Infections of the genital tract in females or males. They can be caused by endogenous, iatrogenic, or sexually transmitted organisms.
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
A common gynecologic disorder characterized by an abnormal, nonbloody discharge from the genital tract.
Bacterial diseases transmitted or propagated by sexual conduct.
Painful URINATION. It is often associated with infections of the lower URINARY TRACT.
Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.
Polymicrobial, nonspecific vaginitis associated with positive cultures of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic organisms and a decrease in lactobacilli. It remains unclear whether the initial pathogenic event is caused by the growth of anaerobes or a primary decrease in lactobacilli.
Pathological processes of the female URINARY TRACT and the reproductive system (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.
Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
The female reproductive organs. The external organs include the VULVA; BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS; and CLITORIS. The internal organs include the VAGINA; UTERUS; OVARY; and FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The inhabitants of rural areas or of small towns classified as rural.
The male reproductive organs. They are divided into the external organs (PENIS; SCROTUM;and URETHRA) and the internal organs (TESTIS; EPIDIDYMIS; VAS DEFERENS; SEMINAL VESICLES; EJACULATORY DUCTS; PROSTATE; and BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS).
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
The convoluted cordlike structure attached to the posterior of the TESTIS. Epididymis consists of the head (caput), the body (corpus), and the tail (cauda). A network of ducts leaving the testis joins into a common epididymal tubule proper which provides the transport, storage, and maturation of SPERMATOZOA.
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A pair of highly specialized muscular canals extending from the UTERUS to its corresponding OVARY. They provide the means for OVUM collection, and the site for the final maturation of gametes and FERTILIZATION. The fallopian tube consists of an interstitium, an isthmus, an ampulla, an infundibulum, and fimbriae. Its wall consists of three histologic layers: serous, muscular, and an internal mucosal layer lined with both ciliated and secretory cells.
Ducts that serve exclusively for the passage of eggs from the ovaries to the exterior of the body. In non-mammals, they are termed oviducts. In mammals, they are highly specialized and known as FALLOPIAN TUBES.
A pair of ducts near the WOLFFIAN DUCTS in a developing embryo. In the male embryo, they degenerate with the appearance of testicular ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. In the absence of anti-mullerian hormone, mullerian ducts give rise to the female reproductive tract, including the OVIDUCTS; UTERUS; CERVIX; and VAGINA.
Mature male germ cells derived from SPERMATIDS. As spermatids move toward the lumen of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES, they undergo extensive structural changes including the loss of cytoplasm, condensation of CHROMATIN into the SPERM HEAD, formation of the ACROSOME cap, the SPERM MIDPIECE and the SPERM TAIL that provides motility.
Substances capable of killing agents causing urinary tract infections or of preventing them from spreading.
The external and internal organs related to reproduction.
The duct which coveys URINE from the pelvis of the KIDNEY through the URETERS, BLADDER, and URETHRA.
Passive or active movement of SPERMATOZOA from the testicular SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES through the male reproductive tract as well as within the female reproductive tract.
The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.
The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.
Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.
A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)
The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains SPERMATOZOA and their nutrient plasma.
Passage of a CATHETER into the URINARY BLADDER or kidney.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.
A disease of horses and donkeys caused by Trypanosoma equiperdum. The disease occurs in Africa, the Americas, and Asia.
A genus of flagellate protozoans found in the blood and lymph of vertebrates and invertebrates, both hosts being required to complete the life cycle.
Infection with protozoa of the genus TRYPANOSOMA.
Hoofed mammals with four legs, a big-lipped snout, and a humped back belonging to the family Camelidae.
A family of hoofed MAMMALS consisting of HORSES, donkeys, and zebras. Members of this family are strict herbivores and can be classified as either browsers or grazers depending on how they feed.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
DNA of kinetoplasts which are specialized MITOCHONDRIA of trypanosomes and related parasitic protozoa within the order KINETOPLASTIDA. Kinetoplast DNA consists of a complex network of numerous catenated rings of two classes; the first being a large number of small DNA duplex rings, called minicircles, approximately 2000 base pairs in length, and the second being several dozen much larger rings, called maxicircles, approximately 37 kb in length.

Maternal serum folate species in early pregnancy and lower genital tract inflammatory milieu. (1/62)

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Endometrial leukocyte subpopulations associated with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis genital tract infection. (2/62)

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A murine genital-challenge model is a sensitive measure of protective antibodies against human papillomavirus infection. (3/62)

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Postpartum group a Streptococcus sepsis and maternal immunology. (4/62)

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Reproductive morbidity among Iranian women; issues often inappropriately addressed in health seeking behaviors. (5/62)

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Protective immunity against mouse upper genital tract pathology correlates with high IFNgamma but low IL-17 T cell and anti-secretion protein antibody responses induced by replicating chlamydial organisms in the airway. (6/62)

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Identification of antigen-specific antibody responses associated with upper genital tract pathology in mice infected with Chlamydia muridarum. (7/62)

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Enhanced upper genital tract pathologies by blocking Tim-3 and PD-L1 signaling pathways in mice intravaginally infected with Chlamydia muridarum. (8/62)

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Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) refer to infections that are localized in the reproductive organs, including the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and prostate gland. These infections can be caused by various microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

RTIs can lead to a range of complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy, infertility, and increased risk of HIV transmission. They can also cause symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge, pain during sexual intercourse, irregular menstrual bleeding, and lower abdominal pain.

RTIs are often sexually transmitted but can also be caused by other factors such as poor hygiene, use of intrauterine devices (IUDs), and invasive gynecological procedures. Prevention measures include safe sexual practices, good personal hygiene, and timely treatment of infections.

Genital diseases in females refer to various medical conditions that affect the female reproductive system, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries. These conditions can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, hormonal imbalances, or structural abnormalities. Some common examples of genital diseases in females include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human papillomavirus (HPV), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometriosis, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and vulvar or vaginal cancer. Symptoms of genital diseases in females can vary widely depending on the specific condition but may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pain or discomfort during sex, irregular menstrual bleeding, painful urination, and pelvic pain. It is important for women to receive regular gynecological care and screenings to detect and treat genital diseases early and prevent complications.

Vaginal discharge refers to the fluid that comes out of the vagina on a regular basis. It's a normal and healthy process for the body to keep the vagina clean and maintain its pH balance. The amount, color, and consistency of vaginal discharge can vary throughout a woman's menstrual cycle and can also be influenced by various factors such as pregnancy, sexual arousal, and infections.

Normal vaginal discharge is typically clear or white and may have a mild odor. However, if the discharge changes in color, consistency, or smell, or if it's accompanied by symptoms such as itching, burning, or pain, it could be a sign of an infection or other medical condition that requires treatment.

It is important to note that while vaginal discharge is a normal bodily function, any abnormal changes should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are infections that can be passed from one person to another through sexual contact. When referring to bacterial STDs, these are infections caused by bacteria. Examples of bacterial STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). These infections can be treated with antibiotics, but if left untreated, they can cause serious health problems, such as infertility, organ damage, and even death. It is important to practice safe sex and get regular STD screenings to prevent and promptly treat bacterial STDs.

Dysuria is a medical term that describes painful or difficult urination. This symptom can be caused by various conditions, including urinary tract infections (UTIs), bladder infections, kidney stones, enlarged prostate, and certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Dysuria can also occur as a side effect of certain medications or medical procedures.

The pain or discomfort associated with dysuria can range from a burning sensation to a sharp stabbing pain, and it may occur during urination, immediately after urination, or throughout the day. Other symptoms that may accompany dysuria include frequent urination, urgency to urinate, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, blood in the urine, and lower abdominal or back pain.

If you are experiencing dysuria, it is important to seek medical attention promptly to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment. In many cases, dysuria can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other interventions.

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are defined as the presence of pathogenic microorganisms, typically bacteria, in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, resulting in infection and inflammation. The majority of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, but other organisms such as Klebsiella, Proteus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus can also cause UTIs.

UTIs can be classified into two types based on the location of the infection:

1. Lower UTI or bladder infection (cystitis): This type of UTI affects the bladder and urethra. Symptoms may include a frequent and urgent need to urinate, pain or burning during urination, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and discomfort in the lower abdomen or back.

2. Upper UTI or kidney infection (pyelonephritis): This type of UTI affects the kidneys and can be more severe than a bladder infection. Symptoms may include fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, and pain in the flanks or back.

UTIs are more common in women than men due to their shorter urethra, which makes it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder. Other risk factors for UTIs include sexual activity, use of diaphragms or spermicides, urinary catheterization, diabetes, and weakened immune systems.

UTIs are typically diagnosed through a urinalysis and urine culture to identify the causative organism and determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment. In some cases, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan may be necessary to evaluate for any underlying abnormalities in the urinary tract.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that occurs when there's an imbalance or overgrowth of bacteria in the vagina. It's not technically considered a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but certain activities such as unprotected sex can increase the risk of developing BV. The normal balance of bacteria in the vagina is disrupted, leading to symptoms such as abnormal vaginal discharge with a strong fishy odor, burning during urination, and itching or irritation around the outside of the vagina. Bacterial vaginosis is diagnosed through a pelvic examination and laboratory tests to identify the type of bacteria present in the vagina. Treatment typically involves antibiotics, either in the form of pills or creams that are inserted into the vagina. It's important to seek medical attention if you suspect you have bacterial vaginosis, as it can increase the risk of complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease and preterm labor during pregnancy.

Female urogenital diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the female urinary and genital systems. These systems include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, vulva, vagina, and reproductive organs such as the ovaries and uterus.

Some common female urogenital diseases include:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): These are infections that occur in any part of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra.
2. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): This is an infection of the reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
3. Endometriosis: This is a condition in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of the uterus, often on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other pelvic structures.
4. Ovarian cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that form on the ovaries.
5. Uterine fibroids: These are noncancerous growths that develop in the muscular wall of the uterus.
6. Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS): This is a chronic bladder condition characterized by pain, pressure, and discomfort in the bladder and pelvic area.
7. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): These are infections that are passed from person to person during sexual contact. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV.
8. Vulvodynia: This is chronic pain or discomfort of the vulva, the external female genital area.
9. Cancers of the reproductive system, such as ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and uterine cancer.

These are just a few examples of female urogenital diseases. It's important for women to receive regular medical care and screenings to detect and treat these conditions early, when they are often easier to manage and have better outcomes.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), also known as Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), are a group of diseases or infections that spread primarily through sexual contact, including vaginal, oral, and anal sex. They can also be transmitted through non-sexual means such as mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding, or via shared needles.

STDs can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and some may not show any symptoms at all. Common STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B, and pubic lice.

If left untreated, some STDs can lead to serious health complications, such as infertility, organ damage, blindness, or even death. It is important to practice safe sex and get regular screenings for STDs if you are sexually active, especially if you have multiple partners or engage in high-risk behaviors.

Preventive measures include using barrier methods of protection, such as condoms, dental dams, and female condoms, getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B, and limiting the number of sexual partners. If you suspect that you may have an STD, it is important to seek medical attention promptly for diagnosis and treatment.

Infection is defined medically as the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites within the body, which can lead to tissue damage, illness, and disease. This process often triggers an immune response from the host's body in an attempt to eliminate the infectious agents and restore homeostasis. Infections can be transmitted through various routes, including airborne particles, direct contact with contaminated surfaces or bodily fluids, sexual contact, or vector-borne transmission. The severity of an infection may range from mild and self-limiting to severe and life-threatening, depending on factors such as the type and quantity of pathogen, the host's immune status, and any underlying health conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

Female genitalia refer to the reproductive and sexual organs located in the female pelvic region. They are primarily involved in reproduction, menstruation, and sexual activity. The external female genitalia, also known as the vulva, include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and the external openings of the urethra and vagina. The internal female genitalia consist of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. These structures work together to facilitate menstruation, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are infections that affect the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat (pharynx), voice box (larynx), windpipe (trachea), bronchi, and lungs. These infections can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or, less commonly, fungi.

RTIs are classified into two categories based on their location: upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). URTIs include infections of the nose, sinuses, throat, and larynx, such as the common cold, flu, laryngitis, and sinusitis. LRTIs involve the lower airways, including the bronchi and lungs, and can be more severe. Examples of LRTIs are pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis.

Symptoms of RTIs depend on the location and cause of the infection but may include cough, congestion, runny nose, sore throat, difficulty breathing, wheezing, fever, fatigue, and chest pain. Treatment for RTIs varies depending on the severity and underlying cause of the infection. For viral infections, treatment typically involves supportive care to manage symptoms, while antibiotics may be prescribed for bacterial infections.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

A rural population refers to people who live in areas that are outside of urban areas, typically defined as having fewer than 2,000 residents and lacking certain infrastructure and services such as running water, sewage systems, and paved roads. Rural populations often have less access to healthcare services, education, and economic opportunities compared to their urban counterparts. This population group can face unique health challenges, including higher rates of poverty, limited access to specialized medical care, and a greater exposure to environmental hazards such as agricultural chemicals and industrial pollutants.

"Male genitalia" refers to the reproductive and sexual organs that are typically present in male individuals. These structures include:

1. Testes: A pair of oval-shaped glands located in the scrotum that produce sperm and testosterone.
2. Epididymis: A long, coiled tube that lies on the surface of each testicle where sperm matures and is stored.
3. Vas deferens: A pair of muscular tubes that transport sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
4. Seminal vesicles: Glands that produce a fluid that mixes with sperm to create semen.
5. Prostate gland: A small gland that surrounds the urethra and produces a fluid that also mixes with sperm to create semen.
6. Bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands): Two pea-sized glands that produce a lubricating fluid that is released into the urethra during sexual arousal.
7. Urethra: A tube that runs through the penis and carries urine from the bladder out of the body, as well as semen during ejaculation.
8. Penis: The external organ that serves as both a reproductive and excretory organ, expelling both semen and urine.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

The epididymis is a tightly coiled tube located on the upper and posterior portion of the testicle that serves as the site for sperm maturation and storage. It is an essential component of the male reproductive system. The epididymis can be divided into three parts: the head (where newly produced sperm enter from the testicle), the body, and the tail (where mature sperm exit and are stored). Any abnormalities or inflammation in the epididymis may lead to discomfort, pain, or infertility.

The vagina is the canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal because babies pass through it during childbirth. The vagina is where sexual intercourse occurs and where menstrual blood exits the body. It has a flexible wall that can expand and retract. During sexual arousal, the vaginal walls swell with blood to become more elastic in order to accommodate penetration.

It's important to note that sometimes people use the term "vagina" to refer to the entire female genital area, including the external structures like the labia and clitoris. But technically, these are considered part of the vulva, not the vagina.

The Fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes or oviducts, are a pair of slender tubular structures in the female reproductive system. They play a crucial role in human reproduction by providing a passageway for the egg (ovum) from the ovary to the uterus (womb).

Each Fallopian tube is typically around 7.6 to 10 centimeters long and consists of four parts: the interstitial part, the isthmus, the ampulla, and the infundibulum. The fimbriated end of the infundibulum, which resembles a fringe or frill, surrounds and captures the released egg from the ovary during ovulation.

Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla when sperm meets the egg after sexual intercourse. Once fertilized, the zygote (fertilized egg) travels through the Fallopian tube toward the uterus for implantation and further development. The cilia lining the inner surface of the Fallopian tubes help propel the egg and the zygote along their journey.

In some cases, abnormalities or blockages in the Fallopian tubes can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancies, which are pregnancies that develop outside the uterus, typically within the Fallopian tube itself.

Oviducts, also known as fallopian tubes in humans, are pair of slender tubular structures that serve as the conduit for the ovum (egg) from the ovaries to the uterus. They are an essential part of the female reproductive system, providing a site for fertilization of the egg by sperm and early embryonic development before the embryo moves into the uterus for further growth.

In medical terminology, the term "oviduct" refers to this functional description rather than a specific anatomical structure in all female organisms. The oviducts vary in length and shape across different species, but their primary role remains consistent: to facilitate the transport of the egg and provide a site for fertilization.

Müllerian ducts are a pair of embryonic structures found in female mammals, including humans. They give rise to the female reproductive system during fetal development. In females, the Müllerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper part of the vagina.

In males, the regression of Müllerian ducts is induced by a hormone called anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), produced by the developing testes. In the absence of AMH or if it fails to function properly, the Müllerian ducts may persist and lead to conditions known as persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) or Müllerian remnants in males.

In summary, Müllerian ducts are essential structures for female reproductive system development, and their regression is crucial for male reproductive organ formation.

Spermatozoa are the male reproductive cells, or gametes, that are produced in the testes. They are microscopic, flagellated (tail-equipped) cells that are highly specialized for fertilization. A spermatozoon consists of a head, neck, and tail. The head contains the genetic material within the nucleus, covered by a cap-like structure called the acrosome which contains enzymes to help the sperm penetrate the female's egg (ovum). The long, thin tail propels the sperm forward through fluid, such as semen, enabling its journey towards the egg for fertilization.

Anti-infective agents for the urinary tract are medications used to prevent or treat infections caused by microorganisms (such as bacteria, fungi, or viruses) in the urinary system. These agents can be administered locally (for example, via catheter instillation) or systemically (orally or intravenously).

Common classes of anti-infective agents used for urinary tract infections include:

1. Antibiotics: These are the most commonly prescribed class of anti-infectives for urinary tract infections. They target and kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria responsible for the infection. Common antibiotics used for this purpose include trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, and fosfomycin.
2. Antifungals: These medications are used to treat fungal urinary tract infections (UTIs). Common antifungal agents include fluconazole, amphotericin B, and nystatin.
3. Antivirals: Although rare, viral UTIs can occur, and antiviral medications may be prescribed to treat them. Examples of antiviral agents used for urinary tract infections include acyclovir and valacyclovir.

It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment for any suspected urinary tract infection. Improper use or misuse of anti-infective agents can lead to antibiotic resistance, making future treatments more challenging.

Genitalia, also known as the genitals, refer to the reproductive organs located in the pelvic region. In males, these include the penis and testicles, while in females, they consist of the vulva, vagina, clitoris, and ovaries. Genitalia are essential for sexual reproduction and can also be associated with various medical conditions, such as infections, injuries, or congenital abnormalities.

The urinary tract is a system in the body responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine. It includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. The kidneys filter waste and excess fluids from the blood to produce urine, which then travels down the ureters into the bladder. When the bladder is full, urine is released through the urethra during urination. Any part of this system can become infected or inflamed, leading to conditions such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) or kidney stones.

Sperm transport refers to the series of events that occur from the production of sperm in the testes to their release into the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse. This process involves several stages:

1. Spermatogenesis: The production of sperm cells (spermatozoa) takes place in the seminiferous tubules within the testes.
2. Maturation: The newly produced sperm are immature and incapable of fertilization. They undergo a maturation process as they move through the epididymis, where they acquire motility and the ability to fertilize an egg.
3. Ejaculation: During sexual arousal, sperm are mixed with seminal fluid produced by the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands to form semen. This mixture is propelled through the urethra during orgasm (ejaculation) and released from the penis into the female reproductive tract.
4. Transport within the female reproductive tract: Once inside the female reproductive tract, sperm must travel through the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes to reach the site of fertilization, the ampullary-isthmic junction of the fallopian tube. This journey can take several hours to a few days.
5. Capacitation: During their transport within the female reproductive tract, sperm undergo further changes called capacitation, which prepares them for fertilization by increasing their motility and making them more responsive to the egg's chemical signals.
6. Acrosome reaction: The final step in sperm transport is the acrosome reaction, where the sperm releases enzymes from the acrosome (a cap-like structure on the head of the sperm) to penetrate and fertilize the egg.

The testis, also known as the testicle, is a male reproductive organ that is part of the endocrine system. It is located in the scrotum, outside of the abdominal cavity. The main function of the testis is to produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.

The testis is composed of many tiny tubules called seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. These tubules are surrounded by a network of blood vessels, nerves, and supportive tissues. The sperm then travel through a series of ducts to the epididymis, where they mature and become capable of fertilization.

Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells, which are located in the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It also supports sperm production and sexual function.

Abnormalities in testicular function can lead to infertility, hormonal imbalances, and other health problems. Regular self-examinations and medical check-ups are recommended for early detection and treatment of any potential issues.

Bacteriuria is a medical term that refers to the presence of bacteria in the urine. The condition can be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and it can occur in various populations, including hospitalized patients, pregnant women, and individuals with underlying urologic abnormalities.

There are different types of bacteriuria, including:

1. Significant bacteriuria: This refers to the presence of a large number of bacteria in the urine (usually greater than 100,000 colony-forming units per milliliter or CFU/mL) and is often associated with urinary tract infection (UTI).
2. Contaminant bacteriuria: This occurs when bacteria from the skin or external environment enter the urine sample during collection, leading to a small number of bacteria present in the urine.
3. Asymptomatic bacteriuria: This refers to the presence of bacteria in the urine without any symptoms of UTI. It is more common in older adults, pregnant women, and individuals with diabetes or other underlying medical conditions.

The diagnosis of bacteriuria typically involves a urinalysis and urine culture to identify the type and quantity of bacteria present in the urine. Treatment depends on the type and severity of bacteriuria and may involve antibiotics to eliminate the infection. However, asymptomatic bacteriuria often does not require treatment unless it occurs in pregnant women or individuals undergoing urologic procedures.

Vesico-Ureteral Reflux (VUR) is a medical condition that affects the urinary system, specifically the junction where the ureters (tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder) connect with the bladder. In normal physiology, once the bladder fills up with urine and contracts during micturition (urination), the pressure within the bladder should prevent the backflow of urine into the ureters.

However, in VUR, the valve-like mechanism that prevents this backflow does not function properly, allowing urine to flow backward from the bladder into the ureters and potentially even into the kidneys. This reflux can lead to recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney damage, and other complications if left untreated. VUR is more commonly diagnosed in children but can also occur in adults.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women from the 1940s until the early 1970s to prevent miscarriage, premature labor, and other complications of pregnancy. However, it was later discovered that DES could cause serious health problems in both the mothers who took it and their offspring.

DES is a non-selective estrogen agonist, meaning that it binds to and activates both estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) in the body. It has a higher binding affinity for ERα than for ERβ, which can lead to disruptions in normal hormonal signaling pathways.

In addition to its use as a pregnancy aid, DES has also been used in the treatment of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and other conditions associated with hormonal imbalances. However, due to its potential health risks, including an increased risk of certain cancers, DES is no longer widely used in clinical practice.

Some of the known health effects of DES exposure include:

* In women who were exposed to DES in utero (i.e., their mothers took DES during pregnancy):
+ A rare form of vaginal or cervical cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma
+ Abnormalities of the reproductive system, such as structural changes in the cervix and vagina, and an increased risk of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and preterm delivery
+ An increased risk of breast cancer later in life
* In men who were exposed to DES in utero:
+ Undescended testicles
+ Abnormalities of the penis and scrotum
+ A higher risk of testicular cancer
* In both men and women who were exposed to DES in utero or who took DES themselves:
+ An increased risk of certain types of breast cancer
+ A possible increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including high blood pressure and stroke.

It is important for individuals who have been exposed to DES to inform their healthcare providers of this fact, as it may have implications for their medical care and monitoring.

Semen is a complex, whitish fluid that is released from the male reproductive system during ejaculation. It is produced by several glands, including the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. Semen contains several components, including sperm (the male reproductive cells), as well as various proteins, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals. Its primary function is to transport sperm through the female reproductive tract during sexual intercourse, providing nutrients and aiding in the protection of the sperm as they travel toward the egg for fertilization.

Urinary catheterization is a medical procedure in which a flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine. This may be done to manage urinary retention, monitor urine output, or obtain a urine sample for laboratory testing. It can be performed as a clean, intermittent catheterization, or with an indwelling catheter (also known as Foley catheter) that remains in place for a longer period of time. The procedure should be performed using sterile technique to reduce the risk of urinary tract infection.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections refer to illnesses caused by the bacterium E. coli, which can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific strain and site of infection. The majority of E. coli strains are harmless and live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals. However, some strains, particularly those that produce Shiga toxins, can cause severe illness.

E. coli infections can occur through various routes, including contaminated food or water, person-to-person contact, or direct contact with animals or their environments. Common symptoms of E. coli infections include diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) can occur, which may lead to kidney failure and other long-term health problems.

Preventing E. coli infections involves practicing good hygiene, cooking meats thoroughly, avoiding cross-contamination of food during preparation, washing fruits and vegetables before eating, and avoiding unpasteurized dairy products and juices. Prompt medical attention is necessary if symptoms of an E. coli infection are suspected to prevent potential complications.

Dourine is a venereal disease in horses and other equids, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma equiperdum. It is transmitted through sexual contact or during breeding. The disease is characterized by skin lesions, neurological symptoms, and reproductive issues. In severe cases, it can lead to death. Dourine is found mainly in Africa, Asia, and parts of South America, and is rarely seen in developed countries due to strict quarantine measures.

Trypanosoma is a genus of flagellated protozoan parasites belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae. These microscopic single-celled organisms are known to cause various tropical diseases in humans and animals, including Chagas disease (caused by Trypanosoma cruzi) and African sleeping sickness (caused by Trypanosoma brucei).

The life cycle of Trypanosoma involves alternating between an insect vector (like a tsetse fly or kissing bug) and a mammalian host. The parasites undergo complex morphological changes as they move through the different hosts and developmental stages, often exhibiting distinct forms in the insect vector compared to the mammalian host.

Trypanosoma species have an undulating membrane and a single flagellum that helps them move through their environment. They can be transmitted through various routes, including insect vectors, contaminated food or water, or congenital transmission from mother to offspring. The diseases caused by these parasites can lead to severe health complications and may even be fatal if left untreated.

Trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by various species of the protozoan genus Trypanosoma. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected tsetse fly (in African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness) or reduviid bug (in American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease). The parasites enter the bloodstream and lymphatic system, causing symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, skin lesions, and muscle pain. Untreated, it can lead to severe neurological complications and death in both forms of the disease. Prevention measures include avoiding insect bites, using insect repellents, and sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets.

A "camel" is a large, even-toed ungulate that belongs to the genus Camelus in the family Camelidae. There are two species of camels: the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius), also known as the Arabian camel, which has one hump, and the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), which has two humps.

Camels are well adapted to life in arid environments and are native to the Middle East and Central Asia. They have long legs, large, flat feet that help them walk on sand, and a thick coat of hair that helps protect them from the sun and cold temperatures. Camels are also known for their ability to store fat in their humps, which they can convert into water and energy when food and water are scarce.

Camels have been domesticated for thousands of years and have played an important role in human history as transportation, pack animals, and sources of meat, milk, and wool. They are also used in traditional medicine and religious ceremonies in some cultures.

Equidae is the biological family that includes horses, donkeys, zebras, and their extinct relatives. These mammals are known for their hooves, long faces, and distinctive teeth adapted for grazing on grasses. They are also characterized by a unique form of locomotion in which they move both legs on one side of the body together, a gait known as "diagonal couple-hoofed" or "pacing."

The family Equidae belongs to the order Perissodactyla, which includes other odd-toed ungulates such as rhinos and tapirs. The fossil record of Equidae dates back to the early Eocene epoch, around 56 million years ago, with a diverse array of species that inhabited various habitats across the world.

Some notable members of the family Equidae include:

* Equus: This is the genus that includes modern horses, donkeys, and zebras. It has a wide geographic distribution and includes several extinct species such as the now-extinct American wild horse (Equus ferus) and the quagga (Equus quagga), a subspecies of the plains zebra that went extinct in the late 19th century.
* Hyracotherium: Also known as Eohippus, this is one of the earliest and smallest members of Equidae. It lived during the early Eocene epoch and had four toes on its front feet and three toes on its hind feet.
* Mesohippus: This was a slightly larger and more advanced member of Equidae that lived during the middle Eocene epoch. It had four toes on its front feet and three toes on its hind feet, but its middle toe was larger and stronger than in Hyracotherium.
* Merychippus: This was a diverse and successful member of Equidae that lived during the late Miocene epoch. It had a more modern-looking skeleton and teeth adapted for grazing on grasses.
* Pliohippus: This was a transitional form between early members of Equidae and modern horses. It lived during the Pliocene epoch and had a single toe on each foot, like modern horses. Its teeth were also more specialized for grinding grasses.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

The kinetoplast is a unique structure found in the single, mitochondrion of certain protozoan parasites, including those of the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania. It consists of a network of circular DNA molecules that are highly concentrated and tightly packed. These DNA molecules contain genetic information necessary for the functioning of the unique mitochondrion in these organisms.

The kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) is organized into thousands of maxicircles and minicircles, which vary in size and number depending on the species. Maxicircles are similar to mammalian mitochondrial DNA and encode proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, while minicircles contain sequences that code for guide RNAs involved in the editing of maxicircle transcripts.

The kDNA undergoes dynamic rearrangements during the life cycle of these parasites, which involves different morphological and metabolic forms. The study of kDNA has provided valuable insights into the biology and evolution of these important pathogens and has contributed to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Tibary, Ahmed; Pearson, Lisa K.; Fite, Cheryl L. "Chapter 8 - Reproductive Tract Infections". Equine Infectious Diseases ( ... Dourine is spread venereally, and causes disc-shaped lesions of the reproductive organs, nervous system and skin, acute ... "Efficacy of Cymelarsan and Diminasan against Trypanosoma equiperdum infections in mice and horses". Veterinary Parasitology. ...
Reproductive tract infection (RTI) are infections that affect the reproductive tract, which is part of the Reproductive System ... For females, reproductive tract infections can affect the upper reproductive tract (fallopian tubes, ovary and uterus) and the ... The three types of reproductive tract infections are endogenous infections, iatrogenic infections and the more commonly known ... Reproductive Tract Infections: An Introductory Overview, from Population Council. Retrieved January 2013 HIV, AIDS, and ...
Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE (August 2015). "Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a ... The stages include primary infection, asymptomatic infection, symptomatic infection, and AIDS. In the primary infection stage, ... Syphilis infections are increasing in the United States. Trichomoniasis is a common STI that is caused by infection with a ... When the HIV infection becomes life-threatening, it is called AIDS. People with AIDS fall prey to opportunistic infections and ...
"Sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections in female sex workers". Indian Journal of Pathology and ... Trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection of the urogenital tract, is a common cause of vaginitis in women, while men ... Infection rates in men and women are similar but women are usually symptomatic, while infections in men are usually ... The two lineages differ in whether or not T. vaginalis virus (TVV) infection is present. TVV infection in T. vaginalis is ...
Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) are infections that affect the Reproductive Tract. There are three types of RTIs: ... Reproductive medicine is a branch of medicine concerning the male and female reproductive systems. It encompasses a variety of ... 760 "Center for Congenital Anomalies of The Reproductive Tract , Conditions We Treat , Boston Children's Hospital". www. ... Iatrogenic RTIs are infections contracted as a result of a medical procedure. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are ...
This procedure does have contraindications which include reproductive tract cancer and current infections. One downside is that ... Though this generally does not occur, there is an increased risk of genital tract infections so patients may be prescribed ... In the female reproductive system, the fallopian tubes are one of the most important parts because the tubes connect to the ... Side effects of this exam include cramping and a rare possibility of pelvic infection. Generally this procedure can be done ...
Lis, R.; Rowhani-Rahbar, A.; Manhart, L. E. (2015). "Mycoplasma genitalium Infection and Female Reproductive Tract Disease: A ... The anatomical structure of the internal organs and tissues of the female reproductive tract provides a pathway for pathogens ... Sexually transmitted diseases and infections, Bacterial diseases, Chlamydia infections, Infections with a predominantly sexual ... Without treatment, about 10 percent of those with a chlamydial infection and 40 percent of those with a gonorrhea infection ...
Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE (August 2015). "Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a ... Some of these risks include endocrine, genetic, uterine, or hormonal abnormalities, reproductive tract infections, and tissue ... Mycoplasma genitalium infection is associated with increased risk of preterm birth and miscarriage. Infections can increase the ... "Is there an association between recurrent spontaneous abortion and mycoplasma infection?". The Journal of Infection in ...
Lis, R.; Rowhani-Rahbar, A.; Manhart, L. E. (2015). "Mycoplasma genitalium Infection and Female Reproductive Tract Disease: A ... Uterine structural abnormalities Uterine fibroids Cervical abnormalities Hormonal abnormalities Reproductive tract infection ... Health Studies to Reproductive Health Research". American Journal of Public Health. 106 (9): 1669-1676. doi:10.2105/AJPH. ... "Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms". ...
Lis, R.; Rowhani-Rahbar, A.; Manhart, L. E. (2015). "Mycoplasma genitalium Infection and Female Reproductive Tract Disease: A ... Yang H, Qu L, Ma H, Chen L, Liu W, Liu C, Meng L, Wu J, Shou C (November 2010). "Mycoplasma hyorhinis infection in gastric ... Mycoplasma infections in humans are associated with skin eruptions in 17% of cases.: 293 Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species are ... The first visual sign of infection is when the cells gradually shift from their normal form to sickle-shaped. They also become ...
There is a consistent association of M. genitalium infection and female reproductive tract syndromes. M. genitalium infection ... Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis. Clin InfeAIDSct Dis. 2015;61(3):418-426 ... Lis, R.; Rowhani-Rahbar, A.; Manhart, L. E. (2015). "Mycoplasma genitalium Infection and Female Reproductive Tract Disease: A ... C. Huang; H.L. Zhu; K.R. Xu; S.Y. Wang; L.Q. Fan; W.B. Zhu (September 2015). "Mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male ...
Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE (August 2015). "Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a ... There is a consistent association of Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract syndromes. M. genitalium ... Fertilization takes place outside the body, and the fertilized egg is reinserted into the woman's reproductive tract, in a ... which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and ...
Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE (August 2015). "Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a ... Infection, including sepsis, pneumonia, and urinary tract infection [1] The chance of survival at 22 weeks is about 6%, while ... for low genital tract infections than for women who only had testing when they showed symptoms of low genital tract infections ... The frequency of infection in preterm birth is inversely related to the gestational age. Mycoplasma genitalium infection is ...
Examples of these pre-existing infections are urinary tract infection or lower reproductive system infection. Removing the hair ... Infection will complicate healing of surgical wounds and is commonly observed. Most infections are present within the first 30 ... Treating any other infections prior to surgery also reduces the risks of a postoperative wound infection. ... Recent studies have established that infection after surgery can occur after several years post surgery, and these infection ...
... and reproductive tract infections such as pyometra. Cows may show outward signs of infection, namely a sticky, white vaginal ... There is no evidence that T. foetus is sexually transmitted or infects the reproductive tract or mammary glands of cats. The ... flagellated parasites that is known to be a pathogen of the bovine reproductive tract as well as the intestinal tract of cats. ... However, the irregularities after initial infection present obvious clinical signs of reproductive inconsistencies, which ...
Those who have been raped have relatively more reproductive tract infections than those who have not been raped. HIV can be ... Chlamydial and gonococcal infections in women are of particular concern due to the possibility of ascending infection. ... The presence of infection is determined by sampling of body fluids from the mouth, throat, vagina, perineum, and anus. Victims ... Acquiring sexually transmitted infections increases the risk of acquiring HIV. The belief that having sex with a virgin can ...
medical colleges so as to cater the need of prevention of sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections.[ ... "Sexually Transmitted Infections". upsacs.nic.in. Retrieved 2014-08-03. (All articles with unsourced statements, Articles with ... reason of doubt of infection etc. are noted down which are kept confidential and are used as statics for further research and ...
However abortion, stillbirth, infertility, and neonatal mortality can occur following infection of the reproductive tract. ... Viral shedding may occur for several months after initial infection. The virus has not been shown to transmit from animals to ... Enteric signs include diarrhea and weight loss, and respiratory infection can produce a mucoid nasal discharge. As clinical ... it can cause reproductive, respiratory, or enteric disease - particularly when the animal is concurrently infected with another ...
Shigella infections of the reproductive tract usually coexist with infectious of the gastrointestinal tract and cause mucous, ... Disruption of the normal flora can cause a vaginal yeast infection. Vaginal yeast infection can affect women of all ages and is ... Yeast Infections With Diabetes - Diabetes and Yeast Infections Northrup, Christiane (2010). Women's Bodies, Women's Wisdom: ... The three main causes are infections, specifically bacterial vaginosis, vaginal yeast infection, and trichomoniasis. Other ...
Shigella infections of the reproductive tract usually coexist with infectious of the gastrointestinal tract and cause mucous, ... may indicate a congenital anomaly of the reproductive tract. Typically obvious on an external visual examination of a child's ... Mastitis, infection of the breast tissue, occurs most commonly in neonates and children over 10, though it is rare overall in ... Vulvar Candida infections are uncommon in children, and generally occur in infants after antibiotic therapy, and in children ...
Improper care can cause progressive infections, such as bacterial vaginosis (BV) or reproductive tract infection (RTI). With ... thus making it difficult to properly control the rate and spread of infection. Hepatitis B infection is endemic in Africa, ... The most common types are viral Hepatitis A, B, and C. Hepatitis B and C can result in chronic infections, while Hepatitis A is ... According to the CDC, the rate of chronic infection among persons emigrating to the US from these areas is between 5% and 15%. ...
Perceptions and Treatment-Seeking Behaviour Regarding Reproductive Tract Infections Including Sexually Transmitted Infections ... In 2004, infection rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea were 33 and 18 percent. The Lao government implemented a national strategic ... Many female sex workers in Laos are at high risk of sexually transmitted infection (STI) and disease. They often have limited ... In 2015 the HIV prevalence for the total Laos population was 0.2 percent with 1096 new infections and 128 AIDS related deaths. ...
... and infections of the female reproductive tract. One of the control measures to avoid these inhabitants is the use of ... Often during reproductive periods, females ready for egg dispersal infest homes to protect their offspring and find a ...
... were treated for STIs or reproductive tract infections or related conditions. Title X clinics and funding may represent the ... National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Association (July 2014). Medicaid: A Cornerstone of Publicly Funded Family ... screenings and treatment for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), education about ...
... respiratory infections such as influenza, and urinary/reproductive tract infections. These are exacerbated by malnutrition. In ... "Reproductive Health". United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Retrieved 21 February 2017. iASC-RG MHPSS, Mental Health and ... This includes educating refugees on reproductive health, family planning, giving them access to healthcare professionals for ... and rainy-season flooding of latrine pits increases the risk of infection. The World Food Programme (WFP) provides food rations ...
... are any bacterial infections of the female reproductive tract following childbirth or miscarriage. Signs and symptoms usually ... After childbirth, a woman's genital tract has a large bare surface, which is prone to infection. Infection may be limited to ... Other causes of fever following delivery include breast engorgement, urinary tract infections, infections of an abdominal ... urinary tract infection, pneumonia/atelectasis, wound infection, and septic pelvic thrombophlebitis. Septic risk factors for ...
From 1997 to 1998, Rodriguez led a series of meetings focusing on reproductive-tract infections among women of color with the ... Luz Rodriguez (born March 7, 1956) is a Puerto Rican reproductive rights advocate. Luz Rodriguez was born on March 7, 1956, in ... This was her first exposure to population control and impacted her later reproductive rights activism. She earned a Master of ... This led to the founding of SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective. She became co-chair of the SisterSong ...
... are any bacterial infections of the female reproductive tract following childbirth or miscarriage. Signs and symptoms usually ... Postpartum infections, also known as childbed fever and puerperal fever, ...
Females are more likely to experience severe outcomes from viral respiratory tract infections during their reproductive years, ... Males are more likely to experience severe outcomes from viral respiratory tract infections than females, at younger and older ... The reproductive system develops differently for each sex. Sex-specific parts of the male and female reproductive systems ... Medicine portal Andrology Gynaecology Health equity Men's health Obstetrics and gynecology Reproductive medicine Sex ...
... are any bacterial infections of the reproductive tract following childbirth or miscarriage. Signs and symptoms usually include ... The infection usually occurs after the first 24 hours and within the first ten days following delivery. Infection remains a ... Untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are associated with birth defects, and infections in newborn babies, ... is most often the cause of these occasionally fatal infections. The baby contracts the infection from the mother during labour ...
Reproductive Tract Infections: Global Impact and Priorities for Women's Reproductive Health. New York: Plenum Press. 1992. ISBN ... Reproductive Health and Dignity: Choices by Third World Women. New York: Population Council. 1987. OCLC 18386399. ...
GBS neonatal infection typically originates in the lower reproductive tract of infected mothers. GBS infections in newborns are ... GBS infections in adults include urinary tract infection, skin and soft-tissue infection (skin and skin structure infection) ... postpartum infections (after birth) and it had been related with prematurity and fetal death. GBS urinary tract infections (UTI ... Leclercq SY, Sullivan MJ, Ipe DS, Smith JP, Cripps AW, Ulett GC (2016). "Pathogenesis of Streptococcus urinary tract infection ...
In India, a majority of girls are at risk for reproductive tract infections (RTI) because of poor MHM. RTI can lead to various ... Poor MHM may affect the reproductive tract, but the specific infections, the strength of effect, and the route of transmission ... of women in India have experienced a urinary tract infection (UTI) related to the inability to safely manage their period. When ... These practices pose dangers to workers who handle these wastes as it increases possible exposure to bloodborne infections in ...
Systematic review of diagnostic tests for reproductive-tract infection and inflammation in dairy cows". Journal of Dairy ... Because the infection can spread via the lymph vessels, infection in one fallopian tube usually leads to infection of the other ... For women age 16-25, salpingitis is the most common serious infection. It affects approximately 11% of females of reproductive ... Other complications are: Infection of ovaries and uterus Infection of sex partners An abscess on the ovary Internal scars ...
1997)‎. Reproductive tract infections and associated difficulties. World health forum 1997 ; 18(‎1)‎ : 80-82 https://extranet. ...
Mycoplasma genitalium and Other Reproductive Tract Infections in Pregnant Women, Papua New Guinea, 2015-2017 Michelle J.L. ... Mycoplasma genitalium and Other Reproductive Tract Infections in Pregnant Women, Papua New Guinea, 2015-2017. ... Each line indicates ,2 concurrent infections in 1 participant. The length of each sector corresponds to the number of ... Relationships among sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women, East New Britain, Papua New Guinea, 2015-2017. ...
... is to investigate the functional role of TNF-α single-nucleotide polymorphisms/haplotypes in an association with reproductive ... tract infections (RTIs) in symptomatic and asymptomatic women. A total of 850 consecutive subjects consisting of 400 cases and ... Functional impact of allelic variations/haplotypes of TNF-α on reproductive tract infections in Indian women Vineeta Sharma 1 2 ... Functional impact of allelic variations/haplotypes of TNF-α on reproductive tract infections in Indian women Vineeta Sharma et ...
The Burden of STDs and Reproductive Tract Infections. STDs tend to be contracted by people between the ages of 15 and 45 who " ... In addition, there are a number of other conditions that can be grouped under the heading of reproductive tract infections ( ... However, because the infection is so widespread, and the majority of those who acquired it in infancy become carriers, a large ... Priorities for Reproductive Health: Assessing Need in the Older Population in the Asia-Pacific Region ...
Reproductive tract infections and associated difficulties  Mahandiratta, Loveleen; Aggarwal, Arun Kumar; Kaur, Manmeet; Kumar ... Infections des voies génitales et pathologies connexes  Mahandiratta, Loveleen; Aggarwal, Arun Kumar; Kaur, Manmeet; Kumar, ... Traitement syndromique des infections à gonocoques et à Chlamydia chez les femmes venues consulter dans un service de soins ... Guidelines for the management of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections: web annex B: updated systematic review of the ...
Reproductive tract infections (RTIs), including sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are preventable and often curable ... Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:418-26. DOI ... Mycoplasma genitalium and Other Reproductive Tract Infections in Pregnant Women, Papua New Guinea, 2015-2017 On This Page ... Prevalence of reproductive tract infections among pregnant women in East New Britain, Papua New Guinea, 2015-2017 ...
WP 140 2003RE Reproductive tract infections and other gynaecological disorders: WP 140 79IN V1 Emotion and reproduction / WP ... Reproductive tract infections and other gynaecological disorders: research into prevalence, correlates, and consequences. By: ... Reproductive medicine , GynecologyNLM classification: WP 140 2003RE ...
Reproductive Health. *Reproductive Tract Infections. *Sarin. *Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors. *Sex Workers. *Sodium Compounds ...
Reproductive Tract Infections and Disorders. Vaginal bleeding patterns. Initiation. Continuation. a. Irregular pattern without ... HIV infection. For women with HIV infection who are not clinically well or not receiving ARV therapy, this condition is ... Pap-Akeson M, Solheim F, Thorbert G, Akerlund M. Genital tract infections associated with the intrauterine contraceptive device ... a. Current purulent cervicitis or chlamydial infection or gonococcal infection. 4. 2. 4. 2. Clarification (continuation): Treat ...
Index: AIM (Africa) Main subject: Women / Reproductive Tract Infections / Reproductive Health / Islam / Nigeria Type of study: ... Index: AIM (Africa) Main subject: Women / Reproductive Tract Infections / Reproductive Health / Islam / Nigeria Type of study: ... Reproductive health issues and incidence of some reproductive tract infections among muslim women in Purdah in Jos-Nigeria ... Reproductive health issues and incidence of some reproductive tract infections among musli ...
Reproductive tract infections can increase risk of fibroid development.. *Genotypic variation in African ancestry may influence ...
... and Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are responsible for high morbidity among women. We aim to quantify the magnitude of ... For vaginal infections it was age at sexual debut; OR (95% CI) 1.60(1.06-2.42). More than 25% of the women reported previous ... Prevalence of serological STIs and vaginal infections were 51% and 64% respectively. Risk factors for a positive serologic STI ... treat and monitor trends of STI/RTIs to assess if behaviour changes lead to reduction in infections and their sustainability. ...
Reproductive tract infections among women in the Third World. - International Womens Health Coalition. New York, New York, ... Human Monkeypox Virus Infection Part 2: What You Need to Know - Clinical Characteristics 0.25 CME / CE / ABIM MOC Credits ... Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Jul 23. 70 (4):1-187. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Experimental Infection of Human Volunteers with Haemophilus ducreyi: Fifteen Years of Clinical Data and Experience. J Infect ...
... and infections of the throat, sinuses, lungs, reproductive organs, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal tract. Ampicillin is in ... Ampicillin is used to treat certain infections that are caused by bacteria such as meningitis (infection of the membranes that ... The length of your treatment depends on the type of infection that you have. Take ampicillin at around the same times every day ... If you stop taking ampicillin too soon or skip doses, your infection may not be completely treated and the bacteria may become ...
... reproductive health, as an essential component of public health, has been receiving increasing attention and has now been ... reproductive tract infections. *sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. *reproductive health in adolescence and ... Regional framework for monitoring and evaluation of reproductive health programmes. 4 October 2010 - Reproductive health ... Every mother and child countsThe concept of "reproductive health", as an essential component of public health, has been ...
Reproductive Tract Infections/metabolism; Reproductive Tract Infections/microbiology ... IL-1α is expressed predominantly by luminal cells of the genital tract in response to infection, and low levels of expression ... Abstract: Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the female genital tract can lead to irreversible fallopian tube scarring. In the ... Chlamydia Infections/metabolism*; Chlamydia Infections/microbiology; Chlamydia muridarum/pathogenicity; Disease Models, Animal ...
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND TOPICAL MICROBICIDES COOPERATIVE RESEARCH CENTERS (STI TM CRCs) RFA-AI-03-042. NIAID ... STIs and other reproductive tract infections and syndromes are the focus of this RFA. Chlamydia trachomatis is a major cause of ... reproductive tract infections. Research objectives The objective of the STI TM CRC program is to stimulate research that is ... focused on developing strategies and tools for the prevention and control of STIs and other reproductive tract infections, in ...
... female reproductive tract bleeding and hemorrhage, reproductive infections, and fungal reproductive infections. ... upper respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, viral gastroenteritis, and cough. Constipation: Constipation was ... Ear, Nose, and Throat: Rare: Ear, nose, and throat infections; viral ear, nose, and throat infections; and laryngitis. ... Hepatobiliary Tract and Pancreas: Rare: Abnormal bilirubin levels and cholecystitis. Lower Respiratory: Infrequent: Breathing ...
... this reduced survival was attributed to a reproductive tract infection. Final mean body weights relative to those of controls ...
NOT-HD-20-021 NOSI: Emerging Viral Infections and their Impact on the Male and Female Reproductive Tract ... NOT-HD-20-026 NOSI: Optimizing Precision Treatment of Gynecologic, Reproductive and Obstetrical Outcomes in Adolescents and ...
Reproductive tract infections, gynaecological morbidity and HIV seroprevalence among women in Mumbai, India.. Brabin L; Gogate ... 7. Laparoscopy in women with chlamydial infection and pelvic pain: a comparison of patients with and without salpingitis. ...
... and infections of ... area), urinary tract, and prostate (male reproductive gland). Ciprofloxacin injection is also used to ... Ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution is used to treat bacterial infections of the eye including conjunctivitis (pinkeye; infection ... Ciprofloxacin and hydrocortisone otic is used to treat outer ear infections in adults and children. Ciprofloxacin is in a class ... Ciprofloxacin and dexamethasone otic is used to treat outer ear infections in adults and children and acute ( ... middle ear ...
Tibary, Ahmed; Pearson, Lisa K.; Fite, Cheryl L. "Chapter 8 - Reproductive Tract Infections". Equine Infectious Diseases ( ... Dourine is spread venereally, and causes disc-shaped lesions of the reproductive organs, nervous system and skin, acute ... "Efficacy of Cymelarsan and Diminasan against Trypanosoma equiperdum infections in mice and horses". Veterinary Parasitology. ...
Metronidazole capsules and tablets are used to treat infections of the reproductive system, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, skin ... Metronidazole is used to treat vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis (an infection caused from too much of certain ... and certain respiratory infections, including pneumonia. Metronidazole injection is also to prevent infection when used ... ... Ivermectin is used to treat strongyloidiasis (threadworm; infection with a type of roundworm that enters the body ... through ...
Some women with apparently uncomplicated cervical infection already have subclinical upper reproductive tract infection. ... HIV Infection - Persons with HIV infection and chlamydial infection should receive the same treatment as patients without HIV ... Treatment of sex partners will help to prevent re-infection of the index patient and infection of other partners. Because of ... trachomatis infection will be performed (see Gonococcal Infections). Recommended Regimens - Doxycycline 100 mg orally 2 times a ...
Prevalence of reproductive tract infections and the predictive value of girls symptom-based reporting: findings from a cross- ... Reproductive tract infections (RTIs), including sexually acquired, among adolescent girls is a public health concern, but few ... Prevalence of reproductive tract infections and the predictive value of girls symptom-based reporting: findings from a cross- ... Public efforts are required to identify and treat infections among girls to reduce longer-term sequelae but poor reliability of ...
To investigate the presence of reproductive tract infections (RTIs) in symptomatic and asymptomatic women in North India and ... Miscellaneous: Oral Abstract: Association of TNF-α-rs 281865419 polymorphism with reproductive tract infections in Indian ... This study shows that T allele may be risk factor for reproductive tract infections as its percentage is higher in cases as ... Among cases the frequencies of RTIs infection is higher than control. The prevalence of HPV, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, ...

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