CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).
A human infant born before 37 weeks of GESTATION.
An infant during the first month after birth.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR before term (TERM BIRTH) but usually after the FETUS has become viable. In humans, it occurs sometime during the 29th through 38th week of PREGNANCY. TOCOLYSIS inhibits premature labor and can prevent the BIRTH of premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE).
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
An infant having a birth weight of 2500 gm. (5.5 lb.) or less but INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT is available for infants having a birth weight of 1500 grams (3.3 lb.) or less.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
Malformations of organs or body parts during development in utero.
Premature expulsion of the FETUS in animals.
'Infant, Premature, Diseases' refers to health conditions or abnormalities that specifically affect babies born before 37 weeks of gestation, often resulting from their immature organ systems and increased vulnerability due to preterm birth.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
A chronic lung disease developed after OXYGEN INHALATION THERAPY or mechanical ventilation (VENTILATION, MECHANICAL) usually occurring in certain premature infants (INFANT, PREMATURE) or newborn infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, NEWBORN). Histologically, it is characterized by the unusual abnormalities of the bronchioles, such as METAPLASIA, decrease in alveolar number, and formation of CYSTS.
Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.
Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.
Postnatal deaths from BIRTH to 365 days after birth in a given population. Postneonatal mortality represents deaths between 28 days and 365 days after birth (as defined by National Center for Health Statistics). Neonatal mortality represents deaths from birth to 27 days after birth.
An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
The number of births in a given population per year or other unit of time.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
The sequence in which children are born into the family.
Official certifications by a physician recording the individual's birth date, place of birth, parentage and other required identifying data which are filed with the local registrar of vital statistics.
The lengths of intervals between births to women in the population.
Mechanical or anoxic trauma incurred by the infant during labor or delivery.
The offspring in multiple pregnancies (PREGNANCY, MULTIPLE): TWINS; TRIPLETS; QUADRUPLETS; QUINTUPLETS; etc.
The age of the mother in PREGNANCY.
Delivery of the FETUS and PLACENTA under the care of an obstetrician or a health worker. Obstetric deliveries may involve physical, psychological, medical, or surgical interventions.
Delivery of an infant through the vagina in a female who has had a prior cesarean section.
The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

Maternal exposure to low-level air pollution and pregnancy outcomes: a population-based study. (1/1489)

BACKGROUND: Recent reports have shown that air pollution may increase the risk of adverse birth outcomes. We have evaluated the relationship between ambient air pollution and the occurrence of low birth weight and preterm delivery using routinely collected data in Lithuania. METHODS: This epidemiological study comprised all singleton newborns (N = 3,988), born to women in 1998, who resided in the City of Kaunas. Birth data and information on maternal characteristics were obtained from the Lithuanian National Birth Register. To estimate residential exposure levels, we used measurements of ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde, which were collected at 12 monitoring posts. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the effect that each pollutant would have on low birth weight (LBW) and premature birth while controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Adjusted odds ratios (OR) for LBW increased with increasing formaldehyde exposure (OR2nd tertile = 1.86, 95% CI 1.10-3.16; OR3rd tertile = 1.84, 95% CI 1.12-3.03). Adjusted ORs of preterm birth for the medium and high NO2 tertile exposures were OR = 1.14 (95% CI 0.77-1.68) and OR = 1.68 (95% CI 1.15-2.46), respectively. The risk of preterm birth increased by 25% (adjusted OR = 1.25, 95% CI 1.07-1.46) per 10 microg/m3 increase in NO2 concentrations. An analysis by trimester showed that pregnancy outcomes were associated with first-trimester exposure to air pollutants. However, there were no significant relationships in other pregnancy periods between preterm birth and exposure to formaldehyde or between LBW and NO2 exposure. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that in the City of Kaunas there might be a relationship between maternal exposure to ambient formaldehyde and the risk of LBW, as well as between NO2 exposure and the risk of preterm birth.  (+info)

A candidate gene association study on preterm delivery: application of high-throughput genotyping technology and advanced statistical methods. (2/1489)

Preterm delivery (PTD) is the leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity worldwide. The etiology of PTD is largely unknown but is believed to be complex, encompassing multiple genetic and environmental determinants. To date, reports of genetic studies on PTD are sparse. We conducted a large-scale case-control study exploring the associations of 426 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with PTD in 300 mothers with PTD and 458 mothers with term deliveries at the Boston Medical Center. Twenty-five candidate genes were included in the final haplotype analysis, and a significant association of F5 gene haplotype with PTD was revealed and remained significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (P=0.025). We applied different statistical algorithms (both Gibbs sampling and expectation-maximization) in reconstructing haplotype phases and different tests (both likelihood ratio test and permutation test) in association analyses, and all yielded similar results. We also performed exploratory ethnicity-specific analyses, which confirmed the consistent findings of the F5 gene across the ethnic groups. Moreover, IL1R2 (P=0.002 in Blacks), NOS2A (P<0.001 in Whites) and OPRM1 (P=0.004 in Hispanics) gene haplotypes were associated with PTD in specific ethnic groups but not at global significance level. In summary, our results underscore the potentially important role of F5 gene variants in the pathogenesis of PTD, and demonstrate the utility of high-throughput genotyping and a haplotype-based approach in dissecting genetic basis of complex traits.  (+info)

Relation of cervical length at 22-24 weeks of gestation to demographic characteristics and obstetric history. (3/1489)

Preterm delivery is the main cause of neonatal death and ultrasonographic cervical assessment has been shown to be more accurate than digital examination in recognizing a short cervix. This is a cross-sectional study, involving 1131 women at 22-24 weeks of pregnancy, designed to determine the distribution of cervical length and to examine which variables of demographic characteristics and obstetric history increase the risk of a short cervix (15 mm or less). The distribution of maternal demographic and obstetric history characteristics among patients with cervical length pound 15 mm was analyzed and compared to the findings for the general population. Risk ratios (RR) between subgroups were generated from this comparison. Median cervical length was 37 mm and in 1.5% of cases it was 15 mm or less. The proportion of women with a short cervix (< or =15 mm) was significantly higher among patients with a low body mass index (RR = 3.5) and in those with previous fetal losses between 16-23 weeks (RR = 33.1) or spontaneous preterm deliveries between 24-32 weeks (RR = 14.1). We suggest that transvaginal sonographic measurement of cervical length be performed as part of a routine midtrimester ultrasound evaluation. There are specific variables of demographic characteristics and obstetric history which increase the risk of detecting a short cervix at 22-24 weeks.  (+info)

Nonnutritive swallowing and respiration relationships in preterm lambs. (4/1489)

The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the different states of alertness on 1) nonnutritive swallowing (NNS) frequency, 2) the relationship between NNS and the respiratory cycle, and 3) the association of NNS with spontaneous apneas. Recordings of sleep states, diaphragm and laryngeal constrictor electrical activity, nasal flow, electrocardiogram, respiratory inductance plethysmography, and pulse oximetry were obtained from six preterm lambs without sedation. Analysis of 2,468 NNS showed that 1) NNS frequency was higher during quiet wakefulness and active sleep (AS) than in quiet sleep; 2) in all states of alertness, a greater number of NNS (38%) were preceded and followed by an inspiration; 3) although NNS and central apneas were rarely coincidental, AS appeared to favor their association; and 4) most obstructive apneas occurred in AS and were coincidental with bursts of NNS. Compared with results in full-term lambs, premature birth does not modify the NNS-respiratory coordination. However, AS in preterm lambs is characterized by a higher association of NNS bursts with obstructive apneas.  (+info)

Oxygen-sensitive Kv channel gene transfer confers oxygen responsiveness to preterm rabbit and remodeled human ductus arteriosus: implications for infants with patent ductus arteriosus. (5/1489)

BACKGROUND: Oxygen (O2)-sensitive K+ channels mediate acute O2 sensing in many tissues. At birth, initial functional closure of the ductus arteriosus (DA) results from O2-induced vasoconstriction. This mechanism often fails in premature infants, resulting in persistent DA, a common form of congenital heart disease. We hypothesized that the basis for impaired O2 constriction in preterm DA is reduced expression and function of O2-sensitive, voltage-gated (Kv) channels. METHODS AND RESULTS: Preterm rabbit DA rings have reduced O2 constriction (even after inhibition of prostaglandin and nitric oxide synthases), and preterm DA smooth muscle cells (DASMCs) display reduced O2-sensitive K+ current. This is associated with decreased mRNA and protein expression of certain O2-sensitive Kv channels (Kv1.5 and Kv2.1) but equivalent expression of the L-type calcium channel. Transmural Kv1.5 or Kv2.1 gene transfer "rescues" the developmental deficiency, conferring O2 responsiveness to preterm rabbit DAs. Targeted SMC Kv1.5 gene transfer also enhances O2 constriction in human DAs. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate a central role for developmentally regulated DASMC O2-sensitive Kv channels in the functional closure of the DA. Modulation of Kv channels may have therapeutic potential in diseases associated with impaired O2 responsiveness, including persistent DA.  (+info)

Lung volumes and alveolar expansion pattern in immature rabbits treated with serum-diluted surfactant. (6/1489)

In acute respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation often induces alveolar overdistension aggravating the primary insult. To examine the mechanism of overdistension, surfactant-deficient immature rabbits were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium, and their lungs were treated with serum-diluted modified natural surfactant (porcine lung extract; 2 mg/ml, 10 ml/kg). By mechanical ventilation with a peak inspiration pressure of 22.5 cm H2O, the animals had a tidal volume of 14.7 ml/kg (mean), when 2.5 cm H2O positive end-expiratory pressure was added. This volume was similar to that in animals treated with nondiluted modified natural surfactant (24 mg/ml in Ringer solution, 10 ml/kg). However, the lungs fixed at 10 cm H2O on the deflation limbs of the pressure-volume curve had the largest alveolar/alveolar duct profiles (> or =48,000 microm2), accounting for 38% of the terminal air spaces, and the smallest (<6,000 microm2), accounting for 31%. These values were higher than those in animals treated with nondiluted modified natural surfactant (P <0.05). We conclude that administration of serum-diluted surfactant to immature neonatal lungs leads to patchy overdistension of terminal air spaces, similar to the expansion pattern that may be seen after dilution of endogenous surfactant with proteinaceous edema fluid in acute respiratory distress syndrome.  (+info)

Jail incarceration and birth outcomes. (7/1489)

This study examined the relationships between jail incarceration during pregnancy and infant birth weight, preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction. We used multivariate regression analyses to compare outcomes for 496 births to women who were in jail for part of pregnancy with 4,960 Medicaid-funded births as matched community controls. After adjusting for potential confounding variables, the relationship between jail incarceration and birth outcomes was modified by maternal age. Relative to controls, women incarcerated during pregnancy had progressively higher odds of low birth weight and preterm birth through age 39 years; conversely, jail detainees older than 39 years were less likely than controls to experience low birth weight or preterm birth. For women in jail at all ages, postrelease maternity case management was associated with decreased odds of low birth weight, whereas prenatal care was associated with decreased odds of preterm birth. Local jails are important sites for public health intervention. Efforts to ensure that all pregnant women released from jail have access to enhanced prenatal health services may improve perinatal outcomes for this group of particularly vulnerable women and infants.  (+info)

Paternal occupational exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and birth outcomes of offspring: birth weight, preterm delivery, and birth defects. (8/1489)

Agent Orange is a phenoxy herbicide that was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). We studied pregnancy outcomes among wives of male chemical workers who were highly exposed to chemicals contaminated with TCDD and among wives of nonexposed neighborhood referents. For exposed pregnancies, we estimated serum TCDD concentration at the time of conception using a pharmacokinetic model. The mean TCDD concentration for workers' births was 254 pg/g lipid (range, 3-16,340 pg/g). The mean referent concentration of 6 pg/g was assigned to pregnancies fathered by workers before exposure. A total of 1,117 live singleton births of 217 referent wives and 176 worker wives were included. Only full-term births were included in the birth weight analysis (greater than or equal to 37 weeks of gestation). Mean birth weight among full-term babies was similar among referents' babies (n = 604), preexposure workers' babies (n = 221), and exposed workers' babies (n = 292) (3,420, 3,347, and 3,442 g, respectively). Neither continuous nor categorical TCDD concentration had an effect on birth weight for term infants after adjustment for infant sex, mother's education, parity, prenatal cigarette smoking, and gestation length. An analysis to estimate potential direct exposure of the wives during periods of workers' exposure yielded a nonstatistically significant increase in infant birth weight of 130 g in the highest exposure group (TCDD concentration > 254 pg/g) compared with referents (p = 0.09). Mothers' reports of preterm delivery showed a somewhat protective association with paternal TCDD (log) concentration (odds ratio = 0.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.6-1.1). We also include descriptive information on reported birth defects. Because the estimated TCDD concentrations in this population were much higher than in other studies, the results indicate that TCDD is unlikely to increase the risk of low birth weight or preterm delivery through a paternal mechanism. Key words: birth defects, birth weight, congenital anomalies, dioxin, occupation, paternal exposure, preterm birth, TCDD.  (+info)

A premature birth is defined as the delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation. This can occur spontaneously or as a result of medical intervention due to maternal or fetal complications. Premature babies, also known as preemies, may face various health challenges depending on how early they are born and their weight at birth. These challenges can include respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, issues with feeding and digestion, developmental delays, and vision problems. With advancements in medical care and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), many premature babies survive and go on to lead healthy lives.

A premature infant is a baby born before 37 weeks of gestation. They may face various health challenges because their organs are not fully developed. The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications. Prematurity can lead to short-term and long-term health issues, such as respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, infections, hearing problems, vision problems, developmental delays, and cerebral palsy. Intensive medical care and support are often necessary for premature infants to ensure their survival and optimal growth and development.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Premature obstetric labor, also known as preterm labor, is defined as regular contractions leading to cervical changes that begin before 37 weeks of gestation. This condition can result in premature birth and potentially complications for the newborn, depending on how early the delivery occurs. It's important to note that premature labor requires medical attention and intervention to try to stop or delay it, if possible, to allow for further fetal development.

Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.

Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).

Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.

Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams). It's often defined as a birth weight of 2,499 grams or less. This can be further categorized into very low birth weight (less than 1,500 grams) and extremely low birth weight (less than 1,000 grams). Low birth weight is most commonly caused by premature birth, but it can also be caused by growth restriction in the womb. These babies are at risk for numerous health complications, both in the short and long term.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

Congenital abnormalities, also known as birth defects, are structural or functional anomalies that are present at birth. These abnormalities can develop at any point during fetal development, and they can affect any part of the body. They can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both.

Congenital abnormalities can range from mild to severe and may include structural defects such as heart defects, neural tube defects, and cleft lip and palate, as well as functional defects such as intellectual disabilities and sensory impairments. Some congenital abnormalities may be visible at birth, while others may not become apparent until later in life.

In some cases, congenital abnormalities may be detected through prenatal testing, such as ultrasound or amniocentesis. In other cases, they may not be diagnosed until after the baby is born. Treatment for congenital abnormalities varies depending on the type and severity of the defect, and may include surgery, therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.

I. Definition:

An abortion in a veterinary context refers to the intentional or unintentional termination of pregnancy in a non-human animal before the fetus is capable of surviving outside of the uterus. This can occur spontaneously (known as a miscarriage) or be induced through medical intervention (induced abortion).

II. Common Causes:

Spontaneous abortions may result from genetic defects, hormonal imbalances, infections, exposure to toxins, trauma, or other maternal health issues. Induced abortions are typically performed for population control, humane reasons (such as preventing the birth of a severely deformed or non-viable fetus), or when the pregnancy poses a risk to the mother's health.

III. Methods:

Veterinarians may use various methods to induce abortion depending on the species, stage of gestation, and reason for the procedure. These can include administering drugs that stimulate uterine contractions (such as prostaglandins), physically removing the fetus through surgery (dilation and curettage or hysterectomy), or using techniques specific to certain animal species (e.g., intrauterine infusion of hypertonic saline in equids).

IV. Ethical Considerations:

The ethics surrounding veterinary abortions are complex and multifaceted, often involving considerations related to animal welfare, conservation, population management, and human-animal relationships. Veterinarians must weigh these factors carefully when deciding whether to perform an abortion and which method to use. In some cases, legal regulations may also influence the decision-making process.

V. Conclusion:

Abortion in veterinary medicine is a medical intervention that can be used to address various clinical scenarios, ranging from unintentional pregnancy loss to deliberate termination of pregnancy for humane or population control reasons. Ethical considerations play a significant role in the decision-making process surrounding veterinary abortions, and veterinarians must carefully evaluate each situation on a case-by-case basis.

A "premature infant" is a newborn delivered before 37 weeks of gestation. They are at greater risk for various health complications and medical conditions compared to full-term infants, due to their immature organ systems and lower birth weight. Some common diseases and health issues that premature infants may face include:

1. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): A lung disorder caused by the lack of surfactant, a substance that helps keep the lungs inflated. Premature infants, especially those born before 34 weeks, are at higher risk for RDS.
2. Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH): Bleeding in the brain's ventricles, which can lead to developmental delays or neurological issues. The risk of IVH is inversely proportional to gestational age, meaning that the earlier the infant is born, the higher the risk.
3. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC): A gastrointestinal disease where the intestinal tissue becomes inflamed and can die. Premature infants are at greater risk for NEC due to their immature digestive systems.
4. Jaundice: A yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by an accumulation of bilirubin, a waste product from broken-down red blood cells. Premature infants may have higher rates of jaundice due to their liver's immaturity.
5. Infections: Premature infants are more susceptible to infections because of their underdeveloped immune systems. Common sources of infection include the mother's genital tract, bloodstream, or hospital environment.
6. Anemia: A condition characterized by a low red blood cell count or insufficient hemoglobin. Premature infants may develop anemia due to frequent blood sampling, rapid growth, or inadequate erythropoietin production.
7. Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP): An eye disorder affecting premature infants, where abnormal blood vessel growth occurs in the retina. Severe ROP can lead to vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly.
8. Developmental Delays: Premature infants are at risk for developmental delays due to their immature nervous systems and environmental factors such as sensory deprivation or separation from parents.
9. Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA): A congenital heart defect where the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects two major arteries in the fetal heart, fails to close after birth. Premature infants are at higher risk for PDA due to their immature cardiovascular systems.
10. Hypothermia: Premature infants have difficulty maintaining body temperature and are at risk for hypothermia, which can lead to increased metabolic demands, poor feeding, and infection.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that primarily affects premature infants. It is defined as the need for supplemental oxygen at 28 days of life or beyond, due to abnormal development and injury to the lungs.

The condition was first described in the 1960s, following the introduction of mechanical ventilation and high concentrations of oxygen therapy for premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). These treatments, while lifesaving, can also cause damage to the delicate lung tissue, leading to BPD.

The pathogenesis of BPD is complex and involves an interplay between genetic factors, prenatal exposures, and postnatal injury from mechanical ventilation and oxygen toxicity. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired lung development contribute to the development of BPD.

Infants with BPD typically have abnormalities in their airways, alveoli (air sacs), and blood vessels in the lungs. These changes can lead to symptoms such as difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, and poor growth. Treatment may include oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, diuretics, and other medications to support lung function and minimize complications.

The prognosis for infants with BPD varies depending on the severity of the disease and associated medical conditions. While some infants recover completely, others may have long-term respiratory problems that require ongoing management.

Fetal death, also known as stillbirth or intrauterine fetal demise, is defined as the death of a fetus at 20 weeks of gestation or later. The criteria for defining fetal death may vary slightly by country and jurisdiction, but in general, it refers to the loss of a pregnancy after the point at which the fetus is considered viable outside the womb.

Fetal death can occur for a variety of reasons, including chromosomal abnormalities, placental problems, maternal health conditions, infections, and umbilical cord accidents. In some cases, the cause of fetal death may remain unknown.

The diagnosis of fetal death is typically made through ultrasound or other imaging tests, which can confirm the absence of a heartbeat or movement in the fetus. Once fetal death has been diagnosed, medical professionals will work with the parents to determine the best course of action for managing the pregnancy and delivering the fetus. This may involve waiting for labor to begin naturally, inducing labor, or performing a cesarean delivery.

Experiencing a fetal death can be a very difficult and emotional experience for parents, and it is important for them to receive supportive care from their healthcare providers, family members, and friends. Grief counseling and support groups may also be helpful in coping with the loss.

Spontaneous abortion, also known as miscarriage, is the unintentional expulsion of a nonviable fetus from the uterus before the 20th week of gestation. It is a common complication of early pregnancy, with most miscarriages occurring during the first trimester. Spontaneous abortion can have various causes, including chromosomal abnormalities, maternal health conditions, infections, hormonal imbalances, and structural issues of the uterus or cervix. In many cases, the exact cause may remain unknown.

The symptoms of spontaneous abortion can vary but often include vaginal bleeding, which may range from light spotting to heavy bleeding; abdominal pain or cramping; and the passing of tissue or clots from the vagina. While some miscarriages occur suddenly and are immediately noticeable, others may progress slowly over several days or even weeks.

In medical practice, healthcare providers often use specific terminology to describe different stages and types of spontaneous abortion. For example:

* Threatened abortion: Vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy, but the cervix remains closed, and there is no evidence of fetal demise or passing of tissue.
* Inevitable abortion: Vaginal bleeding with an open cervix, indicating that a miscarriage is imminent or already in progress.
* Incomplete abortion: The expulsion of some but not all products of conception from the uterus, requiring medical intervention to remove any remaining tissue.
* Complete abortion: The successful passage of all products of conception from the uterus, often confirmed through an ultrasound or pelvic examination.
* Missed abortion: The death of a fetus in the uterus without any expulsion of the products of conception, which may be discovered during routine prenatal care.
* Septic abortion: A rare and life-threatening complication of spontaneous abortion characterized by infection of the products of conception and the surrounding tissues, requiring prompt medical attention and antibiotic treatment.

Healthcare providers typically monitor patients who experience a spontaneous abortion to ensure that all products of conception have been expelled and that there are no complications, such as infection or excessive bleeding. In some cases, medication or surgical intervention may be necessary to remove any remaining tissue or address other issues related to the miscarriage. Counseling and support services are often available for individuals and couples who experience a spontaneous abortion, as they may face emotional challenges and concerns about future pregnancies.

Infant Mortality is the death of a baby before their first birthday. The infant mortality rate is typically expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births. This is a key indicator of the overall health of a population and is often used to measure the well-being of children in a society.

Infant mortality can be further categorized into neonatal mortality (death within the first 28 days of life) and postneonatal mortality (death after 28 days of life but before one year). The main causes of infant mortality vary by country and region, but generally include premature birth, low birth weight, congenital anomalies, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and infectious diseases.

Reducing infant mortality is a major public health goal for many countries, and efforts to improve maternal and child health, access to quality healthcare, and socioeconomic conditions are crucial in achieving this goal.

Small for Gestational Age (SGA) is a term used in pediatrics to describe newborn infants who are smaller in size than expected for the number of weeks they have been in the womb. It is typically defined as a baby whose weight is below the 10th percentile for its gestational age. SGA can be further classified into two categories: constitutionally small (also known as physiologically small) and pathologically small. Constitutionally small infants are those who are genetically predisposed to being smaller, while pathologically small infants have a growth restriction due to factors such as placental insufficiency, maternal hypertension, or chromosomal abnormalities.

It is important to note that SGA is not the same as premature birth. Premature babies are those born before 37 weeks of gestation, regardless of their size. However, a baby can be both premature and SGA.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS), Newborn is a common lung disorder in premature infants. It occurs when the lungs lack a substance called surfactant, which helps keep the tiny air sacs in the lungs open. This results in difficulty breathing and oxygenation, causing symptoms such as rapid, shallow breathing, grunting noises, flaring of the nostrils, and retractions (the skin between the ribs pulls in with each breath). RDS is more common in infants born before 34 weeks of gestation and is treated with surfactant replacement therapy, oxygen support, and mechanical ventilation if necessary. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia or even death.

"Newborn animals" refers to the very young offspring of animals that have recently been born. In medical terminology, newborns are often referred to as "neonates," and they are classified as such from birth until about 28 days of age. During this time period, newborn animals are particularly vulnerable and require close monitoring and care to ensure their survival and healthy development.

The specific needs of newborn animals can vary widely depending on the species, but generally, they require warmth, nutrition, hydration, and protection from harm. In many cases, newborns are unable to regulate their own body temperature or feed themselves, so they rely heavily on their mothers for care and support.

In medical settings, newborn animals may be examined and treated by veterinarians to ensure that they are healthy and receiving the care they need. This can include providing medical interventions such as feeding tubes, antibiotics, or other treatments as needed to address any health issues that arise. Overall, the care and support of newborn animals is an important aspect of animal medicine and conservation efforts.

The birth rate is the number of live births that occur in a population during a specific period, usually calculated as the number of live births per 1,000 people per year. It is an important demographic indicator used to measure the growth or decline of a population over time. A higher birth rate indicates a younger population and faster population growth, while a lower birth rate suggests an older population and slower growth.

The birth rate can be affected by various factors, including socioeconomic conditions, cultural attitudes towards childbearing, access to healthcare services, and government policies related to family planning and reproductive health. It is also influenced by the age structure of the population, as women in their reproductive years (typically ages 15-49) are more likely to give birth.

It's worth noting that while the birth rate is an important indicator of population growth, it does not provide a complete picture of fertility rates or demographic trends. Other measures, such as the total fertility rate (TFR), which estimates the average number of children a woman would have during her reproductive years, are also used to analyze fertility patterns and population dynamics.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Birth order is a term that refers to the sequence in which a person is born in their family, specifically in relation to their siblings. It is used in psychology and sociology to describe the various personality traits, behaviors, and developmental milestones that have been associated with being the firstborn, middle child, youngest child, or an only child.

For example, some studies suggest that firstborn children tend to be more responsible, achievement-oriented, and socially dominant than their younger siblings, while later-born children may be more easygoing, adventurous, and rebellious. However, it's important to note that these patterns are not universal and can be influenced by a variety of factors, including family size, spacing between siblings, gender, parenting style, and individual temperament.

Overall, birth order is just one factor among many that contribute to a person's development and identity, and should not be used as a definitive predictor of their traits or behaviors.

A birth certificate is an official document that serves as legal proof of a person's birth and provides important information about the individual, including their full name, date and place of birth, sex, parents' names, and other identifying details. In medical terms, a birth certificate may be used to establish a patient's identity, age, and other relevant demographic information.

Birth certificates are typically issued by the government agency responsible for vital records in the jurisdiction where the individual was born, such as a state or county health department. They are considered legal documents and are often required for various purposes, such as enrolling in school, applying for a passport, or obtaining government benefits.

It is important to note that birth certificates may be amended or corrected if there are errors or discrepancies in the information they contain. In some cases, individuals may also need to obtain certified copies of their birth certificate from the appropriate government agency in order to provide proof of their identity or other personal information.

Birth intervals refer to the length of time between the birth of one child and the conception of the next child. It is the duration from the delivery of one baby to the initiation of the pregnancy that results in another birth. This interval is an essential measure in reproductive health, as it can impact the health and well-being of both the mother and the children.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a minimum birth interval of 24 months between pregnancies to reduce the risk of adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Shorter birth intervals are associated with increased risks for preterm birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age, and neonatal mortality. Additionally, short birth intervals can also negatively affect the mother's health, increasing the risk of maternal depletion syndrome, which may lead to nutritional deficiencies, anemia, and fatigue.

Birth intervals are influenced by various factors, including cultural norms, socioeconomic status, access to family planning services, and individual preferences. Encouraging longer birth intervals through improved access to family planning resources and education can contribute to better maternal and child health outcomes.

Birth injuries refer to damages or injuries that a baby suffers during the birthing process. These injuries can result from various factors, such as mechanical forces during delivery, medical negligence, or complications during pregnancy or labor. Some common examples of birth injuries include:

1. Brachial plexus injuries: Damage to the nerves that control movement and feeling in the arms and hands, often caused by excessive pulling or stretching during delivery.
2. Cephalohematoma: A collection of blood between the skull and the periosteum (the membrane covering the bone), usually caused by trauma during delivery.
3. Caput succedaneum: Swelling of the soft tissues of the baby's scalp, often resulting from pressure on the head during labor and delivery.
4. Fractures: Broken bones, such as a clavicle or skull fracture, can occur due to mechanical forces during delivery.
5. Intracranial hemorrhage: Bleeding in or around the brain, which can result from trauma during delivery or complications like high blood pressure in the mother.
6. Perinatal asphyxia: A lack of oxygen supply to the baby before, during, or immediately after birth, which can lead to brain damage and other health issues.
7. Subconjunctival hemorrhage: Bleeding under the conjunctiva (the clear membrane covering the eye), often caused by pressure on the head during delivery.
8. Spinal cord injuries: Damage to the spinal cord, which can result in paralysis or other neurological issues, may occur due to excessive force during delivery or medical negligence.

It's important to note that some birth injuries are unavoidable and may not be a result of medical malpractice. However, if a healthcare provider fails to provide the standard of care expected during pregnancy, labor, or delivery, they may be held liable for any resulting injuries.

Medical definitions of "Multiple Birth Offspring" refer to two or more children born to the same mother during one single pregnancy and childbirth. The most common forms of multiple birth offspring are twins (two babies), triplets (three babies), quadruplets (four babies), and so on.

The occurrence of multiple birth offspring is influenced by several factors, including genetics, maternal age, the use of fertility treatments, and other medical conditions. Multiple birth offspring may be identical (monozygotic) or fraternal (dizygotic), depending on whether they developed from a single fertilized egg or from separate eggs.

Multiple birth offspring often face unique health challenges, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental delays, due to the limited space and resources available in the womb. As a result, they may require specialized medical care and attention both during and after pregnancy.

Maternal age is a term used to describe the age of a woman at the time she becomes pregnant or gives birth. It is often used in medical and epidemiological contexts to discuss the potential risks, complications, and outcomes associated with pregnancy and childbirth at different stages of a woman's reproductive years.

Advanced maternal age typically refers to women who become pregnant or give birth at 35 years of age or older. This group faces an increased risk for certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, and other pregnancy-related complications, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and cesarean delivery.

On the other end of the spectrum, adolescent pregnancies (those that occur in women under 20 years old) also come with their own set of potential risks and complications, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and anemia.

It's important to note that while maternal age can influence pregnancy outcomes, many other factors – including genetics, lifestyle choices, and access to quality healthcare – can also play a significant role in determining the health of both mother and baby during pregnancy and childbirth.

"Delivery, Obstetric" is a medical term that refers to the process of giving birth to a baby. It involves the passage of the fetus through the mother's vagina or via Caesarean section (C-section), which is a surgical procedure.

The obstetric delivery process typically includes three stages:

1. The first stage begins with the onset of labor and ends when the cervix is fully dilated.
2. The second stage starts with full dilation of the cervix and ends with the birth of the baby.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta, which is the organ that provides oxygen and nutrients to the developing fetus during pregnancy.

Obstetric delivery requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby. Various interventions and techniques may be used during the delivery process to facilitate a safe and successful outcome, including the use of medications, assisted delivery with forceps or vacuum extraction, and C-section.

Vaginal Birth after Cesarean (VBAC) is a medical term used to describe a woman's successful childbirth through the vagina after she has previously given birth via cesarean section. The process involves the mother going into labor naturally or being induced, and delivering the baby through the birth canal. VBAC is often pursued as a means to avoid the risks associated with repeat cesarean deliveries, such as infection, blood loss, and surgical complications. However, it's important to note that VBAC carries its own set of risks, including uterine rupture, which can be life-threatening for both mother and baby. As a result, careful consideration and consultation with healthcare providers are necessary before making a decision about attempting a VBAC.

In medical terms, parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth to a viable fetus, usually defined as a pregnancy that reaches at least 20 weeks' gestation. It is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to describe a woman's childbearing history and to assess potential risks associated with childbirth.

Parity is typically categorized as follows:

* Nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus.
* Primiparous: A woman who has given birth to one viable fetus.
* Multiparous: A woman who has given birth to more than one viable fetus.

In some cases, parity may also consider the number of pregnancies that resulted in stillbirths or miscarriages, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that parity does not necessarily reflect the total number of pregnancies a woman has had, only those that resulted in viable births.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Baby (20 August 2014). "Fatherhood: Premature Birth". Baby Magazine. Retrieved 29 December 2020. Sports TV Guide, Listings, ... 1980 births, All stub articles, British television biography stubs). ...
Coslovich, Gabriella (14 December 2004). "ACMI's premature birth". The Age. Retrieved 28 February 2015. Veski Archived 4 ...
Coslovich, Gabriella (14 December 2004). "ACMI's premature birth". The Age. Retrieved 28 February 2015. LinkedIn John Smithies ... 1954 births, Australian curators, Living people, Monash University alumni, People from Melbourne, University of Tasmania alumni ...
"Big Earthquakes Cause Premature Births". Wired. Retrieved 12 November 2015. Lundy, Karen Saucier; Janes, Sharyn (2010). ... In utero exposure to Ramadan fasting has a negative effect on male birth rate causing a skewed sex ratio for total births. When ... The effects on exposed males and females is drastically different where the male birth rate drops by 26% the female birth rate ... Even job-related stress has been found to be associated with low birth weight and preterm birth. Working long hours, having ...
Filipinos are also an ethnic group that is a risk factor for premature births and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or "Lou ... "Premature Birth Fact Sheet" (PDF). Honolulu, HI: Hawai'i Department of Health, Family Health Services Division. Majounie E, ... ISBN 978-0-8147-9691-7. "Preterm birth by Filipino women linked to genetic mutational change". Hayes D, Shor R, Pieron P, ...
Premature birth may be traumatic. Emotional difficulties in coping with the pain of childbirth can also cause psychological ... Goutaudier N, Lopez A, Séjourné N, Denis A, Chabrol H (September 2011). "Premature birth: subjective and psychological ... Ford E, Ayers S (December 2011). "Support during birth interacts with prior trauma and birth intervention to predict postnatal ... However, even normal birth can be traumatic, and thus PTSD is diagnosed based on symptoms of the mother and not whether or not ...
... , also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age, as opposed to full ... which can eventually lead to premature birth. Adult chronic disease is not always the case with premature birth in Black women ... which makes the main factor of premature birth challenging to identify. Filipinos are also at high risk of premature birth, and ... In many countries, rates of premature births have increased between the 1990s and 2010s. Complications from preterm births ...
After completing her habilitation on premature birth in 1999, Čigriejienė became a full professor at the newly named Kaunas ... "Priešlaikinis gimdymas: habilitacijai" [Premature Birth: For Habilitation]. Research Information Systems - CRIS (in Lithuanian ... ISBN 978-9986-811-70-1. Čigriejienė, V. M. (1998). Priešlaikinis gimdymas [Premature Birth] (in Lithuanian). Kaunas, Lithuania ... Although against terminations as a method of birth control or for non-medical reasons, she recognized that without legal safe ...
... affecting premature births.: 492 Weber-Christian disease, a symmetrical form of the disease of unknown origin occurring in ...
"Developing a new test to identify women at risk of premature birth". Borne - research to prevent premature birth. Retrieved 27 ... "EQUIPTT - testing an app to calculate risk of premature birth". Tommys. Retrieved 28 May 2021. Carlisle, N; Watson, H A; Seed, ... the vagina during pregnancy is an area of particular interest that may lead to tests to screen for the risk of premature birth ... The way in which the microbiome of the gut develops in infants after birth, and whether this can be related to health is ...
"Dixon speaks about premature child birth". Speedcafe. 30 September 2011. Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. ... 1980 births, 24 Hours of Daytona drivers, 24 Hours of Le Mans drivers, American Le Mans Series drivers, Champ Car drivers, ... All Gold Coast 600 as Shane van Gisbergen's co-driver at Stone Brothers Racing's was cancelled because his wife gave birth to ...
Low birth weight, part B, ch. 3. Premature birth, part B, ch. 3 (Evidence of the causal link is described only as "suggestive" ... by the US Surgeon General in his 2006 report.) Laws limiting smoking decrease premature births. Stillbirth and congenital ... Secondhand smoke causes premature death and disease in children and in adults who do not smoke IARC 2004 "There is sufficient ... In France, exposure to secondhand smoke has been estimated to cause between 3,000 and 5,000 premature deaths per year, with the ...
After knowing of this, a pregnant Mary divorced from Straker, but had ("Confetti Check A-OK!") a premature birth due to shock. ...
... authentic caul births are even more rare than indicated by the raw statistic. Most en-caul births are premature.[citation ... Birth with a caul is rare, occurring in fewer than 1 in 80,000 births. This statistic includes en-caul births, which occur more ... Birth with a caul is rare, occurring in less than 1 in 80,000 births. The caul is harmless and is immediately removed by the ... An en-caul birth is different from a caul birth in that the infant is born inside the entire amniotic sac (instead of just a ...
... the name refers to his premature birth. Eleutherios ("the liberator") was an epithet for both Dionysus and Eros. Other forms of ... Apollonian and Dionysian The Birth of Tragedy by Friedrich Nietzsche Cult (religious practice) Theatre of Dionysus Thiasus, or ...
Davis, Dána-Ain (2019). Reproductive Injustice: Racism, Pregnancy, and Premature Birth. New York: New York University Press. " ... The setting where a woman gives birth is another significant factor in determining the outcome of the birth. Specifically, non- ... As of 2021, the estimated national maternal mortality rate in the United States is about 32.9 per 100,000 live births--but it ... PRMR is the number of pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births. Many states do not report maternal mortality data by ...
Davis, Dána-Ain (2019-06-25). Reproductive Injustice: Racism, Pregnancy, and Premature Birth. NYU Press. ISBN 978-1-4798-1660-6 ... The figures put the maternal mortality rate at 32.9 deaths per 100,000 live births - or about one death per 3,000 births. The ... Neonatal adverse outcomes from IPV include low birth weight and preterm birth, an infant who is small for gestational age and ... out-of-hospital births (such as home births and birthing centers with midwifery assistance) "generally provided a lower risk ...
"New discovery could help prevent preterm birth in at-risk pregnant women". "New blood test may predict premature births". 14 ... "Spontaneous preterm birth and small for gestational age infants in women who stop smoking early in pregnancy: prospective ... "Report finds too little has changed to combat still birth". 21 January 2016. " ... Year of birth missing (living people), University of Auckland alumni). ...
In the first six years of the marriage Harriet gave birth five times. Four of the five births were premature. Only one of their ... The Community's practice of birth control meant that for many years the birthrate was low. Any children born into the community ... 1811 births, 1886 deaths, Abolitionists from Vermont, People from Oneida, New York, People from Brattleboro, Vermont, Founders ...
Premature, or preterm birth (PTB), is defined as birth before a gestational age of 37 weeks, as opposed to full term birth at ... of these births being low birth weights, compared with 7.7% of births being low birth weights for non-smokers. Overall, babies ... "WHO , Preterm birth". Who.int. Retrieved 2013-09-29. McNeil D (May 2, 2012). "U.S. Lags in Global Measure of Premature Births ... premature births, complications during delivery, perinatal asphyxia, and birth injuries. Many of these common causes are ...
Reproductive Injustice: Racism, Pregnancy, and Premature Birth. New York: NYU Press, 2019. ISBN 9781479812271. Feminist ... Year of birth missing (living people), Living people, CUNY Graduate Center alumni, City University of New York faculty, Hunter ...
It is identified after a premature birth has occurred at about 16-18 weeks into the pregnancy. During the second trimester, ... These conditions also may contribute to premature birth. Unlike first-trimester miscarriages, second-trimester miscarriages are ... Emanuela Q (2013). Becoming Parents and Overcoming Obstacles : Understanding the Experience of Miscarriage, Premature Births, ... If birth occurs after this, the infant is granted a certificate that allows women who have given birth to a stillborn child, to ...
The Preventing Preterm Birth initiative focuses on finding new interventions to prevent premature birth and stillbirth by ... "Seattle Children's Sets Up Rare Biobank to Study Premature Birth". Xconomy. 14 March 2012. "New biorepository to help uncover ... "Gates Foundation awards $20M for premature birth research". Puget Sound Business Journal. 7 November 2011. "Every Preemie-SCALE ... catalytic and scalable approaches for expanding uptake of preterm birth and low birth weight interventions in 24 priority ...
The shock causes her to give premature birth; Gen names his new sister Tomoko, so she will grow up to have lots of friends (' ...
Cerebral palsy Premature birth Periventricular leukomalacia Yoon, BH; Romero, R; Yang, SH; Jun, JK; Kim, IO; Choi, JH; Syn, HC ... However, many studies demonstrated a limited role for birth hypoxia in the etiology of cerebral palsy. From 1996, Yoon and his ... He researches in the area of preterm births, intra-amniotic infection or inflammation and fetal damage. For his theoretical and ... He invented MMP-8 bedside test which identifies intra-amniotic infection/inflammation in patients at risk for preterm birth. He ...
Premature birth is associated with a 1.2x to 1.6x increase in all-cause mortality rates during early to mid-adulthood. Those ... The more premature the birth, the smaller and weaker the heart. Preterm fetuses switch from fetal circulation to postnatal ... "Effects of premature birth can reach into adulthood". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2023-05-03. Duke, Joseph W.; Lovering, Andrew T ... Preterm births Low birth weight Perez, Anna; Thiede, Luise; Lüdecke, Daniel; Ebenebe, Chinedu Ulrich; von dem Knesebeck, Olaf; ...
History of premature birth Currently can ambulate independently. No fixed orthopedic deformities that either prevent current ... crawling or walking with or without an assistive device History of premature birth; if born at full term, child must have ... congenital hydrocephalus unrelated to the person's premature birth, a person who has had head trauma, or a person with some ... These situations include those who have had severe meningitis, a congenital (birth-originating) brain infection, ...
"Baby incubators for Ukraine as premature birth rates rise". BBC News. 31 May 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2022. "Jersey continues to ...
"Skewed birth sex ratio and premature mortality in elephants". Animal Reproduction Science. 115 (1-4): 247-254. doi:10.1016/j. ... It may be preferable to relocate young males, who would naturally disperse away from their herds of birth in the wild, as ... The first successful captive birth in North America of an Asian elephant occurred at Oregon Zoo in 1962, while the first ... Without an increase in birth rates or an influx of wild elephants, practitioners fear that captive elephant populations could ...
Additionally, they are linked with premature birth and miscarriage. Aspirin, however, is used together with heparin in pregnant ... While NSAIDs as a class are not direct teratogens, use of NSAIDs in late pregnancy can cause premature closure of the fetal ... Thus, NSAIDs are not recommended during the third trimester of pregnancy because of the increased risk of premature ... "Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during third trimester and the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: a meta- ...
... N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 18;351(21):2179-86. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa042275. ... including 38 with a birth weight that was appropriate for gestational age (above the 10th percentile) and 12 with a birth ... with a birth weight above the 10th percentile). Insulin sensitivity was measured with the use of paired insulin and glucose ... both groups of premature children had a compensatory increase in acute insulin release (appropriate-for-gestational-age group, ...
Cite this: 30% of Cancer Deaths Linked to Smoking; Over-the-Counter Birth Control; and HIV and Premature Aging - Medscape - Aug ... 30% of Cancer Deaths Linked to Smoking; Over-the-Counter Birth Control; and HIV and Premature Aging ... 30% of Cancer Deaths Linked to Smoking; Over-the-Counter Birth Control; and HIV and Premature Aging. ... Important drivers: "Premature aging identified by CVD and hypertension diagnoses implies that either underlying mechanisms of ...
One woman lost two unborn twins and the second gave premature birth to a daughter who suffered severe brain damage. One of the ... One woman lost two unborn twins and the second gave premature birth to a daughter who suffered severe brain damage. ... Tragic Medication Errors Result in Accidental Abortions and Premature Birth. Safety advocates say drug mistakes are still too ... After four hours of extreme abdominal pain and cramping, Sampson gave birth to Traniya, expelling her in a commode after nurses ...
The smoking ban has cut premature births and severe childhood asthma attacks by a tenth, Scottish research has revealed. ...
Air pollution, heat linked to increased risk of premature birth. By Amy Norton, HealthDay News ... In general, low-income women and women of color have the highest rates of preterm birth and low birth weight in the United ... Research suggests heat may contribute to preterm labor or low birth weight by altering blood flow to the placenta, or causing ... Most of the studies looked at newborns risk of being premature or underweight. But a few examined stillbirths, and largely ...
When a baby is born earlier than 37 weeks, its called a preterm or premature birth. Babies who are born early can have health ... Preterm birth cant always be prevented. But you can help lower your chances of going into labor too soon. Heres the best ... Those with a short or weak cervix (the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina) or who have had a premature baby ... It can help lower the chances of going into labor early for women who have had a premature baby before or who have a short ...
But researchers find a hormone -- progesterone -- that significantly lowers rates of early births. Hear NPRs Michele Norris ... Nearly 12 percent of all live births are premature and the newborns at risk for serious medical problems. ... Nearly 12 percent of all live births are premature and the newborns at risk for serious medical problems. But researchers find ... a hormone -- progesterone -- that significantly lowers rates of early births. Hear NPRs Michele Norris and Dr. Paul Meis, ...
I had a premature live birth at 22 weeks in indiana seventeen years ago. I was ... I had a premature live birth at 22 weeks in indiana seventeen years ago. I was told by the physician and hosital staff that it ...
Re: Pre-mature birth? [Re: doCtR_diSCreeT] #592059 - 03/28/02 04:12 PM (21 years, 8 months ago) Edit Reply Quote Quick Reply. ... Pre-mature birth? #591864 - 03/28/02 12:21 PM (21 years, 8 months ago) Edit Reply Quote Quick Reply. ... when to birth? GestaltAssault. 3,231. 11 07/13/03 02:22 PM. by MykeOfile. Is Indirect Light Needed For Primordia To Grow? ... My cakes about ready to birth, but i have a question BlueMeany215. 1,014. 4 01/02/05 05:03 PM. by shirley knott. A question ...
If a mother delivers after less than 37 weeks of pregnancy the child is considered premature. ... Why is the premature birth rate in the United States on the rise?. 380,000 babies are born prematurely in the U.S. each year. ... Findley Kate survived, but the rate of premature births in the U.S. has been on the rise for the past five years. ... To get a more accurate picture of the problem, medical experts recently adjusted the way they determine if a birth is premature ...
New research linking omega-3 fatty acids with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases and premature births is expected to ... omega-3 fatty acids with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases as well as the reduction of dangerous premature births is ... also revealed an 11 percent reduction in preterm births, and a 10 percent reduction in risk of having a low-birthweight baby. ... a new Cochrane Review of 70 studies worldwide found that omega-3 fatty acids reduced dangerous preterm births by 42 percent. ...
Tag Archives: Premature Birth The Beat Goes On Admin at 1:26 pm November 7, 2014. ... Posted in Misc and tagged Premature Birth at 1:26 pm on November 7, 2014. by Admin. ... IPB helped Shauna and Alan through the birth of Odins sister Lily Kate in 2012, who also passed away after being born ... and passed away after six weeks of battling for his life.All proceeds from the song will go toward the Irish Premature Babies ( ...
... and the introduction of special paid parental leave for premature birth. ... and the introduction of special paid parental leave for premature birth.. This additional support for premature birth means if ... "This additional support for premature birth is about helping our people during this challenging time before they start their ... Miracle Babies CEO, Kylie Pussell, said: "Westpac is leading the private sector by introducing premature birth leave and we ...
An Institute of Medicine panel recommends a national effort to reduce these births, which cost the nation $26 billion a year. ... and a quarter to a third of cases of hearing and vision loss at birth are linked to premature birth. ... The study indicates the rate of premature births has been going up year by year, a 30 percent rise over the past 25 years. Now ... Causes of Preterm Births African Americans are by far at highest risk for preterm birth, but, Iams says, contrary to popular ...
7.5 million grant will support a statewide program aimed at decreasing the number of premature deliveries and low birth weight ... 7.5 million grant will support a statewide program aimed at decreasing the number of premature deliveries and low birth weight ... They say the outcomes of the home visitation program include decreased maternal complications in pregnancy, fewer premature ... deliveries, fewer low birth weight babies and a decrease in child abuse and neglect. ...
A premature baby who weighed less than 1kg at birth is to celebrate her first Christmas at home. ... Premature baby who weighed less than 1kg at birth to celebrate first Christmas at home. Comment ...
Tag Archives: Premature Birth. * Infant NEC Wrongful Death Lawsuit Filed Against Similac, Enfamil Baby Formula Makers. January ... Glyphosate Exposure May Increase Risk Of Premature Births, Highlighting Potential Roundup Health Risks. March 26, 2018 By: ... which in large amounts can lead to premature births. ... Premature infants fed Similac or Enfamil cows milk formula ... Makena Recall Urged By Public Citizen Due To Lack of Effectiveness Preventing Preterm Births. October 22, 2019 By: Irvin ...
Premature birth: tackling childrens difficulties with maths at school. Published on 23 January 2015. ... Births in England and Wales 2013. http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/birth-summary-tables--england-and-wa... Website accessed ... "Weve found that teachers often have poor knowledge about the needs of premature children, with many feeling ill-equipped to ... This tool explains the impact preterm birth can have on a childs development and learning and includes practical strategies ...
The subsample was divided into 4 groups defined by birth weight: extremely low birth weight ( ... Researchers from the University of Rhode Island analyzed data for a sample of 69 premature infants and 19 term controls from a ... Other data indicate that male sex and birth weight affect early adult pulmonary function, that participants with the lowest ... Cardiopulmonary outcomes in young adults born prematurely with varying birth weights. Paper to be presented at: European Group ...
... premature infants, punctate white matter lesions (PWML) can be diagnosed at MRI at term equivalent age. ... In about 20% of very low birth weight (VLBW) ... In about 20% of very low birth weight (VLBW) premature infants ... Blood adenosine levels positively correlate to the white matter lesions in very low birth weight premature infants. *Download ... It has been supposed that the brain sensory overstimulation caused by premature birth, together with multi drug exposure ( ...
A series of studies finds that boys are more likely to be born premature, making them susceptible to developing infections, ... Boys At Higher Risk For Premature Birth; Makes Them Susceptible To Disability, Death. Nov 18, 2013 12:06 PM. By ... Although middle-income countries have made progress in terms of premature birth, the risk of disability for babies born at 28 ... because of a preterm birth. Generally, newborn boys are more likely than girls to develop infections, jaundice, birth ...
The CDC says that premature birth is the number one killer of babies and according to CBC News, more than 15 million babies are ... Not only was I born a month and a half premature, but the mom of a little boy who was also born a tad early and I know ... babies and want to stand behind them and the mission of March of Dimes to research and find ways to prevent premature births. ... They also offer resources and support to parents who have birthed babies before they reached full term, like me. ...
Premature babies dont only face physical problems at their birth: They are at a greater risk for mental illness as they become ... Study Finds Link Between Premature Birth And Mental Woes. Brain InjuryStudy Finds Link Between Premature Birth And Mental Woes ... Premature babies dont only face physical problems at their birth: They are at a greater risk for mental illness as they become ... www.nytimes.com/2012/07/03/health/premature-birth-may-raise-risk-for-mental-illness-study-reports.html?ref=science ...
... by British Medical Journal ... Citation: Very premature babies benefit most from corticosteroids before birth (2017, March 28) retrieved 25 September 2023 ... adjusting for factors such as birth weight, sex, mode of delivery and multiple births. The researchers found that exposure to ... medicalxpress.com/news/2017-03-premature-babies-benefit-corticosteroids-birth.html ...
... ranking when it comes its rate of premature births, a ranking only slightly worse than the national… ... Health News Florida premature birth ratepremature birthsMarch of Dimespreterm birth rates ... RELATED: Premature Birth Rates Rise Again, But A Few States Are Turning Things Around ... The March of Dimes Report Card 2019 shows a 25 percent increase over the last decade in the cost of premature births. ...
28 week baby baby born on vacation healthcare Peru pregnancy Premature Babies Premature Birth unique birth stories Unusual Baby ... Premature Baby Texoma Couple Stuck in Peru after Premature Birth of Daughter. January 21, 2015 ... Turners birth was the scariest and most devastating thing Ive ever experienced. The next 10 days were such a blur, but the ... pointing out that the couple has already had to pay for the Cesarean birth as well as the time that Turner has spent in the ...
... the city ranks number one in the country when it comes to babies who are born premature. ... The March of Dimes annual report card found our city has a premature birth rate of 14.9 percent. That is higher than anywhere ... Besides location, there is also racial disparity when it comes to premature births. Across the United States, the March of ... Were working to try and get medications that can decrease premature delivery and to get those to the moms when theyre needed ...
Premature birth following premature rupture of fetal membranes. go back to main search page ... Abnormality of prenatal development or birth. 0. Premature birth. 0. Premature birth following premature rupture of fetal ... Premature rupture of membranes. 0. Premature birth following premature rupture of fetal membranes. 0. ...
Experts say that African-American women are three times more likely to give birth prematurely than white women. Some studies ... or late-stage pregnancy were less likely to give birth prematurely than pregnant women who did not. ...
Melissa Leite pulled off something like the modern mom hat trick, giving birth to twins at the hospital she works in ... Becoming a new mom to premature twins in the thick of COVID has brought with it a wealth of emotions and a wealth of ... Melissa Leite pulled off something like the modern mom hat trick, giving birth to twins at the hospital she works in during a ... A week later, she gave birth prematurely, and the twins spent the next month in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. A time Leite ...
  • Doctors may recommend cerclage (sair-KLAZH) for women who have had premature babies or miscarriages, who have a short cervix, or who have a cervix that begins to open (dilate) too early. (kidshealth.org)
  • Odin was born prematurely in May this year, and passed away after six weeks of battling for his life.All proceeds from the song will go toward the Irish Premature Babies (IPB) charity. (broadsheet.ie)
  • According to the Miracle Babies Foundation, an organisation which supports premature and sick newborns and their families, every year more than 48,000 newborn babies in Australia require the help of a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit or Special Care Nursery. (westpac.com.au)
  • Miracle Babies CEO, Kylie Pussell, said: "Westpac is leading the private sector by introducing premature birth leave and we warmly welcome this initiative. (westpac.com.au)
  • It's so important that parents can be with their premature babies who often require specialised care in their early stages of life, and having employers with supportive leave policies can really help to lessen the burden on families. (westpac.com.au)
  • Now, says Howse, 500,000 births out of 4 million babies a year are affected. (wkar.org)
  • AP) -- Kentucky officials say a new $7.5 million grant will support a statewide program aimed at decreasing the number of premature deliveries and low birth weight babies. (wcpo.com)
  • They say the outcomes of the home visitation program include decreased maternal complications in pregnancy, fewer premature deliveries, fewer low birth weight babies and a decrease in child abuse and neglect. (wcpo.com)
  • Not only was I born a month and a half premature, but the mom of a little boy who was also born a tad early and I know firsthand the importance of the March of Dimes and how fiercely they fight to make sure that all babies have a chance at life. (wnbf.com)
  • They also offer resources and support to parents who have birthed babies before they reached full term, like me. (wnbf.com)
  • The CDC says that premature birth is the number one killer of babies and according to CBC News , more than 15 million babies are born prematurely around the world each year, including 28,000 each year in New York. (wnbf.com)
  • The March of Dimes is looking for people who love babies and want to stand behind them and the mission of March of Dimes to research and find ways to prevent premature births. (wnbf.com)
  • The March for Babies is a great opportunity to walk in support of friends, family, and co-workers who have personal experience with a baby being born early, with a baby with birth defects or who have experienced the loss of a baby. (wnbf.com)
  • Very premature babies seem to benefit the most, even those born at 23 weeks, the findings show. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Babies born early carry a greater risk of death and serious complications after birth such as breathing problems, bleeding into the brain or infection, compared with babies born at term. (medicalxpress.com)
  • However, she points out that that timing is critical to maximising benefits for very premature babies . (medicalxpress.com)
  • Beside the increasing rates of preterm birth, each year, 22,000 babies die in the U.S - two babies an hour. (wusf.org)
  • Prematurity Awareness Month kicks off with bad news for Cleveland: the city ranks number one in the country when it comes to babies who are born premature. (news5cleveland.com)
  • We're working to decrease the number of elective deliveries of early babies born premature. (news5cleveland.com)
  • However, some babies come earlier than expected, and in some instances, their birth can be considered premature. (medlaw1.com)
  • Premature babies are very small and not ready to live outside the womb. (medlaw1.com)
  • It is well recognised that low birth weight babies are at increased risk of vascular and metabolic diseases in later life. (bmj.com)
  • However, recent studies have demonstrated that mothers of low birth weight babies were themselves at increased risk of later ischaemic heart disease. (bmj.com)
  • Students for Life of America and Students for Life Action Applaud President Trump for Holding Out a Helping Hand to Mothers and their Children through paid family leave And Celebrates Special Guest, One of the Youngest Babies to Survive early birth. (studentsforlife.org)
  • Students for Life of America also welcomes Ellie Schneider from Kansas City, Missouri, one of the youngest babies to survive early birth," said Hawkins. (studentsforlife.org)
  • Research has indicated that mothers of very premature babies are more likely to experience depressive symptoms one month following the premature birth of their baby. (cope.org.au)
  • Here, forty per cent of mothers of very premature babies indicated experiencing depressive symptoms. (cope.org.au)
  • While most pregnancies last between 38 and 42 weeks, babies born before the 37-week mark are considered premature. (sciencebasedhealth.com)
  • Furthermore, most babies lose out on vital supplies that the placenta still provides shortly after birth. (birthinjuryguide.org)
  • Premature babies are vulnerable to breathing problems, underdeveloped organs, infections and cerebral palsy . (findmeacure.com)
  • Babies born before 37 weeks of pregnancy are called premature. (marchofdimes.org)
  • Premature babies can have serious health problems at birth and later in life . (marchofdimes.org)
  • Pregnant women with BV may deliver premature (early) or low birth-weight babies. (cdc.gov)
  • Experience of mothers of premature babies from birth to discharge: notes of field journals. (bvsalud.org)
  • To describe the maternal care process mediated by nurses during the period of hospitalisation and discharge of premature babies. (bvsalud.org)
  • This is a descriptive, exploratory, and qualitative study, using the methodological framework of convergent care research , with seven mothers of premature babies admitted to a hospital in southern Brazil , from October to December 2011. (bvsalud.org)
  • Analysis resulted in three categories portraying the path and the adaptation process of the mothers to the care of their premature babies, from preparation for discharge to overcoming her fears and insecurities concerning home care . (bvsalud.org)
  • In pregnant women, iodine deficiency is associated with gestosis, premature birth, miscarriage, or birth of mentally retarded or borderline intellect babies. (who.int)
  • Recent studies on large groups of people in Asia have shown that iodine deficiency in pregnant women is a cause of low-weight babies at birth. (who.int)
  • Many parents of premature infants discover the emotional and financial strains and a lifetime of worry about their children's development. (wkar.org)
  • The current study, the eighth follow-up funded by the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of Nursing Research, is determining cardiac and pulmonary outcomes for preterm infants at age 23 years and how cardiopulmonary health is affected by birth weight, neonatal acuity, sex, and current fitness level. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • Researchers from the University of Rhode Island analyzed data for a sample of 69 premature infants and 19 term controls from a prospectively followed cohort of 213 preterm infants born between 1985 and 1989 at Women and Infants Hospital in Providence. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • Other data indicate that male sex and birth weight affect early adult pulmonary function, that participants with the lowest birth weight had the poorest pulmonary outcomes and higher resting blood pressure values, and that preterm infants with medical and neurologic acuity showed a 24% to 32% increase in acute and chronic health conditions as adolescents. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • In about 20% of very low birth weight (VLBW) premature infants, punctate white matter lesions (PWML) can be diagnosed at MRI at term equivalent age. (news-medical.net)
  • In some VLBW predisposed premature infants a higher adenosine release from unmyelinated axons, typical of an immature brain, may occur. (news-medical.net)
  • 2022) Adenosine Blood Level: A Biomarker of White Matter Damage in Very Low Birth Weight Infants. (news-medical.net)
  • In a linked editorial, Professor Sarah McDonald at McMaster University in Canada agrees that the administration of antenatal corticosteroids to women at risk of early preterm birth "has been one of the most effective interventions to improve premature infants ' outcomes. (medicalxpress.com)
  • If our society does not offer medical care to infants following their birth even during an abortion, our value system is failing. (studentsforlife.org)
  • Enfamil Premature For Premature or Low Birth Weight Infants is a milk-based infant formula that includes docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA). (healthproductsforyou.com)
  • It is designed specifically for feeding rapidly growing premature or low birth-weight infants. (healthproductsforyou.com)
  • This formula is to be used in the hospital to nourish premature infants who are not breastfed. (healthproductsforyou.com)
  • After the questionnaires were evaluated, researchers found that women who gave birth to small for gestational age infants were two times more like to have a heart-related condition later in life. (babymed.com)
  • Since the early 1960s, physicians have been cutting and clamping infants' umbilical cords within seconds after birth. (birthinjuryguide.org)
  • Furthermore, it places infants at risk for a series of birth injuries and health issues. (birthinjuryguide.org)
  • These studies indicated that infants had more than enough blood volume only seconds after birth. (birthinjuryguide.org)
  • In a recently-published study on the timing of umbilical cord cutting, presented by the Cochrane Summaries, evidence suggests that premature cord clamping can lead up to an astounding 50 percent loss of blood cells for infants in fetal distress, and up to 30 percent in normal deliveries with no other problems. (birthinjuryguide.org)
  • The retinopathy in the eye is a natural error affects the premature infants who were born prematurely. (ml-advocates.com)
  • Almost 1 of every 10 infants born in the United States are premature, or preemies. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies have indicated that low-birth-weight infants are more common in women with daily symptoms or low expiratory flow than in women without asthma. (medscape.com)
  • At a population level, the proportion of infants with a low birth weight is an indicator of a multifaceted public health problem that includes long-term maternal malnutrition, ill-health and poor health care in pregnancy. (who.int)
  • Low birth weight infants are about 20 times more likely to die than heavier infants. (who.int)
  • However, data on low birth weight in developing countries is often limited because a significant portion of deliveries occur in homes or small health facilities, where cases of infants with low birth weight often go unreported. (who.int)
  • When a pregnant woman gives birth to an infant that is small for gestational age, she is at increased risk of heart disease, according to new research published in PLoS One . (babymed.com)
  • Researchers believe that infant birth weight may be a free indicator of possible future health problems. (babymed.com)
  • This risk of giving birth to a small or preterm infant appears to be small and may be minimized by good control of asthma. (medscape.com)
  • If a mother delivers after less than 37 weeks of pregnancy the child is considered premature. (11alive.com)
  • An FDA Advisory board says the pregnancy drug Makena should be pulled from the market after clinical trials indicated it failed to be effective at preventing premature births. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • Of the 87,000 participants, one third of the women who engaged in such activities as hiking, dancing or walking in either early- or late-stage pregnancy were less likely to give birth prematurely than pregnant women who did not. (realhealthmag.com)
  • After a very high-risk pregnancy, Amber gave birth to her son 10 weeks early. (grahamsfoundation.org)
  • Premature birth is a birth that occurs before the 37th week of pregnancy. (medlaw1.com)
  • A competent medical professional will recognize the risk factors of premature birth and closely monitor the pregnancy. (medlaw1.com)
  • Preterm labor and premature birth happen too early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy. (marchofdimes.org)
  • Premature birth is when your baby is born early, before 37 weeks of pregnancy. (marchofdimes.org)
  • More and more children are being born prematurely in the United States , with 12 per cent percent of births coming before the 37th week of gestation. (findmeacure.com)
  • But instead of giving her the progesterone suppositories the doctor had ordered to prevent premature labor, the hospital staff mistakenly gave her a dosage of Prostin, a powerful drug used to induce labor and expel fetuses out of the womb after miscarriages, according to a complaint filed in a Florida court. (go.com)
  • Most of the studies looked at newborns' risk of being premature or underweight. (upi.com)
  • Nearly 12 percent of all live births are premature and the newborns at risk for serious medical problems. (tpr.org)
  • ATLANTA - It is the leading cause of death among newborns in the United States, and concern is growing as the rate of premature births in this country continues to rise. (11alive.com)
  • Death or major illness was analysed by gestational age and exposure to antenatal corticosteroids , adjusting for factors such as birth weight, sex, mode of delivery and multiple births. (medicalxpress.com)
  • The SMR2 database provided information on birth weight and gestational age at delivery, and SMR2 and WOSCOPS provided data on potential confounding factors. (bmj.com)
  • Some authors report that the occurrence of morbidity, either immediate 2,25 or late 10,2 , is higher the lower the gestational age and/or birth weight. (bvsalud.org)
  • Few studies describe interventions and outcomes for periviable preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). (nih.gov)
  • Pre-mature birth is the leading cause of newborn death here in the US as well. (sciencebasedhealth.com)
  • Higher birth weight: Delayed cord clamping has been linked to a newborn weighing slightly more at birth. (birthinjuryguide.org)
  • Preterm labor can lead to premature birth. (marchofdimes.org)
  • The organism has a propensity to affect the placenta which can lead to premature birth or spontaneous abortion. (cdc.gov)
  • A week later, she gave birth prematurely, and the twins spent the next month in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. (parentingoc.com)
  • Separation from their baby while in Neonatal Intensive and Special Care Units and fear of the unknown immediate and long-term impacts can also affect a premature parent's emotional wellbeing. (cope.org.au)
  • EN] Preterm labor is one of the major causes of neonatal deaths and also the cause of significant health and development impairments in those who survive. (upv.es)
  • Research suggests heat may contribute to preterm labor or low birth weight by altering blood flow to the placenta, or causing dehydration, among other routes. (upi.com)
  • The association between infection in the lower genital tract, in the chorioamnion of the placenta or in amniotic fluid, and preterm birth is both strong and consistent. (cdc.gov)
  • When a baby is born earlier than 37 weeks, it's called a preterm or premature birth. (kidshealth.org)
  • Those with a short or weak cervix (the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina) or who have had a premature baby before are more likely to go into labor early. (kidshealth.org)
  • It can help lower the chances of going into labor early for women who have had a premature baby before or who have a short cervix. (kidshealth.org)
  • The extensive review of published studies, which included 20,000 pregnant women, also revealed an 11 percent reduction in preterm births, and a 10 percent reduction in risk of having a low-birthweight baby. (seafoodsource.com)
  • A wrongful death lawsuit blames baby formula manufacturers for a fatal case of necrotizing enterocolitis which claimed the life of a one-month old premature baby early last year. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • I came across an article the other day that states that there is now a simple urine test that can tell if a baby is going to be premature or not. (grahamsfoundation.org)
  • In the present study we used family history of premature death from ischaemic heart disease as a proxy measure of overall genetic predisposition, and predicted that women with a positive family history would be at increased risk of a low birth weight baby. (bmj.com)
  • Featuring a dramatic image of a premature baby, this chart explains what premature birth is, its potential health complications, and how to help prevent preterm labor and birth. (preciousarrows.com)
  • Premature birth - when a baby arrives early - can come as a shock. (cope.org.au)
  • When a baby is born prior to 37 weeks gestation, this is known as a preterm birth. (cope.org.au)
  • Having a premature baby can be extremely stressful, exhausting and overwhelming. (cope.org.au)
  • trigger warning* I am strong because in April of 2012, I gave birth to a precious baby girl named Evelyn, prematurely at 24 weeks due to incompetent cervix, premature labor, and infection. (birthwithoutfearblog.com)
  • Labor is the process your body goes through to give birth to your baby. (marchofdimes.org)
  • Your baby needs about 40 weeks in the womb to grow and develop before birth. (marchofdimes.org)
  • Cardiopulmonary outcomes in young adults born prematurely with varying birth weights. (contemporarypediatrics.com)
  • 11 g/L). Perinatal outcomes included preterm delivery, low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, perinatal death, low Apgar scores and intrauterine fetal death. (who.int)
  • Sometimes this experience is frightening, especially when the pregnant can have complications and develop symptoms and diseases often leading to abortion or premature birth situations. (bvsalud.org)
  • In humans, the scientists showed a strong correlation between infection and preterm births. (findmeacure.com)
  • IPB helped Shauna and Alan through the birth of Odin's sister Lily Kate in 2012, who also passed away after being born prematurely. (broadsheet.ie)
  • Experts say that African-American women are three times more likely to give birth prematurely than white women. (realhealthmag.com)
  • The March of Dimes has awarded Florida a C- ranking when it comes its rate of premature births, a ranking only slightly worse than the national average. (wusf.org)
  • In Tampa, for example, the rate of preterm birth was really about the same as it is the state of about 10.3%," said Stacey Stewart D Stewart, President and CEO of March of Dimes. (wusf.org)
  • The March of Dimes Report Card 2019 shows a 25 percent increase over the last decade in the cost of premature births. (wusf.org)
  • The March of Dimes annual report card found our city has a premature birth rate of 14.9 percent. (news5cleveland.com)
  • California is one of just four states to reach a national goal of reducing premature births to 9.6 percent of deliveries, according to a new March of Dimes report. (calhealthreport.org)
  • New research linking omega-3 fatty acids with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases as well as the reduction of dangerous premature births is expected to have benefits for the seafood industry. (seafoodsource.com)
  • Alongside the Lovaza study, a new Cochrane Review of 70 studies worldwide found that omega-3 fatty acids reduced dangerous preterm births by 42 percent. (seafoodsource.com)
  • A new study's findings indicate that 93% of pregnant women have detectable levels of glyphosate, which in large amounts can lead to premature births. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • The article states that the team analyzed the metabolites found in the urine of 438 pregnant women, and detected that elevated levels of the amino acid lysine were associated with spontaneous preterm birth. (grahamsfoundation.org)
  • Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate periodontal disease and its association with premature birth in pregnant women in antenatal attendance at CISaM/uPE. (bvsalud.org)
  • Undiagnosed infections may be causing a significant number of premature births , researchers reported on Monday after finding bacteria or fungi in 15 per cent of the amniotic fluid samples taken from women in pre-term labor. (findmeacure.com)
  • African Americans are by far at highest risk for preterm birth, but, Iams says, contrary to popular opinion, research shows it's not just because they don't get early prenatal care. (wkar.org)
  • Scott says these couples are not going to give up on having a family because a committee of experts says it will increase their risk of twins and preterm births. (wkar.org)
  • MEDIA ADVISORY, Aug. 3 / Christian Newswire / -- Last week, the Coalition on Abortion/Breast Cancer published a press release noting that the Institute of Medicine (IOM), an organization of the National Academies of Science, has listed 'prior first trimester abortion' as a risk factor for subsequent premature birth. (christiannewswire.com)
  • It is understandable that journalists who originally covered the IOM's report on premature births on July 13 might have missed the inclusion of abortion as an 'immutable medical risk factor' for premature birth. (christiannewswire.com)
  • Researchers from the University of Texas Medical Branch knew there was a connection between gestational size at birth and risk of heart disease for the mother, but the connection was thought to be associated with poor health or genetic issues. (babymed.com)
  • If the connection between birth weight and heart disease risk is definitively verified, screening for heart disease and other cardiovascular risk factors could be started earlier and potentially impact longevity and lifespan. (babymed.com)
  • Clamping an infant's umbilical cord too soon could put them at risk for birth injuries or other health issues. (birthinjuryguide.org)
  • Although studies suggest there is a slight risk of developing jaundice if the clamping is delayed, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) suggests that the benefits of delaying cord clamping outweigh the risks of premature cord clamping. (birthinjuryguide.org)
  • Preterm labor and premature birth: Are you at risk? (marchofdimes.org)
  • We do know certain risk factors may make you more likely to give birth early. (marchofdimes.org)
  • Talk to your provider about what you can do to help reduce your risk for preterm labor and premature birth. (marchofdimes.org)
  • The risk of preterm delivery and low birth weight among the anaemic women was 4 and 1.9 times more respectively than the non-anaemic women. (who.int)
  • Ideally corticosteroids should be administered within approximately one week of birth, she explains, and this remains the biggest challenge for clinicians. (medicalxpress.com)
  • 2019 ( https://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/UNICEF-WHOlowbirthweight-estimates-2019/en/ ). (who.int)
  • In general, low-income women and women of color have the highest rates of preterm birth and low birth weight in the United States. (upi.com)
  • This result appears confirmative of our previous finding of elevated Ado blood levels in VLBW, negatively correlated with birth weight. (news-medical.net)
  • Of the 15 771 women screened, 3320 had had a live singleton delivery since 1969 and 3311 also had complete data on birth weight. (bmj.com)
  • Low birth weight was entered as the dependent variable in a binary logistic regression model. (bmj.com)
  • Evaluate the functional performance of preschool children born with different degrees of prematurity and low birth weight who are follow in a care specialized service. (bvsalud.org)
  • The test was achieved with 98 participants divided into three groups according to the degree of prematurity and according to birth weight. (bvsalud.org)
  • It was used the chi-square test and the variance analys is to verify the association and the difference between groups according the degrees of prematurity (three) or birth weight (three) and the PEDI. (bvsalud.org)
  • It was not found statistically significant differences or associations between groups of different degrees of prematurity or birth weight and the PEDI performance. (bvsalud.org)
  • Premature and low birth weight children demonstrated high rates of delay in functional performance at preschool age that did not vary in magnitude among different degrees of prematurity and low birth weight, suggesting that exist others factors contributing to the development outcome at this age. (bvsalud.org)
  • Low birth weight is included as a primary outcome indicator in the core set of indicators for the Global nutrition monitoring framework . (who.int)
  • Low birth weight is caused by intrauterine growth restriction, prematurity or both. (who.int)
  • Low birth weight is more common in developing than developed countries. (who.int)
  • These cases are not reflected in official figures and may lead to a significant underestimation of the prevalence of low birth weight. (who.int)
  • Global nutrition targets 2025: low birth weight policy brief. (who.int)
  • Feto-maternal nutrition and low birth weight. (who.int)
  • But researchers find a hormone -- progesterone -- that significantly lowers rates of early births. (tpr.org)
  • By infecting the rodents with Bergeyella, a previously unknown bacteria found in the mice, the researchers caused preterm births. (findmeacure.com)
  • Chorioamnionitis has been associated with cerebral palsy, a serious permanent neurologic condition also associated with preterm birth. (cdc.gov)
  • These have often led to twins, triplets or other multiple fetuses, which are far more likely to be born premature. (wkar.org)
  • High blood pressure complicates almost 10% of all pregnancies, and the incidence of this condition is even higher in women who have never given birth or are carrying multiple fetuses. (ez.insure)
  • Almost half of the nation's cerebral palsy cases, 25 percent of cases of mental retardation in children, and a quarter to a third of cases of hearing and vision loss at birth are linked to premature birth. (wkar.org)
  • Women have the right to know that premature birth is associated with cerebral palsy for children and breast cancer for mothers, regardless of the prevailing ideology of the U.S. elite,' asserted Karen Malec, president of the coalition. (christiannewswire.com)
  • In this procedure, stitches close a woman's cervix to help prevent preterm birth. (kidshealth.org)
  • There was no family history of premature births and no issues with pre-natal care when Robin Mauck's granddaughter Findley Kate arrived 4 ½ months early weighing barely more than a pound. (11alive.com)
  • The research could help doctors prevent preterm births by encouraging oral hygiene or stop early labour from developing by prescribing targeted antibiotics, Discovery News reported on its website on Wednesday. (findmeacure.com)
  • Preterm and premature mean the same thing - early. (marchofdimes.org)
  • Progestin-only birth control pills have few potential risks for women with specific health concerns like heart conditions compared with estrogen-containing birth controls. (medscape.com)
  • Overall, preterm birth rates in the U.S. increased for the fourth year in a row, with Florida ranking 33rd among the 50 states. (wusf.org)
  • Late preterm birth rates have risen among mothers of all ages from 1990 to 2006, including teenage mothers (up 5 percent). (cdc.gov)
  • Among mothers age 25 years and over, late preterm birth rates increased by more than 20 percent from 1990 to 2006. (cdc.gov)
  • In any case, Caucasian mothers account for most of the increase in preterm births since 1990. (wkar.org)
  • Have late preterm births increased among mothers of all ages? (cdc.gov)
  • One woman lost two unborn twins and the second gave premature birth to a daughter who suffered severe brain damage. (go.com)
  • Melissa Leite pulled off something like the modern mom hat trick, giving birth to twins at the hospital she works in during a pandemic. (parentingoc.com)
  • Becoming a new mom to premature twins in the thick of COVID has brought with it a wealth of emotions and a wealth of opportunities, such as unanticipated family time that we would not have had in any normal season of life. (parentingoc.com)
  • They also say the additional birth control option should not replace doctor-patient interactions about contraception. (medscape.com)
  • Premature aging identified by CVD and hypertension diagnoses implies that either underlying mechanisms of HIV infection and/or exposure to ART [antiretroviral therapy] are important drivers," said the study authors. (medscape.com)
  • Anything from socioeconomic status and race to bacterial infection and genetics have been linked to preterm births, but a definitive cause is still elusive. (findmeacure.com)
  • However, a causal relationship between infection and preterm birth is not established. (cdc.gov)
  • Public Citizen is calling on the FDA to require a Makena recall after the drug failed to show it was effective in preventing preterm births in a recent clinical trial. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • The best, most promising theory has to do with perhaps the chronic stress of being an African American woman throughout your life and the effect that might have on how your body responds to various stimuli that might trigger premature labor," Iams suggests, stressing that it remains only a theory. (wkar.org)
  • In contrast, the 2018 update concludes that high-quality evidence now supports such supplementation for helping to prevent premature births. (sciencebasedhealth.com)
  • If we could prevent these infections in the first place, or detect them sooner, we might one day be able to prevent some of these premature births," Dr. Dan DiGiulio, who worked on the study, said in a statement. (findmeacure.com)
  • Findley Kate survived, but the rate of premature births in the U.S. has been on the rise for the past five years. (11alive.com)
  • The rate of premature births is especially high among African-American women. (11alive.com)
  • Medical experts are hoping for another miracle that will start a downward trend in the rate of premature births. (11alive.com)
  • The study indicates the rate of premature births has been going up year by year, a 30 percent rise over the past 25 years. (wkar.org)
  • But the preterm birth rate for Woman of Florida is 52% higher than it is for white women. (wusf.org)
  • In Florida, the preterm birth rate among black women is 52% higher than the rate among all other women. (wusf.org)
  • Also concerning is that the rate of preterm births in the US has risen over each of the past 3 years. (sciencebasedhealth.com)
  • Preliminary numbers show that the state reduced its premature birth rate from 9.8 percent to 9.6 percent in 2012, the organization said. (calhealthreport.org)
  • I had a premature live birth at 22 weeks in indiana seventeen years ago. (lawguru.com)