Prolidase Deficiency
Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors
Gram-Positive Asporogenous Rods
Kinetic and structural evidences on human prolidase pathological mutants suggest strategies for enzyme functional rescue. (1/1)
(+info)Dipeptidases are a group of enzymes that break down dipeptides, which are composed of two amino acids joined by a peptide bond. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of dipeptides into individual amino acids, helping to facilitate their absorption and utilization in the body. Dipeptidases can be found on the brush border membrane of the small intestine, as well as in various tissues and organs, such as the kidneys, liver, and pancreas. They play a crucial role in protein metabolism and maintaining amino acid homeostasis within the body.
Prolidase deficiency is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the gene SLC38A9, which provides instructions for making an enzyme called prolidase. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down certain amino acids (proline and hydroxyproline) that are found in proteins. When prolidase is not functioning properly, these amino acids accumulate in the body, leading to a variety of symptoms.
The signs and symptoms of prolidase deficiency can vary widely, but they typically include skin abnormalities such as dryness, roughness, and increased sensitivity to light; recurrent respiratory infections; and growth delays. Some people with the condition may also have neurological problems such as developmental delay, intellectual disability, and seizures.
Prolidase deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, which means that an individual must inherit two copies of the mutated gene (one from each parent) in order to develop the condition. It is estimated to affect fewer than 1 in 2 million people worldwide.
Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism refer to genetic disorders that affect the body's ability to properly break down and process individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. These disorders can result in an accumulation of toxic levels of certain amino acids or their byproducts in the body, leading to a variety of symptoms and health complications.
There are many different types of inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, each affecting a specific amino acid or group of amino acids. Some examples include:
* Phenylketonuria (PKU): This disorder affects the breakdown of the amino acid phenylalanine, leading to its accumulation in the body and causing brain damage if left untreated.
* Maple syrup urine disease: This disorder affects the breakdown of the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine, leading to their accumulation in the body and causing neurological problems.
* Homocystinuria: This disorder affects the breakdown of the amino acid methionine, leading to its accumulation in the body and causing a range of symptoms including developmental delay, intellectual disability, and cardiovascular problems.
Treatment for inborn errors of amino acid metabolism typically involves dietary restrictions or supplementation to manage the levels of affected amino acids in the body. In some cases, medication or other therapies may also be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent or minimize the severity of symptoms and health complications associated with these disorders.
"Gram-positive asporegenous rods" is a term used to describe a specific shape and staining characteristic of certain types of bacteria. Here's the medical definition:
Gram-positive: These are bacteria that appear purple or violet when subjected to a Gram stain, a laboratory technique used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. In this method, a primary stain (crystal violet) is applied, followed by a mordant (a substance that helps the dye bind to the bacterial cell). Then, a decolorizer (alcohol or acetone) is used to wash away the primary stain from the Gram-negative bacteria, leaving them unstained. A counterstain (safranin or fuchsin) is then applied, which stains the decolorized Gram-negative bacteria pink or red. However, Gram-positive bacteria retain the primary stain and appear purple or violet.
Asporegenous: These are bacteria that do not form spores under any conditions. Spores are a dormant, tough, and highly resistant form of bacterial cells that can survive extreme environmental conditions. Asporegenous bacteria lack this ability to form spores.
Rods: This term refers to the shape of the bacteria. Rod-shaped bacteria are also known as bacilli. They are longer than they are wide, and their size may vary from 0.5 to several micrometers in length and about 0.2 to 1.0 micrometer in width.
Examples of Gram-positive asporegenous rods include species from the genera Listeria, Corynebacterium, and Bacillus (some strains). These bacteria can cause various diseases, ranging from foodborne illnesses to severe skin and respiratory infections.
Proline is an organic compound that is classified as a non-essential amino acid, meaning it can be produced by the human body and does not need to be obtained through the diet. It is encoded in the genetic code as the codon CCU, CCC, CCA, or CCG. Proline is a cyclic amino acid, containing an unusual secondary amine group, which forms a ring structure with its carboxyl group.
In proteins, proline acts as a structural helix breaker, disrupting the alpha-helix structure and leading to the formation of turns and bends in the protein chain. This property is important for the proper folding and function of many proteins. Proline also plays a role in the stability of collagen, a major structural protein found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and skin.
In addition to its role in protein structure, proline has been implicated in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, apoptosis, and oxidative stress response. It is also a precursor for the synthesis of other biologically important compounds such as hydroxyproline, which is found in collagen and elastin, and glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Enzyme12
- Of these dipeptides, those containing C-terminal proline or hydroxyproline would normally be broken down further by the enzyme Prolidase, recovering and thus recycling the constituent amino acids. (wikipedia.org)
- Prolidase deficiency is the result of mutations on the PEPD gene, located on chromosome 19 and coding for the prolidase Enzyme, also known as peptidase-D. At least 19 different mutations in the PEPD gene have been identified in individuals affected by the disorder. (wikipedia.org)
- Inadequate recycling due to a dysfunctional prolidase enzyme, caused by an appropriate mutation in the pertinent gene, leads to the deterioration of that support structure and therefore the connective tissue of the skin, capillaries, and the lymphatic tissue, as is the case in PD. (wikipedia.org)
- This gene provides instructions for making the enzyme prolidase, also called peptidase D. Prolidase helps divide certain dipeptides, which are molecules composed of two protein building blocks ( amino acids ). (medlineplus.gov)
- PEPD gene mutations that cause prolidase deficiency result in the loss of prolidase enzyme activity. (medlineplus.gov)
- PD is a rare autosomal recessive genetic condition caused by mutations in PEPD gene, which codes for Prolidase, an enzyme involved in the final stage of the degradation of collagen and other proline containing proteins including dietary proteins. (bmj.com)
- PD is a rare skin disease with bone associated outcome caused by mutation in prolidase, an enzyme responsible for iminodipeptides hydrolysis and involved in the last step of collagen catabolism. (sybil-fp7.eu)
- Prof. Forlino is mainly investigating the role of the prolidase enzyme in skeletogenesis using the murine model dark-like carrying 4 bp deletion in PEPD gene, coding for the prolidase enzyme. (sybil-fp7.eu)
- It is caused by a deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase, the enzyme that converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to cholesterol, leading to an abnormally low plasma cholesterol. (rush.edu)
- A deficiency of the latter enzyme leads to higher levels of proline and a buildup of the intermediate breakdown product pyrroline-5-carboxylate, causing the signs and symptoms of hyperprolinemia type II.Hyperprolinemia is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, which means two copies of the gene in each cell are altered. (mdwiki.org)
- SSADH deficiency is caused by an enzyme deficiency in GABA degradation. (wikidoc.org)
- Specifically, manganese helps aid collagen production by stimulating the production of the enzyme prolidase, which is used to create collagen for connective tissues. (ugro.com)
PEPD1
- Prolidase deficiency is caused by mutations in the PEPD gene. (medlineplus.gov)
Collagen3
- Prolidase deficiency (PD) is an extremely uncommon autosomal recessive disorder associated with collagen metabolism that affects connective tissues and thus a diverse array of organ systems more broadly, though it is extremely inconsistent in its expression. (wikipedia.org)
- Prolidase is involved in the degradation of certain iminodipeptides (those containing C-terminal proline or hydroxyproline) formed during the breakdown of collagen, recycling the constituent amino acids (proline and hydroxyproline) and making them available for the cell to reuse - not least in the synthesis of new collagen. (wikipedia.org)
- This recycling by prolidase, seen in the image above, is essential for maintaining proline-based systems in the cell, such as the collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM), which serves to physically support the structure of internal organs and connective tissues. (wikipedia.org)
Aldolase A deficien1
- Aldolase A deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia (Kishi et al. (beds.ac.uk)
Mutations1
- Mutations in this gene result in prolidase deficiency, which is characterized by the excretion of large amount of di- and tri-peptides containing proline. (origene.com)
Skin lesions1
- Prolidase deficiency is characterized by skin lesions (typically severe, chronic, recalcitrant, and painful skin ulcers of the lower extremities and telangiectasias of the face and hands), recurrent infections (particularly of the skin and respiratory tract), dysmorphic facial features, variable intellectual disability, and organomegaly (typically splenomegaly but occasionally associated with hepatomegaly) with elevated liver enzymes. (beds.ac.uk)
Gene1
- It is believed that the genetic basis for SSADH deficiency resides in the SSADH human ALDH5A1 gene which maps to chromosome 6p22. (wikidoc.org)
Disorder4
- Prolidase deficiency is a disorder that causes a wide variety of symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
- Prolidase deficiency is a rare disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
- These disorders result in the accumulation or the deficiency of 1 or more amino acids in biological fluids, which leads to the clinical signs and symptoms of the particular amino acid disorder. (marshfieldlabs.org)
- Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD), also known as 4-hydoxybutyric aciduria or gamma-hydoxybutyric aciduria , is a rare autosomal recessive disorder [1] of the degradation pathway of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid , or GABA . (wikidoc.org)
Intellectual disability3
- Affected children may experience delayed development, and about 75 percent of people with prolidase deficiency have intellectual disability that may range from mild to severe. (medlineplus.gov)
- The intellectual disability that occurs in prolidase deficiency might result from problems in processing neuropeptides, which are brain signaling proteins that are rich in proline. (medlineplus.gov)
- This syndrome is characterized by multiple CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES, growth deficiency, and INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. (rush.edu)
Symptoms6
- Prolidase deficiency generally becomes evident during infancy, but initial symptoms can first manifest anytime from birth to young adulthood. (wikipedia.org)
- The condition results in a very diverse set symptoms, the severity of which can vary significantly between patients, depending on the degree to which prolidase activity is hampered by the individual underlying mutation(s) in each case. (wikipedia.org)
- The severity of symptoms in prolidase deficiency varies greatly among affected individuals. (medlineplus.gov)
- It is not well understood how the absence of prolidase activity causes the various signs and symptoms of prolidase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
- The symptoms of SSADH deficiency fall into three primary categories: neurological, psychiatric, and ocular . (wikidoc.org)
- More so, as stated in this 2010 study , symptoms associated with manganese deficiency include "slow growth of fingernails and hair. (ugro.com)
Lung disease1
- Some individuals with prolidase deficiency have chronic lung disease. (medlineplus.gov)
Metabolic1
- A group of metabolic diseases due to deficiency of one of a number of LIVER enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of HEME . (nih.gov)
Hyperprolinemia1
- Chronically high levels of pyrroline-5-carboxylate are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism, including hyperprolinemia type I, hyperprolinemia type II, iminoglycinuria, prolinemia type II, and pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. (hmdb.ca)
Facial features1
- Characteristic facial features in people with prolidase deficiency include prominent eyes that are widely spaced (hypertelorism), a high forehead, a flat bridge of the nose, and a very small lower jaw and chin (micrognathia). (medlineplus.gov)
Uncommon1
- Manganese deficiency is uncommon, but it can result in poor bone health, joint pain, fertility issues, and an increased risk of seizures. (ugro.com)
Degradation1
- However, because of the deficiency, the final intermediate of the GABA degradation pathway, succinic semialdehyde, accumulates and cannot be oxidized to succinic acid and is therefore reduced to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) by gamma-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase. (wikidoc.org)
Seizures1
- Nearly half of the patients with SSADH deficiency have seizures. (wikidoc.org)
Hydroxyproline3
- Specifically, prolidase divides dipeptides containing the amino acids proline or hydroxyproline. (medlineplus.gov)
- Prolidase is particularly important in the breakdown of collagens, a family of proteins that are rich in proline and hydroxyproline. (medlineplus.gov)
- The acid hydrolysis will break up in-vitro proline and hydroxyproline containing dipeptides, which in vivo are cleaved by prolidase. (marshfieldlabs.org)
Severe1
- People with prolidase deficiency are susceptible to severe infections of the skin or ears, or potentially life-threatening respiratory tract infections. (medlineplus.gov)
Vitamin1
- The present review aimed to discuss the negative effects of certain vitamin and mineral deficiencies, such as vitamin D, magnesium, and omega‑3 fatty acids, on the central nervous system. (spandidos-publications.com)
Absence1
- It is unclear how absence of prolidase activity results in the other features of prolidase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
Rare1
- Raise awareness on Prolidase deficiency - a rare genetic condition affecting 1 in 1 million of worldwide population. (bmj.com)
Description1
- Quantitative analysis of the natural history of prolidase deficiency: description of 17 families and systematic review of published cases. (seattlechildrens.org)
Individuals1
- Due to a genetic defect, prolidase activity in individuals with PD is either knocked out or severely reduced. (wikipedia.org)
Patients1
- Not all patients with homocystinuria and prolidase deficiency will be detected by this assay. (marshfieldlabs.org)
Involved in the final1
- Prolidase is also involved in the final step of the breakdown of some proteins obtained through the diet and proteins that are no longer needed in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
Results2
- Conclusions Further investigations results of Imidopeptiduria and rapid exome sequencing confirmed diagnosis of Prolidase deficiency (PD) in this infant. (bmj.com)
- A deficiency of either proline oxidase or pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase results in a buildup of proline in the body. (mdwiki.org)