Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.
Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.
The ratio of alveolar ventilation to simultaneous alveolar capillary blood flow in any part of the lung. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material which has been transported from a distant vessel by the bloodstream. Removal of a clot at its original site is called THROMBECTOMY.
Mechanical devices inserted in the inferior vena cava that prevent the migration of blood clots from deep venous thrombosis of the leg.
Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).
Agents that prevent clotting.
Blockage of an artery due to passage of a clot (THROMBUS) from a systemic vein to a systemic artery without its passing through the lung which acts as a filter to remove blood clots from entering the arterial circulation. Paradoxical embolism occurs when there is a defect that allows a clot to cross directly from the right to the left side of the heart as in the cases of ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECTS or open FORAMEN OVALE. Once in the arterial circulation, a clot can travel to the brain, block an artery, and cause a STROKE.
Soluble protein fragments formed by the proteolytic action of plasmin on fibrin or fibrinogen. FDP and their complexes profoundly impair the hemostatic process and are a major cause of hemorrhage in intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis.
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.
Computed tomography where there is continuous X-ray exposure to the patient while being transported in a spiral or helical pattern through the beam of irradiation. This provides improved three-dimensional contrast and spatial resolution compared to conventional computed tomography, where data is obtained and computed from individual sequential exposures.
Radiography of blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium.
Blocking of a blood vessel in the SKULL by an EMBOLUS which can be a blood clot (THROMBUS) or other undissolved material in the blood stream. Most emboli are of cardiac origin and are associated with HEART DISEASES. Other non-cardiac sources of emboli are usually associated with VASCULAR DISEASES.
A condition in which the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the right ventricular wall.
Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.
Blocking of maternal circulation by AMNIOTIC FLUID that is forced into uterine VEINS by strong UTERINE CONTRACTION near the end of pregnancy. It is characterized by the sudden onset of severe respiratory distress and HYPOTENSION that can lead to maternal DEATH.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Radiographic visualization or recording of a vein after the injection of contrast medium.
The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures.
A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts.
Heparin fractions with a molecular weight usually between 4000 and 6000 kD. These low-molecular-weight fractions are effective antithrombotic agents. Their administration reduces the risk of hemorrhage, they have a longer half-life, and their platelet interactions are reduced in comparison to unfractionated heparin. They also provide an effective prophylaxis against postoperative major pulmonary embolism.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in cardiovascular and cerebral circulation.
Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to FIBRINOLYSIN.
The vein accompanying the femoral artery in the same sheath; it is a continuation of the popliteal vein and becomes the external iliac vein.
The venous trunk which receives blood from the lower extremities and from the pelvic and abdominal organs.
Use of infusions of FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts.
The vein formed by the union of the anterior and posterior tibial veins; it courses through the popliteal space and becomes the femoral vein.
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.
An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.
Blocking of a blood vessel by CHOLESTEROL-rich atheromatous deposits, generally occurring in the flow from a large artery to small arterial branches. It is also called arterial-arterial embolization or atheroembolism which may be spontaneous or iatrogenic. Patients with spontaneous atheroembolism often have painful, cyanotic digits of acute onset.
NECROSIS of lung tissue that is cause by the lack of OXYGEN or blood supply. The most common cause of pulmonary infarction is a blood clot in the lung.
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.
The creation and display of functional images showing where the blood flow reaches by following the distribution of tracers injected into the blood stream.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
A vein on either side of the body which is formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins and passes upward to join with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava.
Expectoration or spitting of blood originating from any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT, usually from hemorrhage in the lung parenchyma (PULMONARY ALVEOLI) and the BRONCHIAL ARTERIES.
Streptococcal fibrinolysin . An enzyme produced by hemolytic streptococci. It hydrolyzes amide linkages and serves as an activator of plasminogen. It is used in thrombolytic therapy and is used also in mixtures with streptodornase (STREPTODORNASE AND STREPTOKINASE). EC 3.4.-.
Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material from a blood vessel at the point of its formation. Removal of a clot arising from a distant site is called EMBOLECTOMY.
Unstable isotopes of krypton that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Kr atoms with atomic weights 74-77, 79, 81, 85, and 87-94 are radioactive krypton isotopes.
Postmortem examination of the body.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
Low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, having a 4-enopyranosuronate sodium structure at the non-reducing end of the chain. It is prepared by depolymerization of the benzylic ester of porcine mucosal heparin. Therapeutically, it is used as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.
A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.
A condition in which the FORAMEN OVALE in the ATRIAL SEPTUM fails to close shortly after birth. This results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. An isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance.
The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)
A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Agents that prevent fibrinolysis or lysis of a blood clot or thrombus. Several endogenous antiplasmins are known. The drugs are used to control massive hemorrhage and in other coagulation disorders.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
The production of an image obtained by cameras that detect the radioactive emissions of an injected radionuclide as it has distributed differentially throughout tissues in the body. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph.
Simple rapid heartbeats caused by rapid discharge of impulses from the SINOATRIAL NODE, usually between 100 and 180 beats/min in adults. It is characterized by a gradual onset and termination. Sinus tachycardia is common in infants, young children, and adults during strenuous physical activities.
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.
Material used for wrapping or binding any part of the body.
X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and a cardiovascular disease. The disease may precede or follow FERTILIZATION and it may or may not have a deleterious effect on the pregnant woman or FETUS.
Recording changes in electrical impedance between electrodes placed on opposite sides of a part of the body, as a measure of volume changes in the path of the current. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.
The inferior part of the lower extremity between the KNEE and the ANKLE.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.
Removal of an implanted therapeutic or prosthetic device.
Tight coverings for the foot and leg that are worn to aid circulation in the legs, and prevent the formation of EDEMA and DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS. PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION STOCKINGS serve a similar purpose especially for bedridden patients, and following surgery.
The circulation of the BLOOD through the LUNGS.
Hypertrophy and dilation of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart that is caused by PULMONARY HYPERTENSION. This condition is often associated with pulmonary parenchymal or vascular diseases, such as CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE and PULMONARY EMBOLISM.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Difficult or labored breathing.
The chambers of the heart, to which the BLOOD returns from the circulation.
A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts PLASMINOGEN to FIBRINOLYSIN. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases.
Instruments that generate intermittent forces, uniformed or graduated, to facilitate the emptying of VEINS. These devices are used to reduce limb EDEMA and prevent venous THROMBOEMBOLISM, such as deep vein thrombosis in the legs.
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.

Effect of intravenous dextran 70 and pneumatic leg compression on incidence of postoperative pulmonary embolism. (1/2239)

The incidence of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis was measured in 50 matched pairs of patients undergoing common surgical procedures with preoperative and postoperative ventilation-perfusion lung scans and the fibrinogen uptake test. One patient in each pair was treated with intravenous dextran 70 and pneumatic leggings. The incidence of pulmonary embolism among the treated patients was significantly reduced from 24% to 8%, but the incidence of deep vein thrombosis was not significantly reduced (34% to 24%).  (+info)

Late massive haemoptyses from bronchopulmonary collaterals in infarcted segments following pulmonary embolism. (2/2239)

Massive, recurrent haemoptyses requiring blood transfusions occurred in a patient who had been diagnosed as having pulmonary thromboembolism 3 months earlier. To the authors' knowledge this is the first case report of this kind, in which massive haemoptyses were proved to be caused by large bronchopulmonary collaterals that had developed in the infarcted lung segments affected by embolism. Selective embolization of the collaterals proved to be therapeutic and life saving.  (+info)

Pulmonary embolism: one-year follow-up with echocardiography doppler and five-year survival analysis. (3/2239)

BACKGROUND: The long-term prognosis for patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) is dependent on the underlying disease, degree of pulmonary hypertension (PH), and degree of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. A precise description of the time course of pulmonary artery pressure (PAsP)/RV function is therefore of importance for the early identification of persistent PH/RV dysfunction in patients treated for acute PE. Other objectives were to identify variables associated with persistent PH/RV dysfunction and to analyze the 5-year survival rate for patients alive 1 month after inclusion. METHODS AND RESULTS: Echocardiography Doppler was performed in 78 patients with acute PE at the time of diagnosis and repeatedly during the next year. A 5-year survival analysis was made. The PAsP decreased exponentially until the beginning of a stable phase, which was 50 mm Hg at the time of diagnosis of acute PE was associated with persistent PH after 1 year. The 5-year mortality rate was associated with underlying disease. Only patients with persistent PH in the stable phase required pulmonary thromboendarterectomy within 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: An echocardiography Doppler investigation performed 6 weeks after diagnosis of acute PE can identify patients with persistent PH/RV dysfunction and may be of value in planning the follow-up and care of these patients.  (+info)

A strategy for reducing maternal mortality. (4/2239)

A confidential system of enquiry into maternal mortality was introduced in Malaysia in 1991. The methods used and the findings obtained up to 1994 are reported below and an outline is given of the resulting recommendations and actions.  (+info)

A comparison of three months of anticoagulation with extended anticoagulation for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism. (5/2239)

BACKGROUND: Patients who have a first episode of venous thromboembolism in the absence of known risk factors for thrombosis (idiopathic thrombosis) are often treated with anticoagulant therapy for three months. Such patients may benefit from longer treatment, however, because they appear to have an increased risk of recurrence after anticoagulant therapy is stopped. METHODS: In this double-blind study, we randomly assigned patients who had completed 3 months of anticoagulant therapy for a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism to continue receiving warfarin, with the dose adjusted to achieve an international normalized ratio of 2.0 to 3.0, or to receive placebo for a further 24 months. Our goal was to determine the effects of extended anticoagulant therapy on rates of recurrent symptomatic venous thromboembolism and bleeding. RESULTS: A prespecified interim analysis of efficacy led to the early termination of the trial after 162 patients had been enrolled and followed for an average of 10 months. Of 83 patients assigned to continue to receive placebo, 17 had a recurrent episode of venous thromboembolism (27.4 percent per patient-year), as compared with 1 of 79 patients assigned to receive warfarin (1.3 percent per patient-year, P<0.001). Warfarin resulted in a 95 percent reduction in the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (95 percent confidence interval, 63 to 99 percent). Three patients assigned to the warfarin group had nonfatal major bleeding (two had gastrointestinal bleeding and one genitourinary bleeding), as compared with none of those assigned to the placebo group (3.8 vs. 0 percent per patient-year, P=0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism should be treated with anticoagulant agents for longer than three months.  (+info)

Spiral computed tomographic scanning and magnetic resonance angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. (6/2239)

PURPOSE: To compare prospectively the accuracy of spiral computed tomography (CT) with that of ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy for diagnosing pulmonary embolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Within 48 hours of presentation, 142 patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism underwent spiral CT, scintigraphy, and (when indicated) pulmonary angiography. Pulmonary angiography was attempted if interpretations of spiral CT scans and of scintigrams were discordant or indeterminate and intermediate-probability, respectively. RESULTS: In the 139 patients who completed the study, interpretations of spiral CT scans and of scintigrams were concordant in 103 patients (29 with embolism, 74 without). In 20 patients, intermediate-probability scintigrams were interpreted (six with embolism at angiography, 14 without); diagnosis with spiral CT was correct in 16. Interpretations of spiral CT scans and those of scintigrams were discordant in 12 cases; diagnosis with spiral CT was correct in 11 cases and that with scintigraphy was correct in one. Spiral CT and scintigraphic scans of four patients with embolism did not show embolism. Sensitivities, specificities, and kappa values with spiral CT and scintigraphy were 87%, 95%, and 0.85 and 65%, 94%, and 0.61, respectively. CONCLUSION: In cases of pulmonary embolism, sensitivity of spiral CT is greater than that of scintigraphy. Interobserver agreement is better with spiral CT.  (+info)

Usefulness of D-dimer, blood gas, and respiratory rate measurements for excluding pulmonary embolism. (7/2239)

BACKGROUND: A study was undertaken to assess the usefulness of the SimpliRED D-dimer test, arterial oxygen tension, and respiratory rate measurement for excluding pulmonary embolism (PE) and venous thromboembolism (VTE). METHODS: Lung scans were performed in 517 consecutive medical inpatients with suspected acute PE over a one year period. Predetermined end points for objectively diagnosed PE in order of precedence were (1) a post mortem diagnosis, (2) a positive pulmonary angiogram, (3) a high probability ventilation perfusion lung scan when the pretest probability was also high, and (4) the unanimous opinion of an adjudication committee. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was diagnosed by standard ultrasound and venography. RESULTS: A total of 40 cases of PE and 37 cases of DVT were objectively diagnosed. The predictive value of a negative SimpliRED test for excluding objectively diagnosed PE was 0.99 (error rate 2/249), that of PaO2 of > or = 80 mm Hg (10.7 kPa) was 0.97 (error rate 5/160), and that of a respiratory rate of < or = 20/min was 0.95 (error rate 14/308). The best combination of findings for excluding PE was a negative SimpliRED test and PaO2 > or = 80 mm Hg, which gave a predictive value of 1.0 (error rate 0/93). The predictive value of a negative SimpliRED test for excluding VTE was 0.98 (error rate 5/249). CONCLUSIONS: All three of these observations are helpful in excluding PE. When any two parameters were normal, PE was very unlikely. In patients with a negative SimpliRED test and PaO2 of > or = 80 mm Hg a lung scan is usually unnecessary. Application of this approach for triage in the preliminary assessment of suspected PE could lead to a reduced rate of false positive diagnoses and considerable resource savings.  (+info)

Flitting radiographic shadows: an unusual presentation of cancer in the lungs. (8/2239)

Tumour involvement of pulmonary blood vessels occurs frequently in advanced lung cancer and occasionally may cause pulmonary infarction. A case is reported of diffuse obstruction of pulmonary arteries by cancer in which no primary tumour was found, and which presented as flitting radiographic opacities due to pulmonary infarction.  (+info)

A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot, often formed in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis), breaks off and travels to the lungs, blocking one or more pulmonary arteries. This blockage can lead to various symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, rapid heart rate, and coughing up blood. In severe cases, it can cause life-threatening complications like low oxygen levels, hypotension, and even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated with anticoagulant medications or thrombolytic therapy to dissolve the clot.

Venous thrombosis is a medical condition characterized by the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in the deep veins, often in the legs (deep vein thrombosis or DVT), but it can also occur in other parts of the body such as the arms, pelvis, or lungs (pulmonary embolism).

The formation of a venous thrombus can be caused by various factors, including injury to the blood vessel wall, changes in blood flow, and alterations in the composition of the blood. These factors can lead to the activation of clotting factors and platelets, which can result in the formation of a clot that blocks the vein.

Symptoms of venous thrombosis may include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected area. In some cases, the clot can dislodge and travel to other parts of the body, causing potentially life-threatening complications such as pulmonary embolism.

Risk factors for venous thrombosis include advanced age, obesity, smoking, pregnancy, use of hormonal contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy, cancer, recent surgery or trauma, prolonged immobility, and a history of previous venous thromboembolism. Treatment typically involves the use of anticoagulant medications to prevent further clotting and dissolve existing clots.

An embolism is a medical condition that occurs when a substance, such as a blood clot or an air bubble, blocks a blood vessel. This can happen in any part of the body, but it is particularly dangerous when it affects the brain (causing a stroke) or the lungs (causing a pulmonary embolism). Embolisms can cause serious harm by preventing oxygen and nutrients from reaching the tissues and organs that need them. They are often the result of underlying medical conditions, such as heart disease or deep vein thrombosis, and may require immediate medical attention to prevent further complications.

Fat embolism is a medical condition that occurs when fat globules enter the bloodstream and block small blood vessels (arterioles and capillaries) in various tissues and organs. This can lead to inflammation, tissue damage, and potentially life-threatening complications.

Fat embolism typically occurs as a result of trauma, such as long bone fractures or orthopedic surgeries, where fat cells from the marrow of the broken bone enter the bloodstream. It can also occur in other conditions that cause fat to be released into the circulation, such as pancreatitis, decompression sickness, and certain medical procedures like liposuction.

Symptoms of fat embolism may include respiratory distress, fever, confusion, petechial rash (small purple or red spots on the skin), and a decrease in oxygen levels. In severe cases, it can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and even death. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

The Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) ratio is a measure used in respiratory physiology to describe the relationship between the amount of air that enters the alveoli (ventilation) and the amount of blood that reaches the alveoli to pick up oxygen (perfusion).

In a healthy lung, these two processes are well-matched, meaning that well-ventilated areas of the lung also have good blood flow. This results in a V/Q ratio close to 1.0.

However, certain lung conditions such as emphysema or pulmonary embolism can cause ventilation and perfusion to become mismatched, leading to a V/Q ratio that is either higher (ventilation exceeds perfusion) or lower (perfusion exceeds ventilation) than normal. This mismatch can result in impaired gas exchange and lead to hypoxemia (low oxygen levels in the blood).

The V/Q ratio is often used in clinical settings to assess lung function and diagnose respiratory disorders.

An embolectomy is a surgical procedure to remove an embolus, which is a blockage in a blood vessel caused by a clot or air bubble that has traveled from another part of the body. During an embolectomy, the surgeon makes an incision in the affected blood vessel and removes the embolus using specialized surgical instruments. This procedure is often performed as an emergency treatment to restore blood flow and prevent tissue damage in the affected area of the body.

Vena cava filters are medical devices that are implanted into the inferior vena cava, which is the largest vein in the body that returns blood from the lower half of the body to the heart. These filters are designed to trap blood clots that form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis or DVT) and prevent them from traveling to the lungs (pulmonary embolism or PE), which can be a life-threatening condition.

The filter is typically implanted using a catheter-based procedure, and it has legs or arms that extend out to trap the blood clots as they flow through the vein. Over time, the trapped clots may dissolve on their own or become organized and incorporated into the wall of the vein.

Vena cava filters are typically used in patients who are at high risk for PE but cannot take anticoagulation medication or have failed anticoagulation therapy. However, there is some controversy surrounding the use of these devices due to concerns about their long-term safety and effectiveness.

Thrombophlebitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and clotting of blood in a vein, usually in the legs. The term thrombophlebitis comes from two words: "thrombo" which means blood clot, and "phlebitis" which refers to inflammation of the vein.

The condition can occur in superficial or deep veins. Superficial thrombophlebitis affects the veins just below the skin's surface, while deep vein thrombophlebitis (DVT) occurs in the deeper veins. DVT is a more serious condition as it can lead to complications such as pulmonary embolism if the blood clot breaks off and travels to the lungs.

Symptoms of thrombophlebitis may include redness, warmth, pain, swelling, or discomfort in the affected area. In some cases, there may be visible surface veins that are hard, tender, or ropy to touch. If left untreated, thrombophlebitis can lead to chronic venous insufficiency and other long-term complications. Treatment typically involves medications such as anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, or thrombolytics, along with compression stockings and other supportive measures.

Anticoagulants are a class of medications that work to prevent the formation of blood clots in the body. They do this by inhibiting the coagulation cascade, which is a series of chemical reactions that lead to the formation of a clot. Anticoagulants can be given orally, intravenously, or subcutaneously, depending on the specific drug and the individual patient's needs.

There are several different types of anticoagulants, including:

1. Heparin: This is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that is often used in hospitalized patients who require immediate anticoagulation. It works by activating an enzyme called antithrombin III, which inhibits the formation of clots.
2. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH): LMWH is a form of heparin that has been broken down into smaller molecules. It has a longer half-life than standard heparin and can be given once or twice daily by subcutaneous injection.
3. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs): These are newer oral anticoagulants that work by directly inhibiting specific clotting factors in the coagulation cascade. Examples include apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran.
4. Vitamin K antagonists: These are older oral anticoagulants that work by inhibiting the action of vitamin K, which is necessary for the formation of clotting factors. Warfarin is an example of a vitamin K antagonist.

Anticoagulants are used to prevent and treat a variety of conditions, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), atrial fibrillation, and prosthetic heart valve thrombosis. It is important to note that anticoagulants can increase the risk of bleeding, so they must be used with caution and regular monitoring of blood clotting times may be required.

Paradoxical embolism is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot or other material (embolus) from a vein passes through an abnormal connection between the right and left sides of the heart and lodges in an artery in the systemic circulation. This is considered "paradoxical" because the embolus originates from the venous system but bypasses the lungs and travels directly to the arterial system.

Under normal circumstances, blood flows from the body's veins into the right atrium of the heart, then through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, where it is pumped through the pulmonary artery into the lungs for oxygenation. The now oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins, passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, and is then pumped out to the body's arteries.

However, in certain conditions such as a patent foramen ovale (PFO) or an atrial septal defect (ASD), there can be an abnormal communication between the right and left atria. This allows for the possibility of a paradoxical embolism to occur when a clot or other material from the venous system passes through this connection into the arterial system, bypassing filtration and oxygenation in the lungs.

Paradoxical embolism can lead to serious consequences, such as stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), or tissue damage in various organs, depending on where the embolus lodges. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the paradoxical embolism and may include anticoagulation therapy, surgical closure of the abnormal connection, or other interventions as necessary.

Fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDPs) are a group of proteins that result from the breakdown of fibrinogen and fibrin, which are key components of blood clots. This process occurs during the normal physiological process of fibrinolysis, where clots are dissolved to maintain blood flow.

FDPs can be measured in the blood as a marker for the activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems. Elevated levels of FDPs may indicate the presence of a disorder that causes abnormal clotting or bleeding, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), or certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that FDPs are not specific to any particular disorder and their measurement should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical and laboratory findings.

Thromboembolism is a medical condition that refers to the obstruction of a blood vessel by a thrombus (blood clot) that has formed elsewhere in the body and then been transported by the bloodstream to a narrower vessel, where it becomes lodged. This process can occur in various parts of the body, leading to different types of thromboembolisms:

1. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): A thrombus forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs or pelvis, and then breaks off and travels to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism.
2. Pulmonary Embolism (PE): A thrombus formed elsewhere, often in the deep veins of the legs, dislodges and travels to the lungs, blocking one or more pulmonary arteries. This can lead to shortness of breath, chest pain, and potentially life-threatening complications if not treated promptly.
3. Cerebral Embolism: A thrombus formed in another part of the body, such as the heart or carotid artery, dislodges and travels to the brain, causing a stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).
4. Arterial Thromboembolism: A thrombus forms in an artery and breaks off, traveling to another part of the body and blocking blood flow to an organ or tissue, leading to potential damage or loss of function. Examples include mesenteric ischemia (intestinal damage due to blocked blood flow) and retinal artery occlusion (vision loss due to blocked blood flow in the eye).

Prevention, early detection, and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing thromboembolism and reducing the risk of severe complications.

Spiral Computed Tomography (CT), also known as Helical CT, is a type of computed tomography scan in which the X-ray tube and detector rotate around the patient in a spiral path, capturing data as the table moves the patient through the scanner. This continuous spiral motion allows for faster and more detailed volumetric imaging of internal organs and structures, reducing the need for multiple slices and providing improved image reconstruction. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, including cancer, heart disease, and trauma injuries.

Angiography is a medical procedure in which an x-ray image is taken to visualize the internal structure of blood vessels, arteries, or veins. This is done by injecting a radiopaque contrast agent (dye) into the blood vessel using a thin, flexible catheter. The dye makes the blood vessels visible on an x-ray image, allowing doctors to diagnose and treat various medical conditions such as blockages, narrowing, or malformations of the blood vessels.

There are several types of angiography, including:

* Cardiac angiography (also called coronary angiography) - used to examine the blood vessels of the heart
* Cerebral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels of the brain
* Peripheral angiography - used to examine the blood vessels in the limbs or other parts of the body.

Angiography is typically performed by a radiologist, cardiologist, or vascular surgeon in a hospital setting. It can help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, aneurysms, and peripheral arterial disease, among others.

An intracranial embolism is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot or other foreign material (embolus) forms elsewhere in the body and travels to the blood vessels within the brain. This embolus then blocks the flow of blood in the cerebral arteries, leading to potential damage or death of brain tissue. Common sources of intracranial emboli include heart conditions such as atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, or following a heart attack; or from large-vessel atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries. Symptoms can vary depending on the location and size of the obstruction, but may include sudden weakness or numbness, confusion, difficulty speaking, vision loss, severe headache, or even loss of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is required to diagnose and treat intracranial embolism, often involving anticoagulation therapy, endovascular procedures, or surgery.

Right ventricular dysfunction is a condition characterized by the impaired ability of the right ventricle (one of the two pumping chambers in the heart) to fill with blood during the diastolic phase or eject blood during the systolic phase. This results in reduced cardiac output from the right ventricle, which can lead to various complications such as fluid accumulation in the body, particularly in the abdomen and lower extremities, and ultimately congestive heart failure if left untreated.

Right ventricular dysfunction can be caused by various factors, including damage to the heart muscle due to a heart attack, high blood pressure in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension), chronic lung diseases, congenital heart defects, viral infections, and certain medications. Symptoms of right ventricular dysfunction may include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen, and a decreased tolerance for physical activity.

Diagnosis of right ventricular dysfunction typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging tests such as echocardiography, cardiac MRI, or CT scan, and other diagnostic procedures such as electrocardiogram (ECG) or cardiac catheterization. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include medications to reduce fluid buildup, improve heart function, and manage symptoms, as well as lifestyle modifications such as reducing salt intake and increasing physical activity levels. In severe cases, more invasive treatments such as surgery or implantable devices like pacemakers or ventricular assist devices may be necessary.

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a medical condition that includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT is a blood clot that forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs, while PE occurs when a clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, blocking a pulmonary artery or one of its branches. This condition can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

The medical definition of Venous Thromboembolism is:

"The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs, which can then dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing a potentially life-threatening blockage of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches (pulmonary embolism). VTE is a complex disorder resulting from an interplay of genetic and environmental factors that affect the balance between thrombosis and fibrinolysis."

Some common risk factors for VTE include immobility, surgery, trauma, cancer, hormonal therapy, pregnancy, advanced age, and inherited or acquired thrombophilia. Symptoms of DVT may include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected limb, while symptoms of PE can range from shortness of breath and chest pain to coughing up blood or even sudden death. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical assessment, imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI), and laboratory tests (such as D-dimer). Treatment usually includes anticoagulation therapy to prevent further clot formation and reduce the risk of recurrence.

An amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but serious condition that can occur during pregnancy, labor, or shortly after delivery. It occurs when amniotic fluid, fetal cells, hair, or other debris enter the mother's bloodstream and block the flow of blood to the lungs or other parts of the body. This can cause a range of symptoms including sudden shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, chills, and in severe cases, cardiac arrest or seizures. AFE is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment.

The exact causes of amniotic fluid embolism are not well understood, but it is thought to occur when there is a disruption in the placental barrier that allows amniotic fluid and fetal debris to enter the mother's bloodstream. Risk factors for AFE include advanced maternal age, cesarean delivery, placenta previa, and other pregnancy complications.

Treatment for AFE typically involves supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, medications to support blood pressure and heart function, and in some cases, surgery to remove the blockage from the blood vessels. Despite treatment, AFE can be a life-threatening condition with significant morbidity and mortality rates.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Phlebography is a medical imaging technique used to visualize and assess the veins, particularly in the legs. It involves the injection of a contrast agent into the veins, followed by X-ray imaging to capture the flow of the contrast material through the veins. This allows doctors to identify any abnormalities such as blood clots, blockages, or malformations in the venous system.

There are different types of phlebography, including ascending phlebography (where the contrast agent is injected into a foot vein and travels up the leg) and descending phlebography (where the contrast agent is injected into a vein in the groin or neck and travels down the leg).

Phlebography is an invasive procedure that requires careful preparation and monitoring, and it is typically performed by radiologists or vascular specialists. It has largely been replaced by non-invasive imaging techniques such as ultrasound and CT angiography in many clinical settings.

The pulmonary artery is a large blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. It divides into two main branches, the right and left pulmonary arteries, which further divide into smaller vessels called arterioles, and then into a vast network of capillaries in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. The thin walls of these capillaries allow oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide to diffuse out, making the blood oxygen-rich before it is pumped back to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins. This process is crucial for maintaining proper oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

1. Intracranial Embolism: This is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot or other particle (embolus) formed elsewhere in the body, travels through the bloodstream and lodges itself in the intracranial blood vessels, blocking the flow of blood to a part of the brain. This can lead to various neurological symptoms such as weakness, numbness, speech difficulties, or even loss of consciousness, depending on the severity and location of the blockage.

2. Intracranial Thrombosis: This is a medical condition that occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms within the intracranial blood vessels. The clot can partially or completely obstruct the flow of blood, leading to various symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, or neurological deficits, depending on the severity and location of the thrombosis. Intracranial thrombosis can occur due to various factors including atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and other medical conditions that increase the risk of blood clot formation.

Heparin is defined as a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan (a type of polysaccharide) that is widely present in many tissues, but is most commonly derived from the mucosal tissues of mammalian lungs or intestinal mucosa. It is an anticoagulant that acts as an inhibitor of several enzymes involved in the blood coagulation cascade, primarily by activating antithrombin III which then neutralizes thrombin and other clotting factors.

Heparin is used medically to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and certain types of heart attacks. It can also be used during hemodialysis, cardiac bypass surgery, and other medical procedures to prevent the formation of blood clots.

It's important to note that while heparin is a powerful anticoagulant, it does not have any fibrinolytic activity, meaning it cannot dissolve existing blood clots. Instead, it prevents new clots from forming and stops existing clots from growing larger.

Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) is a type of heparin used as an anticoagulant, which refers to a group of medications that prevent the formation of blood clots. Heparin is a naturally occurring substance in the body, and low-molecular-weight heparins are obtained through the depolymerization of standard heparin.

LMWH has a lower molecular weight than standard heparin, which results in several pharmacological differences. LMWHs have a more predictable dose response, longer half-life, and higher bioavailability when administered subcutaneously compared to standard heparin. They also exhibit greater anti-factor Xa activity relative to their antithrombin (anti-IIa) activity, which contributes to their anticoagulant effects.

LMWHs are used for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and other thromboembolic disorders. Common LMWHs include enoxaparin, dalteparin, tinzaparin, and nadroparin.

It is essential to monitor the patient's kidney function when using LMWH since they are primarily cleared by the kidneys. In patients with renal impairment, dose adjustments or alternative anticoagulants may be necessary to reduce the risk of bleeding complications.

Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin is a radiopharmaceutical preparation used in diagnostic imaging. It consists of radioactive technetium-99m (^99m^Tc) chemically bonded to human serum albumin, which has been aggregated to increase its size and alter its clearance from the body.

The resulting compound is injected into the patient's bloodstream, where it accumulates in the reticuloendothelial system (RES), including the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The radioactive emission of technetium-99m can then be detected by a gamma camera, producing images that reflect the distribution and function of the RES.

This imaging technique is used to diagnose and monitor various conditions, such as liver disease, inflammation, or tumors. It provides valuable information about the patient's health status and helps guide medical decision-making.

Fibrinolytic agents are medications that dissolve or break down blood clots by activating plasminogen, which is converted into plasmin. Plasmin is a proteolytic enzyme that degrades fibrin, the structural protein in blood clots. Fibrinolytic agents are used medically to treat conditions such as acute ischemic stroke, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction (heart attack) by restoring blood flow in occluded vessels. Examples of fibrinolytic agents include alteplase, reteplase, and tenecteplase. It is important to note that these medications carry a risk of bleeding complications and should be administered with caution.

The femoral vein is the large vein that runs through the thigh and carries oxygen-depleted blood from the lower limbs back to the heart. It is located in the femoral triangle, along with the femoral artery and nerve. The femoral vein begins at the knee as the popliteal vein, which then joins with the deep vein of the thigh to form the femoral vein. As it moves up the leg, it is joined by several other veins, including the great saphenous vein, before it becomes the external iliac vein at the inguinal ligament in the groin.

The inferior vena cava (IVC) is the largest vein in the human body that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities, pelvis, and abdomen to the right atrium of the heart. It is formed by the union of the left and right common iliac veins at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra. The inferior vena cava is a retroperitoneal structure, meaning it lies behind the peritoneum, the lining that covers the abdominal cavity. It ascends through the posterior abdominal wall and passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm to enter the thoracic cavity.

The inferior vena cava is composed of three parts:

1. The infrarenal portion, which lies below the renal veins
2. The renal portion, which receives blood from the renal veins
3. The suprahepatic portion, which lies above the liver and receives blood from the hepatic veins before draining into the right atrium of the heart.

The inferior vena cava plays a crucial role in maintaining venous return to the heart and contributing to cardiovascular function.

Thrombolytic therapy, also known as thrombolysis, is a medical treatment that uses medications called thrombolytics or fibrinolytics to dissolve or break down blood clots (thrombi) in blood vessels. These clots can obstruct the flow of blood to vital organs such as the heart, lungs, or brain, leading to serious conditions like myocardial infarction (heart attack), pulmonary embolism, or ischemic stroke.

The goal of thrombolytic therapy is to restore blood flow as quickly and efficiently as possible to prevent further damage to the affected organ and potentially save lives. Commonly used thrombolytic drugs include alteplase (tPA), reteplase, and tenecteplase. It's essential to administer these medications as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms for optimal treatment outcomes. However, there are risks associated with thrombolytic therapy, such as an increased chance of bleeding complications, which must be carefully weighed against its benefits in each individual case.

The popliteal vein is the continuation of the tibial and fibular (or anterior and posterior tibial) veins, forming in the lower leg's back portion or popliteal fossa. It carries blood from the leg towards the heart. The popliteal vein is located deep within the body and is accompanied by the popliteal artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the lower leg. This venous structure is a crucial part of the venous system in the lower extremities and is often assessed during physical examinations for signs of venous insufficiency or deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a clot forms in an artery, it can cut off the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues served by that artery, leading to damage or tissue death. If a thrombus forms in the heart, it can cause a heart attack. If a thrombus breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, it can lodge in a smaller vessel, causing blockage and potentially leading to damage in the organ that the vessel supplies. This is known as an embolism.

Thrombosis can occur due to various factors such as injury to the blood vessel wall, abnormalities in blood flow, or changes in the composition of the blood. Certain medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle factors can increase the risk of thrombosis. Treatment typically involves anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy to dissolve or prevent further growth of the clot, as well as addressing any underlying causes.

Warfarin is a anticoagulant medication that works by inhibiting the vitamin K-dependent activation of several coagulation factors (factors II, VII, IX, and X). This results in prolonged clotting times and reduced thrombus formation. It is commonly used to prevent and treat blood clots in conditions such as atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism. Warfarin is also known by its brand names Coumadin and Jantoven.

It's important to note that warfarin has a narrow therapeutic index, meaning that the difference between an effective dose and a toxic one is small. Therefore, it requires careful monitoring of the patient's coagulation status through regular blood tests (INR) to ensure that the dosage is appropriate and to minimize the risk of bleeding complications.

Cholesterol embolism is a medical condition that occurs when cholesteral crystals or plaque debris from an atherosclerotic lesion in the aorta or its major branches dislodge and travel to smaller vessels, where they obstruct blood flow. This can lead to tissue damage or infarction in various organs, depending on the location of the embolism.

Cholesterol emboli are typically small, crystalline, and composed of cholesterol, calcium, and other debris from atherosclerotic plaques. They can cause inflammation and damage to the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, leading to further narrowing or occlusion of the vessel lumen.

Symptoms of cholesterol embolism depend on the location and extent of the obstruction. Common sites for embolization include the kidneys, brain, eyes, skin, and extremities. Symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include sudden pain, weakness, or numbness in the affected area; skin discoloration or ulcerations; vision changes; kidney dysfunction; and stroke-like symptoms.

Cholesterol embolism is often a complication of invasive procedures such as angiography, coronary artery bypass grafting, or aortic surgery. It can also occur spontaneously in patients with advanced atherosclerosis or those who have recently undergone anticoagulation therapy.

Diagnosis of cholesterol embolism is often challenging due to its nonspecific symptoms and variable presentation. Imaging studies, such as angiography or CT scans, may be used to visualize the location and extent of the obstruction. Blood tests and biopsy of affected tissues can also provide diagnostic clues.

Treatment of cholesterol embolism is primarily supportive and aimed at managing symptoms and preventing further complications. Antiplatelet therapy, statins, and anti-inflammatory agents may be used to reduce the risk of recurrent embolization and improve outcomes. In severe cases, surgical intervention or endovascular procedures may be necessary to remove the obstruction or restore blood flow.

Pulmonary infarction is the medical term for the death of lung tissue (lung tissue necrosis) due to blocked blood flow. This blockage usually occurs when a clot or a piece of a clot from another part of the body, most commonly from the heart, travels to the lungs and blocks a small pulmonary artery. The lack of oxygen supply to the lung tissue results in inflammation and eventual infarction (tissue death).

The symptoms of pulmonary infarction can vary but often include sudden onset of sharp chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, sometimes with blood-streaked sputum, rapid heart rate, and fever. The diagnosis is typically made based on the patient's medical history, physical examination, imaging tests such as a chest X-ray or CT scan, and occasionally, blood tests to detect D-dimer, a protein fragment that's produced when a blood clot dissolves. Treatment usually involves anticoagulant therapy (blood thinners) to prevent further clots from forming and, in some cases, thrombolytic therapy (clot-busting drugs) to break up existing clots. In severe cases, surgery may be required to remove the clot or infarcted lung tissue.

Hemorrhage is defined in the medical context as an excessive loss of blood from the circulatory system, which can occur due to various reasons such as injury, surgery, or underlying health conditions that affect blood clotting or the integrity of blood vessels. The bleeding may be internal, external, visible, or concealed, and it can vary in severity from minor to life-threatening, depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment to prevent further blood loss, organ damage, and potential death.

Perfusion imaging is a medical imaging technique used to evaluate the blood flow or perfusion in various organs and tissues of the body. It is often utilized in conjunction with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scans.

During a perfusion imaging procedure, a contrast agent is introduced into the patient's bloodstream, and a series of images are captured to track the flow and distribution of the contrast agent over time. This information helps medical professionals assess tissue viability, identify areas of reduced or blocked blood flow, and detect various pathological conditions such as stroke, heart attack, pulmonary embolism, and tumors.

In summary, perfusion imaging is a valuable diagnostic tool for evaluating the circulatory function of different organs and tissues in the body.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

The iliac veins are a pair of large veins in the human body that carry deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic area back to the heart. They are formed by the union of the common iliac veins, which receive blood from the lower abdomen and legs, at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra.

The combined iliac vein is called the inferior vena cava, which continues upward to the right atrium of the heart. The iliac veins are located deep within the pelvis, lateral to the corresponding iliac arteries, and are accompanied by the iliac lymphatic vessels.

The left common iliac vein is longer than the right because it must cross the left common iliac artery to join the right common iliac vein. The external and internal iliac veins are the two branches of the common iliac vein, with the external iliac vein carrying blood from the lower limbs and the internal iliac vein carrying blood from the pelvic organs.

It is essential to maintain proper blood flow in the iliac veins to prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a condition that can lead to serious complications such as pulmonary embolism.

Hemoptysis is the medical term for coughing up blood that originates from the lungs or lower respiratory tract. It can range in severity from streaks of blood mixed with mucus to large amounts of pure blood. Hemoptysis may be a sign of various underlying conditions, such as bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, cancer, or blood disorders. Immediate medical attention is required when hemoptysis occurs, especially if it's in significant quantities, to determine the cause and provide appropriate treatment.

Streptokinase is a thrombolytic or clot-busting enzyme produced by certain strains of streptococcus bacteria. It functions by converting plasminogen to plasmin, which then degrades fibrin, a protein that forms the structural framework of blood clots. This activity helps in dissolving blood clots and restoring blood flow in areas obstructed by them. In a medical context, streptokinase is often used as a medication to treat conditions associated with abnormal blood clotting, such as heart attacks, pulmonary embolisms, and deep vein thromboses. However, its use carries the risk of bleeding complications due to excessive fibrinolysis or clot dissolution.

A thrombectomy is a medical procedure that involves the removal of a blood clot (thrombus) from a blood vessel. This is typically performed to restore blood flow in cases where the clot is causing significant blockage, which can lead to serious complications such as tissue damage or organ dysfunction.

During a thrombectomy, a surgeon makes an incision and accesses the affected blood vessel, often with the help of imaging guidance. Specialized tools are then used to extract the clot, after which the blood vessel is usually repaired. Thrombectomies can be performed on various blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the brain, heart, lungs, and limbs.

This procedure may be recommended for patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), or certain types of stroke, depending on the specific circumstances and the patient's overall health. It is generally considered when anticoagulation therapy or clot-dissolving medications are not sufficient or appropriate to treat the blood clot.

Krypton is a noble gas with the symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It exists in various radioisotopes, which are unstable isotopes of krypton that undergo radioactive decay. A few examples include:

1. Krypton-81: This radioisotope has a half-life of about 2.1 x 10^5 years and decays via electron capture to rubidium-81. It is produced naturally in the atmosphere by cosmic rays.
2. Krypton-83: With a half-life of approximately 85.7 days, this radioisotope decays via beta decay to bromine-83. It can be used in medical imaging for lung ventilation studies.
3. Krypton-85: This radioisotope has a half-life of about 10.7 years and decays via beta decay to rubidium-85. It is produced as a byproduct of nuclear fission and can be found in trace amounts in the atmosphere.
4. Krypton-87: With a half-life of approximately 76.3 minutes, this radioisotope decays via beta decay to rubidium-87. It is not found naturally on Earth but can be produced artificially.

It's important to note that while krypton radioisotopes have medical applications, they are also associated with potential health risks due to their radioactivity. Proper handling and safety precautions must be taken when working with these substances.

An autopsy, also known as a post-mortem examination or obduction, is a medical procedure in which a qualified professional (usually a pathologist) examines a deceased person's body to determine the cause and manner of death. This process may involve various investigative techniques, such as incisions to study internal organs, tissue sampling, microscopic examination, toxicology testing, and other laboratory analyses. The primary purpose of an autopsy is to gather objective evidence about the medical conditions and factors contributing to the individual's demise, which can be essential for legal, insurance, or public health purposes. Additionally, autopsies can provide valuable insights into disease processes and aid in advancing medical knowledge.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a type of echocardiogram, which is a medical test that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart. In TEE, a special probe containing a transducer is passed down the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach) to obtain views of the heart from behind. This allows for more detailed images of the heart structures and function compared to a standard echocardiogram, which uses a probe placed on the chest. TEE is often used in patients with poor image quality from a standard echocardiogram or when more detailed images are needed to diagnose or monitor certain heart conditions. It is typically performed by a trained cardiologist or sonographer under the direction of a cardiologist.

Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.

During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.

There are several types of echocardiograms, including:

* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.

Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.

Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) medication that is used as an anticoagulant to prevent and treat blood clots. It works by binding to and inhibiting the activity of factor Xa, a clotting factor in the blood. This helps to reduce the risk of clot formation and can help to prevent conditions such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Enoxaparin is typically given by injection under the skin (subcutaneously) and is available under the brand names Lovenox and Clexane, among others. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare professional when using enoxaparin, as it can increase the risk of bleeding.

Xenon radioisotopes are unstable isotopes of the element xenon that emit radiation as they decay into more stable forms. These isotopes can be produced through various nuclear reactions and have a wide range of applications, including medical imaging and cancer treatment. Examples of commonly used xenon radioisotopes include xenon-127, xenon-131m, xenon-133, and xenon-135.

It's important to note that the use of radioisotopes in medical settings must be carefully regulated and monitored to ensure safety and minimize potential risks to patients and healthcare workers.

Thrombophilia is a medical condition characterized by an increased tendency to form blood clots (thrombi) due to various genetic or acquired abnormalities in the coagulation system. These abnormalities can lead to a hypercoagulable state, which can cause thrombosis in both veins and arteries. Commonly identified thrombophilias include factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin G20210A mutation, antithrombin deficiency, protein C deficiency, and protein S deficiency.

Acquired thrombophilias can be caused by various factors such as antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS), malignancies, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy, and certain medical conditions like inflammatory bowel disease or nephrotic syndrome.

It is essential to diagnose thrombophilia accurately, as it may influence the management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) events and guide decisions regarding prophylactic anticoagulation in high-risk situations.

Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) is a medical condition where the foramen ovale, an opening between the left and right atria of the heart in a fetus, does not close completely after birth. This results in a small flap-like opening that allows blood to pass from the right atrium to the left atrium. While this condition is typically harmless in itself, it can potentially allow blood clots to pass from the right side of the heart to the left, which could then travel to the brain and cause a stroke. Patent Foramen Ovale is usually an incidental finding during tests for other conditions.

Risk assessment in the medical context refers to the process of identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing risks to patients, healthcare workers, or the community related to healthcare delivery. It involves determining the likelihood and potential impact of adverse events or hazards, such as infectious diseases, medication errors, or medical devices failures, and implementing measures to mitigate or manage those risks. The goal of risk assessment is to promote safe and high-quality care by identifying areas for improvement and taking action to minimize harm.

In medical terms, shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body is not getting enough blood flow or when the circulatory system is not functioning properly to distribute oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and organs. This results in a state of hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and cellular dysfunction, which can lead to multiple organ failure and death if left untreated.

Shock can be caused by various factors such as severe blood loss, infection, trauma, heart failure, allergic reactions, and severe burns. The symptoms of shock include low blood pressure, rapid pulse, cool and clammy skin, rapid and shallow breathing, confusion, weakness, and a bluish color to the lips and nails. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment of shock.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Antifibrinolytic agents are a class of medications that inhibit the breakdown of blood clots. They work by blocking the action of enzymes called plasminogen activators, which convert plasminogen to plasmin, the main enzyme responsible for breaking down fibrin, a protein that forms the framework of a blood clot.

By preventing the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, antifibrinolytic agents help to stabilize existing blood clots and prevent their premature dissolution. These medications are often used in clinical settings where excessive bleeding is a concern, such as during or after surgery, childbirth, or trauma.

Examples of antifibrinolytic agents include tranexamic acid, aminocaproic acid, and epsilon-aminocaproic acid. While these medications can be effective in reducing bleeding, they also carry the risk of thromboembolic events, such as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, due to their pro-coagulant effects. Therefore, they should be used with caution and only under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Radionuclide imaging, also known as nuclear medicine, is a medical imaging technique that uses small amounts of radioactive material, called radionuclides or radiopharmaceuticals, to diagnose and treat various diseases and conditions. The radionuclides are introduced into the body through injection, inhalation, or ingestion and accumulate in specific organs or tissues. A special camera then detects the gamma rays emitted by these radionuclides and converts them into images that provide information about the structure and function of the organ or tissue being studied.

Radionuclide imaging can be used to evaluate a wide range of medical conditions, including heart disease, cancer, neurological disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and bone diseases. The technique is non-invasive and generally safe, with minimal exposure to radiation. However, it should only be performed by qualified healthcare professionals in accordance with established guidelines and regulations.

Sinus tachycardia is a type of rapid heart rate, characterized by an abnormally fast sinus rhythm, with a rate greater than 100 beats per minute in adults. The sinoatrial node (SA node), which is the natural pacemaker of the heart, generates these impulses regularly and at an increased rate.

Sinus tachycardia is usually a physiological response to various stimuli or conditions, such as physical exertion, strong emotions, fever, anxiety, pain, or certain medications. It can also be caused by hormonal imbalances, anemia, hyperthyroidism, or other medical disorders.

In most cases, sinus tachycardia is not harmful and resolves once the underlying cause is addressed. However, if it occurs persistently or is associated with symptoms like palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or chest discomfort, further evaluation by a healthcare professional is recommended to rule out any underlying heart conditions or other medical issues.

Heart disease is a broad term for a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. It's often used to refer to conditions that include:

1. Coronary artery disease (CAD): This is the most common type of heart disease. It occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become hardened and narrowed due to the buildup of cholesterol and other substances, which can lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or a heart attack.

2. Heart failure: This condition occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by various conditions, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and cardiomyopathy.

3. Arrhythmias: These are abnormal heart rhythms, which can be too fast, too slow, or irregular. They can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and fainting.

4. Valvular heart disease: This involves damage to one or more of the heart's four valves, which control blood flow through the heart. Damage can be caused by various conditions, including infection, rheumatic fever, and aging.

5. Cardiomyopathy: This is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood efficiently. It can be caused by various factors, including genetics, viral infections, and drug abuse.

6. Pericardial disease: This involves inflammation or other problems with the sac surrounding the heart (pericardium). It can cause chest pain and other symptoms.

7. Congenital heart defects: These are heart conditions that are present at birth, such as a hole in the heart or abnormal blood vessels. They can range from mild to severe and may require medical intervention.

8. Heart infections: The heart can become infected by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, leading to various symptoms and complications.

It's important to note that many factors can contribute to the development of heart disease, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions. Regular check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of developing heart disease.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

A lung is a pair of spongy, elastic organs in the chest that work together to enable breathing. They are responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide through the process of respiration. The left lung has two lobes, while the right lung has three lobes. The lungs are protected by the ribcage and are covered by a double-layered membrane called the pleura. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which further divide into smaller bronchioles, leading to millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, where the exchange of gases occurs.

A bandage is a medical dressing or covering applied to a wound, injury, or sore with the intention of promoting healing or preventing infection. Bandages can be made of a variety of materials such as gauze, cotton, elastic, or adhesive tape and come in different sizes and shapes to accommodate various body parts. They can also have additional features like fasteners, non-slip surfaces, or transparent windows for monitoring the condition of the wound.

Bandages serve several purposes, including:

1. Absorbing drainage or exudate from the wound
2. Protecting the wound from external contaminants and bacteria
3. Securing other medical devices such as catheters or splints in place
4. Reducing swelling or promoting immobilization of the affected area
5. Providing compression to control bleeding or prevent fluid accumulation
6. Relieving pain by reducing pressure on sensitive nerves or structures.

Proper application and care of bandages are essential for effective wound healing and prevention of complications such as infection or delayed recovery.

Thoracic radiography is a type of diagnostic imaging that involves using X-rays to produce images of the chest, including the lungs, heart, bronchi, great vessels, and the bones of the spine and chest wall. It is a commonly used tool in the diagnosis and management of various respiratory, cardiovascular, and thoracic disorders such as pneumonia, lung cancer, heart failure, and rib fractures.

During the procedure, the patient is positioned between an X-ray machine and a cassette containing a film or digital detector. The X-ray beam is directed at the chest, and the resulting image is captured on the film or detector. The images produced can help identify any abnormalities in the structure or function of the organs within the chest.

Thoracic radiography may be performed as a routine screening test for certain conditions, such as lung cancer, or it may be ordered when a patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a respiratory or cardiovascular disorder. It is a safe and non-invasive procedure that can provide valuable information to help guide clinical decision making and improve patient outcomes.

Cardiovascular complications in pregnancy refer to conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, which can arise during pregnancy, childbirth, or after delivery. These complications can be pre-existing or new-onset and can range from mild to severe, potentially threatening the life of both the mother and the fetus. Some examples of cardiovascular complications in pregnancy include:

1. Hypertension disorders: This includes chronic hypertension (high blood pressure before pregnancy), gestational hypertension (high blood pressure that develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy), and preeclampsia/eclampsia (a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by high blood pressure, proteinuria, and potential organ damage).

2. Cardiomyopathy: A condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened, leading to an enlarged heart and reduced pumping efficiency. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a specific type that occurs during pregnancy or in the months following delivery.

3. Arrhythmias: Irregularities in the heart's rhythm, such as tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) or bradycardia (slow heartbeat), can occur during pregnancy and may require medical intervention.

4. Valvular heart disease: Pre-existing valve disorders, like mitral stenosis or aortic insufficiency, can worsen during pregnancy due to increased blood volume and cardiac output. Additionally, new valve issues might develop during pregnancy.

5. Venous thromboembolism (VTE): Pregnancy increases the risk of developing blood clots in the veins, particularly deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).

6. Ischemic heart disease: Although rare, coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome can occur during pregnancy, especially in women with risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, or smoking history.

7. Heart failure: Severe cardiac dysfunction leading to fluid accumulation, shortness of breath, and reduced exercise tolerance may develop due to any of the above conditions or other underlying heart diseases.

Early recognition, monitoring, and appropriate management of these cardiovascular complications in pregnancy are crucial for maternal and fetal well-being.

Impedance plethysmography is a non-invasive method used to measure changes in blood volume or flow in a particular area of the body. It works by passing a small electrical current through the tissue and measuring the opposition (impedance) to that current, which varies with the amount of blood present in the area.

In impedance cardiography, this technique is used to estimate cardiac output, stroke volume, and other hemodynamic parameters. The changes in impedance are measured across the chest wall, which correlate with the ventricular ejection of blood during each heartbeat. This allows for the calculation of various cardiovascular variables, such as the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute (cardiac output) and the resistance to blood flow in the systemic circulation (systemic vascular resistance).

Impedance plethysmography is a safe and reliable method for assessing cardiovascular function, and it has been widely used in clinical settings to evaluate patients with various cardiovascular disorders, including heart failure, hypertension, and peripheral arterial disease.

Chest pain is a discomfort or pain that you feel in the chest area. The pain can be sharp, dull, burning, crushing, heaviness, or tightness. It may be accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, dizziness, or pain that radiates to the arm, neck, jaw, or back.

Chest pain can have many possible causes, including heart-related conditions such as angina or a heart attack, lung conditions such as pneumonia or pleurisy, gastrointestinal problems such as acid reflux or gastritis, musculoskeletal issues such as costochondritis or muscle strain, and anxiety or panic attacks.

It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you experience chest pain that is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other concerning symptoms, as it may be a sign of a serious medical condition. A healthcare professional can evaluate your symptoms, perform tests, and provide appropriate treatment.

In medical terms, the leg refers to the lower portion of the human body that extends from the knee down to the foot. It includes the thigh (femur), lower leg (tibia and fibula), foot, and ankle. The leg is primarily responsible for supporting the body's weight and enabling movements such as standing, walking, running, and jumping.

The leg contains several important structures, including bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, nerves, and joints. These structures work together to provide stability, support, and mobility to the lower extremity. Common medical conditions that can affect the leg include fractures, sprains, strains, infections, peripheral artery disease, and neurological disorders.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Krypton" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It's a noble gas, colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonreactive. It's commonly used in lighting products like flash lamps and high-powered gas lasers. The misconception might arise from its use in popular culture, notably as the element that gives Superman his powers in comic books, movies, and television shows.

"Device Removal" in a medical context generally refers to the surgical or nonsurgical removal of a medical device that has been previously implanted in a patient's body. The purpose of removing the device may vary, depending on the individual case. Some common reasons for device removal include infection, malfunction, rejection, or when the device is no longer needed.

Examples of medical devices that may require removal include pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), artificial joints, orthopedic hardware, breast implants, cochlear implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs). The procedure for device removal will depend on the type of device, its location in the body, and the reason for its removal.

It is important to note that device removal carries certain risks, such as bleeding, infection, damage to surrounding tissues, or complications related to anesthesia. Therefore, the decision to remove a medical device should be made carefully, considering both the potential benefits and risks of the procedure.

Compression stockings are a specialized type of hosiery that applies pressure to your legs, promoting better blood flow. They are tightest at the ankle and gradually become less constrictive up the leg. This gradient compression helps to counteract the force of gravity and promote venous return, reducing the pooling of blood in the lower extremities.

Compression stockings are often used to help prevent or treat various conditions related to poor circulation, including:

1. Varicose veins: Enlarged, swollen, and twisting veins that are easily visible just under the surface of the skin.
2. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot that forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs. Compression stockings can help reduce the risk of DVT after certain surgeries or during long periods of immobilization.
3. Edema: Swelling in the legs and ankles due to fluid buildup.
4. Chronic venous insufficiency: A condition where the veins have difficulty returning blood from the legs back to the heart, leading to symptoms like leg pain, swelling, and skin changes.
5. Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS): A long-term complication of DVT characterized by chronic leg pain, swelling, and skin ulcers. Compression stockings can help manage symptoms and prevent further complications.

There are different levels of compression available, ranging from mild (15-20 mmHg) to extra firm (50-60 mmHg). Your healthcare provider will recommend the appropriate level based on your specific condition and needs. It is essential to wear compression stockings correctly for them to be effective and avoid skin irritation or other complications.

Pulmonary circulation refers to the process of blood flow through the lungs, where blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. This is a vital part of the overall circulatory system, which delivers nutrients and oxygen to the body's cells while removing waste products like carbon dioxide.

In pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation returns to the right atrium of the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava. The blood then moves into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve and gets pumped into the pulmonary artery when the right ventricle contracts.

The pulmonary artery divides into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further branch into a vast network of tiny capillaries in the lungs. Here, oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the blood, binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells, while carbon dioxide leaves the blood and is exhaled through the nose or mouth.

The now oxygenated blood collects in venules, which merge to form pulmonary veins. These veins transport the oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium of the heart, where it enters the systemic circulation once again. This continuous cycle enables the body's cells to receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients for proper functioning while disposing of waste products.

Pulmonary heart disease, also known as cor pulmonale, is a type of heart disease that occurs as a complication of chronic lung diseases or hypoxia (low oxygen levels in the body). The condition is characterized by enlargement and thickening of the right ventricle of the heart, which results from increased pressure in the pulmonary artery due to damaged or narrowed blood vessels in the lungs. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs and abdomen, and irregular heart rhythms. The condition can be managed with medications, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes, but if left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as heart failure.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

Dyspnea is defined as difficulty or discomfort in breathing, often described as shortness of breath. It can range from mild to severe, and may occur during rest, exercise, or at any time. Dyspnea can be caused by various medical conditions, including heart and lung diseases, anemia, and neuromuscular disorders. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing dyspnea, as it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition.

The heart atria are the upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins and deliver it to the lower chambers, or ventricles. There are two atria in the heart: the right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle, which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated; and the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle, which then sends it out to the rest of the body. The atria contract before the ventricles during each heartbeat, helping to fill the ventricles with blood and prepare them for contraction.

Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) is a thrombolytic enzyme, which means it dissolves blood clots. It is naturally produced by the endothelial cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels. tPA activates plasminogen, a zymogen, to convert it into plasmin, a protease that breaks down fibrin, the structural protein in blood clots. This enzyme is used medically as a thrombolytic drug under various brand names, such as Activase and Alteplase, to treat conditions like acute ischemic stroke, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis by dissolving the clots and restoring blood flow.

Intermittent Pneumatic Compression (IPC) devices are medical devices that use inflatable garments to apply controlled pressure in a rhythmic, intermittent manner to the extremities of the body, most commonly used on the legs. These devices are designed to help improve venous and lymphatic flow, reduce edema (swelling), and prevent the formation of blood clots (deep vein thrombosis) in patients who are at risk.

The IPC device typically consists of a pump, hoses, and an air-filled garment that covers the affected limb. The pump regulates the pressure and inflation pattern, while the garment applies pressure to the limb. The compression cycle usually starts with low pressure and gradually increases to a peak pressure before decreasing again. This process is repeated at regular intervals, providing intermittent compression that mimics natural muscle contractions and helps promote blood flow.

IPC devices are often used in clinical settings such as hospitals and rehabilitation centers, but they can also be prescribed for home use. They are commonly recommended for patients who have undergone surgery, experienced trauma, or have conditions that increase their risk of developing blood clots, such as prolonged immobilization, varicose veins, or certain medical disorders.

It is essential to follow the healthcare provider's instructions when using IPC devices and report any discomfort, pain, or unusual symptoms during treatment.

Pulmonary hypertension is a medical condition characterized by increased blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which are the blood vessels that carry blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. This results in higher than normal pressures in the pulmonary circulation and can lead to various symptoms and complications.

Pulmonary hypertension is typically defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) greater than or equal to 25 mmHg at rest, as measured by right heart catheterization. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies pulmonary hypertension into five groups based on the underlying cause:

1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH): This group includes idiopathic PAH, heritable PAH, drug-induced PAH, and associated PAH due to conditions such as connective tissue diseases, HIV infection, portal hypertension, congenital heart disease, and schistosomiasis.
2. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease: This group includes conditions that cause elevated left atrial pressure, such as left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction, valvular heart disease, and congenital cardiovascular shunts.
3. Pulmonary hypertension due to lung diseases and/or hypoxia: This group includes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), interstitial lung disease, sleep-disordered breathing, alveolar hypoventilation disorders, and high altitude exposure.
4. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): This group includes persistent obstruction of the pulmonary arteries due to organized thrombi or emboli.
5. Pulmonary hypertension with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms: This group includes hematologic disorders, systemic disorders, metabolic disorders, and other conditions that can cause pulmonary hypertension but do not fit into the previous groups.

Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension may include shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, lightheadedness, and syncope (fainting). Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and invasive testing such as right heart catheterization. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and, in some cases, surgical intervention.

Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism Media related to Pulmonary embolism at Wikimedia Commons "Pulmonary Embolism". ... The pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) helps assess people in whom pulmonary embolism is suspected, but unlikely. ... Pulmonary embolism at Curlie Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism online calculator Archived 2016-11-21 at the Wayback Machine ... There are roughly 10 million cases of pulmonary embolisms per year. In the United States, pulmonary embolisms are the primary ...
"Excluding Pulmonary Embolism at the Bedside without Diagnostic Imaging: Management of Patients with Suspected Pulmonary ... The Wells score is a clinical prediction rule used to classify patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism (PE) into risk ... "Use of a Clinical Model for Safe Management of Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Embolism". Annals of Internal Medicine. 129 ( ... "Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism: increasing the models utility ...
1941: Maternal pulmonary embolism by amniotic fluid as a cause of obstetric shock and unexpected deaths in obstetrics". Journal ... S2CID 30754268.[subscription required] Stein, Paul (2016). Pulmonary embolism. Chichester, West Sussex, UK Hoboken, NJ: John ... and if used immediately after Amniotic Fluid Embolism, inhaled milrinone may mitigate the pulmonary vasoconstriction. However, ... Amniotic fluid embolism is very uncommon and the rate at which it occurs is 1 instance per 20,000 births. Though rare, it ...
Clear - pulmonary embolism (clear to frothy); COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (clear to gray); viral respiratory ... Rust colored - usually caused by pneumococcal bacteria (in pneumonia), pulmonary embolism, lung cancer or pulmonary ... Foamy white - may come from earlier-phase pulmonary edema. Frothy pink - may indicate more severe pulmonary edema. Antibiotics ... pulmonary embolism. Red, jelly-like sputum - an indicator of possible pneumonia caused by Klebsiella. Green or greenish colored ...
Pulmonary embolism is blood clots occurring in the lungs. Restricted blood flow in the pulmonary circulation results in alveoli ... "Pulmonary Embolism". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 8 August 2021. Retrieved 2022-04-19. Petersson, Johan; Glenny, Robb W. (2014-10- ... For the perfusion process, the circulatory organs of the cardiovascular system such as the heart, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary ... A pulmonary ventilation-perfusion scan (lung V/Q scan) can be used to diagnose the V/Q mismatch. A ventilation scan is used to ...
PMID 17921014.[subscription required] Stein, Paul (2016). Pulmonary embolism. Chichester, West Sussex, UK Hoboken, NJ: John ... An amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare childbirth (obstetric) emergency in which amniotic fluid, enters the blood stream of ... Stafford, Irene; Sheffield, Jeanne (2007). "Amniotic Fluid Embolism". Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 34 (3 ...
The first published case report of a blood clot and pulmonary embolism in a woman using Enavid (Enovid 10 mg in the U.S.) at a ... Jordan WM, Anand JK (November 18, 1961). "Pulmonary embolism". Lancet. 278 (7212): 1146-1147. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(61)91061-3 ... and pulmonary embolism (PE)). While lower doses of estrogen in COC pills may have a lower risk of stroke and myocardial ... history of thromboembolism or pulmonary embolism, cerebrovascular accident, and a familial tendency to form blood clots (such ...
ISBN 978-0-08-092150-1. Stein PD (5 April 2016). Pulmonary Embolism. Wiley. pp. 187-. ISBN 978-1-119-03909-9. Pfeifer S, Butts ... This includes women with: History of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) not receiving anticoagulants Acute ... and pulmonary embolism (PE). Estrogens are known to increase the risk of VTE due to their effects on liver synthesis of ...
"Pulmonary Embolism". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2022-03-22. Fanaroff, Avroy A.; Stoll, Barbara J.; Wright, Linda L.; Carlo, ... Pulmonary vascular diseases are conditions that affect the pulmonary circulation. Examples are:[citation needed] Pulmonary ... Pulmonary interstitial emphysema is the condition of air escaping overdistended alveoli into the pulmonary interstitium. It is ... Examples of benign tumors are: Pulmonary hamartoma Congenital malformations such as pulmonary sequestration and congenital ...
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... pulmonary embolism (0.06%); perforation (0.06%). Similar rates of serious adverse events were reported in the multicenter, ...
... of pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary embolism refers to an embolus that lodges in the pulmonary circulation. This may arise ... Pulmonary circuit Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery. Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery.Deep ... The largest pulmonary artery is the main pulmonary artery or pulmonary trunk from the heart, and the smallest ones are the ... The pulmonary trunk splits into the right and the left main pulmonary artery. The left main pulmonary artery is shorter than ...
Howard, Luke (May 2019). "Acute pulmonary embolism". Clinical Medicine. 19 (3): 243-247. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.19-3-247. ... pulmonary embolism, and pneumonia. The gamma ray field can be characterized by the exposure rate (in units of, for instance, ...
The most common conditions associated with thrombophilia are deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), which are ... Bourjeily G, Paidas M, Khalil H, Rosene-Montella K, Rodger M (February 2010). "Pulmonary embolism in pregnancy". Lancet. 375 ( ... Agnelli G, Becattini C (July 2010). "Acute pulmonary embolism". N. Engl. J. Med. 363 (3): 266-74. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0907731. ...
A pulmonary embolism (PE) is an obstruction of the pulmonary arteries. Deaths from PE have been estimated at ~100,000 per year ... The likelihood of pulmonary embolism can be evaluated through various criteria. The Wells score is often calculated. It gives ... In pulmonary embolism, the right ventricle will be dilated. Other findings include paradoxical septal motion or clots in the ... Causes include pulmonary embolism, cardiac tamponade, and tension pneumothorax. These are all life-threatening. Symptoms may ...
Massive pulmonary embolism. For the treatment of a massive pulmonary embolism, catheter-directed therapy is a safer and more ... massive pulmonary embolism or extensive deep vein thrombosis).[citation needed] The main complication is bleeding (which can be ... "Catheter-directed therapy for the treatment of massive pulmonary embolism: systematic review and meta-analysis of modern ... Active peptic ulceration Transient ischemic attack within 6 months Dementia Infective endocarditis Active cavitating pulmonary ...
Pulmonary embolism (PE) involves occlusion of a pulmonary artery by an embolus, most often a thrombus, obstructing blood flow ... Jung J, Bonde P (2018). "Surgical Management of Pulmonary Embolism". In Chaar CI (ed.). Current Management of Venous Diseases. ... Tapson VF (March 2008). "Acute pulmonary embolism". The New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (10): 1037-1052. doi:10.1056/ ... Common diseases of arterial occlusion include Coronary Artery Disease, Peripheral Artery Disease, and Pulmonary Embolism. ...
... and become lodged in a pulmonary artery that supplies blood to the lungs. This is called a pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT and PE ... "Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary ... A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a blood clot from a deep vein (a DVT) detaches from a vein (embolizes), travels through ... Zietz A, Sutter R, De Marchis GM (2020). "Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism among patients with a cryptogenic stroke ...
Pulmonary Embolism: Know the Score (2019), Acute Bowel Obstruction: Delay in Transit (2020), Long Term Ventilation: Balancing ... Pulmonary Embolism: (2019)". "NCEPOD - Long Term Ventilation: (2020)". "NCEPOD - Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrests: (2019)". " ...
... , 75, who went to the dogs early in life, wound up as their best U.S. friend; of a pulmonary embolism; ...
A pulmonary embolism is a serious condition because; it can damage the lungs due to pulmonary hypertension and cause low blood ... "What is a Pulmonary Embolism". National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. NIH. Retrieved 1 April 2014. Harrington, John T; ... The most severe complication of RVT is a pulmonary embolism, caused by a clot, also called a thrombus, that originates from the ... Usually the diagnoses of RVT is first made when a nephrotic syndrome patient experiences a pulmonary embolism or a sudden ...
He died from pulmonary embolism. The Bernard A. Galler Fellowship Fund has been established at the University of Michigan ... Deaths from pulmonary embolism, Scientists from Chicago, Academics from Ann Arbor, Michigan, University of Chicago alumni, ...
Adhemar Santillo, 81, politician, deputy (1975-1986) and mayor of Anápolis (1986-1989, 1997-2001); pulmonary embolism from ...
He died from pulmonary embolism. WORKS, 1995, CONTAINER RECORDS, GARY D. PROJECT SAMPLER BANG!, 1997, DJ`S PRESENT D.SIGNALS, ... Deaths from pulmonary embolism, German electronic musicians, German trance musicians, German DJs, Club DJs). ...
In cases of hemothorax complicating pulmonary embolism treatment, the hemothorax is usually on the side of the original ... Light RW (2010). "Pleural effusion in pulmonary embolism". Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 31 (6): 716-22. doi:10.1055/s-0030- ... The lungs are surrounded by two layers of tissue called the pulmonary pleurae. In most healthy people, these two layers are ... Additionally, broad spectrum antibiotics can be given in the case of open trauma or pulmonary rupture. Supportive care may be ...
Nityanand, S; Zaidi, SH (1963). "Experimental pulmonary embolism and arteriosclerosis. Effect of vasospasm 67: 529-538". ... Additionally, he initiated dissections and clarifications of the effect of exposure of industrial toxins on pulmonary fibrosis ...
Cohen, G (1958). "Massive pulmonary embolism without infarction". British Journal of Radiology. 31 (366): 326-330. doi:10.1259/ ... Cohen, G. (1957). The radiological differential diagnosis of unilateral pulmonary veiling. 25 November 1186. Cohen, G. (1958). ...
Ubaldo suffered a pulmonary embolism. On July 19, his body was cremated. 1971 Prêmio Golfinho de Ouro, do Estado do Rio de ...
Baker, W.F. Jr (1998). "Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism". Med. Clin. North Am. 82 (3, May): 459-476 ... ISBN 978-1-4377-2207-9. Hume, Michael (1970). Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p ...
Sharma, GV; Sasahara, AA; McIntyre, KM (1976). "Pulmonary embolism: The great imitator". Disease-a-Month. 22 (7): 4-38. doi: ... Pulmonary embolism Stroke, stroke mimics, and stroke chameleons Hypoglycemia as an imitator of a stroke Various infectious ... Nocardiosis Tuberculosis Pulmonary tuberculosis Cutaneous tuberculosis Brucellosis Infective endocarditis Malaria Leprosy ...
A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a part of the DVT clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, which can be life-threatening ... Deep Vein Thrombosis & Pulmonary Embolism. CDC Yellow Book 2024. Travel by Air, Land & Sea ... Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography is the standard imaging procedure for diagnosis of PE. Ventilation-perfusion scan is ... chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after a PE). ...
Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism Media related to Pulmonary embolism at Wikimedia Commons "Pulmonary Embolism". ... The pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) helps assess people in whom pulmonary embolism is suspected, but unlikely. ... Pulmonary embolism at Curlie Wells criteria for pulmonary embolism online calculator Archived 2016-11-21 at the Wayback Machine ... There are roughly 10 million cases of pulmonary embolisms per year. In the United States, pulmonary embolisms are the primary ...
... is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a blood clot, fat, air or clumped tumor cells. ... Pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a blood clot, fat, air or clumped tumor cells ... Could EKGs Help Doctors Use AI to Detect Pulmonary Embolisms?. Dec. 21, 2021 Pulmonary embolisms are dangerous, lung-clogging ... Note: The above text is excerpted from the Wikipedia article "Pulmonary embolism", which has been released under the GNU Free ...
A pulmonary embolism is a sudden blockage in a lung artery. The cause is usually a blood clot in the leg called deep vein ... What is a pulmonary embolism (PE)?. A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a sudden blockage in a lung artery. It usually happens when a ... Who is more likely to develop a pulmonary embolism (PE)?. Anyone can get a pulmonary embolism (PE), but certain things can ... How is a pulmonary embolism (PE) diagnosed?. It can be difficult to diagnose PE. To find out if you have a PE, your health care ...
These embolisms affect an estimated 1 in 1,000 people in the U.S. every year. In this article, we describe what a pulmonary ... embolism feels like and how it is diagnosed. Learn about risk factors, outlooks and more. ... A pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary artery, which supplies blood to the lungs. ... What to know about saddle pulmonary embolism. Saddle pulmonary embolism is where a large blood clot sits on top of, or saddles ...
... large thrombi can lodge at the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery ... ... Pulmonary emboli usually arise from thrombi that originate in the deep venous system of the lower extremities; however, they ... Massive pulmonary embolism. As a cause of sudden death, massive pulmonary embolism is second only to sudden cardiac death. ... Pulmonary embolism in pediatric patients. DVT and pulmonary embolism are rare in pediatric practice. In 1993, David et al ...
How to use pulmonary embolism in a sentence. ... The meaning of PULMONARY EMBOLISM is obstruction of a pulmonary ... whether physical activity during flight is protective against pulmonary embolism remains to be demonstrated.-. Frederic ... "Pulmonary embolism." Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/pulmonary ... obstruction of a pulmonary artery or one of its branches that is usually produced by a blood clot which has originated in a ...
Current and accurate information about pulmonary embolism. Learn how doctors evaluate and treat this condition. ... Pulmonary Embolism. A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot moves through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood ... How is a pulmonary embolism treated?. Treatment for a pulmonary embolism typically includes keeping blood clots from getting ... What is a pulmonary embolism?. Blood can change from a free flowing fluid to a semi-solid gel (called a blood clot or thrombus ...
If youve had a pulmonary embolism (PE), your recovery period may vary based on many factors. Learn about the treatments and ... www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pulmonary-embolism/learn-about-pulmonary-embolism. ... How pulmonary embolism is treated. (2020).. https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/pulmonary-embolism/ ... A pulmonary embolism (PE) is when a blood clot becomes stuck in the blood vessels of your lung. These clots typically begin in ...
Centor discusses the risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients after subsegmental pulmonary embolism. First, listen ... Centor discusses the risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients after subsegmental pulmonary embolism. ...
... Am Heart J. 1968 Dec;76(6):784-94. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703( ...
Pulmonary angiography. The gold standard for diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) is pulmonary angiography. Pulmonary angiography ... Pulmonary embolism (PE) is form of embolism and thromboembolism in which a blockage of the pulmonary artery (or one of its ... 2011). "The pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC) rule does not safely exclude pulmonary embolism.". J Thromb Haemost 9 ( ... "Assessment of the pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria rule for evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism in the emergency ...
... Jennifer Bradley, FNP-C ... a pulmonary embolism (PE). A PE is a blood clot that has traveled from its origin, likely a vein in the leg, and lodges in one ...
After a run, a man discovers he has a large blot clot in his lungs.
Description: Parts of a layered thrombus project from the right pulmonary artery. Additional findings: Thrombus within the ... Pulmonary embolism. Diagnosis: central pulmonary embolism.. Description: Parts of a layered thrombus project from the right ... pulmonary artery.. Additional findings: Thrombus within the right atrial auricle. No deep vein thrombosis in the legs.. ...
Unfortunately, I know people who are no longer in this world because of a Pulmonary Embolism. They sneak up on us. The ... There are reports that upward to 180,000 people in the United States die every year from Pulmonary Embolisms. This is more ... a CT scan and ultra sound imaging I was diagnosed with a massive blood clot in my left lung also known as a pulmonary Embolism ...
DVT and Pulmonary Embolism Program. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) occurs when blood clots form in the deep veins in the lower leg ... Get immediate medical help if you have these symptoms because the clot could travel to the lungs or heart (called an embolism). ... care specialists collaborate to make an early diagnosis and deliver effective treatment for DVT and pulmonary embolism. ... and pulmonary embolisms. Call to learn more. ... DVT and Pulmonary Embolism Services. *IVC filter placement and ...
Clinical question: How frequent is pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with unexplained acute chronic obstructive pulmonary ... Prevalence and localization of pulmonary embolism in unexplained acute exacerbations of COPD: a systematic review and meta- ... Thirty-two percent were subsegmental, 35% affected one of the main pulmonary arteries, and 32% were located in the lobar and ... Can magnesium sulfate be used as an efficacious adjunct therapy in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD ...
The Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria rule in a community hospital ED: a retrospective study of its potential utility. Am J ... This months article demonstrates the validity of the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria (PERC; Table 11) and should reassure ... Clinical prediction rules for pulmonary embolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(5):957-970. ... Is there a clinical prediction rule that can reliably exclude the presence of a pulmonary embolism (PE), and thus avoid the use ...
Pulmonary embolism is diagnosed by your doctor based on signs and symptoms: electrocardiogram, the presence of D-dimer, ... Pulmonary Embolism [Internet]. [cited 2020 Nov 5]. Available from: https://www.livehealthily.com/embolism Healthily. Pulmonary ... Computerized tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). A dye is injected into your blood vessels before a computerized ... Embolism [Internet]. [cited 2020 Nov 5]. Available from: https://www.livehealthily.com/embolism Return to content ...
Get Pulmonary Embolism symptoms, causes and risk factors, diagnosis and treatment from the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery ... Home , Patient Care , Conditions and Treatment , Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Embolism Pulmonary Embolism: What it is, Symptoms ... Pulmonary Embolism - Diagnosis Pulmonary embolism is diagnosed via a computed tomography pulmonary angiogram which involves the ... Pulmonary Embolism - What it is Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot occurs in the lung which results in a blockage of ...
UK 15-year-old dies from pulmonary embolism after being put on birth control pill. Charlotte Lockwood died at age 15 after her ... Riddell," she stated, "the prescription would have been refused because of the deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in ... 15 when she died in 2014 from severe hypoxic ischemic brain injury caused by cardiac arrest resulting from a pulmonary embolism ...
Pulmonary Embolism. The circulatory system carries blood throughout the body via an intricate network of arteries and veins. ... The lodged clot, called a pulmonary embolism, may compromise blood flow to the lungs and result in shortness of breath, light- ... Development of a pulmonary embolism is a medical emergency that requires prompt medical attention. ...
During the month of March, we celebrate Blood Clot Awareness Month. According to the National Blood Clot Alliance, 274 people die every day due to blood clots. This means each ...
Background Diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) can be a difficult process for junior doctors, because it relies on clinical ...
What are best practices for evaluating patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE)? Background: Use of CT in the ... Clinical question: What are best practices for evaluating patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE)?. ... In patients found to have low pretest probability and meeting the pulmonary embolism rule-out criteria (PERC), clinicians can ... Evaluation of patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism: best practice advice from the clinical guidelines committee of ...
... December 20, 2022 by Jennifer ... "Many people die of pulmonary embolism every year," added Cushman, who directs the Thrombosis and Hemostasis Program at ... Link to the abstract paper featured in Cushmans presentation, titled "Social Determinants of Health and Pulmonary Embolism ... significantly less likely to receive the most advanced therapies and more likely to die after suffering a pulmonary embolism, ...
Right atrial myxoma and pulmonary embolism. Rational basis for investigation and treatment. ... Right atrial myxoma and pulmonary embolism. Rational basis for investigation and treatment. ...
Right atrial myxoma and pulmonary embolism. Rational basis for investigation and treatment. ... Right atrial myxoma and pulmonary embolism. Rational basis for investigation and treatment. ...
  • Otherwise, a CT pulmonary angiography, lung ventilation/perfusion scan, or ultrasound of the legs may confirm the diagnosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Your doctor can confirm the presence of a pulmonary embolism with CT angiography, or a ventilation perfusion (V/Q) lung scan. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • [10] Introduction of computed tomographic pulmonary angiography may have led to overdiagnosis of pulmonary embolism]. (citizendium.org)
  • Computerized tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). (thrombosisadviser.com)
  • Due to the life-threatening nature of chronic pulmonary embolism (CPE) and how easily it can be misdiagnosed on computed tomography, the authors of this study investigated a three-dimensional convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm for detecting hypoperfusion in CPE from computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). (myesr.org)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate whether right ventricle dilation at computed tomography (CT) angiography can be used to assess the risk of death in patients with acute pulmonary embolism. (ersjournals.com)
  • Studies reporting on the association between right ventricle dilation (right-to-left ventricle diameter) or dysfunction (inter-ventricular septal bowing) at CT angiography and death at 30 days, as well as at 3 months in patients with acute pulmonary embolism, were included in a systematic review and meta-analysis. (ersjournals.com)
  • Right-to-left ventricle dilation as assessed by CT angiography can be used to evaluate risk of death in all-comers with pulmonary embolism and in haemodynamically stable patients. (ersjournals.com)
  • Nowadays, computed tomography (CT) angiography is by far the most commonly used method for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. (ersjournals.com)
  • The right-to-left ventricle dimension ratio obtained by these methods is by far the most commonly used marker for the assessment of right ventricle dilation at CT angiography in acute pulmonary embolism. (ersjournals.com)
  • Right ventricle dilation at CT angiography has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of death in patients with acute pulmonary embolism [ 7 , 11 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis to assess the value of right ventricle dilation or dysfunction at CT angiography to stratify patients with acute pulmonary embolism for risk of death. (ersjournals.com)
  • We refer to the recent Invited Perspective which proposes that there is now a reduced role for V/Q scintigraphy in the detection of pulmonary embolism (PE) given the emergence of CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) ( 1 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is most commonly accomplished with CT angiography, although ventilation perfusion scanning is sometimes required. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Pulmonary emboli affect about 430,000 people each year in Europe. (wikipedia.org)
  • As smaller pulmonary emboli tend to lodge in more peripheral areas without collateral circulation, they are more likely to cause lung infarction and small effusions (both of which are painful), but not hypoxia, dyspnea, or hemodynamic instability such as tachycardia. (wikipedia.org)
  • The severity of symptoms depends on the size of the embolism, number of emboli, and a person's baseline heart and lung function. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • We present a case of a 46-year-old man who was admitted for shortness of breath and pleuritic chest pain and was found to have iron deficiency anemia, deep venous thrombosis, and bilateral pulmonary emboli (PE). (hindawi.com)
  • Pulmonary emboli usually occur as the result of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) , a blood clot in the leg that breaks loose and travels to your lung. (upmc.com)
  • Even though pulmonary emboli can be very dangerous, they often respond well to prompt treatment. (upmc.com)
  • To learn more about pulmonary emboli and their relationship with DVT and pulmonary hypertension, visit the UPMC Heart and Vascular Institute website . (upmc.com)
  • Massive pulmonary emboli (PE) -- which are pulmonary emboli that induce sustained hypotension, pulselessness, or sustained bradycardia -- are incredibly deadly, even with intervention. (emra.org)
  • This process is further worsened by bone marrow infarction, which may cause release of fat emboli that lodge in the pulmonary circulation. (medscape.com)
  • Symptoms of pulmonary embolism are typically sudden in onset and may include one or many of the following: dyspnea (shortness of breath), tachypnea (rapid breathing), chest pain of a "pleuritic" nature (worsened by breathing), cough and hemoptysis (coughing up blood). (wikipedia.org)
  • What are the symptoms of a pulmonary embolism (PE)? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sometimes people with PE don't have any symptoms until they have serious complications, such as pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the arteries to your lungs). (medlineplus.gov)
  • However, most patients with pulmonary embolism have no obvious symptoms at presentation. (medscape.com)
  • The diagnosis of pulmonary embolism should be suspected in patients with respiratory symptoms unexplained by an alternative diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Diagnosing a pulmonary embolism can be difficult because half of patients with a clot in the lungs have no symptoms. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • Approximately half of patients who have a pulmonary embolism have no symptoms. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • Get immediate medical help if you have these symptoms because the clot could travel to the lungs or heart (called an embolism). (carle.org)
  • It can also be classified according to its severity, which is determined on the basis of the presence or absence of hemodynamic instability, the presence or absence of respiratory symptoms, and the anatomic location of the embolism in the pulmonary vasculature. (medscape.com)
  • Studies of patients who died unexpectedly from pulmonary embolism have revealed that the patients complained of nagging symptoms, often for weeks, before dying. (medscape.com)
  • We've compiled a list of symptoms, causes, and treatment for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolisms with information from. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Dec. 21, 2021 Pulmonary embolisms are dangerous, lung-clogging blot clots. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a sudden blockage in a lung artery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is when a blood clot (thrombus) becomes lodged in an artery in the lung and blocks blood flow to the lung. (medscape.com)
  • After traveling to the lung, large thrombi can lodge at the bifurcation of the main pulmonary artery or the lobar branches and cause hemodynamic compromise. (medscape.com)
  • A pulmonary embolism (PE) is when a blood clot becomes stuck in the blood vessels of your lung. (healthline.com)
  • After a CT scan and ultra sound imaging I was diagnosed with a massive blood clot in my left lung also known as a pulmonary Embolism. (sonorannews.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot occurs in the lung which results in a blockage of the blood supply to lungs. (singhealth.com.sg)
  • A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blockage develops in lung blood vessels, most often because of a blood clot. (rxwiki.com)
  • Untreated, a pulmonary embolism (also known as a "PE") can permanently damage your lung or other organs and may even lead to death. (upmc.com)
  • The UPMC Comprehensive Pulmonary Hypertension Program provides complete services for pulmonary hypertension (PH) and other lung diseases. (upmc.com)
  • The cause of a pulmonary embolism "is usually a blood clot in the leg called a deep vein thrombosis that breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream to the lung. (weitzlux.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when pulmonary arteries in the lungs are blocked, which cuts off circulation of oxygen-rich blood to lung tissue. (schmidtlaw.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism (blockage of the main artery of the lung) is found to be associated with 3,349 drugs and 2,860 conditions by eHealthMe. (ehealthme.com)
  • How frequent is pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with unexplained acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation? (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Prevalence and localization of pulmonary embolism in unexplained acute exacerbations of COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis [published online ahead of print Aug. 11, 2016]. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • What are best practices for evaluating patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE)? (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Acute Pulmonary Embolism: Introduction, Clinical presentation, Classification. (slideshare.net)
  • Derivation and validation of a novel prediction model to identify low-risk patients with acute pulmonary embolism. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Recent guidelines recommend tailoring the clinical management of patients with acute pulmonary embolism to the estimated risk of death [ 1 , 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • Right ventricle dysfunction or injury are associated with increased mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and have been claimed to be useful to stratify haemodynamically stable patients for the risk of death [ 7 - 9 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • 2. Lehnert P, Lange T, Møller CH, Olsen PS, Carlsen J . Acute Pulmonary Embolism in a National Danish Cohort: Increasing Incidence and Decreasing Mortality. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Acute pulmonary embolism. (medscape.com)
  • Sleep-disordered breathing in deep vein thrombosis and acute pulmonary embolism. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a substance that has moved from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism). (wikipedia.org)
  • Pulmonary embolism is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a blood clot, fat, air or clumped tumor cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is form of embolism and thromboembolism in which a blockage of the pulmonary artery (or one of its branches), usually when a deep vein thrombosis (blood clot from a vein), becomes dislodged from its site of formation and embolizes to the arterial blood supply of one of the lungs. (citizendium.org)
  • Thirty-two percent were subsegmental, 35% affected one of the main pulmonary arteries, and 32% were located in the lobar and interlobar arteries. (the-hospitalist.org)
  • hence, a CT pulmonary angiogram was done which showed septic pulmonary embolism and multiple mycotic aneurysms of the pulmonary arteries. (bmj.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is the occlusion of pulmonary arteries by thrombi that originate elsewhere, typically in the large veins of the legs or pelvis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A man in his 70s in a rehabilitation hospital , post cerebral infarct , became acutely short of breath with reduced oxygen saturations and an elevated d-dimer.Non-occlusive filling defects were noted on the CT pulmonary angiogram in the proximal left pulmonary arteries . (bvsalud.org)
  • PH occurs when the blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which carry oxygen and blood from the heart to the lungs, is much higher than normal. (cdc.gov)
  • VTE is often recurrent and can lead to long-term complications (e.g., post-thrombotic syndrome after a DVT, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after a PE). (cdc.gov)
  • Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an uncommon but progressive condition. (cdc.gov)
  • The detection of pulmonary embolism (PE) in CT pulmonary angiograms (CTPAs) is a great example of a major challenge radiologists face nowadays: The swift identification and communication of critical findings in times of sharply rising numbers of examinations performed. (myesr.org)
  • A pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a part of the DVT clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, which can be life-threatening. (cdc.gov)
  • The filter catches blood clots before they travel to the lungs, which prevents pulmonary embolism. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A pulmonary embolism occurs when a blood clot moves through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel in the lungs. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • If you have a pulmonary embolism, you need medical treatment right away to prevent a blood clot from blocking blood flow to the lungs and heart. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • A pulmonary embolism can be life-threatening or cause permanent damage to the lungs. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • Treatment for a pulmonary embolism typically includes keeping blood clots from getting bigger, preventing clots from traveling to the lungs and preventing new clots from forming. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • The lodged clot, called a pulmonary embolism, may compromise blood flow to the lungs and result in shortness of breath, light-headedness, coughing, chest pain, and even loss of consciousness or death. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In this sudden and dangerous event, an embolism, or blood clot , gets stuck in one of the blood vessels in your lungs and blocks blood flow within that organ. (upmc.com)
  • If a blood clot travels to the lungs, it could cause a pulmonary embolism. (schmidtlaw.com)
  • Evidence-based literature supports the practice of using clinical scoring systems to determine the clinical probability of pulmonary embolism before proceeding with testing. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Validated clinical prediction rules should be used to estimate pretest probability of pulmonary embolism and to interpret test results. (medscape.com)
  • Is there a clinical prediction rule that can reliably exclude the presence of a pulmonary embolism (PE), and thus avoid the use of computed tomography (CT) in patients believed to be at very low risk? (aafp.org)
  • Dr. Long Clinical question: How did GOLD revise its prior recommendations for the diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Dr. Sundararaghavan Clinical question: Can magnesium sulfate be used as an efficacious adjunct therapy in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Background Diagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) can be a difficult process for junior doctors, because it relies on clinical probability scoring and knowledge of how to apply and interpret D-dimer, VQ and CT scanning. (bmj.com)
  • The phase IV clinical study analyzes which people take Benzonatate and have Pulmonary embolism. (ehealthme.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common clinical disorder which is associated with high morbidity and mortality if untreated. (bvsalud.org)
  • Since the clinical presentations of COVID-19 and Pulmonary embolism overlap, it is difficult to differentiate between these cases. (who.int)
  • See also European Society of Cardiology 2019 Guidelines on Diagnosis and Management of Pulmonary Embolism and American Society of Hematology 2020 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism . (msdmanuals.com)
  • (1) If you or a loved one suffered serious injury or death because your health care provider failed to prevent a blood clot or pulmonary embolism, you may need to sue for compensation. (weitzlux.com)
  • If you suffered because a doctor failed to prevent a blood clot or pulmonary embolism, you may be eligible for compensation. (weitzlux.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism is diagnosed via a computed tomography pulmonary angiogram which involves the injection of a dye into the blood vessel before the scan is taken. (singhealth.com.sg)
  • Severe pulmonary embolism, i.e. pulmonary vessels blocked by blood clots, can quickly lead to death due to heart failure if left untreated. (usz.ch)
  • In view of the many blood clots diagnosed in the Milan study within 24 hours and given the small sample of persons examined, a considerably larger number of people must therefore be expected to sustain severe pulmonary embolism as a result of COVID-19 as most COVID-19 patients remain in home quarantine during their illness. (usz.ch)
  • What Are Blood Clots and Pulmonary Embolisms? (weitzlux.com)
  • Blood clots are a risk to your health and can lead to pulmonary embolisms. (weitzlux.com)
  • Colloquially known as blood clots, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are forms of venous thromboembolism (VTE). (medscape.com)
  • Ventilation/perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (V/P SPECT) is the recommended method for proper diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE), according to the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) guidelines. (lu.se)
  • Apart from IDA, other hematologic abnormalities seen in patients with CD are thrombocytosis, splenic hypofunction, leukopenia, IgA deficiency, enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma (EATL), and rarely venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). (hindawi.com)
  • All of the patients had been diagnosed with a pulmonary embolism, and about 25 percent also had deep venous thrombosis, in which a blood clot forms in one or more deep veins, often in the legs. (rxwiki.com)
  • Kline JA, Runyon MS. Pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis. (medscape.com)
  • Hypoxemia, dehydration, and fever lead to intravascular sludging within pulmonary (among others) vasculature. (medscape.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common complication in patients with cancer. (myesr.org)
  • Anyone who takes a lengthy plane ride or is sedentary for long periods of time due to illness or injury is at risk for a serious complication: a pulmonary embolism. (upmc.com)
  • Methods: A nested case control study was conducted among 131 patients with COVID-19 (40 COVID-19 patients with Pulmonary embolism and 91 COVID-19 patients with no PE) who were on follow up from May, 2021 to May, 2022. (who.int)
  • Pulmonary embolisms can lead to severe medical complications. (weitzlux.com)
  • Introduction: Pulmonary embolism is one of the complications of COVID-19, with reported incidence ranging from 3 to 33 % in non-ICU patients to as high as 40% among ICU patients. (who.int)
  • [3] Patients can present with atypical syndromes such as unexplained exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (citizendium.org)
  • The method allows recognition of V/P pattern typical for PE, the sign of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, left heart failure (LHF), chronic PE, and suspicion of other parenchymal processes like tumors. (lu.se)
  • Pulmonary thromboembolism is not a disease in and of itself. (medscape.com)
  • In this episode of Annals On Call, Dr. Centor discusses the risk for recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients after subsegmental pulmonary embolism. (acponline.org)
  • Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). (jrheum.org)
  • Risk for Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Subsegmental Pulmonary Embolism Managed Without Anticoagulation. (umassmed.edu)
  • Venous thromboembolism (VTE), a disease characterized by deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), is an important cause of maternal morbidity and death in the United States and other developed countries. (cdc.gov)
  • Routine laboratory findings are nonspecific and are not helpful in pulmonary embolism, although they may suggest another diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Sudden death due to pulmonary embolism as presenting symptom of renal tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Perform diagnostic testing on symptomatic patients with suspected pulmonary embolism to confirm or exclude the diagnosis or until an alternative diagnosis is found. (medscape.com)
  • However, t here have been significant declines in PH-associated mortality rates for those with pulmonary embolism and emphysema. (cdc.gov)
  • Severe cases may require thrombolysis using medication such as tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) given intravenously or through a catheter, and some may require surgery (a pulmonary thrombectomy). (wikipedia.org)
  • Charlotte Lockwood was 15 when she died in 2014 from severe hypoxic ischemic brain injury caused by cardiac arrest resulting from a pulmonary embolism she suffered after being prescribed a combined contraceptive pill. (lifesitenews.com)
  • In severe pulmonary embolism where it is necessary to clear the blood clot quickly to re-establish blood flow for oxygenation of blood, thrombolytic therapy such as a tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which is a clot dissolving enzyme may be used. (singhealth.com.sg)
  • The development of multi-slice scanners allows accurate visualisation of the heart chambers and pulmonary vessels. (ersjournals.com)
  • Among non-intensive care unit (ICU) COVID-19 French patients receiving thromboprophylaxis, the incidence of VTE and pulmonary embolism were 22.5% and 10%, respectively (4). (who.int)
  • This study aimed to assess the incidence of pulmonary embolism and associated factors among confirmed Covid-19 Patients in Ethi- opia. (who.int)
  • These patients also should have an alternative diagnosis confirmed, or pulmonary embolism should be excluded, before discontinuing the workup. (medscape.com)
  • D-dimer may be under-used in patients at low risk of pulmonary embolism. (citizendium.org)
  • I firmly believe had Charlotte and I been properly advised about the risk of the combined contraception pill by Dr. Riddell," she stated, "the prescription would have been refused because of the deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in our family history. (lifesitenews.com)
  • Risk factors for pulmonary embolism is similar to deep vein thrombosis. (singhealth.com.sg)
  • Is there a simplified risk prediction model to identify those with low risk pulmonary embolism (PE) who can be treated as outpatients? (the-hospitalist.org)
  • Any time you undergo a surgical procedure at a hospital or other health care facility, you face increased risk of a blood clot or pulmonary embolism. (weitzlux.com)
  • Risk factors for pulmonary embolism are conditions that impair venous return, conditions that cause endothelial injury or dysfunction, and underlying hypercoagulable states. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Risk factors for pulmonary embolism are. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The role of risk factors in delayed diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. (medscape.com)
  • This review was able to highlight the risk factors and management of pulmonary embolism . (bvsalud.org)
  • Your physician will use a variety of tests to diagnose a pulmonary embolism. (upmc.com)
  • The second option is to measure heart chambers in the same axial transverse images used to diagnose pulmonary embolism, without reconstructions [ 11 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • It is possible to diagnose PE even in the presence of another pulmonary comorbidity. (lu.se)
  • There was associated hypoplasia of the distal pulmonary arterial tree in the left hemithorax with left pulmonary vein stenosis . (bvsalud.org)
  • The classic presentation for PE with pleuritic pain, dyspnea, and tachycardia is likely caused by a large fragmented embolism causing both large and small PEs. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are the mainstay of treatment for pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. (radiologyinfo.org)
  • Carle interventional radiologists, pulmonologists and intensive care specialists collaborate to make an early diagnosis and deliver effective treatment for DVT and pulmonary embolism. (carle.org)
  • Thrombolytic treatment of pulmonary embolism. (bmj.com)
  • Pulmonary embolism treatment is with anticoagulants and, sometimes, clot dissolution with systemic or catheter-directed thrombolysis or by removal of the clot via catheter suction thrombectomy or surgical resection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • To examine rates of stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and death in patients after retinal vein occlusion (RVO) compared to controls. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Studies of the risks of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS) in Asia are scant. (jrheum.org)
  • whether physical activity during flight is protective against pulmonary embolism remains to be demonstrated. (merriam-webster.com)
  • You are more likely to develop DVT and a pulmonary embolism if you smoke, are obese, take birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy, are pregnant, are inactive for long periods of time (such as after surgery), or have a condition such as heart disease or cancer. (upmc.com)