A species in the group RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN of the genus GAMMARETROVIRUS that causes a chronic neoplastic and a more acute immunosuppressive disease in fowl.
A group of pathologic syndromes found in avian species caused by RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS. The distinct syndromes include non-neoplastic runting, acute neoplastic disease, and chronic neoplastic disease. Humans and mammals appear resistant.
A group of viruses in the genus GAMMARETROVIRUS comprising a few isolates from birds, with no known corresponding endogenous relatives.
A poxvirus infection of poultry and other birds characterized by the formation of wart-like nodules on the skin and diphtheritic necrotic masses (cankers) in the upper digestive and respiratory tracts.
Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).
Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.
A genus of the family RETROVIRIDAE with type C morphology, that causes malignant and other diseases in wild birds and domestic fowl.
Transforming proteins coded by rel oncogenes. The v-rel protein competes with rel-related proteins and probably transforms cells by acting as a dominant negative version of c-rel. This results in the induction of a broad range of leukemias and lymphomas.
Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.
Viruses which enable defective viruses to replicate or to form a protein coat by complementing the missing gene function of the defective (satellite) virus. Helper and satellite may be of the same or different genus.
Viruses that produce tumors.
The type species of the genus AVIPOXVIRUS. It is the etiologic agent of FOWLPOX.
A genus in the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, associated with malignancy in birds.
Tartrates are salts or esters of tartaric acid, primarily used in pharmaceutical industry as buffering agents, and in medical laboratories for the precipitation of proteins.
"Ducks" is not a recognized medical term or condition in human health; it may refer to various anatomical structures in animals, such as the ducks of the heart valves, but it does not have a standalone medical definition.
A transmissible viral disease of birds caused by avian herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, GALLID) and other MARDIVIRUS. There is lymphoid cell infiltration or lymphomatous tumor formation in the peripheral nerves and gonads, but may also involve visceral organs, skin, muscle, and the eye.
The type species of the genus MARDIVIRUS in the family HERPESVIRIDAE. It is the etiologic agent of MAREK DISEASE, infecting domestic fowl and wild birds.
Large woodland game BIRDS in the subfamily Meleagridinae, family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. Formerly they were considered a distinct family, Melegrididae.
An order of heavy-bodied, largely terrestrial BIRDS including pheasants, TURKEYS, grouse, QUAIL, and CHICKENS.
Defective viruses which can multiply only by association with a helper virus which complements the defective gene. Satellite viruses may be associated with certain plant viruses, animal viruses, or bacteriophages. They differ from satellite RNA; (RNA, SATELLITE) in that satellite viruses encode their own coat protein.
The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.
Warm-blooded VERTEBRATES possessing FEATHERS and belonging to the class Aves.
An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.
Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.
Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. They include, for example, genes for activators or stimulators of CELL PROLIFERATION such as growth factors, growth factor receptors, protein kinases, signal transducers, nuclear phosphoproteins, and transcription factors. A prefix of "v-" before oncogene symbols indicates oncogenes captured and transmitted by RETROVIRUSES; the prefix "c-" before the gene symbol of an oncogene indicates it is the cellular homolog (PROTO-ONCOGENES) of a v-oncogene.
A group of transmissible viral diseases of chickens and turkeys. Liver tumors are found in most forms, but tumors can be found elsewhere.
A neoplastic disease of the lymphoreticular cells which is considered to be a rare type of chronic leukemia; it is characterized by an insidious onset, splenomegaly, anemia, granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, little or no lymphadenopathy, and the presence of "hairy" or "flagellated" cells in the blood and bone marrow.
An enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and by certain retrovirus-like elements. EC 2.7.7.49.
The type species of ALPHARETROVIRUS producing latent or manifest lymphoid leukosis in fowl.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Group of alpharetroviruses (ALPHARETROVIRUS) producing sarcomata and other tumors in chickens and other fowl and also in pigeons, ducks, and RATS.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Retroviral proteins that have the ability to transform cells. They can induce sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and mammary carcinomas. Not all retroviral proteins are oncogenic.
Infections produced by oncogenic viruses. The infections caused by DNA viruses are less numerous but more diverse than those caused by the RNA oncogenic viruses.
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.
Proteins found in any species of virus.
Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

Infection with chicken anaemia virus impairs the generation of pathogen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (1/12)

Infection with chicken anaemia virus (CAV), a circovirus, can result in immunosuppression and subsequent increased susceptibility to secondary infections. This is the first report of impairment of pathogen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) after natural and experimental infection of chickens with CAV and Marek's disease virus (MDV) or reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV). MDV- and REV-specific CTL were generated at 7 days post infection by 9-30-day-old-chickens that were positive for maternal antibodies to CAV at 9-17 days of age. Replication of CAV could not be demonstrated in these chickens using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assays. In contrast, REV-specific CTL failed to develop when chickens negative for maternal antibodies at 9-17 days of age were infected. Infection with CAV at 45 days of age after CAV maternal antibodies had waned also caused a decreased REV-specific CTL response. In these chickens increased levels of CAV DNA of up to 107 copy numbers per micro g DNA and increased relative transcript levels of CAV by up to a factor of 106 were detected by quantitative real-time PCR and RT-PCR. Interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-2 mRNA levels were not significantly affected by CAV infection at 7 or 14 days p.i. Similar assays for interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) transcripts demonstrated a 10-fold increase in IFN-gamma mRNA levels at 7 days post infection following REV or REV + CAV infection, while CAV alone caused a two- to fourfold increase. These results show a strong link between CAV antibody status, CAV replication, and the ability to generate REV-specific CTL. It is likely that the immunosuppressive effects of subclinical infection have previously been underestimated.  (+info)

Serological and virological surveys of reticuloendotheliosis in chickens in Taiwan. (2/12)

Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is widespread in the world. No related data has been reported in Taiwan. To determine the REV infection status, antibody determination and virus isolation were performed on chickens in Taiwan. The results revealed that serological flock prevalence for the REV antibody reached 92.8% (39/42) amongst breeders (> 16 weeks old). Two different REV isolates were identified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, electron microscopic, immunofluorescent, and western blot assays after isolation. One of these viruses was isolated from a broiler breeder farm and the other was isolated from a Taiwan Country Chicken farm. Despite their different origins, the percent identity of the nucleotide sequences of the env gene of these two isolates was 99.7%. These two strains were similar to the FPV-UI-REV strain, featuring 99.7% and 99.8% percent identity. Indeed, REV infection would appear to be quite common amongst chickens.  (+info)

Occurrence of reticuloendotheliosis in Chinese partridge. (3/12)

Two commercial flocks of Chinese partridge experienced increased mortality associated with a wasting disease at 120-day old in June 2006. Postmortem examination of dead chickens consistently showed visceral tissues mainly proventriculus, liver and spleen were diffuse enlargement. Microscopic examination revealed masses of immature lymphocytes with frequent mitotic figures were seen in various tissues including proventriculus, liver, spleen, kidney, heart, lung, thymus and intestine. Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) was isolated from each of four blood samples. Viral antigens were observed in cultured CEF (SPF embryos came from the Ji-nan poultry institute) inoculated blood samples via on indirect immunofluorescent assay. Three hundred bp fragments of LTR of REV obtained from liver samples of six chickens by PCR. This disease has not previously been reported in Chinese partridge. Chinese partridge may represent a potential reservoir of infection for other Chinese local chickens.  (+info)

Integration of the reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope gene into the poultry fowlpox virus genome is not universal. (4/12)

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An avian, oncogenic retrovirus replicates in vivo in more than 50% of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from an endangered grouse. (5/12)

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A duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the simultaneous detection of long terminal repeat regions and envelope protein gene sequences of Reticuloendotheliosis virus in avian blood samples. (6/12)

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Suspected reticuloendotheliosis in turkeys with cutaneous lesions reminiscent of fowl pox. (7/12)

Twelve turkeys from a flock of 2,500 had cutaneous lesions somewhat resembling fowl pox. Lymphoid-like tumors were evident in livers and spleens. Closer examination of cutaneous lesions, and histopathological examinations indicated skin lesions were also infiltrative and not unlike reticuloendotheliosis. Electron micrographs revealed the presence of C-type virus particles.  (+info)

Depression of vaccinal immunity to Marek's disease by infection with reticuloendotheliosis virus. (8/12)

The effect of infection with low-virulence, tissue culture-propagated strains of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) on protective vaccinal immunity against Marek's disease (MD) lymphomas was investigated. Vaccinated chickens inoculated at hatching with greater than 10(4) focus-forming units of REV and challenged with MD virus were poorly protected against MD lesion development as indicated by protective indices of 53 to 79% for strain CS (P less than 0.05) and 42 to 49% for strain T (P less than 0.01) compared to 78 to 100% for REV-free controls. Furthermore, the response of blood lymphocytes to mitogen stimulation and the antibody response to sheep erythrocytes and Brucella abortus were less in REV-inoculated chickens than in controls. The REV-induced depression of immune responses was more severe in chickens infected with mildly pathogenic strain T than in chickens infected with the apathogenic strain CS and was generally transient with both virus strains. Little or no depression of immune responses was observed in chickens inoculated with less than 10(3) focus-forming units of REV. These studies extend knowledge on the immunodepressive ability of low-virulence REV strains and establish that infection with these viruses depresses certain parameters of MD vaccinal immunity, an important model for cellular immunity against virus-induced neoplasia in the chicken.  (+info)

Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) is not a single virus but a group of related viruses that can cause a variety of diseases in birds, including reticuloendotheliosis, lymphomas, and immunosuppression. These viruses belong to the family Retroviridae and the genus Gammaretrovirus. They have been identified in several bird species, including chickens, turkeys, quails, and pheasants.

Reticuloendotheliosis virus can cause a range of clinical signs, depending on the age and immune status of the infected bird. The virus primarily targets the reticuloendothelial system, which includes cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and endothelial cells. Infection with REV can lead to the development of tumors in various organs, including the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

The virus is transmitted horizontally through direct contact with infected birds or their feces, as well as vertically from infected parents to their offspring. Control measures for reticuloendotheliosis include biosecurity practices, vaccination, and testing and culling of infected birds.

Avian reticuloendotheliosis is a viral disease that primarily affects chickens and other birds. It is caused by the Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), which belongs to the family Retroviridae. The virus is capable of transforming cells, making it capable of causing various types of tumors and neoplastic diseases in birds.

The disease is characterized by a variety of symptoms, including weight loss, anemia, weakness, and decreased egg production. In addition, birds may develop enlarged organs such as the liver, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius. The virus can also cause immunosuppression, making infected birds more susceptible to other infections.

Avian reticuloendotheliosis is typically transmitted through the horizontal route, which means that it is spread from bird to bird through direct contact or through contaminated feed and water. The virus can also be transmitted vertically, meaning that it can be passed from parent to offspring through the egg.

There is no specific treatment for avian reticuloendotheliosis, and prevention is focused on implementing strict biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of the virus. Vaccination may also be used in some cases to help control the disease.

Reticuloendotheliosis viruses in avian species refer to a group of viruses that cause a type of lymphoma known as reticuloendotheliosis or avian lymphoproliferative disease. These viruses are classified under the genus Gammaretrovirus, family Retroviridae. There are several subgroups within this virus, including the AEV (Avian Erythroblastosis Virus), REV (Reticuloendotheliosis Virus), and SRV (Spleen Necrosis Virus).

These viruses primarily affect birds, particularly chickens, turkeys, and other avian species. The infection can lead to a variety of clinical signs, including immunosuppression, lymphoma, anemia, and various neoplastic (tumor) conditions. Transmission typically occurs horizontally through the respiratory route or vertically from infected parents to offspring.

Diagnosis of reticuloendotheliosis viruses in avian species is often made by detecting viral antigens, RNA, or DNA in affected tissues or by measuring antibodies against the virus in serum samples. Treatment is generally supportive, focusing on addressing secondary infections and managing clinical signs. Prevention strategies include good biosecurity practices, vaccination, and avoiding the introduction of infected birds into a flock.

Fowlpox is a viral disease that primarily affects birds, particularly poultry such as chickens and turkeys. It is caused by the Avipoxvirus and is characterized by the development of wart-like lesions on the skin and mucous membranes of infected birds. The virus can be transmitted through direct contact with an infected bird or via contaminated feed, water, and equipment.

In chickens, fowlpox typically presents as a cutaneous form, characterized by the development of scabby, raised lesions on the unfeathered skin of the bird's face, wattles, and comb. In more severe cases, the virus can also cause a diphtheritic form, which affects the respiratory system and results in the formation of caseous lesions in the trachea and lungs.

Fowlpox is not generally considered a significant threat to human health, but it can have serious economic consequences for poultry farmers due to reduced egg production, decreased growth rates, and increased mortality in infected birds. Vaccination is available for controlling fowlpox in commercial poultry operations.

Retroviridae is a family of viruses that includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viruses that primarily use RNA as their genetic material. The name "retrovirus" comes from the fact that these viruses reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA, which then becomes integrated into the host cell's genome. This is a unique characteristic of retroviruses, as most other viruses use DNA as their genetic material.

Retroviruses can cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, including cancer, neurological disorders, and immunodeficiency syndromes like AIDS. They have a lipid membrane envelope that contains glycoprotein spikes, which allow them to attach to and enter host cells. Once inside the host cell, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is then integrated into the host genome by the enzyme integrase.

Retroviruses can remain dormant in the host genome for extended periods of time, and may be reactivated under certain conditions to produce new viral particles. This ability to integrate into the host genome has also made retroviruses useful tools in molecular biology, where they are used as vectors for gene therapy and other genetic manipulations.

Lymphatic diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the lymphatic system, which is an important part of the immune and circulatory systems. The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels, organs, and tissues that help to transport lymph fluid throughout the body, fight infection, and remove waste products.

Lymphatic diseases can be caused by various factors, including genetics, infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Some common types of lymphatic diseases include:

1. Lymphedema: A condition that causes swelling in the arms or legs due to a blockage or damage in the lymphatic vessels.
2. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, including Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
3. Infections: Certain bacterial and viral infections can affect the lymphatic system, such as tuberculosis, cat-scratch disease, and HIV/AIDS.
4. Autoimmune disorders: Conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and scleroderma can cause inflammation and damage to the lymphatic system.
5. Congenital abnormalities: Some people are born with abnormalities in their lymphatic system, such as malformations or missing lymph nodes.

Symptoms of lymphatic diseases may vary depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or radiation therapy. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of a lymphatic disease, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes.

An alpharetrovirus is a type of retrovirus, which is a group of viruses that integrate their genetic material into the DNA of the host cell. Alpharetroviruses are characterized by their ability to cause persistent infections and are associated with various diseases in animals. One well-known example of an alpharetrovirus is the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), which was the first retrovirus to be discovered and is known to cause cancer in chickens.

Alpharetroviruses have a complex structure, consisting of an outer envelope that contains glycoprotein spikes, and an inner core that contains the viral RNA genome and associated enzymes. The viral RNA genome contains three main genes: gag, pol, and env, which encode for the structural proteins, enzymes, and envelope proteins of the virus, respectively.

Alpharetroviruses are transmitted through various routes, including horizontal transmission (from host to host) and vertical transmission (from parent to offspring). They can cause a range of diseases, depending on the specific virus and the host species. In addition to RSV, other examples of alpharetroviruses include the avian leukosis virus, which causes tumors and immunosuppression in birds, and the Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus, which causes a wasting disease in sheep.

It's worth noting that while alpharetroviruses are associated with diseases in animals, there are no known alpharetroviruses that infect humans. However, understanding the biology and behavior of these viruses in animal hosts can provide valuable insights into retroviral replication and pathogenesis, which may have implications for human health.

I'm happy to help! However, I believe there might be a slight confusion in your question. "Oncogene proteins v-rel" is not a standard medical term. Instead, it seems like you are referring to the "v-rel" oncogene protein. Here's a definition:

The v-rel oncogene protein is a viral transcription factor initially discovered in the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), which causes avian lymphoma. The v-rel gene shares homology with the cellular c-rel gene, which encodes a member of the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) family of transcription factors.

The v-rel protein is capable of transforming cells and contributing to tumorigenesis due to its ability to constitutively activate gene expression, particularly through the NF-κB signaling pathway. This aberrant activation can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, inhibition of apoptosis (programmed cell death), and ultimately cancer development.

The v-rel protein is an example of a viral oncogene, which are genes that have been acquired by a virus from the host organism and contribute to tumor formation when expressed in the host. Viral oncogenes can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cancer development and potential therapeutic targets.

"Chickens" is a common term used to refer to the domesticated bird, Gallus gallus domesticus, which is widely raised for its eggs and meat. However, in medical terms, "chickens" is not a standard term with a specific definition. If you have any specific medical concern or question related to chickens, such as food safety or allergies, please provide more details so I can give a more accurate answer.

Helper viruses, also known as "auxiliary" or "satellite" viruses, are defective viruses that depend on the assistance of a second virus, called a helper virus, to complete their replication cycle. They lack certain genes that are essential for replication, and therefore require the helper virus to provide these functions.

Helper viruses are often found in cases of dual infection, where both the helper virus and the dependent virus infect the same cell. The helper virus provides the necessary enzymes and proteins for the helper virus to replicate, package its genome into new virions, and bud off from the host cell.

One example of a helper virus is the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which can serve as a helper virus for hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection. HDV is a defective RNA virus that requires the HBV surface antigen to form an envelope around its nucleocapsid and be transmitted to other cells. In the absence of HBV, HDV cannot replicate or cause disease.

Understanding the role of helper viruses in viral infections is important for developing effective treatments and vaccines against viral diseases.

Oncogenic viruses are a type of viruses that have the ability to cause cancer in host cells. They do this by integrating their genetic material into the DNA of the infected host cell, which can lead to the disruption of normal cellular functions and the activation of oncogenes (genes that have the potential to cause cancer). This can result in uncontrolled cell growth and division, ultimately leading to the formation of tumors. Examples of oncogenic viruses include human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). It is important to note that only a small proportion of viral infections lead to cancer, and the majority of cancers are not caused by viruses.

Fowlpox is a viral disease that primarily affects birds, particularly poultry such as chickens and turkeys. The Fowlpox virus belongs to the family Poxviridae and genus Avipoxvirus. It is transmitted through the bites of insects like mosquitoes or by direct contact with an infected bird.

The virus causes lesions on the skin (cutaneous form) or internal organs (diphtheritic form). Cutaneous form symptoms include wart-like growths or scabs on unfeathered areas such as the eyes, comb, wattles, and feet. Diphtheritic form symptoms are more severe and include difficulty breathing due to the formation of diphtheritic membranes in the upper respiratory tract and lungs.

Fowlpox is not generally a threat to human health but can lead to significant economic losses in poultry farming operations due to decreased egg production, reduced growth rates, and increased mortality. Vaccination programs are available to control and prevent fowlpox outbreaks in domestic birds.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mardivirus" is not a recognized term in medical or scientific literature. It seems like there might be a spelling mistake or it could be a term that is specific to certain context which I am not aware of. If you have more information or context about where this term came from, I would be happy to help you further.

Tartrates are salts or esters of tartaric acid, a naturally occurring organic acid found in many fruits, particularly grapes. In a medical context, potassium bitartrate (also known as cream of tartar) is sometimes used as a mild laxative or to treat acidosis by helping to restore the body's normal pH balance. Additionally, sodium tartrate has been historically used as an antidote for lead poisoning. However, these uses are not common in modern medicine.

"Ducks" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to a group of birds that belong to the family Anatidae, which also includes swans and geese. Some ducks are hunted for their meat, feathers, or down, but they do not have any specific medical relevance. If you have any questions about a specific medical term or concept, I would be happy to help if you could provide more information!

Marek's disease is a highly contagious viral infection that primarily affects chickens and other members of the Galliformes order (which includes turkeys, quails, and pheasants). The disease is caused by the alphaherpesvirus known as Gallid herpesvirus 2 or Marek's disease virus (MDV).

The infection primarily targets the chicken's immune system, leading to various clinical manifestations such as:

1. T-cell lymphomas (cancerous growths) in the peripheral nerves, visceral organs, and skin. These tumors can cause paralysis, especially in the legs, and affect the bird's mobility and overall health.
2. Enlarged, pale, or discolored spleens and livers due to the proliferation of infected lymphocytes.
3. Lesions on the feather follicles, skin, and eyes (such as iritis, conjunctivitis, and blindness) caused by viral replication in these areas.
4. Immunosuppression, which makes affected birds more susceptible to secondary bacterial or viral infections, leading to a decline in overall health and production.

Marek's disease is primarily transmitted through the inhalation of dust particles containing infected dander or feather follicle epithelium. The virus can also be spread via contaminated equipment, clothing, and transportation vehicles.

Vaccination is an effective method to control Marek's disease in commercial poultry operations. However, the continuous evolution of more virulent strains poses a challenge for long-term protection and eradication efforts.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be a mistake in the terminology you provided. There is no virus known as "Herpesvirus 2, Gallid." However, I can provide some information on a related topic.

Gallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2), also known as Marek's disease virus (MDV), is a member of the Herpesviridae family and is a significant pathogen in chickens. It causes Marek's disease, a lymphoproliferative disorder that results in various clinical manifestations such as T-cell lymphomas, neurological disorders, and immunosuppression. GaHV-2 is not known to infect or cause disease in humans or other mammalian species.

If you meant to ask about human herpesviruses, please let me know and provide the correct name so I can offer an accurate definition.

I'm not aware of any recognized medical term or condition specifically referred to as "turkeys." The term "turkey" is most commonly used in a non-medical context to refer to the large, bird-like domesticated fowl native to North America, scientifically known as Meleagris gallopavo.

However, if you are referring to a medical condition called "turkey neck," it is a colloquial term used to describe sagging or loose skin around the neck area, which can resemble a turkey's wattle. This condition is not a formal medical diagnosis but rather a descriptive term for an aesthetic concern some people may have about their appearance.

If you meant something else by "turkeys," please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate answer.

Galliformes is not a medical term, but a taxonomic order in ornithology, which is the study of birds. It includes landfowl such as grouses, turkeys, chickens, pheasants, quails, and other related species. These birds are characterized by their strong and stout bodies, short tails, and rounded wings. They typically inhabit a variety of terrestrial habitats worldwide, except for Australia and some oceanic islands. Some members of this order have cultural and economic significance as sources of food and feathers.

"Satellite viruses" are a type of viruses that require the presence of another virus, known as a "helper virus," to complete their replication cycle. They lack certain genes that are essential for replication and therefore depend on the helper virus to provide these functions. Satellite viruses can either be satellite RNA or satellite DNA viruses, and they can affect plants, animals, and bacteria.

Satellite viruses can influence the severity of the disease caused by the helper virus, either increasing or decreasing it. They can also interfere with the replication of the helper virus and affect its transmission. The relationship between satellite viruses and their helper viruses is complex and can vary depending on the specific viruses involved.

It's important to note that the term "satellite virus" is not used consistently in the scientific literature, and some researchers may use it to refer to other types of dependent or defective viruses. Therefore, it's always a good idea to consult the original research when interpreting the use of this term.

A chick embryo refers to the developing organism that arises from a fertilized chicken egg. It is often used as a model system in biological research, particularly during the stages of development when many of its organs and systems are forming and can be easily observed and manipulated. The study of chick embryos has contributed significantly to our understanding of various aspects of developmental biology, including gastrulation, neurulation, organogenesis, and pattern formation. Researchers may use various techniques to observe and manipulate the chick embryo, such as surgical alterations, cell labeling, and exposure to drugs or other agents.

I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "birds." Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, and lightweight but strong skeletons. Some birds, such as pigeons and chickens, have been used in medical research, but the term "birds" itself does not have a specific medical definition.

Cell transformation, viral refers to the process by which a virus causes normal cells to become cancerous or tumorigenic. This occurs when the genetic material of the virus integrates into the DNA of the host cell and alters its regulation, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and division. Some viruses known to cause cell transformation include human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and certain types of herpesviruses.

Poultry diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious disorders that affect domesticated birds, particularly those raised for meat, egg, or feather production. These diseases can be caused by various factors including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, genetic predisposition, environmental conditions, and management practices.

Infectious poultry diseases are often highly contagious and can lead to significant economic losses in the poultry industry due to decreased production, increased mortality, and reduced quality of products. Some examples of infectious poultry diseases include avian influenza, Newcastle disease, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, mycoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and coccidiosis.

Non-infectious poultry diseases can be caused by factors such as poor nutrition, environmental stressors, and management issues. Examples of non-infectious poultry diseases include ascites, fatty liver syndrome, sudden death syndrome, and various nutritional deficiencies.

Prevention and control of poultry diseases typically involve a combination of biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, good management practices, and monitoring for early detection and intervention. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of poultry diseases is crucial to implementing effective treatment and prevention strategies, and can help minimize the impact of disease outbreaks on both individual flocks and the broader poultry industry.

Oncogenes are genes that have the potential to cause cancer. They can do this by promoting cell growth and division (cellular proliferation), preventing cell death (apoptosis), or enabling cells to invade surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body (metastasis). Oncogenes can be formed when normal genes, called proto-oncogenes, are mutated or altered in some way. This can happen as a result of exposure to certain chemicals or radiation, or through inherited genetic mutations. When activated, oncogenes can contribute to the development of cancer by causing cells to divide and grow in an uncontrolled manner.

Avian leukosis is a group of viral diseases that primarily affect chickens and other birds. It is caused by retroviruses known as avian leukosis viruses (ALVs) and leads to a variety of clinical signs, including immunosuppression, growth retardation, and the development of tumors in various organs. The disease can be transmitted both horizontally (through direct contact with infected birds or their secretions) and vertically (from infected hens to their offspring through the egg).

There are several subgroups of ALVs, each associated with specific types of tumors and clinical manifestations. For example:

1. ALV-J (Japanese strain): This subgroup is responsible for myelocytomatosis, a condition characterized by the proliferation of immature blood cells in the bone marrow, leading to anemia, leukopenia, and enlarged spleens and livers.
2. ALV-A, ALV-B, and ALV-C (American strains): These subgroups are associated with various types of lymphoid tumors, such as B-cell and T-cell lymphomas, which can affect the bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, and other organs.
3. ALV-E (European strain): This subgroup is linked to erythroblastosis, a condition in which there is an excessive proliferation of red blood cell precursors, resulting in the formation of tumors in the bone marrow and other organs.

Avian leukosis poses significant economic challenges for the poultry industry due to its impact on growth, feed conversion efficiency, and mortality rates. Additionally, some countries have regulations in place to prevent the spread of avian leukosis viruses through the trade of infected birds or their products. Prevention measures include strict biosecurity protocols, vaccination programs, and rigorous screening and eradication strategies for infected flocks.

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare, slow-growing type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many B cells (a type of white blood cell). These excess B cells are often referred to as "hairy cells" because they look abnormal under the microscope, with fine projections or "hair-like" cytoplasmic protrusions.

In HCL, these abnormal B cells can build up in the bone marrow and spleen, causing both of them to enlarge. The accumulation of hairy cells in the bone marrow can crowd out healthy blood cells, leading to a shortage of red blood cells (anemia), platelets (thrombocytopenia), and normal white blood cells (leukopenia). This can result in fatigue, increased risk of infection, and easy bruising or bleeding.

HCL is typically an indolent disease, meaning that it progresses slowly over time. However, some cases may require treatment to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment options for HCL include chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation. Regular follow-up with a healthcare provider is essential to monitor the disease's progression and adjust treatment plans as needed.

RNA-directed DNA polymerase is a type of enzyme that can synthesize DNA using an RNA molecule as a template. This process is called reverse transcription, and it is the mechanism by which retroviruses, such as HIV, replicate their genetic material. The enzyme responsible for this reaction in retroviruses is called reverse transcriptase.

Reverse transcriptase is an important target for antiretroviral therapy used to treat HIV infection and AIDS. In addition to its role in viral replication, RNA-directed DNA polymerase also has applications in molecular biology research, such as in the production of complementary DNA (cDNA) copies of RNA molecules for use in downstream applications like cloning and sequencing.

Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is a type of retrovirus that primarily affects chickens and other birds. It is responsible for a group of diseases known as avian leukosis, which includes various types of tumors and immunosuppressive conditions. The virus is transmitted horizontally through the shedder's dander, feathers, and vertical transmission through infected eggs.

There are several subgroups of ALV (A, B, C, D, E, and J), each with different host ranges and pathogenicity. Some strains can cause rapid death in young chickens, while others may take years to develop clinical signs. The most common form of the disease is neoplastic, characterized by the development of various types of tumors such as lymphomas, myelomas, and sarcomas.

Avian leukosis virus infection can have significant economic impacts on the poultry industry due to decreased growth rates, increased mortality, and condemnation of infected birds at processing. Control measures include eradication programs, biosecurity practices, vaccination, and breeding for genetic resistance.

Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.

Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.

Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.

Avian sarcoma viruses (ASVs) are a group of retroviruses that primarily infect birds and cause various types of tumors, particularly sarcomas. These viruses contain an oncogene, which is a gene that has the ability to transform normal cells into cancerous ones. The oncogene in ASVs is often derived from cellular genes called proto-oncogenes, which are normally involved in regulating cell growth and division.

ASVs can be divided into two main types: non-defective and defective. Non-defective ASVs contain a complete set of viral genes that allow them to replicate independently, while defective ASVs lack some of the necessary viral genes and require assistance from other viruses to replicate.

One well-known example of an avian sarcoma virus is the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), which was first discovered in chickens by Peyton Rous in 1910. RSV causes a highly malignant form of sarcoma in chickens and has been extensively studied as a model system for cancer research. The oncogene in RSV is called v-src, which is derived from the normal cellular gene c-src.

Avian sarcoma viruses have contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and have provided valuable insights into the role of oncogenes in tumorigenesis.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Retroviridae proteins, oncogenic, refer to the proteins expressed by retroviruses that have the ability to transform normal cells into cancerous ones. These oncogenic proteins are typically encoded by viral genes known as "oncogenes," which are acquired through the process of transduction from the host cell's DNA during retroviral replication.

The most well-known example of an oncogenic retrovirus is the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1), which encodes the Tax and HBZ oncoproteins. These proteins manipulate various cellular signaling pathways, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and malignant transformation.

It is important to note that not all retroviruses are oncogenic, and only a small subset of them have been associated with cancer development in humans or animals.

A tumor virus infection is a condition in which a person's cells become cancerous or transformed due to the integration and disruption of normal cellular functions by a viral pathogen. These viruses are also known as oncoviruses, and they can cause tumors or cancer by altering the host cell's genetic material, promoting uncontrolled cell growth and division, evading immune surveillance, and inhibiting apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Examples of tumor viruses include:

1. DNA tumor viruses: These are double-stranded DNA viruses that can cause cancer in humans. Examples include human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).
2. RNA tumor viruses: Also known as retroviruses, these single-stranded RNA viruses can cause cancer in humans. Examples include human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Tumor virus infections are responsible for approximately 15-20% of all cancer cases worldwide, making them a significant public health concern. Prevention strategies, such as vaccination against HPV and HBV, have been shown to reduce the incidence of associated cancers.

Viral genes refer to the genetic material present in viruses that contains the information necessary for their replication and the production of viral proteins. In DNA viruses, the genetic material is composed of double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, while in RNA viruses, it is composed of single-stranded or double-stranded RNA.

Viral genes can be classified into three categories: early, late, and structural. Early genes encode proteins involved in the replication of the viral genome, modulation of host cell processes, and regulation of viral gene expression. Late genes encode structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or envelope. Some viruses also have structural genes that are expressed throughout their replication cycle.

Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines. By targeting specific viral genes, researchers can develop drugs that inhibit viral replication and reduce the severity of viral infections. Additionally, knowledge of viral gene sequences can inform the development of vaccines that stimulate an immune response to specific viral proteins.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Acid phosphatase is a type of enzyme that is found in various tissues and organs throughout the body, including the prostate gland, red blood cells, bone, liver, spleen, and kidneys. This enzyme plays a role in several biological processes, such as bone metabolism and the breakdown of molecules like nucleotides and proteins.

Acid phosphatase is classified based on its optimum pH level for activity. Acid phosphatases have an optimal activity at acidic pH levels (below 7.0), while alkaline phosphatases have an optimal activity at basic or alkaline pH levels (above 7.0).

In clinical settings, measuring the level of acid phosphatase in the blood can be useful as a tumor marker for prostate cancer. Elevated acid phosphatase levels may indicate the presence of metastatic prostate cancer or disease progression. However, it is important to note that acid phosphatase is not specific to prostate cancer and can also be elevated in other conditions, such as bone diseases, liver disorders, and some benign conditions. Therefore, acid phosphatase should be interpreted in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical findings for a more accurate diagnosis.

The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of the abdomen, next to the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays multiple supporting roles in the body:

1. It fights infection by acting as a filter for the blood. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there.
2. The spleen also helps to control the amount of blood in the body by removing excess red blood cells and storing platelets.
3. It has an important role in immune function, producing antibodies and removing microorganisms and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream.

The spleen can be removed without causing any significant problems, as other organs take over its functions. This is known as a splenectomy and may be necessary if the spleen is damaged or diseased.

Nucleic acid hybridization is a process in molecular biology where two single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) with complementary sequences pair together to form a double-stranded molecule through hydrogen bonding. The strands can be from the same type of nucleic acid or different types (i.e., DNA-RNA or DNA-cDNA). This process is commonly used in various laboratory techniques, such as Southern blotting, Northern blotting, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and microarray analysis, to detect, isolate, and analyze specific nucleic acid sequences. The hybridization temperature and conditions are critical to ensure the specificity of the interaction between the two strands.

Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:

1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.

The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.

Neoplastic cell transformation is a process in which a normal cell undergoes genetic alterations that cause it to become cancerous or malignant. This process involves changes in the cell's DNA that result in uncontrolled cell growth and division, loss of contact inhibition, and the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.

Neoplastic transformation can occur as a result of various factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, viral infections, chronic inflammation, and aging. These changes can lead to the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which regulate cell growth and division.

The transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells is a complex and multi-step process that involves multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. It is characterized by several hallmarks, including sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, enabling replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, activation of invasion and metastasis, reprogramming of energy metabolism, and evading immune destruction.

Neoplastic cell transformation is a fundamental concept in cancer biology and is critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression. It also has important implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, as identifying the specific genetic alterations that underlie neoplastic transformation can help guide targeted therapies and personalized medicine approaches.

... represents a third distinct etiological group of avian viral neoplasms, after Marek's disease and ... Reticuloendotheliosis (RE) designates a group of pathologic syndromes caused by the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) group of ... The Avian Diagnostic and Oncology Laboratory, in East Lansing, MI is the primary laboratory for research in REV and other tumor ... "Avian Diagnostic and Oncology Laboratory". "Frequently Asked Questions on Viral Tumor Diseases - Compiled by the AAAP Tumor ...
"Field Isolates of the Fowlpox Virus contaminated with the Reticuloendotheliosis Virus". Avian Pathology. 27 (1): 60-66. doi: ... Meyer, de Schauensee, R (1957). "On Some Avian Types, Principally Gould's, in the Collection of the Academy". Proceedings of ...
... , or v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A, is also known as p65 or NFKB3. It is located on chromosome ... "RELA v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A [Homo sapiens (human)]". Gene. National Center for ...
Avian Nephritis Virus, Avian Paramyxovirus Type 2, Avian Reovirus S 1133, Avian Rhinotracheitis Virus; Avian Rotavirus; Avian ... Reticuloendotheliosis Virus; Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum ; Salmonella species; When by accident some infection does occur, ... Avian Adenovirus Group II (HEV), Avian Adenovirus Group III (EDS), Avian Encephalomyelitis, Avian Influenza (Type A), ... For SPF eggs the specific pathogens are: Avian Adenovirus Group I, ...
Singh, Pratik; Schnitzlein, William M.; Tripathy, Deoki N. (15 May 2003). "Reticuloendotheliosis Virus Sequences within the ... Avian Pathology. 25 (1): 35-47. doi:10.1080/03079459608419118. PMID 18645835. "Fowl pox". Business Queensland. Agriculture and ... Davidson, Irit; Shkoda, Irena; Perk, Shimon (1 October 2008). "Integration of the reticuloendotheliosis virus envelope gene ... Avian Diseases. 57 (4): 812-817. doi:10.1637/10551-041113-Case.R1. PMID 24597128. S2CID 22026537. ...
The avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses are not strictly avian viruses-it appears that reticuloendotheliosis viruses are ... Niewiadomska, AM; Gifford, RJ (2013). "The extraordinary evolutionary history of the reticuloendotheliosis viruses". PLOS ...
... reticuloendotheliosis viruses, avian MeSH B04.820.650.375.700.700 - reticuloendotheliosis virus MeSH B04.820.650.375.770 - ... reticuloendotheliosis viruses, avian MeSH B04.909.574.807.375.700.700 - reticuloendotheliosis virus MeSH B04.909.574.807. ... reticuloendotheliosis viruses, avian MeSH B04.909.777.731.375.700.700 - reticuloendotheliosis virus MeSH B04.909.777.731. ... avian MeSH B04.820.650.070.500 - leukosis virus, avian MeSH B04.820.650.070.550 - myeloblastosis virus, avian MeSH B04.820. ...
... virus/paramyxovirus QI01AD12 Avian pox virus QI01AD13 Avian leucosis virus QI01AD14 Avian reticuloendotheliosis QI01AD15 Avian ... avian reovirus + avian adenovirus + avian rhinotracheitis virus QI01AA25 Avian infectious bronchitis virus + avian infectious ... avian adenovirus QI01AA15 Avian infectious bronchitis virus + avian infectious bursal (gumboro) disease virus QI01AA16 Avian ... avian rhinotracheitis virus QI01AA22 Avian infectious bursal (gumboro) disease virus + avian reovirus QI01AA23 Avian influenza ...
One vaccine in particular is the vaccine for avian influenza. Leaky vaccine use for avian influenza can select for virulent ... need to be differentiated from other conditions that affect poultry including lymphoid leukosis and reticuloendotheliosis, as ... It is not uncommon that more than one avian tumor virus can be present in a chicken, thus one must consider both the diagnosis ... The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) reference laboratory for Marek's disease is Avian Viral Oncogenesis group (led ...
Several bat retroviruses have been identified that are similar to the Reticuloendotheliosis virus found in birds. These ... "Viral zoonotic risk is homogenous among taxonomic orders of mammalian and avian reservoir hosts". Proceedings of the National ...
... avian MeSH C04.619.857.822 - sarcoma, yoshida MeSH C04.619.935.120 - avian leukosis MeSH C04.619.935.313 - epstein-barr virus ... reticuloendotheliosis MeSH C04.557.386.802.750 - mast-cell sarcoma MeSH C04.557.435.075 - adenolymphoma MeSH C04.557.435.090 - ... avian leukosis MeSH C04.557.337.372.594 - leukemia L1210 MeSH C04.557.337.372.602 - leukemia L5178 MeSH C04.557.337.372.782 - ... avian leukosis MeSH C04.619.531.594 - leukemia L1210 MeSH C04.619.531.602 - leukemia L5178 MeSH C04.619.531.782 - leukemia p388 ...
Avian coronavirus Avian coronavirus 9203 Avian leukosis virus Avian myeloblastosis virus Avian myelocytomatosis virus 29 Avian ... pneumoniae Respirovirus ratufae Respirovirus suis Restivirus RSBg Restivirus RSS1 Retbasiphovirus HFTV1 Reticuloendotheliosis ... orthoreovirus Avian sarcoma virus CT10 Avibirnavirus gumboroense Avihepatovirus A Avihepevirus egretti Avihepevirus magniiecur ... Aveparvovirus galliform1 Aveparvovirus gruiform1 Aveparvovirus passeriform1 Avesvirus sinense Aviadenovirus leucophthalmi Avian ...
... file 5 of TMT-based proteomic analysis reveals integrins involved in the synergistic infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus ... Reticuloendotheliosis virusAvian leukosis virus subgroup JTMT proteomic analysisSynergistic infection ... TMT-based proteomic analysis reveals integrins involved in the synergistic infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus and avian ...
A comparative study of the avian reticuloendotheliosis virus: relationship to murine leukemia virus and viruses of the avian ... Relationship of reticuloendotheliosis virus to the avian tumor viruses: nucleic acid and polypeptide composition ... Low-molecular-weight RNAs and initiation of RNA-directed DNA synthesis in avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (English) ... Low-molecular-weight RNAs and initiation of RNA-directed DNA synthesis in avian reticuloendotheliosis virus. scientific article ...
Reticuloendotheliosis virus represents a third distinct etiological group of avian viral neoplasms, after Mareks disease and ... Reticuloendotheliosis (RE) designates a group of pathologic syndromes caused by the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) group of ... The Avian Diagnostic and Oncology Laboratory, in East Lansing, MI is the primary laboratory for research in REV and other tumor ... "Avian Diagnostic and Oncology Laboratory". "Frequently Asked Questions on Viral Tumor Diseases - Compiled by the AAAP Tumor ...
v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A. NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq) Go to the top of the page Help ... Knockdown of v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA) by siRNA inhibits HIV-1 replication in HeLa P4/R5 ... Knockdown of v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA) by siRNA inhibits HIV-1 replication in HeLa-derived ... Knockdown of v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA) by siRNA inhibits the early stages of HIV-1 ...
Avian Diseases Digest was published by the American Association of Avian Pathologists through 2012. The Digest published ... Latency of Mareks Disease Virus (MDV) in a Reticuloendotheliosis Virus-transformed T-cell Line. I: Uptake and Structure of the ... An Evaluation of Avian Influenza Diagnostic Methods with Domestic Duck Specimens Erica Spackman, Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood, David ... Avian Spirochetosis in Chickens Following Experimental Transmission of Borrelia anserina by Argas (Persicargas) miniatus ...
... v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A; v-rel reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A ... Protein Aliases: avian reticuloendotheliosis viral (v-rel) oncogene homolog A; MGC131774; NF KB; nf-kappa-b p65; NF-kappa-B ... NF-kB P65 is also known as RelA (v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A) and belongs to the Rel family of ...
Description: v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A. Alias: p65 Symbol: RELA ...
... c-Jun involvement in vitamin E succinate induced apoptosis of reticuloendotheliosis virus transformed avian lymphoid cells. ...
... v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A (RELA) and nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NFKB1) were predicted ...
High levels of antibodies to avian leucosis, sarcoma viruses, and reticuloendotheliosis viruses recently found in poultry ... High levels of antibodies to avian leucosis, sarcoma viruses, and reticuloendotheliosis viruses recently found in poultry ... Occupational exposure assessment using antibody levels: Exposure to avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses in the poultry industry. Int ... Occupational exposure assessment using antibody levels: Exposure to avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses in the poultry industry. Int ...
In mammalian cells, avian ANP32A rescued the suboptimal function of avian virus polymerase to levels similar to mammalian- ... reticulo-endotheliosis virus (REV), which might represent a pathotypic (if not newly emerging) variant in the field. Until more ... One of these barriers is the poor activity of avian IAV polymerases in human cells. Differences between avian and mammalian ... Giotis ES, Skinner M, 2019, Spotlight on avian pathology: fowlpox virus, Avian Pathology, Vol: 48, Pages: 87-90, ISSN: 0307- ...
Sites of integration of infectious DNA of avian reticuloendotheliosis viruses in different avian cellular DNAs ... The cellular and molecular biology of RNA tumor viruses, especially avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses, and their relatives ... Evidence for tandem integration of avian myeloblastosis virus DNA with endogenous provirus in leukemic chicken cells ...
RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ... RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ...
RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ... RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ...
RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ... RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ...
RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ... RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ...
RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ... RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ...
RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ... RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ...
RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ... RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ...
RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ... RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ...
Reticuloendotheliosis, Avian Entry term(s). Avian Reticuloendothelioses Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Reticuloendothelioses, ... Avian Reticuloendothelioses. Avian Reticuloendotheliosis. Reticuloendothelioses, Avian. Tree number(s):. C01.925.744. C22.131. ... Reticuloendotheliosis, Avian - Preferred Concept UI. M0520224. Scope note. A group of pathologic syndromes found in avian ... A group of pathologic syndromes found in avian species caused by RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS. The distinct syndromes include ...
RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ... RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ...
RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ... RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ...
RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ... RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES. RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS ...
Experimental infection of Attwaters/greater prairie chicken hybrids with the reticuloendotheliosis virus. - Texas A&M ... American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP) Publisher published in * AVIAN DISEASES Journal ... Experimental infection of Attwaters/greater prairie chicken hybrids with the reticuloendotheliosis virus. Academic Article * ... Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), a common pathogen of poultry, has been associated with runting and neoplasia in an ...
Avian poxvirusc. Mareks disease virusd. Reticuloendotheliosis virusQ6. In order to confirm the diagnosis of fowl pox, choose ...
v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog. BarH-like homeobox 2. Image. No pdb structure. No pdb structure. ...
v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog. 2p13-p12. CV:GWASdb. CV:PGCnp. CV:PheWAS. Network. PMID:cooccur. ...
Examination of thin sections of Madin Darby canine kidney cells infected with RD114 or avian reticuloendotheliosis virus ... Examination of thin sections of Madin Darby canine kidney cells infected with RD114 or avian reticuloendotheliosis virus ... Examination of thin sections of Madin Darby canine kidney cells infected with RD114 or avian reticuloendotheliosis virus ... Examination of thin sections of Madin Darby canine kidney cells infected with RD114 or avian reticuloendotheliosis virus ...
  • A new group of oncogenic viruses: reticuloendotheliosis, chick syncytial, duck infectious anemia, and spleen necrosis viruses. (wikidata.org)
  • A study of the relationship of reticuloendotheliosis virus to the avian leukosis-sarcoma complex of viruses. (wikidata.org)
  • The Avian Diagnostic and Oncology Laboratory, in East Lansing, MI is the primary laboratory for research in REV and other tumor viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • High levels of antibodies to avian leucosis, sarcoma viruses, and reticuloendotheliosis viruses recently found in poultry workers, provides evidence of infectious exposure to these cancer-causing poultry viruses. (nutritionfacts.org)
  • RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Examination of thin sections of Madin Darby canine kidney cells infected with RD114 or avian reticuloendotheliosis virus revealed that these viruses mature from the basolateral membrane domains. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The American Association of Avian Pathologists maintains a fact sheet on viral tumor diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • [6] Katz RA, Terry RW, Skalka AM. A conserved cis-acting sequence in the 5' leader of avian sarcoma virus RNA is required for packaging. (org.ua)
  • [7] Knight JB, Si ZH, Stoltzfus CM. A base-paired structure in the avian sarcoma virus 5' leader is required for efficient encapsidation of RNA. (org.ua)
  • Expression of Rous sarcoma virus-derived retroviral vectors in the avian blastoderm: potential as stable genetic markers. (org.ua)
  • Reticuloendotheliosis (RE) designates a group of pathologic syndromes caused by the reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) group of avian retroviruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)
  • We have investigated the maturation sites of avian and mammalian C-type retroviruses in polarized epithelial cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Infectious Bronchitis Virus and further avian Coronaviruses (incl. (bioing.pl)
  • Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (strain T): V. DNA polymerase. (wikidata.org)
  • Electron microscopic observations on RE virus (strain T) that induces reticuloendotheliosis in turkeys, chickens, and Japanese quail. (wikidata.org)
  • Reticuloendotheliosis virus represents a third distinct etiological group of avian viral neoplasms, after Marek's disease and avian leukosis virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Microscopic examination of skin lesions showed nomic sequence of reticuloendotheliosis virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Grupo de síndromes patológicos que se dan en especies de aves, causados por el VIRUS DE LA RETICULOENDOTELIOSIS. (bvsalud.org)
  • A group of pathologic syndromes found in avian species caused by RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Experimental infection of Attwater's/greater prairie chicken hybrids with the reticuloendotheliosis virus. (tamu.edu)
  • Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), a common pathogen of poultry, has been associated with runting and neoplasia in an endangered subspecies of grouse, the Attwater's prairie chicken. (tamu.edu)
  • Los virus son realmente virus de la leucemia felina recombinantes (FeLV), en los que parte del genoma ha sido reemplazada por oncogenes celulares. (bvsalud.org)
  • Replication-defective vectors of reticuloendotheliosis virus transduce exogenous genes into somatic stem cells of the unincubated chicken embryo. (org.ua)
  • [18] Cosset FL, Legras C, Thomas JL, Molina RM, Chebloune Y, Faure C, Nigon VM, Verdier G. Improvement of avian leukosis virus (ALV)-based retrovirus vectors by using different cis-acting sequences from ALVs. (org.ua)
  • [19] Benchaibi M, Mallet F, Thoraval P, Savatier P, Xiao JH, Verdier G, Samarut J, Nigon V. Avian retroviral vectors derived from avian defective leukemia virus: role of the translational context of the inserted gene on efficiency of the vectors. (org.ua)
  • NF-kB P65 is also known as RelA (v-rel avian reticuloendotheliosis viral oncogene homolog A) and belongs to the Rel family of proteins. (thermofisher.com)
  • Reverse transcriptase activity in chicken embryo fibroblast culture supernatants is associated with particles containing endogenous avian retrovirus EAV-0 RNA. (vaccines.me)
  • The flock is certified free of the following pathogens: Avian Adenovirus Group I, Avian Adenovirus Group II (HEV), Avian Adenovirus Group III (EDS), Avian Encephalomyelitis, Avian Influenza (Type A), Avian Reovirus, Fowl Pox, Infectious Bronchitis-Ark. (arsequine.com)
  • 20s1_Tumors Sec I.qxd 8/23/2005 12:16 PM Page 559 CHAPTER 20 Overview of Tumors Section I: Clinical Avian Neoplasia and Oncology Section II: A R. (kipdf.com)
  • To date, the treatment of avian neoplasia has mirrored treatment in other domestic species. (kipdf.com)
  • Comparable grading of this type of neoplasia has not been established in the avian patient (Figs 20.1.1, 20.1.2). (kipdf.com)
  • A transmissible viral disease of birds caused by avian herpesvirus 2 (HERPESVIRUS 2, GALLID) and other MARDIVIRUS. (sdsu.edu)
  • The various syndromes caused by REV resemble both Marek's and avian leukosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • [4] Aronoff R, Hajjar AM, Linial ML. Avian retroviral RNA encapsidation: reexamination of functional 5' RNA sequences and the role of nucleocapsid Cys-His motifs. (org.ua)
  • Many reports are not published, but are to be found in avian veterinary discussion groups on the Internet.35,36,37 The presentation in this text of these anecdotal treatments is problematic. (kipdf.com)
  • The Avian Diagnostic and Oncology Laboratory, in East Lansing, MI is the primary laboratory for research in REV and other tumor viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • 6. The PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in early infection of some exogenous avian leukosis viruses. (nih.gov)
  • Industrial hygiene assessment of reticuloendotheliosis viruses exposure in the poultry industry. (cdc.gov)
  • OBJECTIVES: Reticuloendotheliosis viruses (REV) are a group of retroviruses like avian leukosis/sarcoma viruses (ALSV) that naturally infect and cause cancers in chickens. (cdc.gov)
  • Reticuloendotheliosis viruses (REVs) are retroviruses that cause a rare disease of gamebirds and waterfowl that includes anemia, immunosuppression, neoplasia, runting, and abnormal feathering. (virology.ws)
  • Since the first isolation of REV from a turkey in 1957, REVs were believed to be strictly avian viruses. (virology.ws)
  • The entire REV lineage of mammalian and avian viruses originated from a common founder that circulated among mammals from 23 to 25 million years ago. (virology.ws)
  • Selected studies of avian RNA tumor viruses: 1. (core.ac.uk)
  • A genus of RETROVIRIDAE comprising endogenous sequences in mammals, related RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN, and a reptilian virus. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Like other exogenous avian leukosis viruses, ALV-J can be transmitted in vertical or horizontal infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2. Expression patterns of novel circular RNAs in chicken cells after avian leukosis virus subgroup J infection. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Avian leukosis virus subgroup J and reticuloendotheliosis virus coinfection induced TRIM62 regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. (nih.gov)
  • 14. Comprehensive Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Competing Endogenous RNA Networks During Avian Leukosis Virus, Subgroup J-Induced Tumorigenesis in Chickens. (nih.gov)
  • 16. GADD45β, an anti-tumor gene, inhibits avian leukosis virus subgroup J replication in chickens. (nih.gov)
  • The pathogenesis of immunological tolerance caused by avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), an oncogenic retrovirus, is largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), an oncogenic retrovirus, causes myeloid leukosis and various other neoplastic diseases in both broiler and layer chickens [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • REV DNA then integrated into the genomes of an avian poxvirus and a herpesvirus, which now circulate in wild birds and poultry. (virology.ws)
  • A comprehensive analysis of avian lymphoid leukosis-like lymphoma transcriptomes including identification of LncRNAs and the expression profiles. (usda.gov)