonly used during surgical procedures to prevent pain and discomfort. There are several types of anesthesia, including:

1. General anesthesia: This type of anesthesia causes a complete loss of consciousness and is typically used for major surgeries.
2. Regional anesthesia: This type of anesthesia numbs a specific area of the body, such as an arm or leg, while the patient remains conscious.
3. Local anesthesia: This type of anesthesia numbs a small area of the body, such as a cut or wound, and is typically used for minor procedures.

Anesthesia can be administered through various routes, including injection, inhalation, or topical application. The choice of anesthesia depends on several factors, including the type and duration of the procedure, the patient's medical history, and their overall health. Anesthesiologists are medical professionals who specialize in administering anesthesia and monitoring patients during surgical procedures to ensure their safety and comfort.

A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is a type of clinical study in which participants are randomly assigned to receive either the experimental intervention or the control condition, which may be a standard of care, placebo, or no treatment. The goal of an RCT is to minimize bias and ensure that the results are due to the intervention being tested rather than other factors. This design allows for a comparison between the two groups to determine if there is a significant difference in outcomes. RCTs are often considered the gold standard for evaluating the safety and efficacy of medical interventions, as they provide a high level of evidence for causal relationships between the intervention and health outcomes.

Anesthetics are medications that are used to block or reduce feelings of pain and sensation, either locally in a specific area of the body or generally throughout the body. They work by depressing the nervous system, interrupting the communication between nerves and the brain. Anesthetics can be administered through various routes such as injection, inhalation, or topical application, depending on the type and the desired effect. There are several classes of anesthetics, including:

1. Local anesthetics: These numb a specific area of the body and are commonly used during minor surgical procedures, dental work, or to relieve pain from injuries. Examples include lidocaine, prilocaine, and bupivacaine.
2. Regional anesthetics: These block nerve impulses in a larger area of the body, such as an arm or leg, and can be used for more extensive surgical procedures. They are often administered through a catheter to provide continuous pain relief over a longer period. Examples include spinal anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, and peripheral nerve blocks.
3. General anesthetics: These cause a state of unconsciousness and are used for major surgical procedures or when the patient needs to be completely immobile during a procedure. They can be administered through inhalation or injection and affect the entire body. Examples include propofol, sevoflurane, and isoflurane.

Anesthetics are typically safe when used appropriately and under medical supervision. However, they can have side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, and respiratory depression. Proper dosing and monitoring by a healthcare professional are essential to minimize the risks associated with anesthesia.

A single-blind method in medical research is a study design where the participants are unaware of the group or intervention they have been assigned to, but the researchers conducting the study know which participant belongs to which group. This is done to prevent bias from the participants' expectations or knowledge of their assignment, while still allowing the researchers to control the study conditions and collect data.

In a single-blind trial, the participants do not know whether they are receiving the active treatment or a placebo (a sham treatment that looks like the real thing but has no therapeutic effect), whereas the researcher knows which participant is receiving which intervention. This design helps to ensure that the participants' responses and outcomes are not influenced by their knowledge of the treatment assignment, while still allowing the researchers to assess the effectiveness or safety of the intervention being studied.

Single-blind methods are commonly used in clinical trials and other medical research studies where it is important to minimize bias and control for confounding variables that could affect the study results.

A "Drug Administration Schedule" refers to the plan for when and how a medication should be given to a patient. It includes details such as the dose, frequency (how often it should be taken), route (how it should be administered, such as orally, intravenously, etc.), and duration (how long it should be taken) of the medication. This schedule is often created and prescribed by healthcare professionals, such as doctors or pharmacists, to ensure that the medication is taken safely and effectively. It may also include instructions for missed doses or changes in the dosage.

Epidural analgesia is a type of regional anesthesia used to manage pain, most commonly during childbirth and after surgery. The term "epidural" refers to the location of the injection, which is in the epidural space of the spinal column.

In this procedure, a small amount of local anesthetic or narcotic medication is injected into the epidural space using a thin catheter. This medication blocks nerve impulses from the lower body, reducing or eliminating pain sensations without causing complete loss of feeling or muscle movement.

Epidural analgesia can be used for both short-term and long-term pain management. It is often preferred in situations where patients require prolonged pain relief, such as during labor and delivery or after major surgery. The medication can be administered continuously or intermittently, depending on the patient's needs and the type of procedure being performed.

While epidural analgesia is generally safe and effective, it can have side effects, including low blood pressure, headache, and difficulty urinating. In rare cases, it may also cause nerve damage or infection. Patients should discuss the risks and benefits of this procedure with their healthcare provider before deciding whether to undergo epidural analgesia.

Spinal anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves injecting local anesthetic medication into the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space, which is the space surrounding the spinal cord. This procedure is typically performed by introducing a needle into the lower back, between the vertebrae, to reach the subarachnoid space.

Once the local anesthetic is introduced into this space, it spreads to block nerve impulses from the corresponding levels of the spine, resulting in numbness and loss of sensation in specific areas of the body below the injection site. The extent and level of anesthesia depend on the amount and type of medication used, as well as the patient's individual response.

Spinal anesthesia is often used for surgeries involving the lower abdomen, pelvis, or lower extremities, such as cesarean sections, hernia repairs, hip replacements, and knee arthroscopies. It can also be utilized for procedures like epidural steroid injections to manage chronic pain conditions affecting the spine and lower limbs.

While spinal anesthesia provides effective pain relief during and after surgery, it may cause side effects such as low blood pressure, headache, or difficulty urinating. These potential complications should be discussed with the healthcare provider before deciding on this type of anesthesia.

Methyl ethers are a type of organic compound where a methyl group (CH3-) is attached to an oxygen atom, which in turn is connected to another carbon atom. They are formed by the process of methylation, where a methyl group replaces a hydrogen atom in another molecule.

Methyl ethers can be found in various natural and synthetic substances. For example, dimethyl ether (CH3-O-CH3) is a common fuel used in refrigeration systems and as a propellant in aerosol sprays. Anisole (CH3-O-C6H5), another methyl ether, is found in anise oil and is used as a flavoring agent and solvent.

It's worth noting that some methyl ethers have been associated with potential health risks, particularly when they are volatile and can be inhaled or ingested. For example, exposure to high levels of dimethyl ether can cause respiratory irritation, headaches, and dizziness. Therefore, it's important to handle these substances with care and follow appropriate safety guidelines.

A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the uterus (womb). Depending on the specific medical condition and necessity, a hysterectomy may also include the removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and surrounding tissues. There are different types of hysterectomies, including:

1. Total hysterectomy: The uterus and cervix are removed.
2. Supracervical (or subtotal) hysterectomy: Only the upper part of the uterus is removed, leaving the cervix intact.
3. Radical hysterectomy: This procedure involves removing the uterus, cervix, surrounding tissues, and the upper part of the vagina. It is typically performed in cases of cervical cancer.
4. Oophorectomy: The removal of one or both ovaries can be performed along with a hysterectomy depending on the patient's medical condition and age.
5. Salpingectomy: The removal of one or both fallopian tubes can also be performed along with a hysterectomy if needed.

The reasons for performing a hysterectomy may include but are not limited to: uterine fibroids, heavy menstrual bleeding, endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic prolapse, cervical or uterine cancer, and chronic pelvic pain. The choice of the type of hysterectomy depends on the patient's medical condition, age, and personal preferences.

Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.

Combination drug therapy is a treatment approach that involves the use of multiple medications with different mechanisms of action to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. This approach is often used in the management of complex medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of combination drug therapy is to improve efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, decrease the likelihood of adverse effects, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

In combining drugs, healthcare providers aim to target various pathways involved in the disease process, which may help to:

1. Increase the effectiveness of treatment by attacking the disease from multiple angles.
2. Decrease the dosage of individual medications, reducing the risk and severity of side effects.
3. Slow down or prevent the development of drug resistance, a common problem in chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer.
4. Improve patient compliance by simplifying dosing schedules and reducing pill burden.

Examples of combination drug therapy include:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, which typically involves three or more drugs from different classes to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
2. Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where multiple cytotoxic agents are used to target various stages of the cell cycle and reduce the likelihood of tumor cells developing resistance.
3. Cardiovascular disease management, which may involve combining medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins to control blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance, and cholesterol levels.
4. Treatment of tuberculosis, which often involves a combination of several antibiotics to target different aspects of the bacterial life cycle and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

When prescribing combination drug therapy, healthcare providers must carefully consider factors such as potential drug interactions, dosing schedules, adverse effects, and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment. Regular monitoring of patients is essential to assess treatment response, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Isoflurane is a volatile halogenated ether used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent, sweet odor. Isoflurane is an agonist at the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor and inhibits excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, leading to unconsciousness and immobility. It has a rapid onset and offset of action due to its low blood solubility, allowing for quick adjustments in anesthetic depth during surgery. Isoflurane is also known for its bronchodilator effects, making it useful in patients with reactive airway disease. However, it can cause dose-dependent decreases in heart rate and blood pressure, so careful hemodynamic monitoring is required during its use.

The postoperative period is the time following a surgical procedure during which the patient's response to the surgery and anesthesia is monitored, and any complications or adverse effects are managed. This period can vary in length depending on the type of surgery and the individual patient's needs, but it typically includes the immediate recovery phase in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) or recovery room, as well as any additional time spent in the hospital for monitoring and management of pain, wound healing, and other aspects of postoperative care.

The goals of postoperative care are to ensure the patient's safety and comfort, promote optimal healing and rehabilitation, and minimize the risk of complications such as infection, bleeding, or other postoperative issues. The specific interventions and treatments provided during this period will depend on a variety of factors, including the type and extent of surgery performed, the patient's overall health and medical history, and any individualized care plans developed in consultation with the patient and their healthcare team.

Patient satisfaction is a concept in healthcare quality measurement that reflects the patient's perspective and evaluates their experience with the healthcare services they have received. It is a multidimensional construct that includes various aspects such as interpersonal mannerisms of healthcare providers, technical competence, accessibility, timeliness, comfort, and communication.

Patient satisfaction is typically measured through standardized surveys or questionnaires that ask patients to rate their experiences on various aspects of care. The results are often used to assess the quality of care provided by healthcare organizations, identify areas for improvement, and inform policy decisions. However, it's important to note that patient satisfaction is just one aspect of healthcare quality and should be considered alongside other measures such as clinical outcomes and patient safety.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Local anesthetics are a type of medication that is used to block the sensation of pain in a specific area of the body. They work by temporarily numbing the nerves in that area, preventing them from transmitting pain signals to the brain. Local anesthetics can be administered through various routes, including topical application (such as creams or gels), injection (such as into the skin or tissues), or regional nerve blocks (such as epidural or spinal anesthesia).

Some common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine. These medications can be used for a variety of medical procedures, ranging from minor surgeries (such as dental work or skin biopsies) to more major surgeries (such as joint replacements or hernia repairs).

Local anesthetics are generally considered safe when used appropriately, but they can have side effects and potential complications. These may include allergic reactions, toxicity (if too much is administered), and nerve damage (if the medication is injected into a nerve). It's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using local anesthetics, and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

Intravenous (IV) infusion is a medical procedure in which liquids, such as medications, nutrients, or fluids, are delivered directly into a patient's vein through a needle or a catheter. This route of administration allows for rapid absorption and distribution of the infused substance throughout the body. IV infusions can be used for various purposes, including resuscitation, hydration, nutrition support, medication delivery, and blood product transfusion. The rate and volume of the infusion are carefully controlled to ensure patient safety and efficacy of treatment.

Analgesics are a class of drugs that are used to relieve pain. They work by blocking the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system, allowing individuals to manage their pain levels more effectively. There are many different types of analgesics available, including both prescription and over-the-counter options. Some common examples include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin), and opioids such as morphine or oxycodone.

The choice of analgesic will depend on several factors, including the type and severity of pain being experienced, any underlying medical conditions, potential drug interactions, and individual patient preferences. It is important to use these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as misuse or overuse can lead to serious side effects and potential addiction.

In addition to their pain-relieving properties, some analgesics may also have additional benefits such as reducing inflammation (like in the case of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs) or causing sedation (as with certain opioids). However, it is essential to weigh these potential benefits against the risks and side effects associated with each medication.

When used appropriately, analgesics can significantly improve a person's quality of life by helping them manage their pain effectively and allowing them to engage in daily activities more comfortably.

Motion sickness is a condition characterized by a disturbance in the balance and orientation senses, often triggered by conflicting information received from the eyes, inner ears, and other bodily sensory systems. It's typically brought on by motion such as that experienced during travel in cars, trains, boats, or airplanes, or even while using virtual reality devices. Symptoms can include dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and cold sweats.

The inner ear's vestibular system plays a key role in this condition. When the body is in motion but the inner ear remains still, or vice versa, it can cause the brain to receive conflicting signals about the body's state of motion, leading to feelings of disorientation and sickness.

Preventative measures for motion sickness include fixating on a stationary point outside the vehicle, avoiding reading or looking at electronic screens during travel, taking over-the-counter medications like dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) or scopolamine (Transderm Scop), and engaging in relaxation techniques such as deep breathing.

... (PONV) is the phenomenon of nausea, vomiting, or retching experienced by a patient in the ... Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Pleuvry, B. (2015). Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting. (Articles with short ... Typically, the incidence of nausea or vomiting after general anesthesia ranges between 25 and 30%. Nausea and vomiting can be ... The 2020 Cochrane Anaesthesia Review Group review of Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after ...
Mechanisms of nausea and vomiting". In Tong Joo Gan; Habib, Ashraf S. (eds.). Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Practical ... It usually occurs as a precursor to vomiting. Local irritation of the stomach, such as bacteria or food poisoning, activates ... Navjeevan Express Vomiting Charminar Express (Articles needing additional references from August 2021, All articles needing ... Retroperistalsis occurs pathologically during vomiting and physiologically at the first part of the duodenum where it protects ...
People suffering from nausea may induce vomiting in hopes of feeling better. After surgery (postoperative nausea and vomiting) ... Mechanisms of nausea and vomiting". In Tong Joo Gan; Habib, Ashraf S. (eds.). Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Practical ... Naylor, RJ; Inall, FC (January 1994). "The physiology and pharmacology of postoperative nausea and vomiting". Anaesthesia. 49 ... The feeling that one is about to vomit is called nausea; it often precedes, but does not always lead to vomiting. Impairment ...
Zabirowicz ES, Gan TJ (2019). "34 - Pharmacology of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting". In Hemmings Jr HC, Talmage ED (eds.). ... Sanger GJ, Andrews P (2018). "A History of Drug Discovery for Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting and the Implications for Future ... Dimenhydrinate is an over-the-counter (OTC) antihistamine indicated for the prevention and relief of nausea and vomiting from a ... including motion-sickness and post-operative nausea. Common side effects may include: Drowsiness Dry mouth, nose, or throat ...
Zabirowicz, Eric S.; Gan, Tong J. (2019). 34 - Pharmacology of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting. Elsevier. pp. 671-692. doi: ... Activation of the DOR has been known to cause nausea and/or vomiting, so a dual antagonist can decrease both OIC and nausea/ ... vomiting. The molecular weight, bioavailability, protein binding, elimination half-life, the time to achieve maximum plasma ...
"Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006 (3): CD004125. doi: ... A number of medications including granisetron appear to be effective in controlling post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV). ... It may be used for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and appears to work about the same as ondansetron. The most common ... Is a possible therapy for nausea and vomiting due to acute or chronic medical illness or acute gastroenteritis[citation needed ...
Hines S, Steels E, Chang A, Gibbons K (March 2018). "Aromatherapy for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting". Cochrane ... There is disputed evidence that it may be effective in combating postoperative nausea and vomiting. Auriculotherapy (also ... Some studies have suggested it may be effective at helping manage nausea and vomiting, lower back pain, tension headaches and ...
There is disputed evidence that it may be effective in combating postoperative nausea and vomiting. The use of essential oils ... the treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting, managing challenging behaviors in people suffering from dementia and ... "Aromatherapy for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 (3): CD007598. doi:10.1002/ ... Some showed improved sleep, anxiety, mood, nausea, and pain while others showed no change in symptoms. Aromatherapy carries a ...
For postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), solutions like saline, water, controlled breathing placebo and aromatherapy can ... Hines S, Steels E, Chang A, Gibbons K (March 2018). "Aromatherapy for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting". The ... reduces postoperative pain the amount of medication needed after surgery. Postoperative recovery has been defined as an energy‐ ... During the post-operative period, the person's general function is assessed, the outcome of the procedure is assessed, and the ...
"Supplemental perioperative intravenous crystalloids for postoperative nausea and vomiting". The Cochrane Database of Systematic ... It may be used for fluid replacement or during surgery to prevent nausea and vomiting after surgery. When blood is lost, the ...
Henzi I, Tramèr MR (2003). "Metoclopramide for the Control of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting". In Donnerer J (ed.). ... It is commonly used to treat and prevent nausea and vomiting, to help with emptying of the stomach in people with delayed ... They suggested its use in older children should be restricted to treating post-chemotherapy or post-surgery nausea and vomiting ... Metoclopramide is commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with conditions such as uremia, radiation sickness, ...
Another application is in the treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Some serotonergic agonist drugs cause fibrosis ... Drugs that block 5HT3 are very effective in controlling the nausea and vomiting produced by cancer treatment, and are ... They are particularly important in treating the nausea and vomiting that occur during anticancer chemotherapy using cytotoxic ... This activates 5-HT3 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone that stimulate vomiting. Thus, drugs and toxins stimulate ...
It reduces postoperative shivering, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and emergence delirium. However, a randomized controlled ...
Fujii Y, Saitoh Y, Tanaka H, Toyooka H (February 2000). "Ramosetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in women ... Ramosetron (INN) is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist for the treatment of nausea and vomiting. Ramosetron is also ...
"Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 103 ... With the exception of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, the patho-physiological basis of many of the disease groups ... Hesketh PJ (Jul 2001). "Potential role of the NK1 receptor antagonists in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting". Supportive ... One such drug is aprepitant to prevent the nausea and vomiting that accompanies chemotherapy, typically for cancer. ...
... for postoperative nausea and vomiting after cholecystectomy]". Annales De l'Anesthesiologie Francaise. 20 (2): 118-120. PMID ... chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting suggest that doses of metopimazine higher than approved for common nausea and vomiting ... Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, early satiety, postprandial fullness, bloating, and upper abdominal pain. For the first step ... Heckroth M, Luckett RT, Moser C, Parajuli D, Abell TL (April 2021). "Nausea and Vomiting in 2021: A Comprehensive Update". ...
Kranke, P.; Apfel, C. C.; Roewer, N.; Fujii, Y. (2000). "Reported data on granisetron and postoperative nausea and vomiting by ...
Kranke, P.; Apfel, C.C.; Roewer, N.; Fujii, Y. (2000). "Reported data on granisetron and postoperative nausea and vomiting by ... The main subject of his research publications was clinical trials of medications to treat the nausea and vomiting that often ... of a dominating centre on a quantitative systematic review of granisetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting". ... Fujii's reported findings regarding the effectiveness of granisetron in controlling post-surgical nausea and vomiting, ...
Reported data on granisetron and postoperative nausea and vomiting by Fujii et al. Are incredibly nice! Anesth Analg. 2000 Apr; ... The efficacy and safety of transdermal scopolamine for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: A quantitative ... Efficacy and safety of perphenazine in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV): A quantitative systematic ... Algorithms for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: An efficacy and efficiency simulation. European Journal of ...
... for nausea and vomiting, and found it to be effective for reducing post-operative nausea, but not vomiting, when combined with ... Lee A, Done ML (2015). "Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point P6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting". ... "The P6 Acupuncture Point and Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting". The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine. Archived from ... "Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy". Bandolier. Archived from the original on 2007-05-25. Retrieved 2007-04-28. Kimball C. ...
They are efficacious in treating chemotherapy-induced emesis and postoperative nausea and vomiting. They include, but are not ...
The Cochrane Collaboration reviewed the use of P6 for nausea and vomiting, and found it to be effective for reducing post- ... "Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting". The Cochrane Database of ... "Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy". 1999. Archived from the original on 2012-12-23. Barrett S (March 9, 2006). "Massage ... Although some medical studies have suggested that acupressure may be effective at helping manage nausea and vomiting, insomnia ...
"Postoperative nausea and vomiting after unrestricted clear fluids before day surgery: A retrospective analysis". European ... oral fluids right up until transfer to theatre could significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting ... Alcohol overdoses that result in vomiting or severe external bleeding also warrant NPO instructions for a period. Pre-surgery ...
"Postoperative nausea and vomiting after unrestricted clear fluids before day surgery: A retrospective analysis". European ... oral fluids right up until transfer to theatre could significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting ...
Hyoscine is a medication used to treat motion sickness and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Hyoscine may also refer to: ...
The use of nitrous oxide in anaesthesia can increase the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Dentists use a simpler ... "Omission of Nitrous Oxide during Anesthesia Reduces the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting". Anesthesiology. 85 (5 ... meta-analysis of intraoperative awareness and postoperative emesis in randomized controlled trials". British Journal of ...
"A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting". N Engl J Med. 350 (24): 2441- ... Only 15% of postoperative infarctions present with chest pain, and 65% are entirely clinically silent which means that they ... How to prevent postoperative myocardial injury remains unknown. Beta blockers prevent myocardial infarctions, but at the cost ... The number-needed-to-test to detect postoperative infarctions that would otherwise be missed is roughly 1/(9%-2%) = 14 patients ...
"Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after orthognathic surgery: a retrospective study and literature review". J. Oral ... nausea and vomiting. Infection rates of up to 7% are reported after orthognathic surgery; antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the ... There can also be some post operative facial numbness due to nerve damage. Diagnostics for nerve damage consist of: brush- ...
As such, they can be used to treat post-operative and cytotoxic drug nausea & vomiting. However, they can also cause ... substances that induce nausea and vomiting Quinlan, Jeffrey D.; Hill, D. Ashley (1 June 2003). "Nausea and Vomiting in ... An antiemetic is a drug that is effective against vomiting and nausea. Antiemetics are typically used to treat motion sickness ... Preliminary clinical data suggests ginger may be effective for treatment of nausea and/or vomiting in a number of settings. ...
They have also been proven safe and effective for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Serotonin (5-HT) is found ... and postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Although they are more effective at controlling CINV-where they stop symptoms ... "Selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting: are they all the same?". CNS Drugs. 19 (3 ... to initiate the vomiting reflex. The 5-HT3 receptor antagonists suppress vomiting and nausea by inhibiting serotonin binding to ...
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is the phenomenon of nausea, vomiting, or retching experienced by a patient in the ... Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Pleuvry, B. (2015). Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting. (Articles with short ... Typically, the incidence of nausea or vomiting after general anesthesia ranges between 25 and 30%. Nausea and vomiting can be ... The 2020 Cochrane Anaesthesia Review Group review of Drugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in adults after ...
Postoperative nausea and vomiting are uncomfortable for patients, can prolong hospitalization, and can lead to more serious ... A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2441-51. ... Apfel CC, Kranke P, Eberhart LH, Roos A, Roewer N. Comparison of predictive models for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br J ... Prediction of postoperative nausea and vomiting using an artificial neural network [in German]. Anaesthesist. 2003;52:1132-8. ...
for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010 Dec;93 Suppl 7:S204-9.. Morinda citrifolia Linn. ... for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.. Prapaitrakool S, Itharat A.. A double-blind, cross-over clinical trial ... The anti-nausea property was evident at a dose of 600 mg (equivalent to 20g of dried noni fruit). (view original abstract at ... 100 patients revealed that ingestion of noni fruit extract prior to surgery led to significantly less post-operative nausea. ...
Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) Market Forecast Stresses on Growth during 2018 to 2026. Published: Mon Apr 15 2019 ... The global post-operative nausea and vomiting market has been segmented based on treatment type, distribution channel, and ... Looking at the current market trends as well as the promising demand status of the Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) ... This report studies the current as well as future prospects of the global post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) market. ...
Ramosetron vs granisetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. ... Ramosetron vs granisetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.. Author(s ... PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of ramosetron with granisetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) ...
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common issue, affecting up to 40% of patients despite prophylactic measures based ... Summary of "Olanzapine as an add-on, pre-operative anti-emetic drug for postoperative nausea or vomiting: a randomised ... Olanzapine as an add-on, pre-operative anti-emetic drug for postoperative nausea or vomiting: a randomised controlled trial. ... Isolated nausea and vomiting in the first 24 hours were also significantly lower in the olanzapine group (10% vs. 53.7%, p= ...
This double-blind clinical trial assessed the incidence of nausea and vomiting after cataract surgery with intravenous ... Metoclopramide plus dexamethasone combination significantly decreased nausea and vomiting both in the recovery room and 24 ... The incidence of nausea in the recovery room was 44% with placebo, 20% with metoclopramide, 16% with dexamethasone and 8% with ... The incidence of vomiting was 20%, 4%, 4% and 0% respectively in the 4 groups. ...
The global postoperative nausea and vomiting (ponv) treatment market size is experiencing a noticeable compound annual growth ... The postoperative nausea and vomiting (ponv) treatment market report offers a primary overview of the postoperative nausea and ... Key Questions Answered by Global Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) Treatment Market Report. The global postoperative ... The global postoperative nausea and vomiting (ponv) treatment market is expected to witness a significant CAGR of X.X% during ...
... of OFA by using esketamine in intraoperative analgesia could minimize the side effects of postoperative nausea and vomiting ( ... vomiting and/or retching in the postoperative period. Nausea and vomiting scales are also used to grade PONV severity [19]. The ... Chen, Hy., Meng, Xy., Gao, H. et al. Esketamine-based opioid-free anaesthesia alleviates postoperative nausea and vomiting in ... Apfel CC, Lr E, Koivuranta M, Greim CA, Roewer N. A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting. ...
... a common antiemetic used for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). This chart review looked at patients between the ages of ... from this study is beneficial to anesthesia providers in helping prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting and to ... of all surgery patients experience postoperative nausea and vomiting. These percentages could affect more than one million ... Granisetron Effectiveness on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting and the Need for Rescue Antiemetics ...
THE NARCOTIC AS A FACTOR IN POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING John D. Steele, M.D. John D. Steele, M.D. ... Supplemental Oxygen Reduces the Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Anesthesiology (November 1999) ... A Simplified Risk Score for Predicting Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting : Conclusions from Cross-validations between Two ... Difference in Risk Factors for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Anesthesiology (January 2003) ...
... 2/20/2019 ... This article below is a great summary for you in learning how best to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting. ... Many patients after any type of surgery will describe having nausea and sometimes experience vomiting in the recovery room or ... A combination of pain medication and anesthesia triggers much of this sensation of nausea leading to vomiting. ...
Are some patients pre-disposed to post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV)? A study published in the July issue of ... The purpose of the research was determining if patients inherit post-operative nausea and vomiting. While previous findings ...
... one third will suffer postoperative nausea, vomiting, or both (PONV). Patients often rate PONV as worse than postoperative pain ... A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. The New England Journal of M ... Intravenous Amisulpride for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: Two Concurrent, Randomized, Double-blind, ... www.empr.com/home/news/barhemsys-approved-for-postoperative-nausea-and-vomiting/. ...
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting:. The recommended dosage is 16 mg given as two 8-mg ondansetron tablets USP or two 8-mg ... Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting:. The adverse events in Table 7 have been reported in ≥5% of patients receiving ondansetron ... Table 7. Frequency of Adverse Events From Controlled Studies With Ondansetron Tablets (Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting) ... Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting:. Surgical patients who received ondansetron 1 hour before the induction of general balanced ...
"Management of Post-operative Nausea & Vomiting Using ERAS Protocol". Event Navigation. *« On-Demand: "An Integrated Approach to ... Recognize medications used in the pharmacologic management of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and indications for use ... Recognize the various pharmacologic options indicated for the management of post-operative nausea and vomiting. ... especially in the control of postoperative nausea/vomiting (PONV). In 2020, the International Anesthesia Research Society ...
14.2 Radiation-Induced Nausea and Vomiting 14.3 Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 17 ... prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. *prevention of nausea and vomiting ... Table 4: Most Common Adverse Reactions in Adults* for the Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting * Reported in greater ... Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting The most common adverse reactions reported in adults in trial(s) of prevention ...
... nausea-VAS; where 0 cm = no nausea and 10 cm = worst possible nausea) at postoperative 2, 6, and 24 h. Vomiting was assessed by ... Postoperative nausea and vomiting are strongly influenced by postoperative opioid use in a dose-related manner. Anesth Analg ... Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a distressing adverse effect that may result in postoperative complications ... Although the use of postoperative opioids is a well-known risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), few studies ...
Control of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common problem encountered in the ... Rahman MH, Beattie J. Post-operative nausea and vomiting. Pharm J. 2004 Nov. 273:786-8. ... Postoperative Management. Pain management. Pain is a common issue in the evaluation of the postoperative patient. [35, 36, 37, ... Gastric distention can also cause nausea, and the index of suspicion should be high for this condition, especially if the ...
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is another distressing development after a surgical procedure. The vomiting center, or ... Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Its etiology, treatment, and prevention. Anesthesiology. 1992 Jul. 77 (1):162-84. [QxMD ... All of these factors ultimately lead to postoperative ileus, thus resulting in nausea, vomiting, distention, and absolute ... Pierre S, Whelan R. Nausea and vomiting after surgery. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2013. 13 (1):28-32. [Full Text]. ...
About post-operative nausea & vomiting (PONV). PONV offers Acacia Pharma a rapid, low risk, high value development opportunity ... Acacia Pharma announces excellent Phase II results for APD421 in post-operative nausea & vomiting - Gilde Healthcare. ... Acacia Pharma announces excellent Phase II results for APD421 in post-operative nausea & vomiting ... which Acacia Pharma has repurposed for the completely new use of prevention and treatment of post-operative nausea & vomiting ( ...
Post-operative nausea and vomiting: update on predicting the probability and ways to minimize its occurrence, with focus on ... Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are major complications after general anesthesia. Although various pathways are ... Comparison of post-operative nausea and vomiting with intravenous versus inhalational anesthesia in laparotomic abdominal ... 2. P.S. Glass, P.F. White Practice guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting: past, present, and ...
Outcomes included postoperative nausea, vomiting, and a composite of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the recovery room. ... of patients and nausea in an additional 12.4%. A composite of nausea and vomiting occurred in 95 patients (15.5%). On ... A history of PONV (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.24-4.05, P = .007) was independently associated with a composite of nausea and vomiting in ... AIM: Our objective was to examine the incidence and risk factors for nausea and vomiting in the recovery room. METHODS: ...
Prevention Of Postoperative Nausea And/Or Vomiting. ZOFRAN Injection is indicated for the prevention of postoperative nausea ... Therapeutic Response in Prevention of Further Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Pediatric Patients Aged 2 to 12 Years. ... Therapeutic Response in Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Pediatric Patients Aged 2 to 12 Years. ... Table 9. Therapeutic Response in Prevention of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Adult Patients. ...
Postoperative Nausea/Vomiting. 20 mg IV; may repeat. ICU Patient. Initiation: 0.005 mg/kg/min IV for at least 5 min; titrate to ...
There is an increased prevalence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing intra-abdominal and ... The severity of nausea was recorded using the visual analogue scale (0-100) where zero indicates no nausea and 100 indicates ... The use of aromatherapy via inhalation for the treatment of PONV has been shown to eliminate nausea in up to 85% of patients. ... Up to 24 hours after recovery, patients were instructed to document their episodes of nausea, severity at onset and severity 30 ...
Agarwal A, Bose N, Gaur A, Singh U, Gupta MK, Singh D. Acupressure and ondansetron for postoperative nausea and vomiting after ... A pilot randomised controlled trial of chlorpromazine to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. W McKay, E Surtie, M Al- ... Postoperative nausea and vomiting: its etiology, treatment, and prevention. Anesthesiology 1992; 77:162 (Table 7).. 3. Peroutka ... Apfel CC, Roewer N, Korttila K. How to study postoperative nausea and vomiting. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002; 46: 921-8.. 21. ...
Comment on: "Impacts of intrathecal fentanyl on the incidence of postoperative nausea/vomiting". Sethuraman, Raghuraman M.; ...
Dexamethasone for the treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting: A randomised dose finding trial. Eur J ...
  • Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is the phenomenon of nausea, vomiting, or retching experienced by a patient in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) or within 24 hours following a surgical procedure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several neurotransmitters are known, such as histamine, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and the more recently discovered neurokinin-1 (substance P). A 2008 study compared 121 Japanese patients who experienced PONV after being given the general anesthetic propofol to 790 people who were free of postoperative nausea after receiving it. (wikipedia.org)
  • Patient factors that confer increased risk for PONV include female gender, obesity, age less than 16 years, past history of motion sickness or chemotherapy-induced nausea, high levels of preoperative anxiety, and patients with history of PONV. (wikipedia.org)
  • Female gender - Non-smoking - History of PONV or motion sickness - Expectant use of postoperative opioid medications Treatment options to prevent PONV include medications such as antiemetics (for example, ondansetron or dexamethasone) or other drugs including tropisetron, dolasetron, cyclizine, and granisetron. (wikipedia.org)
  • Looking at the current market trends as well as the promising demand status of the ' Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) Market ', it can be projected that the future years will bring out positive outcomes. (clickpress.com)
  • This report studies the current as well as future prospects of the global post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) market. (clickpress.com)
  • The section also provides overall information and data analysis of the global post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) market with respect to the leading market segments based on treatment type, distribution channel, and region. (clickpress.com)
  • Based on distribution channel, the global post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) market has been divided into hospital pharmacies, online pharmacies, and retail pharmacies and drug stores. (clickpress.com)
  • Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common issue, affecting up to 40% of patients despite prophylactic measures based on risk factors and guidelines. (apsf.org)
  • Secondary outcomes included nausea/vomiting incidence at various time points and severe PONV according to the Clinically Important PONV Intensity Scale. (apsf.org)
  • The global postoperative nausea and vomiting (ponv) treatment market is expected to witness a significant CAGR of X.X% during the forecast period from 2023 to 2030. (researchcorridor.com)
  • The global postoperative nausea and vomiting (ponv) treatment market report provides a comprehensive understanding of the industry being analyzed. (researchcorridor.com)
  • The postoperative nausea and vomiting (ponv) treatment market report offers a primary overview of the postoperative nausea and vomiting (ponv) treatment industry covering different product definitions, classifications, and participants in the industry chain structure. (researchcorridor.com)
  • The global postoperative nausea and vomiting (ponv) treatment market report examines the market dynamics, trends, and opportunities across major regions, including North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa (MEA). (researchcorridor.com)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate whether the application of OFA by using esketamine in intraoperative analgesia could minimize the side effects of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), as well as other short-term side effects related to anaesthesia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One common side effect of opioids is postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), which contributes to a delay in oral intake and mobilization with a prolonged hospital length of stay or unexpected hospital readmissions [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to look at the effectiveness of low dose granisetron, a common antiemetic used for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). (und.edu)
  • Are some patients pre-disposed to post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV)? (somniaanesthesiaservices.com)
  • Patients often rate PONV as worse than postoperative pain. (anesthesiologydfw.com)
  • Subjects were eligible for inclusion if they were at least 18 years of age, had given written, informed consent, had at least two of the four Apfel risk factors for PONV (history of PONV or motion sickness, habitual nonsmoking status, female sex, and expectation of receiving postoperative opioids for analgesia), and were scheduled to undergo any elective surgery during general anesthesia (3). (anesthesiologydfw.com)
  • The primary endpoint was the composite measure complete response (CR), defined as no episodes of emesis (vomiting or retching) and no use of rescue medication in the first 24 hours after wound closure, the opposite of which was defined as PONV (3). (anesthesiologydfw.com)
  • A consistent relative risk reduction (RRR) of around 20% was seen in respect of the composite PONV measure, as well as for emesis, nausea, and requirement for rescue medication individually (3) The predominantly antinausea efficacy for amisulpride may offer potentially important benefits in the clinical management of PONV. (anesthesiologydfw.com)
  • Droperidol was formerly considered by experts to be the drug of choice in PONV prophylaxis, because of its general efficacy and particular benefit in respect of nausea. (anesthesiologydfw.com)
  • After the development of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols in 2001, various ERAS protocols for a variety of surgical specialties have emerged with many recent updates, especially in the control of postoperative nausea/vomiting (PONV). (healthtrustpg.com)
  • Recognize medications used in the pharmacologic management of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and indications for use. (healthtrustpg.com)
  • Although the use of postoperative opioids is a well-known risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), few studies have been performed on the effects of intraoperative opioids on PONV. (ekja.org)
  • However, there were no significant differences in the incidence of PONV between Groups C and R. The overall incidences of PONV for postoperative 24 h were 49%, 73%, and 59% in Groups C, F, and R, respectively (P = 0.008). (ekja.org)
  • Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a distressing adverse effect that may result in postoperative complications including bleeding, wound dehiscence, aspiration pneumonitis, and fluid and electrolyte imbalances [ 1 ]. (ekja.org)
  • Among the risk factors of PONV, the use of postoperative opioids is one of the four major risk factors in the simplified risk scoring system devised by Apfel et al. (ekja.org)
  • 6 ]. The use of postoperative opioids strongly affects the incidence of PONV in a doserelated manner [ 7 ]. (ekja.org)
  • In the Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia Consensus Guidelines for the management of PONV, one of the strategies for reducing the baseline risk factors of PONV is the minimization of intraoperative and postoperative opioid use [ 5 ]. (ekja.org)
  • Most anesthesiologists prefer shortacting opioids such as remifentanil or fentanyl rather than longacting opioids for this purpose because long-acting opioids may cause postoperative adverse effects including respiratory depression, PONV, urinary retention, and pruritus. (ekja.org)
  • Although a number of clinical reports have identified the use of postoperative opioids as one of the major risk factors of PONV, few studies have been performed that focus on the effects of intraoperative opioid use on the incidence and severity of PONV [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. (ekja.org)
  • Cambridge, UK - Acacia Pharma announces positive results from its Phase II study of APD421, in the prevention of post-operative nausea & vomiting (PONV). (gildehealthcare.com)
  • The study showed that APD421 significantly reduced the incidence of nausea and vomiting compared to placebo in adult surgical patients at moderate-to-high risk of suffering PONV. (gildehealthcare.com)
  • The primary endpoint was protection against PONV, defined as no vomiting or retching and no requirement for anti-emetic rescue medication in the first 24 hours after surgery. (gildehealthcare.com)
  • Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are major complications after general anesthesia. (bjan-sba.org)
  • A history of PONV (OR 2.24, 95% CI 1.24-4.05, P = .007) was independently associated with a composite of nausea and vomiting in the recovery room. (beaumont.org)
  • There is an increased prevalence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing intra-abdominal and gynecologic surgeries. (pcom.edu)
  • The use of aromatherapy via inhalation for the treatment of PONV has been shown to eliminate nausea in up to 85% of patients. (pcom.edu)
  • PURPOSE: Safety and efficacy of a small dose of chlorpromazine to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) was studied to enable design of a larger trial. (ispub.com)
  • METHODS: A double-blind randomised controlled trial was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital comparing chlorpromazine 10mg IV at anesthetic induction to saline with primary outcome prevention of PONV (defined as nausea and/or vomiting and/or retching at any time) in laparoscopic surgery, and secondary outcomes cardiac and other side effects. (ispub.com)
  • This study was a pilot exploration of safety, efficacy, problems, side effects, and ease of use, of chlorpromazine (CPZ) in the operating room for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). (ispub.com)
  • PONV during the first 24 hours post-operatively was recorded as emetic episodes (episodes of vomiting or retching) and incidence of nausea. (ispub.com)
  • CPZ, a phenothiazine drug, has a pharmacologic profile that suggests that it might be useful in prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). (ispub.com)
  • The primary outcome hypothesis was that the incidence of PONV, defined as any report of nausea or vomiting during the first 24 hours after surgery, will be different between subjects given 10mg of CPZ IV and those given saline placebo IV at the onset of anesthesia for laparoscopic surgery. (ispub.com)
  • P6 acupuncture in adults is reported to be an effective preventive treatment for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). (silverchair.com)
  • The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) was evaluated in postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and 24 h after surgery. (silverchair.com)
  • POSTOPERATIVE nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common problem in patients undergoing general anesthesia and surgery. (silverchair.com)
  • A recent meta-analysis that evaluated the effectiveness of acupuncture as a preventive treatment for PONV in adults indicated that P6 acupuncture and related techniques are effective in decreasing the incidence of nausea and vomiting related to surgery. (silverchair.com)
  • PURPOSE: Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) are common problem in patients undergoing breast surgery and incidence are increased in patients with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia(IV PCA). (ajou.ac.kr)
  • The incidence of PONV, the need for rescue antiemetics, adverse events, nausea severity scores and vomiting severity score were analyzed for 0 to 1 hour and 1 to 24 hours postoperative peroids. (ajou.ac.kr)
  • 수술 후의 오심 및 구토(postoperative nausea and vomiting, PONV)는 환자에게 많은 고통과 불만을 초래하며 환자는 불쾌감과 고통을 겪게 된다. (ajou.ac.kr)
  • 10. Jeyabalan S, Thampi SM, Karuppusami R, Samuel K. Comparing the efficacy of aprepitant and ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV): A double blinded, randomised control trial in patients undergoing breast and thyroid surgeries. (rjptonline.org)
  • Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) for up to 24 hours following surgery. (tevausa.com)
  • Glucocorticoids have direct antiemetic effects and can reduce need for postoperative opioids. (wikipedia.org)
  • The surgeon estimates that the procedure will take 90 minutes, and predicts that she will require postoperative opioids for pain relief. (aafp.org)
  • In addition to postoperative analgesia, opioids have often been used to reduce the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation or to blunt surgical stimulation during anesthesia management. (ekja.org)
  • Postoperative nausea and vomiting are uncomfortable for patients, can prolong hospitalization, and can lead to more serious complications, including aspiration pneumonia. (aafp.org)
  • Postoperative nausea and vomiting are common complications of anaesthesia. (who.int)
  • In both studies, there was a significant reduction in the length of hospital stay in the ERAS group with no increase in postoperative complications. (medscape.com)
  • Nausea and vomiting are frequent complications of anesthesia post-operatively. (pcom.edu)
  • Proper perioperative management helps to prevent or minimize complications, to reduce postoperative pain, and to accelerate recovery. (medscape.com)
  • This double-blind clinical trial assessed the incidence of nausea and vomiting after cataract surgery with intravenous anaesthesia in 100 patients randomly assigned to preinduction placebo (saline), metoclopramide (10 mg), dexamethasone (8 mg) or the 2 drugs combined. (who.int)
  • The incidence of nausea in the recovery room was 44% with placebo, 20% with metoclopramide, 16% with dexamethasone and 8% with the combination. (who.int)
  • Incidence of nausea in the PACU was significantly lower in the acupoint group as compared with the sham point group (32% vs. 56%, P = 0.029) and P6 sham group (32% vs. 64%, P = 0.002) but not as compared with the droperidol group (32% vs. 46%, P = ns). (silverchair.com)
  • The patient has no history of postoperative nausea and vomiting because she has never been under general anesthesia, but she is somewhat susceptible to motion sickness. (aafp.org)
  • It's believed to aid digestion and is often used to relieve nausea associated with motion sickness and pregnancy. (kroger.com)
  • Whether due to a hangover , motion sickness , or an illness, nausea and vomiting may be treated at home with a few universal remedies. (healthline.com)
  • OTC antihistamines , or H1 blockers, such as dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) and meclizine (Bonine, Travel-Ease) are other types of antiemetics that may help stop vomiting caused by motion sickness. (healthline.com)
  • You refer to a recent study that recommends 4 mg of dexamethasone and 4 mg of ondansetron for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting, and recommend that she receive these antiemetics intraoperatively. (aafp.org)
  • for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. (noniresearch.org)
  • Ramosetron vs granisetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (druglib.com)
  • The drug is administered as a single intravenous dose infused over 1-2 minutes at the time of induction of anesthesia (for prevention) or in the event of nausea and/or vomiting after a surgical procedure (for treatment) (2). (anesthesiologydfw.com)
  • prevention of radiation-induced nausea and vomiting (greater than or equal to 2%) are: headache, constipation, and diarrhea. (nih.gov)
  • prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (greater than or equal to 9%) are: headache and hypoxia. (nih.gov)
  • ZOFRAN® Injection is indicated for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including high-dose cisplatin [see Clinical Studies ]. (globalrph.com)
  • 2. Jacob R, Aswathy AB, Sivadas A. Prospective Randomized case control study of Oral Aprepitant for the prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (CINV). (rjptonline.org)
  • Comments: Multi-day, single-dose administration of 24 mg orally for HEC has not been studied Common side effects of taking Zofran ODT for the prevention of nausea and vomiting caused by radiation are: Headache. (seagullindia.com)
  • Evaluation of three risk scores to predict postoperative nausea and vomiting Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. (bjan-sba.org)
  • Fasting guidelines often restrict the intake of any oral fluid 2-6 hours preoperatively, but in a large retrospective analysis in Torbay Hospital, unrestricted clear oral fluids until transfer to theatre could significantly reduce the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting without an increased risk in the adverse outcomes for which such conservative guidance exists. (wikipedia.org)
  • A number of subspecialties have started implementing ERAS in their patients and have shown improved postoperative outcomes. (medscape.com)
  • Outcomes included postoperative nausea, vomiting, and a composite of postoperative nausea and vomiting in the recovery room. (beaumont.org)
  • Anesthetic strategies to prevent vomiting include using regional anesthesia whenever possible and avoiding medications that cause vomiting. (wikipedia.org)
  • The information from this study is beneficial to anesthesia providers in helping prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting and to nursing professionals in helping improve patient outcome and satisfaction following open cholecystectomy and abdominal hysterectomy surgery. (und.edu)
  • A combination of pain medication and anesthesia triggers much of this sensation of nausea leading to vomiting. (doctorandrewwu.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Postoperative nausea and vomiting remains a significant concern for patients undergoing general anesthesia for percutaneous radiofrequency catheter ablation and cryoablation for tachyarrhythmias. (beaumont.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS: A shorter anesthetic time and a subhypnotic propofol infusion were predictive of a lower rate of postoperative vomiting in patients undergoing general anesthesia for electrophysiologic ablation procedures. (beaumont.org)
  • The recommended adult intravenous dosage of ZOFRAN is 4 mg undiluted administered intravenously in not less than 30 seconds, preferably over 2 to 5 minutes, immediately before induction of anesthesia, or postoperatively if the patient did not receive prophylactic antiemetics and experiences nausea and/or vomiting occurring within 2 hours after surgery. (globalrph.com)
  • The components of ERAS may be broadly divided into preadmission, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases, each of which includes various distinct components (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative components of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS). (medscape.com)
  • In contrast to other studies that used limited intra- and postoperative care elements, the authors maximized the use of ERAS care elements in the study population, including the preoperative components whenever feasible and most of the intraoperative and postoperative components. (medscape.com)
  • Which patients are likely to experience postoperative nausea and vomiting? (aafp.org)
  • Accurately predicting which patients are at risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting can help physicians decide when to recommend prophylactic antiemetics. (aafp.org)
  • A review found three predictive scores for postoperative nausea and vomiting and attempted to validate them in 1,444 patients. (aafp.org)
  • A double-blind, cross-over clinical trial with 100 patients revealed that ingestion of noni fruit extract prior to surgery led to significantly less post-operative nausea. (noniresearch.org)
  • Patients with cancer, a history of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and undergoing medium or major surgery were included. (apsf.org)
  • Patients in the olanzapine group had lower nausea and vomiting incidence between 0-6 hours and 0-24 hours postoperatively. (apsf.org)
  • Cette étude clinique en double aveugle évaluait l'incidence des nausées et des vomissements après une chirurgie de la cataracte avec anesthésie par voie intraveineuse chez 100 patients auxquels un placebo (eau saline), du métoclopramide (10 mg), de la dexaméthasone (8 mg) ou les deux médicaments associés avaient été administrés de manière randomisée avant l'opération. (who.int)
  • L'association du métoclopramide et de la dexaméthasone a considérablement réduit les nausées et vomissements, non seulement en salle de réveil mais également dans les 24 heures qui suivent, et est recommandée pour les groupes à haut risque, notamment pour les patients opérés en ambulatoire. (who.int)
  • An estimated 20-30% of all surgery patients experience postoperative nausea and vomiting. (und.edu)
  • Many patients after any type of surgery will describe having nausea and sometimes experience vomiting in the recovery room or experience this for several days after surgery. (doctorandrewwu.com)
  • The purpose of the research was determining if patients inherit post-operative nausea and vomiting. (somniaanesthesiaservices.com)
  • nausea and vomiting associated with radiotherapy in patients receiving either total body irradiation, single high-dose fraction to the abdomen, or daily fractions to the abdomen. (nih.gov)
  • Vomiting and especially nausea remain a major problem for patients after surgical operations, despite the availability of a number of approved anti-emetics. (gildehealthcare.com)
  • As with other antiemetics, routine prophylaxis is not recommended for patients in whom there is little expectation that nausea and/or vomiting will occur postoperatively. (globalrph.com)
  • In patients in whom nausea and/or vomiting must be avoided postoperatively, ZOFRAN Injection is recommended even when the incidence of postoperative nausea and/or vomiting is low. (globalrph.com)
  • For patients who do not receive prophylactic ZOFRAN Injection and experience nausea and/or vomiting postoperatively, ZOFRAN Injection may be given to prevent further episodes [see Clinical Studies ]. (globalrph.com)
  • Patients have reported perceived effectiveness and favorable improvement with the use of aromatherapy for post-operative nausea. (pcom.edu)
  • Up to 24 hours after recovery, patients were instructed to document their episodes of nausea, severity at onset and severity 30 minutes after pod use. (pcom.edu)
  • Several studies have documented the inability of nurses, physicians, and parents/guardians to correctly identify and treat pain, even in postoperative pediatric patients. (nysora.com)
  • Lung protective mechanical ventilation significantly improved intraoperative pulmonary oxygenation function and pulmonary compliance in patients experiencing various abdominal laparoscopic surgeries, but it could not ameliorate early postoperative atelectasis and oxygenation function on the first day after surgery. (springer.com)
  • Patients undergoing surgery or chemotherapy often experience nausea and vomiting. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Olanzapine, primarily an antipsychotic drug, has been used for nausea/vomiting in palliative care and chemotherapy settings. (apsf.org)
  • In clinical trials, the most common adverse reactions in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in adults (incidence ≥ 5%) were headache and constipation. (tevausa.com)
  • Metoclopramide plus dexamethasone combination significantly decreased nausea and vomiting both in the recovery room and 24 hours afterwards and is recommended for high-risk groups, especially in outpatient surgeries. (who.int)
  • Dexamethasone for the treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting: A randomised dose finding trial. (amedeo.com)
  • This study reviewed the efficacy of a single prophylactic dose of dexamethasone on postoperative nausea or vomiting. (atlantis-press.com)
  • Increasing the IV fluids during surgery by giving additional fluid while the person is under general anaesthesia may reduce the risk of nausea/vomiting after surgery. (wikipedia.org)
  • Who Is at Risk for Postdischarge Nausea and Vomiting after Ambulatory Surgery? (asahq.org)
  • Postoperative nausea and vomiting following orthognathic surgery Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. (bjan-sba.org)
  • Post-operative nausea and vomiting: update on predicting the probability and ways to minimize its occurrence, with focus on ambulatory surgery Int J Surg. (bjan-sba.org)
  • It was hypothesized that nabilone, an oral cannabinoid synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol analogue, decreases morphine consumption, pain scores, nausea and vomiting following major surgery. (nih.gov)
  • It is also given to prevent nausea and vomiting up to 24 hours after surgery. (tevausa.com)
  • Applying a plaster containing capsicum to specific points on the hand and forearm reduces nausea and vomiting after surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The effect of neostigmine and atropine combination on postoperative nausea and vomiting after arthroscopic surgery]. (bvsalud.org)
  • nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of moderately emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. (nih.gov)
  • CPZ has been used extensively in cancer chemotherapy to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting. (ispub.com)
  • Palonosetron hydrochloride injection-in a class of medications called 5-HT 3 receptor antagonists-is used in adults to prevent nausea and vomiting that may occur as a result of receiving cancer chemotherapy with a moderate or high risk of causing nausea and vomiting. (tevausa.com)
  • The incidence and severity of nausea were also significantly reduced. (gildehealthcare.com)
  • The severity of nausea was recorded using the visual analogue scale (0-100) where zero indicates no nausea and 100 indicates unbearable nausea. (pcom.edu)
  • There were no significant differences between groups with respect to episodes of nausea and vomiting, quality of sleep, sedation, euphoria, pruritus, or the number and severity of adverse events. (nih.gov)
  • The anti-nausea property was evident at a dose of 600 mg (equivalent to 20g of dried noni fruit). (noniresearch.org)
  • Zofran is also available in an IV formulation induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) must not exceed8mg(infused over at least 15 minutes). (seagullindia.com)
  • The perioperative period extends from the preoperative day through the operation and into the postoperative recovery. (medscape.com)
  • What causes nausea? (healthline.com)
  • Nausea and Vomiting During Early Pregnancy Pregnancy frequently causes nausea and vomiting. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The most common adverse reactions in postoperative nausea and vomiting (incidence ≥ 2%) were QT prolongation, bradycardia, headache, and constipation. (tevausa.com)
  • Also, you should have your child lay on their side to minimize the chance of them inhaling vomit into their airways. (healthline.com)
  • Grigio TR, Timmerman H, Martins JVB, Slullitel A, Wolff AP, Sousa AM. Olanzapine as an add-on, pre-operative anti-emetic drug for postoperative nausea or vomiting: a randomised controlled trial. (apsf.org)
  • A Randomized Control Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Dry Ginger Powder on Management of Nausea and Vomiting Among Antenatal Mothers Attending Selected Urban Health Centres of Belgaum, Karnataka - One Group Pretest Post Test Pre Experimental Study. (rjptonline.org)
  • On multivariable analysis, a subhypnotic propofol infusion (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.23-0.88, P = .019) and shorter anesthetic duration (OR 0.81 per 30 minutes, 95% CI 0.70-0.94, P = .006) were independently associated with less vomiting in the recovery room. (beaumont.org)
  • Unless you know the exact cause of vomiting, you should avoid taking medications without talking with a doctor first. (healthline.com)
  • Over-the-counter (OTC) medications such as antiemetics may sometimes be used to stop upset stomach, nausea, and vomiting. (healthline.com)
  • OTC medications for nausea can include Pepto-Bismol and Kaopectate, which contain bismuth subsalicylate. (healthline.com)
  • These medications help protect the stomach lining and reduce vomiting caused by food poisoning . (healthline.com)
  • Acacia Pharma has generated a pipeline of product opportunities addressing a range of supportive care indications such as nausea & vomiting, xerostomia (dry mouth) and cachexia (muscle wasting) using a commercially driven approach to product discovery based on known drugs. (gildehealthcare.com)
  • Postoperative myocardial infarction (MI) and angina have a peak incidence during the first 3 postoperative days but may occur for up to 5 days. (medscape.com)
  • May relieve nausea during pregnancy, when used in divided doses. (kroger.com)
  • There are some high quality trials that support the use of acupuncture for some types of pain and nausea, but there are also high quality trials that contradict this conclusion. (dcscience.net)
  • Recognize the various pharmacologic options indicated for the management of post-operative nausea and vomiting. (healthtrustpg.com)
  • What is the patient's risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting? (aafp.org)
  • AIM: Our objective was to examine the incidence and risk factors for nausea and vomiting in the recovery room. (beaumont.org)
  • L'incidence des nausées en salle de réveil était de 44 % avec le placebo, 20 % avec le métoclopramide, 16 % avec la dexaméthasone et 8 % avec l'association des deux médicaments. (who.int)
  • This article below is a great summary for you in learning how best to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting. (doctorandrewwu.com)
  • The global post-operative nausea and vomiting market has been segmented based on treatment type, distribution channel, and region. (clickpress.com)
  • Read on for ways to stop vomiting and nausea as well as signs for when it may be best to see a doctor for further treatment. (healthline.com)
  • Vomiting in children is commonly caused by viral illnesses and doesn't necessarily require medical treatment unless the vomiting is severe. (healthline.com)
  • Further treatment for vomiting will depend on the underlying cause. (healthline.com)
  • But vomiting that lasts a long time or occurs with severe symptoms may be an emergency. (healthline.com)
  • Supports pregnancy-induced and postoperative nausea and vomiting. (kroger.com)
  • Scientific studies suggest ginger is effective for pregnancy-related nausea and postoperative nausea and vomiting, but not for nausea caused by chemotherapy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ginger is relatively safe and may be effective for pregnancy-related nausea and postoperative nausea and vomiting. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Isolated nausea and vomiting in the first 24 hours were also significantly lower in the olanzapine group (10% vs. 53.7%, p=0.002). (apsf.org)
  • Similarly, subjects in the acupoint group had a significantly lower incidence of vomiting in the PACU as compared with the sham point group (12% vs. 33%, P = 0.026) and P6 sham group (12% vs. 31%, P = 0.029) but not as compared with the droperidol group (12% vs. 18%, P = ns). (silverchair.com)
  • The primary endpoints were the changes in the ratio of PaO 2 to FiO 2 (P/F). The secondary endpoints were the differences between the two groups in PaO 2 , alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (A-aO 2 ), intraoperative pulmonary mechanics and the incidence of atelectasis detected on chest x-ray on the first postoperative day. (springer.com)