Tumors or cancer of the RETINA.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.
Abnormal growths of tissue that follow a previous neoplasm but are not metastases of the latter. The second neoplasm may have the same or different histological type and can occur in the same or different organs as the previous neoplasm but in all cases arises from an independent oncogenic event. The development of the second neoplasm may or may not be related to the treatment for the previous neoplasm since genetic risk or predisposing factors may actually be the cause.
An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
Conditions which cause proliferation of hemopoietically active tissue or of tissue which has embryonic hemopoietic potential. They all involve dysregulation of multipotent MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS, most often caused by a mutation in the JAK2 PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE.
DNA present in neoplastic tissue.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.
A benign neoplasm derived from glandular epithelium, in which cystic accumulations of retained secretions are formed. In some instances, considerable portions of the neoplasm, or even the entire mass, may be cystic. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Neoplasms developing from some structure of the connective and subcutaneous tissue. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in connective or soft tissue.
Neoplasms associated with a proliferation of a single clone of PLASMA CELLS and characterized by the secretion of PARAPROTEINS.
Tumors or cancer of the APPENDIX.
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.
A multilocular tumor with mucin secreting epithelium. They are most often found in the ovary, but are also found in the pancreas, appendix, and rarely, retroperitoneal and in the urinary bladder. They are considered to have low-grade malignant potential.
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.
Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
Tumors or cancer of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, from the MOUTH to the ANAL CANAL.
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.
Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.
Neoplasms composed of vascular tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in blood vessels.
Tumors or cancer of the EYE.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Tumors or cancer of the NOSE.
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.
Tumors, cancer or other neoplasms produced by exposure to ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.
Neoplasms composed of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, or smooth. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in muscles.
Neoplasms composed of glandular tissue, an aggregation of epithelial cells that elaborate secretions, and of any type of epithelium itself. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the various glands or in epithelial tissue.
A malignant cystic or semisolid tumor most often occurring in the ovary. Rarely, one is solid. This tumor may develop from a mucinous cystadenoma, or it may be malignant at the onset. The cysts are lined with tall columnar epithelial cells; in others, the epithelium consists of many layers of cells that have lost normal structure entirely. In the more undifferentiated tumors, one may see sheets and nests of tumor cells that have very little resemblance to the parent structure. (Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p184)
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.
Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.
Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.
Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.
Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.
Neoplasms composed of sebaceous or sweat gland tissue or tissue of other skin appendages. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the sebaceous or sweat glands or in the other skin appendages.
Methods which attempt to express in replicable terms the extent of the neoplasm in the patient.
Neoplasms located in the vasculature system, such as ARTERIES and VEINS. They are differentiated from neoplasms of vascular tissue (NEOPLASMS, VASCULAR TISSUE), such as ANGIOFIBROMA or HEMANGIOMA.
Sweat gland neoplasms are abnormal growths that can be benign or malignant, originating from the sweat glands (eccrine or apocrine) and found anywhere on the skin surface.
A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.
Tumors or cancer of the PALATE, including those of the hard palate, soft palate and UVULA.

Mitotic recombination map of 13cen-13q14 derived from an investigation of loss of heterozygosity in retinoblastomas. (1/394)

Loss of heterozygosity at tumor-suppressor loci is an important oncogenic mechanism first discovered in retinoblastomas. We explored this phenomenon by examining a set of matched retinoblastoma and leukocyte DNA samples from 158 patients informative for DNA polymorphisms. Loss of heterozygosity at the retinoblastoma locus (13q14) was observed in 101 cases, comprising 7 cases with a somatic deletion causing hemizygosity and 94 with homozygosity (isodisomy). Homozygosity was approximately equally frequent in tumors from male and female patients, among patients with a germ-line vs. somatic initial mutation, and among patients in whom the initial mutation occurred on the maternal vs. paternal allele. A set of 75 tumors exhibiting homozygosity was investigated with markers distributed in the interval 13cen-13q14. Forty-one tumors developed homozygosity at all informative marker loci, suggesting that homozygosity occurred through chromosomal nondisjunction. The remaining cases exhibited mitotic recombination. There was no statistically significant bias in apparent nondisjunction vs. mitotic recombination among male vs. female patients or among patients with germ-line vs. somatic initial mutations. We compared the positions of somatic recombination events in the analyzed interval with a previously reported meiotic recombination map. Although mitotic crossovers occurred throughout the assayed interval, they were more likely to occur proximally than a comparable number of meiotic crossovers. Finally, we observed four triple-crossover cases, suggesting negative interference for mitotic recombination, the opposite of what is usually observed for meiotic recombination.  (+info)

Is sunlight an aetiological agent in the genesis of retinoblastoma? (2/394)

The incidence of unilateral, but not bilateral, retinoblastoma in human populations at different geographical locations increases significantly with ambient erythemal dose of ultraviolet B radiation from sunlight. This supports the hypothesis that sunlight plays a role in retinoblastoma formation.  (+info)

Third International Meeting on von Hippel-Lindau disease. (3/394)

Five years after the identification of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene, physicians, scientists and concerned VHL family members met to review the current state of knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of VHL and to summarize the latest information on the biochemistry of the VHL protein (pVHL). The NIH and University of Pennsylvania groups reported the detection of germ-line mutations in 100% (93 of 93) of VHL families studied. Several studies determined the frequency of VHL germ-line mutations in individuals with a single manifestation of VHL without a family history of VHL. National groups to improve the diagnosis and treatment of individuals with VHL disease have been established in Great Britain, Denmark, France, Holland, Italy, Japan, Poland, and the United States. Evidence for the existence of genes that modify the expression of VHL was presented. The VHL protein appears to have several distinct functions: (a) down-regulation of hypoxia-inducible mRNAs; (b) proper assembly of the extracellular fibronectin matrix; (c) regulation of exit from the cell cycle; and (d) regulation of expression of carbonic anhydrases 9 and 12.  (+info)

Late diagnosis of retinoblastoma in a developing country. (4/394)

OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic process of retinoblastoma in a developing country. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective survey of 95 consecutive parents of patients with retinoblastoma. RESULTS: Fifty six parents consulted initially with a paediatrician. Their children tended to be younger, with a significantly higher frequency of advanced disease. Only half of the patients who consulted with a paediatrician were appropriately referred to an ophthalmologist; the paediatrician underestimated the complaints in the remainder. Children taken to an ophthalmologist were older and had less advanced disease. In about three quarters of these children, a diagnosis of retinoblastoma was suspected by the ophthalmologist on the first visit. Parents of patients with more advanced disease consulted significantly later. Poor parental education correlated significantly with late consultation. Lack of health insurance and living outside Buenos Aires City correlated significantly with an increased risk of extraocular disease. CONCLUSIONS: Paediatricians are the first health professional seen by most children with retinoblastoma. However, the diagnosis is not readily established. There is also a delay in consultation by parents, which is significantly longer in cases with advanced extraocular disease. Socioeconomic factors and access to health care might play a role in delayed diagnosis.  (+info)

Disseminated retinoblastoma successfully treated with myeloablative chemotherapy--implication for molecular detection of minimal residual disease. (5/394)

A useful marker for detecting minimal residual disease (MRD) has not been established yet in retinoblastoma. We assessed neuroendocrine protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) expression, one of the markers for detecting MRD in neuroblastoma, in a patient with disseminated retinoblastoma. A 3-year-old boy with disseminated retinoblastoma in multiple bones and marrow was referred to our hospital. He received intensive treatment and has maintained CR for 48 months following myeloablative chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). PGP9.5 expression was serially assessed by RT-PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), bone marrow cells (BMC) and mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC). Initially, his BMC consisted of 96% tumor cells which were proved to express PGP9.5 by RT-PCR. Moreover, PBMC were found to be positive for PGP9.5 indicating the presence of tumor cells in the peripheral blood. After intensive chemotherapy, PGP9.5 expression became negative in both PBMC and BMC. Prior to SCT, PBSC and BMC transplants were confirmed negative for PGP9.5 expression. It is suggested that PGP9.5 expression is a useful marker for evaluating therapeutic effects as well as detecting MRD in retinoblastoma.  (+info)

The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product/Sp1 signalling pathway is modulated by Ca2+/calmodulin kinases II and IV activity. (6/394)

To investigate the possible link between Ca2+ signalling and cell cycle control we analysed Ca2+/calmodulin kinases (CamK) interaction with the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product/SP1 pathway. CamK II and IV activate c-fos transcription through a short promoter region (-99 to -53) containing the retinoblastoma control element (RCE) and a cAMP response element (CRE) related sequences. Deletion analysis revealed that the RCE is a major CamK responsive element and is sufficient to confer CamK and Ca2+ regulation to a minimal promoter. Direct interactions between SP1 and RCE were confirmed by gel shift experiments. Using transient transfection experiments, we show that CamK-dependent transcription is regulated by the retinoblastoma (Rb) susceptibility gene product and the p107 Rb related protein. However, the stimulatory effects of CamKs and Rb on c-fos are blocked by overexpression of both proteins. These effects appear to be directly mediated by SP1 as shown by the use of a Gal4/SP1 fusion proteins. In conclusion, CamK II and IV, two major Ca2+-dependent intracellular effectors, may represent a molecular link between this second messenger transduction pathway and effectors that control cell cycle progression through Rb/SP1 signalling pathway.  (+info)

Developmental defects and tumor predisposition in Rb mutant mice. (7/394)

Targeted gene disruption in the mouse germline permits the introduction of gene mutations similar to those found in inherited human diseases. New advances in gene targeting that enable cell type specific gene disruption in mice further increases the utility of mouse models to study genetic defects as found in cancer. Here we review the phenotypes observed in mice carrying germline mutated copies of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene. We will illustrate how methods that permit tissue-specific Rb inactivation in mice provide new and more versatile tools to gain insight into the etiology of sporadic cancer.  (+info)

Trilateral retinoblastoma: a meta-analysis of hereditary retinoblastoma associated with primary ectopic intracranial retinoblastoma. (8/394)

PURPOSE: To obtain refined knowledge regarding trilateral retinoblastoma (TRb), which is a syndrome that consists of hereditary retinoblastoma associated with an intracranial neuroblastic tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a systematic literature review, we contacted authors to obtain missing information. Data from 106 children were used in a meta-analysis including frequency distributions and Kaplan-Meier survival curves. RESULTS: TRb showed no sex predilection. Median age at diagnosis of retinoblastoma was 5 months (range, 0 to 29 months); age at diagnosis was younger among 47 children (47%) with familial retinoblastoma compared with age at diagnosis among 52 children (53%) with sporadic retinoblastoma (2 v 6.5 months, P <.0001). TRb usually affected the second or third generation with retinoblastoma. Median time from retinoblastoma to TRb was 21 months (range, 6 months before to 141 months after); time to TRb was longer for 78 (77%) pineal tumors compared with 23 (23%) suprasellar tumors (32 v 6.5 months, P <.0001). The size (27 v 32 mm, P =.57) and prognosis (survival of 9 v 8 months, P =.91) of pineal and suprasellar tumors were similar. TRb was detected earlier (1 v 22 months, P =.0007) and the child survived longer if neuroimaging was routinely performed (16 v 8 months, P =.001), but age at death was similar (36 v 37 months, P =.98). Cumulative 5-year survival (which was likely to indicate cure) was 27% (v 0%) if screening was undertaken. All children whose TRb exceeded 15 mm in size died. CONCLUSION: The family history, age at diagnosis, and laterality of retinoblastoma in children with TRb resembled that of ordinary hereditary retinoblastoma. Suprasellar TRb were diagnosed earlier, and may arise earlier, than pineal TRb. Screening by neuroimaging could improve the cure rate if cases of TRb were detected when tumors were 15 mm or smaller in size.  (+info)

Retinal neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue located at the back of the eye. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant and can have varying effects on vision depending on their size, location, and type.

Retinal neoplasms can be classified into two main categories: primary and secondary. Primary retinal neoplasms originate from the retina or its surrounding tissues, while secondary retinal neoplasms spread to the retina from other parts of the body.

The most common type of primary retinal neoplasm is a retinoblastoma, which is a malignant tumor that typically affects children under the age of five. Other types of primary retinal neoplasms include capillary hemangioma, cavernous hemangioma, and combined hamartoma of the retina and RPE (retinal pigment epithelium).

Secondary retinal neoplasms are usually metastatic tumors that spread to the eye from other parts of the body, such as the lung, breast, or skin. These tumors can cause vision loss, eye pain, or floaters, and may require treatment with radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or surgery.

It is important to note that retinal neoplasms are relatively rare, and any symptoms or changes in vision should be evaluated by an ophthalmologist as soon as possible to rule out other potential causes and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the pancreas that can be benign or malignant. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic neoplasms can interfere with the normal functioning of the pancreas, leading to various health complications.

Benign pancreatic neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. They are usually removed through surgery to prevent any potential complications, such as blocking the bile duct or causing pain.

Malignant pancreatic neoplasms, also known as pancreatic cancer, are cancerous growths that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or bones. Pancreatic cancer is often aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis.

There are several types of pancreatic neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and cystic neoplasms. The specific type of neoplasm is determined through various diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.

Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.

Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

Neoplasms: Neoplasms refer to abnormal growths of tissue that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They occur when the normal control mechanisms that regulate cell growth and division are disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Cystic Neoplasms: Cystic neoplasms are tumors that contain fluid-filled sacs or cysts. These tumors can be benign or malignant and can occur in various organs of the body, including the pancreas, ovary, and liver.

Mucinous Neoplasms: Mucinous neoplasms are a type of cystic neoplasm that is characterized by the production of mucin, a gel-like substance produced by certain types of cells. These tumors can occur in various organs, including the ovary, pancreas, and colon. Mucinous neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and malignant forms are often aggressive and have a poor prognosis.

Serous Neoplasms: Serous neoplasms are another type of cystic neoplasm that is characterized by the production of serous fluid, which is a thin, watery fluid. These tumors commonly occur in the ovary and can be benign or malignant. Malignant serous neoplasms are often aggressive and have a poor prognosis.

In summary, neoplasms refer to abnormal tissue growths that can be benign or malignant. Cystic neoplasms contain fluid-filled sacs and can occur in various organs of the body. Mucinous neoplasms produce a gel-like substance called mucin and can also occur in various organs, while serous neoplasms produce thin, watery fluid and commonly occur in the ovary. Both mucinous and serous neoplasms can be benign or malignant, with malignant forms often being aggressive and having a poor prognosis.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.

Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.

It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.

Multiple primary neoplasms refer to the occurrence of more than one primary malignant tumor in an individual, where each tumor is unrelated to the other and originates from separate cells or organs. This differs from metastatic cancer, where a single malignancy spreads to multiple sites in the body. Multiple primary neoplasms can be synchronous (occurring at the same time) or metachronous (occurring at different times). The risk of developing multiple primary neoplasms increases with age and is associated with certain genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption.

Kidney neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the kidney tissues that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from various types of kidney cells, including the renal tubules, glomeruli, and the renal pelvis.

Malignant kidney neoplasms are also known as kidney cancers, with renal cell carcinoma being the most common type. Benign kidney neoplasms include renal adenomas, oncocytomas, and angiomyolipomas. While benign neoplasms are generally not life-threatening, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to compromise kidney function or if they undergo malignant transformation.

Early detection and appropriate management of kidney neoplasms are crucial for improving patient outcomes and overall prognosis. Regular medical check-ups, imaging studies, and urinalysis can help in the early identification of these growths, allowing for timely intervention and treatment.

A "second primary neoplasm" is a distinct, new cancer or malignancy that develops in a person who has already had a previous cancer. It is not a recurrence or metastasis of the original tumor, but rather an independent cancer that arises in a different location or organ system. The development of second primary neoplasms can be influenced by various factors such as genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and previous treatments like chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

It is important to note that the definition of "second primary neoplasm" may vary slightly depending on the specific source or context. In general medical usage, it refers to a new, separate cancer; however, in some research or clinical settings, there might be more precise criteria for defining and diagnosing second primary neoplasms.

Adenocarcinoma, mucinous is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells that line certain organs and produce mucin, a substance that lubricates and protects tissues. This type of cancer is characterized by the presence of abundant pools of mucin within the tumor. It typically develops in organs such as the colon, rectum, lungs, pancreas, and ovaries.

Mucinous adenocarcinomas tend to have a distinct appearance under the microscope, with large pools of mucin pushing aside the cancer cells. They may also have a different clinical behavior compared to other types of adenocarcinomas, such as being more aggressive or having a worse prognosis in some cases.

It is important to note that while a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, mucinous can be serious, the prognosis and treatment options may vary depending on several factors, including the location of the cancer, the stage at which it was diagnosed, and the individual's overall health.

Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can vary in size and may cause a noticeable lump or nodule in the neck. Thyroid neoplasms can also affect the function of the thyroid gland, leading to hormonal imbalances and related symptoms. The exact causes of thyroid neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. It is important to note that most thyroid nodules are benign, but a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) are a group of rare, chronic blood cancers that originate from the abnormal proliferation or growth of one or more types of blood-forming cells in the bone marrow. These disorders result in an overproduction of mature but dysfunctional blood cells, which can lead to serious complications such as blood clots, bleeding, and organ damage.

There are several subtypes of MPDs, including:

1. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of mature granulocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CML is caused by a genetic mutation that results in the formation of the BCR-ABL fusion protein, which drives uncontrolled cell growth and division.
2. Polycythemia Vera (PV): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of all three types of blood cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - in the bone marrow. This can lead to an increased risk of blood clots, bleeding, and enlargement of the spleen.
3. Essential Thrombocythemia (ET): A disorder characterized by the overproduction of platelets in the bone marrow, leading to an increased risk of blood clots and bleeding.
4. Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF): A disorder characterized by the replacement of normal bone marrow tissue with scar tissue, leading to impaired blood cell production and anemia, enlargement of the spleen, and increased risk of infections and bleeding.
5. Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia (CNL): A rare disorder characterized by the overproduction of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the bone marrow, leading to an increased number of these cells in the blood. CNL can lead to an increased risk of infections and organ damage.

MPDs are typically treated with a combination of therapies, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation. The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including the subtype of MPD, the patient's age and overall health, and the presence of any comorbidities.

The term "DNA, neoplasm" is not a standard medical term or concept. DNA refers to deoxyribonucleic acid, which is the genetic material present in the cells of living organisms. A neoplasm, on the other hand, is a tumor or growth of abnormal tissue that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

In some contexts, "DNA, neoplasm" may refer to genetic alterations found in cancer cells. These genetic changes can include mutations, amplifications, deletions, or rearrangements of DNA sequences that contribute to the development and progression of cancer. Identifying these genetic abnormalities can help doctors diagnose and treat certain types of cancer more effectively.

However, it's important to note that "DNA, neoplasm" is not a term that would typically be used in medical reports or research papers without further clarification. If you have any specific questions about DNA changes in cancer cells or neoplasms, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional or conducting further research on the topic.

Lung neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the lung tissue. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant lung neoplasms are further classified into two main types: small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung neoplasms can cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and weight loss. They are often caused by smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, but can also occur due to genetic factors, radiation exposure, and other environmental carcinogens. Early detection and treatment of lung neoplasms is crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates.

Parotid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the parotid gland, which is the largest of the salivary glands and is located in front of the ear and extends down the neck. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign parotid neoplasms are typically slow-growing, painless masses that may cause facial asymmetry or difficulty in chewing or swallowing if they become large enough to compress surrounding structures. The most common type of benign parotid tumor is a pleomorphic adenoma.

Malignant parotid neoplasms, on the other hand, are more aggressive and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. They may present as rapidly growing masses that are firm or fixed to surrounding structures. Common types of malignant parotid tumors include mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

The diagnosis of parotid neoplasms typically involves a thorough clinical evaluation, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) to determine the nature of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type, size, and location of the neoplasm but may include surgical excision, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Cystadenoma is a type of benign tumor (not cancerous), which arises from glandular epithelial cells and is covered by a thin layer of connective tissue. These tumors can develop in various locations within the body, including the ovaries, pancreas, and other organs that contain glands.

There are two main types of cystadenomas: serous and mucinous. Serous cystadenomas are filled with a clear or watery fluid, while mucinous cystadenomas contain a thick, gelatinous material. Although they are generally not harmful, these tumors can grow quite large and cause discomfort or other symptoms due to their size or location. In some cases, cystadenomas may undergo malignant transformation and develop into cancerous tumors, known as cystadenocarcinomas. Regular medical follow-up and monitoring are essential for individuals diagnosed with cystadenomas to ensure early detection and treatment of any potential complications.

Neoplasms of connective and soft tissue are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the body's supportive tissues, such as cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fascia, and fat. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign connective and soft tissue neoplasms include:
- Lipomas: slow-growing, fatty tumors that develop under the skin.
- Fibromas: firm, benign tumors that develop in connective tissue such as tendons or ligaments.
- Nevi (plural of nevus): benign growths made up of cells called melanocytes, which produce pigment.

Malignant connective and soft tissue neoplasms include:
- Sarcomas: a type of cancer that develops in the body's supportive tissues such as muscle, bone, fat, cartilage, or blood vessels. There are many different types of sarcomas, including liposarcoma (fatty tissue), rhabdomyosarcoma (muscle), and osteosarcoma (bone).
- Desmoid tumors: a rare type of benign tumor that can become aggressive and invade surrounding tissues. While not considered cancerous, desmoid tumors can cause significant morbidity due to their tendency to grow and infiltrate nearby structures.

Connective and soft tissue neoplasms can present with various symptoms depending on their location and size. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these modalities. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or metastasis (spread) of the tumor.

Plasma cell neoplasms are a type of cancer that originates from plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. These cells are responsible for producing antibodies to help fight off infections. When plasma cells become cancerous and multiply out of control, they can form a tumor called a plasmacytoma.

There are two main types of plasma cell neoplasms: solitary plasmacytoma and multiple myeloma. Solitary plasmacytoma is a localized tumor that typically forms in the bone, while multiple myeloma is a systemic disease that affects multiple bones and can cause a variety of symptoms such as bone pain, fatigue, and anemia.

Plasma cell neoplasms are diagnosed through a combination of tests, including blood tests, imaging studies, and bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options depend on the stage and extent of the disease, but may include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and stem cell transplantation.

Appendiceal neoplasms refer to various types of tumors that can develop in the appendix, a small tube-like structure attached to the large intestine. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant and can include:

1. Adenomas: These are benign tumors that arise from the glandular cells lining the appendix. They are usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms.
2. Carcinoids: These are neuroendocrine tumors that arise from the hormone-producing cells in the appendix. They are typically small and slow-growing, but some can be aggressive and spread to other parts of the body.
3. Mucinous neoplasms: These are tumors that produce mucin, a slippery substance that can cause the appendix to become distended and filled with mucus. They can be low-grade (less aggressive) or high-grade (more aggressive) and may spread to other parts of the abdomen.
4. Adenocarcinomas: These are malignant tumors that arise from the glandular cells lining the appendix. They are relatively rare but can be aggressive and spread to other parts of the body.
5. Pseudomyxoma peritonei: This is a condition in which mucin produced by an appendiceal neoplasm leaks into the abdominal cavity, causing a jelly-like accumulation of fluid and tissue. It can be caused by both benign and malignant tumors.

Treatment for appendiceal neoplasms depends on the type and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.

Liver neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the liver that can be benign or malignant. Benign liver neoplasms are non-cancerous tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant liver neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and spread to other organs.

Liver neoplasms can be primary, meaning they originate in the liver, or secondary, meaning they have metastasized (spread) to the liver from another part of the body. Primary liver neoplasms can be further classified into different types based on their cell of origin and behavior, including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatic hemangioma.

The diagnosis of liver neoplasms typically involves a combination of imaging studies, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and biopsy to confirm the type and stage of the tumor. Treatment options depend on the type and extent of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation.

Mucinous cystadenoma is a type of benign tumor that arises from the epithelial cells lining the mucous membranes of the body. It is most commonly found in the ovary, but can also occur in other locations such as the pancreas or appendix.

Mucinous cystadenomas are characterized by the production of large amounts of mucin, a slippery, gel-like substance that accumulates inside the tumor and causes it to grow into a cystic mass. These tumors can vary in size, ranging from a few centimeters to over 20 centimeters in diameter.

While mucinous cystadenomas are generally benign, they have the potential to become cancerous (mucinous cystadenocarcinoma) if left untreated. Symptoms of mucinous cystadenoma may include abdominal pain or swelling, bloating, and changes in bowel movements or urinary habits. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor.

Ovarian neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the ovary, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from various cell types within the ovary, including epithelial cells, germ cells, and stromal cells. Ovarian neoplasms are often classified based on their cell type of origin, histological features, and potential for invasive or metastatic behavior.

Epithelial ovarian neoplasms are the most common type and can be further categorized into several subtypes, such as serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, and Brenner tumors. Some of these epithelial tumors have a higher risk of becoming malignant and spreading to other parts of the body.

Germ cell ovarian neoplasms arise from the cells that give rise to eggs (oocytes) and can include teratomas, dysgerminomas, yolk sac tumors, and embryonal carcinomas. Stromal ovarian neoplasms develop from the connective tissue cells supporting the ovary and can include granulosa cell tumors, thecomas, and fibromas.

It is essential to diagnose and treat ovarian neoplasms promptly, as some malignant forms can be aggressive and potentially life-threatening if not managed appropriately. Regular gynecological exams, imaging studies, and tumor marker tests are often used for early detection and monitoring of ovarian neoplasms. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, depending on the type, stage, and patient's overall health condition.

Endocrine gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths (tumors) that develop in the endocrine glands. These glands are responsible for producing hormones, which are chemical messengers that regulate various functions and processes in the body. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms tend to grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may also metastasize (spread) to distant sites.

Endocrine gland neoplasms can occur in any of the endocrine glands, including:

1. Pituitary gland: located at the base of the brain, it produces several hormones that regulate growth and development, as well as other bodily functions.
2. Thyroid gland: located in the neck, it produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and calcium balance.
3. Parathyroid glands: located near the thyroid gland, they produce parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood.
4. Adrenal glands: located on top of each kidney, they produce hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone that regulate stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure.
5. Pancreas: located behind the stomach, it produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels, and digestive enzymes that help break down food.
6. Pineal gland: located in the brain, it produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.
7. Gonads (ovaries and testicles): located in the pelvis (ovaries) and scrotum (testicles), they produce sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone that regulate reproductive function and secondary sexual characteristics.

Endocrine gland neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on the type and location of the tumor. For example, a pituitary gland neoplasm may cause headaches, vision problems, or hormonal imbalances, while an adrenal gland neoplasm may cause high blood pressure, weight gain, or mood changes.

Diagnosis of endocrine gland neoplasms typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to measure hormone levels. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormonal therapy, depending on the type and stage of the tumor.

Gastrointestinal (GI) neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the gastrointestinal tract, which can be benign or malignant. The gastrointestinal tract includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

Benign neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. They can sometimes be removed completely and may not cause any further health problems.

Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous growths that can invade nearby tissues and organs and spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. These types of neoplasms can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

GI neoplasms can cause various symptoms, including abdominal pain, bloating, changes in bowel habits, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and anemia. The specific symptoms may depend on the location and size of the neoplasm.

There are many types of GI neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), lymphomas, and neuroendocrine tumors. The diagnosis of GI neoplasms typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies, and biopsy. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.

Pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDC) is a specific type of cancer that forms in the ducts that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas. It's the most common form of exocrine pancreatic cancer, making up about 90% of all cases.

The symptoms of PDC are often vague and can include abdominal pain, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), unexplained weight loss, and changes in bowel movements. These symptoms can be similar to those caused by other less serious conditions, which can make diagnosis difficult.

Pancreatic ductal carcinoma is often aggressive and difficult to treat. The prognosis for PDC is generally poor, with a five-year survival rate of only about 9%. Treatment options may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these approaches. However, because PDC is often not detected until it has advanced, treatment is frequently focused on palliative care to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.

Experimental neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that are induced and studied in a controlled laboratory setting, typically in animals or cell cultures. These studies are conducted to understand the fundamental mechanisms of cancer development, progression, and potential treatment strategies. By manipulating various factors such as genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and pharmacological interventions, researchers can gain valuable insights into the complex processes underlying neoplasm formation and identify novel targets for cancer therapy. It is important to note that experimental neoplasms may not always accurately represent human cancers, and further research is needed to translate these findings into clinically relevant applications.

A neoplasm of vascular tissue is an abnormal growth or mass of cells in the blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms, such as hemangiomas and lymphangiomas, are typically not harmful and may not require treatment. However, they can cause symptoms if they grow large enough to press on nearby organs or tissues. Malignant neoplasms, such as angiosarcomas, are cancerous and can invade and destroy surrounding tissue, as well as spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Treatment for vascular tissue neoplasms depends on the type, size, location, and stage of the growth, and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.

Eye neoplasms, also known as ocular tumors or eye cancer, refer to abnormal growths of tissue in the eye. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Eye neoplasms can develop in various parts of the eye, including the eyelid, conjunctiva, cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, retina, and optic nerve.

Benign eye neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as vision changes, eye pain, or a noticeable mass in the eye. Treatment options for benign eye neoplasms include monitoring, surgical removal, or radiation therapy.

Malignant eye neoplasms, on the other hand, can grow and spread rapidly to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as vision changes, eye pain, floaters, or flashes of light. Treatment options for malignant eye neoplasms depend on the type and stage of cancer but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

It is important to note that early detection and treatment of eye neoplasms can improve outcomes and prevent complications. Regular eye exams with an ophthalmologist are recommended for early detection and prevention of eye diseases, including eye neoplasms.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Nose neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms can invade surrounding tissues and have the potential to metastasize.

Nose neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as nasal congestion, nosebleeds, difficulty breathing through the nose, loss of smell, facial pain or numbness, and visual changes if they affect the eye. The diagnosis of nose neoplasms usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and biopsy to determine the type and extent of the growth. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Salivary gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the salivary glands. These glands are responsible for producing saliva, which helps in digestion, lubrication of food and maintaining oral health. Salivary gland neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign neoplasms are slow-growing and typically do not spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as swelling, painless lumps, or difficulty swallowing if they grow large enough to put pressure on surrounding tissues.

Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can be aggressive and have the potential to invade nearby structures and metastasize (spread) to distant organs. Symptoms of malignant salivary gland neoplasms may include rapid growth, pain, numbness, or paralysis of facial nerves.

Salivary gland neoplasms can occur in any of the major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands) or in the minor salivary glands located throughout the mouth and throat. The exact cause of these neoplasms is not fully understood, but risk factors may include exposure to radiation, certain viral infections, and genetic predisposition.

Radiation-induced neoplasms are a type of cancer or tumor that develops as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation is radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms or molecules, leading to the formation of ions. This type of radiation can damage DNA and other cellular structures, which can lead to mutations and uncontrolled cell growth, resulting in the development of a neoplasm.

Radiation-induced neoplasms can occur after exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation, such as that received during radiation therapy for cancer treatment or from nuclear accidents. The risk of developing a radiation-induced neoplasm depends on several factors, including the dose and duration of radiation exposure, the type of radiation, and the individual's genetic susceptibility to radiation-induced damage.

Radiation-induced neoplasms can take many years to develop after initial exposure to ionizing radiation, and they often occur at the site of previous radiation therapy. Common types of radiation-induced neoplasms include sarcomas, carcinomas, and thyroid cancer. It is important to note that while ionizing radiation can increase the risk of developing cancer, the overall risk is still relatively low, especially when compared to other well-established cancer risk factors such as smoking and exposure to certain chemicals.

Adenocarcinoma, papillary is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells and grows in a finger-like projection (called a papilla). This type of cancer can occur in various organs, including the lungs, pancreas, thyroid, and female reproductive system. The prognosis and treatment options for papillary adenocarcinoma depend on several factors, such as the location and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

Carcinoma, papillary is a type of cancer that begins in the cells that line the glandular structures or the lining of organs. In a papillary carcinoma, the cancerous cells grow and form small finger-like projections, called papillae, within the tumor. This type of cancer most commonly occurs in the thyroid gland, but can also be found in other organs such as the lung, breast, and kidney. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland is usually slow-growing and has a good prognosis, especially when it is diagnosed at an early stage.

Testicular neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors in the testicle that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They are a type of genitourinary cancer, which affects the reproductive and urinary systems. Testicular neoplasms can occur in men of any age but are most commonly found in young adults between the ages of 15 and 40.

Testicular neoplasms can be classified into two main categories: germ cell tumors and non-germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors, which arise from the cells that give rise to sperm, are further divided into seminomas and non-seminomas. Seminomas are typically slow-growing and have a good prognosis, while non-seminomas tend to grow more quickly and can spread to other parts of the body.

Non-germ cell tumors are less common than germ cell tumors and include Leydig cell tumors, Sertoli cell tumors, and lymphomas. These tumors can have a variety of clinical behaviors, ranging from benign to malignant.

Testicular neoplasms often present as a painless mass or swelling in the testicle. Other symptoms may include a feeling of heaviness or discomfort in the scrotum, a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin, and breast enlargement (gynecomastia).

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan, and blood tests to detect tumor markers. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these modalities. Regular self-examinations of the testicles are recommended for early detection and improved outcomes.

Neoplasms in muscle tissue refer to abnormal and excessive growths of muscle cells that can be benign or malignant. These growths can arise from any of the three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle. Neoplasms in muscle tissue are classified based on their origin, behavior, and histological features.

Benign neoplasms in muscle tissue include leiomyomas (smooth muscle), rhabdomyomas (skeletal muscle), and myxomas (cardiac muscle). These tumors are usually slow-growing and do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body.

Malignant neoplasms in muscle tissue, also known as sarcomas, include leiomyosarcoma (smooth muscle), rhabdomyosarcoma (skeletal muscle), and angiosarcoma (cardiac muscle). These tumors are aggressive, invasive, and have the potential to metastasize to other parts of the body.

Symptoms of neoplasms in muscle tissue depend on their location, size, and type. They may include a painless or painful mass, weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing or breathing. Treatment options for neoplasms in muscle tissue include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. The choice of treatment depends on the type, stage, location, and patient's overall health condition.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues that serve no purpose and can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Glandular and epithelial neoplasms refer to specific types of tumors that originate from the glandular and epithelial tissues, respectively.

Glandular neoplasms arise from the glandular tissue, which is responsible for producing and secreting substances such as hormones, enzymes, or other fluids. These neoplasms can be further classified into adenomas (benign) and adenocarcinomas (malignant).

Epithelial neoplasms, on the other hand, develop from the epithelial tissue that lines the outer surfaces of organs and the inner surfaces of cavities. These neoplasms can also be benign or malignant and are classified as papillomas (benign) and carcinomas (malignant).

It is important to note that while both glandular and epithelial neoplasms can become cancerous, not all of them do. However, if they do, the malignant versions can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body, making them potentially life-threatening.

Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that arises from the mucin-producing cells in the lining of a cyst. It is a subtype of cystadenocarcinoma, which is a malignant tumor that develops within a cyst. Mucinous cystadenocarcinomas are typically found in the ovary or pancreas but can also occur in other organs such as the appendix and the respiratory tract.

These tumors are characterized by the production of large amounts of mucin, a gel-like substance that can accumulate within the cyst and cause it to grow. Mucinous cystadenocarcinomas tend to grow slowly but can become quite large and may eventually spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body if left untreated.

Symptoms of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma depend on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, changes in bowel movements, or vaginal bleeding. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for mucinous cystadenocarcinoma depends on several factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis and the patient's overall health.

An adenoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops from glandular epithelial cells. These types of cells are responsible for producing and releasing fluids, such as hormones or digestive enzymes, into the surrounding tissues. Adenomas can occur in various organs and glands throughout the body, including the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and digestive systems.

Depending on their location, adenomas may cause different symptoms or remain asymptomatic. Some common examples of adenomas include:

1. Colorectal adenoma (also known as a polyp): These growths occur in the lining of the colon or rectum and can develop into colorectal cancer if left untreated. Regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, are essential for early detection and removal of these polyps.
2. Thyroid adenoma: This type of adenoma affects the thyroid gland and may result in an overproduction or underproduction of hormones, leading to conditions like hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).
3. Pituitary adenoma: These growths occur in the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain and controls various hormonal functions. Depending on their size and location, pituitary adenomas can cause vision problems, headaches, or hormonal imbalances that affect growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
4. Liver adenoma: These rare benign tumors develop in the liver and may not cause any symptoms unless they become large enough to press on surrounding organs or structures. In some cases, liver adenomas can rupture and cause internal bleeding.
5. Adrenal adenoma: These growths occur in the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys and produce hormones that regulate stress responses, metabolism, and blood pressure. Most adrenal adenomas are nonfunctioning, meaning they do not secrete excess hormones. However, functioning adrenal adenomas can lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome or Conn's syndrome, depending on the type of hormone being overproduced.

It is essential to monitor and manage benign tumors like adenomas to prevent potential complications, such as rupture, bleeding, or hormonal imbalances. Treatment options may include surveillance with imaging studies, medication to manage hormonal issues, or surgical removal of the tumor in certain cases.

Soft tissue neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the soft tissues of the body. Soft tissues include muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and synovial membranes (the thin layer of cells that line joints and tendons). Neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their behavior and potential for spread depend on the specific type of neoplasm.

Benign soft tissue neoplasms are typically slow-growing, well-circumscribed, and rarely spread to other parts of the body. They can often be removed surgically with a low risk of recurrence. Examples of benign soft tissue neoplasms include lipomas (fat tumors), schwannomas (nerve sheath tumors), and hemangiomas (blood vessel tumors).

Malignant soft tissue neoplasms, on the other hand, can grow rapidly, invade surrounding tissues, and may metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body. They are often more difficult to treat than benign neoplasms and require a multidisciplinary approach, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Examples of malignant soft tissue neoplasms include sarcomas, such as rhabdomyosarcoma (arising from skeletal muscle), leiomyosarcoma (arising from smooth muscle), and angiosarcoma (arising from blood vessels).

It is important to note that soft tissue neoplasms can occur in any part of the body, and their diagnosis and treatment require a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional with expertise in this area.

Hematologic neoplasms, also known as hematological malignancies, are a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and accumulation of abnormal blood cells or bone marrow cells. These disorders can originate from the myeloid or lymphoid cell lines, which give rise to various types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Hematologic neoplasms can be broadly classified into three categories:

1. Leukemias: These are cancers that primarily affect the bone marrow and blood-forming tissues. They result in an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells, which interfere with the normal functioning of the blood and immune system. There are several types of leukemia, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
2. Lymphomas: These are cancers that develop from the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system responsible for fighting infections. Lymphomas can affect lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. The two main types of lymphoma are Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
3. Myelomas: These are cancers that arise from the plasma cells, a type of white blood cell responsible for producing antibodies. Multiple myeloma is the most common type of myeloma, characterized by an excessive proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, leading to the production of abnormal amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulins (M proteins) and bone destruction.

Hematologic neoplasms can have various symptoms, such as fatigue, weakness, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and bone pain. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and sometimes bone marrow biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the disease and may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, stem cell transplantation, or a combination of these approaches.

A neoplasm is a tumor or growth that is formed by an abnormal and excessive proliferation of cells, which can be benign or malignant. Neoplasm proteins are therefore any proteins that are expressed or produced in these neoplastic cells. These proteins can play various roles in the development, progression, and maintenance of neoplasms.

Some neoplasm proteins may contribute to the uncontrolled cell growth and division seen in cancer, such as oncogenic proteins that promote cell cycle progression or inhibit apoptosis (programmed cell death). Others may help the neoplastic cells evade the immune system, allowing them to proliferate undetected. Still others may be involved in angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels that supply the tumor with nutrients and oxygen.

Neoplasm proteins can also serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment response. For example, the presence or level of certain neoplasm proteins in biological samples such as blood or tissue may indicate the presence of a specific type of cancer, help predict the likelihood of cancer recurrence, or suggest whether a particular therapy will be effective.

Overall, understanding the roles and behaviors of neoplasm proteins can provide valuable insights into the biology of cancer and inform the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Uterine neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the uterus, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can originate from different types of cells within the uterus, leading to various types of uterine neoplasms. The two main categories of uterine neoplasms are endometrial neoplasms and uterine sarcomas.

Endometrial neoplasms develop from the endometrium, which is the inner lining of the uterus. Most endometrial neoplasms are classified as endometrioid adenocarcinomas, arising from glandular cells in the endometrium. Other types include serous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma.

Uterine sarcomas, on the other hand, are less common and originate from the connective tissue (stroma) or muscle (myometrium) of the uterus. Uterine sarcomas can be further divided into several subtypes, such as leiomyosarcoma, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma.

Uterine neoplasms can cause various symptoms, including abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, pelvic pain, and difficulty urinating or having bowel movements. The diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging tests (such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI scans) and tissue biopsies to determine the type and extent of the neoplasm. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and patient's overall health but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormone therapy.

Intestinal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the tissues of the intestines, which can be benign or malignant. These growths are called neoplasms and they result from uncontrolled cell division. In the case of intestinal neoplasms, these growths occur in the small intestine, large intestine (colon), rectum, or appendix.

Benign intestinal neoplasms are not cancerous and often do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause problems if they grow large enough to obstruct the intestines or cause bleeding. Common types of benign intestinal neoplasms include polyps, leiomyomas, and lipomas.

Malignant intestinal neoplasms, on the other hand, are cancerous and can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The most common type of malignant intestinal neoplasm is adenocarcinoma, which arises from the glandular cells lining the inside of the intestines. Other types of malignant intestinal neoplasms include lymphomas, sarcomas, and carcinoid tumors.

Symptoms of intestinal neoplasms can vary depending on their size, location, and type. Common symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, changes in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, weight loss, and fatigue. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

Neoplasms, adnexal and skin appendage refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the sweat glands, hair follicles, or other structures associated with the skin. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can occur anywhere on the body.

Adnexal neoplasms are tumors that arise from the sweat glands or hair follicles, including the sebaceous glands, eccrine glands, and apocrine glands. These tumors can range in size and severity, and they may cause symptoms such as pain, itching, or changes in the appearance of the skin.

Skin appendage neoplasms are similar to adnexal neoplasms, but they specifically refer to tumors that arise from structures such as hair follicles, nails, and sweat glands. Examples of skin appendage neoplasms include pilomatricomas (tumors of the hair follicle), trichilemmomas (tumors of the outer root sheath of the hair follicle), and sebaceous adenomas (tumors of the sebaceous glands).

It is important to note that while many adnexal and skin appendage neoplasms are benign, some can be malignant and may require aggressive treatment. If you notice any unusual growths or changes in your skin, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and care.

Neoplasm staging is a systematic process used in medicine to describe the extent of spread of a cancer, including the size and location of the original (primary) tumor and whether it has metastasized (spread) to other parts of the body. The most widely accepted system for this purpose is the TNM classification system developed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC).

In this system, T stands for tumor, and it describes the size and extent of the primary tumor. N stands for nodes, and it indicates whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes. M stands for metastasis, and it shows whether the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body.

Each letter is followed by a number that provides more details about the extent of the disease. For example, a T1N0M0 cancer means that the primary tumor is small and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or distant sites. The higher the numbers, the more advanced the cancer.

Staging helps doctors determine the most appropriate treatment for each patient and estimate the patient's prognosis. It is an essential tool for communication among members of the healthcare team and for comparing outcomes of treatments in clinical trials.

Vascular neoplasms are a type of tumor that develops from cells that line the blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign vascular neoplasms, such as hemangiomas and lymphangiomas, are usually harmless and may not require treatment unless they cause symptoms or complications. Malignant vascular neoplasms, on the other hand, are known as angiosarcomas and can be aggressive, spreading to other parts of the body and potentially causing serious health problems.

Angiosarcomas can develop in any part of the body but are most commonly found in the skin, particularly in areas exposed to radiation or chronic lymph edema. They can also occur in the breast, liver, spleen, and heart. Treatment for vascular neoplasms depends on the type, location, size, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Sweat gland neoplasms are abnormal growths that develop in the sweat glands. These growths can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign sweat gland neoplasms include hidradenomas and syringomas, which are usually slow-growing and cause little to no symptoms. Malignant sweat gland neoplasms, also known as sweat gland carcinomas, are rare but aggressive cancers that can spread to other parts of the body. They may cause symptoms such as a lump or mass under the skin, pain, swelling, and redness. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the growth.

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates from the white blood cells called lymphocytes, which are part of the immune system. These cells are found in various parts of the body such as the lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. Lymphoma can be classified into two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).

HL is characterized by the presence of a specific type of abnormal lymphocyte called Reed-Sternberg cells, while NHL includes a diverse group of lymphomas that lack these cells. The symptoms of lymphoma may include swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue.

The exact cause of lymphoma is not known, but it is believed to result from genetic mutations in the lymphocytes that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division. Exposure to certain viruses, chemicals, and radiation may increase the risk of developing lymphoma. Treatment options for lymphoma depend on various factors such as the type and stage of the disease, age, and overall health of the patient. Common treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplantation.

Bone neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the bone. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign bone neoplasms do not spread to other parts of the body and are rarely a threat to life, although they may cause problems if they grow large enough to press on surrounding tissues or cause fractures. Malignant bone neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade and destroy nearby tissue and may spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

There are many different types of bone neoplasms, including:

1. Osteochondroma - a benign tumor that develops from cartilage and bone
2. Enchondroma - a benign tumor that forms in the cartilage that lines the inside of the bones
3. Chondrosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from cartilage
4. Osteosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from bone cells
5. Ewing sarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops in the bones or soft tissues around the bones
6. Giant cell tumor of bone - a benign or occasionally malignant tumor that develops from bone tissue
7. Fibrosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from fibrous tissue in the bone

The symptoms of bone neoplasms vary depending on the type, size, and location of the tumor. They may include pain, swelling, stiffness, fractures, or limited mobility. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

Palatal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur on the palate, which is the roof of the mouth. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slower growing and less likely to spread, while malignant neoplasms are more aggressive and can invade nearby tissues and organs.

Palatal neoplasms can have various causes, including genetic factors, environmental exposures, and viral infections. They may present with symptoms such as mouth pain, difficulty swallowing, swelling or lumps in the mouth, bleeding, or numbness in the mouth or face.

The diagnosis of palatal neoplasms typically involves a thorough clinical examination, imaging studies, and sometimes biopsy to determine the type and extent of the growth. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or spread of the neoplasm.

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... eventual vision loss and if they continue to grow the tumor can break past the retina causing retinal detachment. Sometimes the ... Eye neoplasms can affect all parts of the eye, and can be a benign tumor or a malignant tumor (cancer). Eye cancers can be ...
Malignant neoplasms of the brain and nervous system (1.5%) Retinal detachment (1.4%) Cataracts are the greying or opacity of ... That is, diabetic retinopathy describes the retinal and vitreous hemorrhages or retinal capillary blockage caused by the ... Two experimental treatments for retinal problems include a cybernetic replacement and transplant of fetal retinal cells. There ... Among working-age adults who are newly blind in England and Wales the most common causes in 2010 were: Hereditary retinal ...
... and neoplasm of the choroid, cranial nerves, retinal or eyeball. In patients with diabetes mellitus, regular fundus screening ... The retinal nerve fibre layer should also be studied and commented on. The retina consists of ten semi-transparent layers that ... As retinal abnormalities often begin in a particular layer of the retina before encroaching into the other layers (such as the ... A typical camera views 30 to 50° of retinal area, with a magnification of 2.5x, and allows some modification of this ...
... infant Restless legs syndrome Reticuloendotheliosis Retina disorder Retinal degeneration Retinal dysplasia X linked Retinal ... hypoglycemia Reardon-Hall-Slaney syndrome Reardon-Wilson-Cavanagh syndrome Rectal neoplasm Rectophobia Rectosigmoid neoplasm ... atresia Radiation induced angiosarcoma of the breast Radiation induced meningioma Radiation leukemia Radiation related neoplasm ... dysplasia Radio renal syndrome Radiophobia Radioulnar synostosis mental retardation hypotonia Radioulnar synostosis retinal ...
... conjunctival neoplasms MeSH C11.319.421 - eyelid neoplasms MeSH C11.319.457 - orbital neoplasms MeSH C11.319.475 - retinal ... retinal dysplasia MeSH C11.768.710 - retinal hemorrhage MeSH C11.768.717 - retinal neoplasms MeSH C11.768.717.760 - ... iris neoplasms MeSH C11.941.375.385 - iritis MeSH C11.941.855 - uveal neoplasms MeSH C11.941.855.198 - choroid neoplasms MeSH ... uveal neoplasms MeSH C11.319.494.198 - choroid neoplasms MeSH C11.319.494.400 - iris neoplasms MeSH C11.338.133 - blepharitis ...
The majority of deaths were caused by neoplasms, mainly mammary tumours. The Siamese also has a higher rate of morbidity. They ... The most common variety of progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in cats (among them the Abyssinian, the Somali, and the big group ...
In the United States it is also indicated for the treatment of relapsed or refractory myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms (MLNs) with ... Additional common adverse reactions include rash, anemia, epistaxis, serous retinal detachment, extremity pain, dyspepsia, ... "FDA approves pemigatinib for relapsed or refractory myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with FGFR1 rearrangement". U.S. Food and Drug ... for pemigatinib for the treatment of myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1 ...
It can be used to detect almost all neuronal cell types except Purkinje cells, olfactory bulb mitral cells, retinal ... In pathological conditions was also reported that glial neoplasms and reactive glial cells expressed this marker. Calretinin is ...
Its diagnosis is of exclusion once neoplasm, primary infection and systemic disorders have been ruled out. Once diagnosed, it ... and retinal detachment. Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome, also known as orbital pseudotumor, was first described by ... Its former name, orbital pseudotumor, is derived due to resemblance to a neoplasm. However, histologically it is characterized ...
The incidence of mammary desmoid tumors is less than 0.2% of primary breast neoplasms. In Gardner's syndrome, the incidence ... congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE), in addition to multiple adenomatous polyps of the colon. ... Baranov E, Hornick JL (March 2020). "Soft Tissue Special Issue: Fibroblastic and Myofibroblastic Neoplasms of the Head and Neck ... List of cutaneous conditions List of dental abnormalities associated with cutaneous conditions List of cutaneous neoplasms ...
The Royal College of Surgeons rat (or RCS rat) is the first known animal with inherited retinal degeneration. Although the ... Mac Kenzie, William; Garner, F. (1973). "Comparison of Neoplasms in Six Sources of Rats". JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer ... The Lewis rat suffers from several spontaneous pathologies: first, they can suffer from high incidences of neoplasms, with the ... A 1972 study compared neoplasms in Sprague Dawleys from six different commercial suppliers and found highly significant ...
Hemangiopericytoma is a rare vascular neoplasm, or abnormal growth, that may either be benign or malignant. In its malignant ... Studies have found that pericytes are essential in diabetic individuals to protect the endothelial cells of retinal capillaries ...
It has been shown that RGD-alginate hydrogels improve derivation of retinal tissue from stem cells. RGD and other bioactive ... Bone defects or fractures can occur in a number of ways, including trauma, neoplasm, osteoporosis, or congenital disorders. ... Additionally, RGD has been used in regeneration of retinal pigmented epithelium. This tissue can be generated from human ... "3D culture of human pluripotent stem cells in RGD-alginate hydrogel improves retinal tissue development". Acta Biomaterialia. ...
Soraprazan (remofuscin) has been found to remove lipofuscin from retinal pigment epithelial cells in animals. This opens up a ... and cryptogenic neoplasms in C3H mice". Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 42 (2): 129-138. doi:10.1016/0047-6374(88)90068-1 ... Maeda A, Maeda T, Golczak M, Palczewski K (September 2008). "Retinopathy in mice induced by disrupted all-trans-retinal ... Julien, S; Schraermeyer, U (Oct 2012). "Lipofuscin can be removed from the retinal pigment epithelium of monkeys". Neurobiol ...
... neoplasm seeding MeSH C23.550.727.650.895 - neoplasms, unknown primary MeSH C23.550.727.655 - neoplasm recurrence, local MeSH ... retinal neovascularization MeSH C23.550.673.500 - shock MeSH C23.550.673.500.275 - sepsis syndrome MeSH C23.550.673.500.550 - ... neoplasm metastasis MeSH C23.550.727.650.560 - lymphatic metastasis MeSH C23.550.727.650.645 - neoplasm circulating cells MeSH ... C23.550.727.670 - neoplasm regression, spontaneous MeSH C23.550.727.700 - neoplasm, residual MeSH C23.550.737.500 - retrograde ...
Retinal pseudocysts may be related to geographic atrophy. A study found that 22% of eyes with geographic atrophy contained ... The CT scan's weakness is its lack of differentiation between pseudocysts and cystic neoplasm. Also, the intravenous contrast ... "Retinal Pseudocysts in Age-Related Geographic Atrophy". American Journal of Ophthalmology. 150 (2): 211-217.e1. doi:10.1016/j. ...
Hemorrhagic neoplasms are more complex, heterogeneous bleeds often with associated edema. These hemorrhages are related to ... or cardiac arrhythmias Nuchal rigidity Subhyaloid retinal hemorrhages Altered level of consciousness Anisocoria, nystagmus ... of consciousness Hypertension Arteriovenous malformation Aneurysm rupture Cerebral amyloid angiopathy Intracranial neoplasm ...
Louwies T, Vuegen C, Panis LI, Cox B, Vrijens K, Nawrot TS, De Boever P (May 2016). "miRNA expression profiles and retinal ... it has been demonstrated as an independent prognostic factor in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. miR-21 has ... "Prognostic relevance of proliferation-related miRNAs in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms". European Journal of Endocrinology ...
Gendron RL, Good WV, Adams LC, Paradis H (2001). "Suppressed expression of tubedown-1 in retinal neovascularization of ... "Expression of N-acetyl transferase human and human Arrest defective 1 proteins in thyroid neoplasms". Thyroid. 15 (10): 1131-6 ... "Tubedown associates with cortactin and controls permeability of retinal endothelial cells to albumin". Journal of Cell Science ...
Natochin M, Lipkin VM, Artemyev NO (1997). "Interaction of human retinal RGS with G-protein alpha-subunits". FEBS Lett. 411 (2- ... in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and neoplasms". Pathol. Int. 46 (6): 393-8. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1827.1996.tb03629.x. PMID ...
1976 Cranial computed tomography (CT, invented 1972) proved to be an excellent tool for diagnosing cerebral neoplasms in ... 1920 Dutch ophthalmologist Jan van der Hoeve described the retinal hamartomas (phakoma). He grouped both TSC and ... intracranial neoplasms". AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 127 (1): 129-37. doi:10.2214/ajr.127.1.129. PMID 180824. ...
... conjunctival neoplasms MeSH C04.588.364.659 - orbital neoplasms MeSH C04.588.364.818 - retinal neoplasms MeSH C04.588.364.818. ... skull base neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.828 - spinal neoplasms MeSH C04.588.180.260 - breast neoplasms, male MeSH C04.588.180.390 ... bile duct neoplasms MeSH C04.588.274.120.250.250 - common bile duct neoplasms MeSH C04.588.274.120.401 - gallbladder neoplasms ... femoral neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721 - skull neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721.450 - jaw neoplasms MeSH C04.588.149.721.450.583 ...
They account for 0.001% of all primary CNS neoplasms. Pineoblastomas typically occur at very young ages. One study found the ... This includes synaptophysin, neurofilament protein, and CRX, a specific pineal or retinal marker, positive staining. Initial ...
... thrombosis of the veins of the brain and head Central retinal vein occlusion and branch retinal vein occlusion: despite the ... catheters Inflammatory diseases/some autoimmune diseases Nephrotic syndrome Obesity Infection HIV Myeloproliferative neoplasms ... Central and branch retinal vein occlusion does not benefit from anticoagulation in the way that other venous thromboses do. If ... Other rarer forms include retinal vein thrombosis, mesenteric vein thrombosis (affecting veins draining blood from the ...
Misago N, Narisawa Y (September 2006). "Cytokeratin 15 expression in neoplasms with sebaceous differentiation". Journal of ... April 2003). "A novel function for Hedgehog signalling in retinal pigment epithelium differentiation". Development. 130 (8): ...
Once retinal detachment occurs, the case becomes a surgical emergency.[citation needed] Additionally, if the nevus is present ... Choroidal nevus (plural: nevi) is a type of eye neoplasm that is classified under choroidal tumors as a type of benign (non- ... The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) can be captured as well, using autofluorescence, because the light waves can detect ... This leads to retinal detachment in that part of the eye, which is observed as some loss of vision or flashing lights. ...
Migraine without aura Migraine with aura Childhood periodic syndromes that are commonly precursors of migraine Retinal migraine ... attributed to intracranial neoplasm Headache attributed to increased intracranial pressure or hydrocephalus caused by neoplasm ... Headache attributed directly to neoplasm Headache attributed to carcinomatous meningitis Headache attributed to hypothalamic or ...
Wernicke's Encephalopathy intracerebral calcification retinal Encephalopathy progressive optic atrophy Encephalopathy subacute ... coloboma talipes Esophageal atresia Esophageal disorder Esophageal duodenal atresia abnormalities of hands Esophageal neoplasm ...
Dent disease Dental aberrations steroid dehydrogenase deficienciency Dental caries Dental fluorosis Dental tissue neoplasm ... catecholamines Double uterus-hemivagina-renal agenesis Down syndrome Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy Doyne honeycomb retinal ...
Retinal Neoplasms* / pathology * Retinoblastoma* / pathology * Ribonuclease III Substances * MicroRNAs * RNA-Binding Proteins ...
Retinal Neoplasms. *Chromosome 12. *Cervical Cancer. *Lung Cancer. *Survival Rate. *RB1. *Genome-Wide Association Study ...
Categories: Retinal Neoplasms Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 5 ...
Retinal Neoplasms / classification* * Retinal Neoplasms / genetics * Retinal Neoplasms / metabolism * Retinal Neoplasms / ...
... is a relatively uncommon osteolytic-pigmented neoplasm that primarily affects the jaws of newborn infants. The lesion has had ... A malignant, melanotic neoplasm of the uterus, resembling the retinal anlage tumors; report of a case. Am J Clin Pathol. 1957 ... The pigmented ameloblastomas or "retinal anlage" tumors. Report of two cases. Laryngoscope. 1963 Oct. 73:1303-8. [QxMD MEDLINE ... Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy--a neoplasm of neural crese origin. Report of a case associated with high urinary ...
View other providers who treat Repair of Retinal Detachment or Retinal Tear ... Benign Neoplasm of Choroid ... View other providers who treat Retinal Detachment and Retinal ... Repair of Retinal Detachment or Retinal Tear ...
In many cases, people with MPGN II can develop drusen caused by deposits within Bruchs membrane beneath the retinal pigment ... Secondary MPGN is treated by treating the associated infection, autoimmune disease or neoplasms. Pegylated interferon and ... Colville D, Guymer R, Sinclair RA, Savige J (2003). "Visual impairment caused by retinal abnormalities in mesangiocapillary ( ... "Visual impairment caused by retinal abnormalities in mesangiocapillary (membranoproliferative) glomerulonephritis type II (" ...
The retinal pattern of immunoreactivity for ETS-1 matched the retinal distribution of ETS-1 transcripts (Figure 1B). We ... While ETS-1 appeared to be localized mostly in retinal cell nuclei, ETS-2 seemed to be mostly in the cytosol of retinal cells. ... ETS-1 and ETS-2 are upregulated in a transgenic mouse model of pigmented ocular neoplasm G. De la Houssaye,1 V. Vieira,1 C. ... We then investigated ETS-1 and ETS-2 gene expressions in a mouse model of pigmented ocular neoplasm. We showed that ETS-1 and ...
Polyclonal - not a neoplasm Case reports. *32 year old woman born with bilateral microphthalmia (Hum Pathol 2005;36:702) ... Cite this page: Pernick N. Nodular & massive retinal gliosis. PathologyOutlines.com website. https://www.pathologyoutlines.com/ ...
Neoplasm Metastasis. Macular Edema. Retinal Vein Occlusion. Edema. Neoplastic Processes. Neoplasms. Pathologic Processes. ... Retinal Degeneration. Retinal Diseases. Eye Diseases. Venous Thrombosis. Thrombosis. Embolism and Thrombosis. Vascular Diseases ... Macular Edema Secondary to Retinal Vein Occlusion Drug: Aflibercept, VEGF Trap-Eye(Eylea, BAY86-5321)_higher dose Drug: ... Fluorescein 100 mg/mL solution for injection is a dye that makes the retinal vessels visible during FA examinations, and as ...
... positron-emission tomography might differentiate dysplasia and neoplasms, but this differentiation has not been confirmed for ... and retinal blood vessels, which can result in a congenital (usually tent-shaped) retinal detachment, a retinal malformation ... In our patient, retinal dysplasia showed the same SI characteristics as those of normal detached retinal tissue; however, the ... Despite thickening of the dysplastic retinal tissue, the characteristic linear structure of a retinal detachment was preserved ...
Retinal hemorrhage. Shaking or other trauma. Bleeding disorder. Neoplasm. Resuscitation. Coagulation studies ... Retinal examinations should be conducted with care in any situation in which head trauma may be suspected. Because the general ... Identification of retinal hemorrhages is often made only by a specialist, and the importance of this perception cannot be ... Other (e.g., vasculitis, thrombosis, neoplasm, anomalies, stones, bacteremia, exercise). Rule out other disease Culture Renal ...
Plasma Cell Neoplasm,Rothmund-Thomson Syndrome, Type 2,Cervical Adenoma Malignum,Breast Juvenile Papillomatosis,Bilateral ... Retinal Cancer,Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1 With Axonal Neuropathy,Endocrine Exophthalmos,Leukemia,Maxillary Sinus ...
... and its presence in the endothelium of vascular neoplasm in cancers suggests that it could constitute a marker of angiogenesis ... Changes in the organization and expression of cytoskeletal proteins during retinal degeneration induced by retinal detachment. ... its presence is reported principally in glial Müller cells after retinal injuries such as retinal detachment [47], optic nerve ... Nestin contributes to laser choroidal and retinal neovascularization. Sofiane Miloudi,1 Maud Valensi,1 Mohamed El Sanharawi,1 ...
Ocular neoplasms: such as lymphomas. Lymphoma in dogs is a serious disease which can be fatal, but hyphema is likely only one ... Retinal detachment: more common in senior dogs, it has various causes which can be genetic or acquired. ...
Our team is composed of postdoctoral fellows, graduate students and technical personnel, whose research theme consists in defining how hematopoietic stem cells integrate various signals to self-renew or to launch a differentiation program and how this code is disrupted in leukemia. Our observations indicate that the SCL transcription factor, a member of the basic helix-loop-helix family of proteins, is important for the long-term maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells. In addition, SCL interacts with LMO1 or LMO2 and inhibits differentiation in the B and T lymphoid lineages. Interestingly, the genes coding for these three proteins are often activated in childhood T cell leukemias. Our work aims at understanding the mechanisms of leukemogenesis induced by these oncogenes, by a multidisciplinary approach that combines molecular genetics, functional genomics and proteomics with the analysis of transgenic mice or of knock-out mice. We observe that SCL blocks thymocyte differentiation and induces ...
O Retinal flecks,O Retinal fold,O Retinal hamartoma,O Retinal hemorrhage,O Retinal hole,O Retinal infarction,O Retinal neoplasm ... O Retinal crystals,O Retinal degeneration,O Retinal detachment,O Retinal dots,O Retinal dysplasia,O Retinal dystrophy,O Retinal ... O Neoplasm of the inner ear,O Neoplasm of the large intestine,O Neoplasm of the larynx,O Neoplasm of the lip,O Neoplasm of the ... O Neoplasm of the middle ear,O Neoplasm of the nail,O Neoplasm of the nervous system,O Neoplasm of the nose,O Neoplasm of the ...
... or retinal vascular lesions. Evaluate for retinal vein thrombosis immediately. [see Adverse Reaction (6).] ... 5.3 Malignant Neoplasms 5.4 Liver Disease 5.5 Risk of Liver Enzyme Elevations with Concomitant Hepatitis C Treatment 5.6 High ... 5.3 Malignant Neoplasms Breast Cancer Drospirenone, ethinyl estradiol and levomefolate calcium tablet and levomefolate calcium ... Ever had blood clots in your legs (deep vein thrombosis), lungs (pulmonary embolism), or eyes (retinal thrombosis) ...
Retinal injuries may also be seen in about 80% of AHT. Hemorrhagic retinopathy, a very specific finding in AHT, is multilayered ... About 5% of infants with intracranial tumor or neoplasm, especially supratentorial tumors, present with seizures.10 Some other ... or recurrent retinal disease. Treatment of prenatal infection is critical to outcome, although adequate treatment during ... Ophthalmologic exam revealed right chorioretinal infiltration and left retinal detachment. CSF Toxoplasma PCR resulted positive ...
These neoplasms can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) in nature. Retinal neoplasms can occur in various ... Retinal neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. ... Retinal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop on the retina, which is the light-sensitive layer of tissue ... Treatment for retinal neoplasms depends on the type, size, and location of the tumor, as well as the patients overall health ...
Retinal Ganglion Cells (1) * Skin Neoplasms (1) *Show more.... Type of study * Observational_studies (5) ... Relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and driving ability in patients with human immunodeficiency virus ...
Dive into the research topics of Primitive pineal tumor with retinoblastomatous and retinal/ciliary epithelial differentiation ... Primitive pineal tumor with retinoblastomatous and retinal/ciliary epithelial differentiation: an immunohistochemical study. ...
Uterine Neoplasms; Endometrial Neoplasms; Glioma; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Thyroid Neoplasms; Retinal ... Colorectal Neoplasms. Sanofi. 2012-08-03. Lymphoma; Urethral Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Brain Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms ... Fallopian Tube Neoplasms; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Breast Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms; Carcinoma, ... Colonic Neoplasms; Neoplasms; Cholangiocarcinoma; Colorectal Neoplasms; Bile Duct Neoplasms; Gallbladder Neoplasms. Details ...
Hormel, T. T., Hwang, T. S., Bailey, S. T., Wilson, D., Huang, D. & Jia, Y., Nov 2021, In: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research ... Ultra-widefield handheld swept-source OCT for peripheral retinal imaging. Ni, S., Nguyen, T. T. P., Ng, R., Khan, S., Ostmo, S. ... Relationship between macular vessel density and total retinal blood flow in primary open-angle glaucoma. Cano, J., Rahimi, M., ... Plexus-specific retinal capillary avascular area in exudative age-related macular degeneration with projection-resolved OCT ...
A melanoma affecting the retinal portion of the eye. ... Malignant Eye Neoplasm*Malignant tumor of retina*Retinal ... retinal melanoma. SNOMED CT: Malignant melanoma of retina (423673009); Retinal melanoma (423673009); Melanoma of retina ( ... Malignant Retinal Melanoma; malignant retinal melanoma; melanoma (disease) of retina; Melanoma of retina; Melanoma of Retina; ... Second Neoplasms in Children Following a Treatment for Acute Leukemia and/or Lymphoma: 29 Years of Experience in a Single ...
Ocular lesions (characterized by retinal atrophy [including loss of photoreceptor cells] and/or corneal inflammation/ ... Bladder Neoplasm, Cervicitis, Dyspareunia, Epididymitis, Female lactation, Glomerulitis, Ovarian disorder, Pyelonephritis ... Cardiovascular System - Infrequent: Deep thrombophlebitis, Heart failure, Hypotension, Postural hypotension, Retinal vascular ... Retinal edema, Taste loss, Taste perversion; Rare: Anisocoria, Blindness, Corneal ulcer, Exophthalmos, Extraocular palsy, ...
Retinal tears put us at great risk of developing a retinal detachment, which is a separation of the retina from the wall of the ... A retinal detachment due to a retinal tear is surgical problem that is often reparable by either scleral buckling or vitrectomy ... Retinal dystrophies are genetic diseases affecting the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid that can affect visual ... Central or branch retinal vein occlusions are a common cause of vision loss. They are most commonly related to a history of ...
Label: Retinal neoplasm Synonyms: Retinal neoplasm Alternative IDs: als API: GO SPARQL: GO ...
Retinal Neoplasms Medicine & Life Sciences 13% * Vertebrate Photoreceptor Cells Medicine & Life Sciences 10% ... a transcription factor required for retinal photoreceptor development. We identified 10 retinoblastomas in our cohort that ... a transcription factor required for retinal photoreceptor development. We identified 10 retinoblastomas in our cohort that ... a transcription factor required for retinal photoreceptor development. We identified 10 retinoblastomas in our cohort that ...
Prostatic Neoplasms Medicine & Life Sciences 73% * Cell Line Medicine & Life Sciences 54% ... Dive into the research topics of Expression and initial promoter characterization of PCAN1 in retinal tissue and prostate cell ... Expression and initial promoter characterization of PCAN1 in retinal tissue and prostate cell lines. ...
  • We report a 6-month-old boy who presented with unilateral leukocoria, retinal detachment, and a retrolental mass in a microphthalmic eye based on retinal dysplasia with concurrent optic nerve aplasia. (ajnr.org)
  • The mass in combination with retinal detachment obscured clear visualization of optic nerve disc and macula. (ajnr.org)
  • Fundus photograph of the left eye shows a retrolental mass (D, arrows ) in the inferomedial quadrant of the vitreous (V) with large irregular feeder vessels, focal hemorrhages, and retinal detachment (R, arrowheads ). (ajnr.org)
  • MR imaging showed a mass arising from the nasal ciliary body region with high signal intensity (SI) on T1-weighted (T1WI) and low SI on T2-weighted (T2WI) images, combined with a normal-appearing vitreous and tent-shaped retinal detachment with subretinal exudate ( Fig 2 ). (ajnr.org)
  • Axial T1WI ( A ) image shows a hyperintense mass in the anterior part of the vitreous (V), adjacent to the ciliary body (CB) on either side of the lens, combined with a tent-shaped retinal detachment with hyperintense subretinal fluid (SF). (ajnr.org)
  • T2WI ( B ) image shows retinal detachment as a hypointense fine linear structure (R) and clearly demarcates the dysplastic retinal tissue (D). After we applied the contrast material ( C , contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1WI image), the latter shows enhancement (D), in contrast to the detached retina (R) and subretinal fluid. (ajnr.org)
  • Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. (lookformedical.com)
  • Retinal tears put us at great risk of developing a retinal detachment, which is a separation of the retina from the wall of the eye. (gbretina.com)
  • A retinal detachment due to a retinal tear is surgical problem that is often reparable by either scleral buckling or vitrectomy surgery. (gbretina.com)
  • Optical coherence tomograph showed serous retinal detachment around the lesion. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Height of the tumor increased to 3.5 mm 5 years later with bullous retinal detachment. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Bullous retinal detachment disappeared with visual acuity maintained at 0.03. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Subretinal fluid: The presence of an exudative detachment of the neurosensory retina or the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is common. (eyewiki.org)
  • Central or branch retinal artery occlusions are essentially small 'strokes' which can happen in the retina that can affect our central and/or peripheral vision. (gbretina.com)
  • Retinal dystrophies are genetic diseases affecting the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid that can affect visual acuity. (gbretina.com)
  • Important examinations which are able to detect glaucoma at an early stage are: - measurement of intraocular pressure,- OCT (optical coherence tomography), which makes it possible to examine the back of the eye and the entire posterior segment, to visualize the fine structure of the retina very precisely and to detect any damage to the retinal fibers and the optic nerve, and- visual field examination. (proeyes.at)
  • Initially, they appear as a pink mass in the sensory retina, fed by a retinal artery and drained by a retinal vein, often with yellow intraretinal and subretinal lipoproteinaceous exudation. (entokey.com)
  • In many cases, people with MPGN II can develop drusen caused by deposits within Bruch's membrane beneath the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both were found in the retinal pigmentary epithelium (RPE). (molvis.org)
  • Gardner syndrome can be identified based on oral findings, including multiple impacted and supernumerary teeth , multiple jaw osteomas that give a "cotton-wool" appearance to the jaws, as well as multiple odontomas , congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE), in addition to multiple adenomatous polyps of the colon. (wikipedia.org)
  • Choroidal and retinal neovascularization plays an essential role in various ocular diseases. (molvis.org)
  • We used Brown Norway rats, in which choroidal and retinal neovascularization was induced using intraocular laser impacts. (molvis.org)
  • They demonstrated their critical involvement in a rat model of retinal and choroidal neovascularization experimentally induced using ocular laser impacts. (molvis.org)
  • We continue to believe that retinal vasoproliferative tumor is not a true neoplasm, but rather represents florid retinal neovascularization, probably driven by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), that prompt the lesion to assume tumorous proportions. (entokey.com)
  • As in other retinal insults, neovascularization is gradually replaced by gliosis, resulting in what appears to be a glial neoplasm. (entokey.com)
  • We believe that retinal vasoproliferative tumor begins as retinal neovascularization, and this is further supported when one considers the entities that have been associated with secondary retinal vasoproliferative tumors, including intermediate uveitis, Coats disease, and familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, to name a few. (entokey.com)
  • Retinoblastoma is a primary malignant intraocular neoplasm derived from retinoblast beyond retinal development. (isainsmedis.id)
  • Retinal tumors display the gross appearance, invasive properties, light and electron microscopic features, and immunohistochemical staining characteristics of human retinoblastoma. (uu.nl)
  • The light and electron microscopic characteristics as well as immunocytochemical features of undifferentiated midline central nervous system neoplasms further correlate with human trilateral retinoblastoma. (uu.nl)
  • Retinal anlage" tumors. (medscape.com)
  • University of California Health Neoplasm Metastasis Trial → PF-07265807 in Participants With Metastatic Solid Tumors. (ucbraid.org)
  • The pigmented ameloblastomas or "retinal anlage" tumors. (medscape.com)
  • All animals that carry this genetic alteration develop multifocal retinal tumors. (uu.nl)
  • Their observations confirm other reports demonstrating that end-stage retinal vasoproliferative tumors following failed conservative treatments are composed predominantly of glial cells. (entokey.com)
  • We have had extensive clinical experience with retinal vasoproliferative tumors and have published our experience with 334 tumors. (entokey.com)
  • We thank our colleagues for their contribution regarding the postenucleation histopathology of advanced retinal vasoproliferative tumors. (entokey.com)
  • Retinal dysplasia is a rare cause of childhood leukocoria, which can cause considerable diagnostic difficulty in the differentiation of benign and malignant intraocular pathology. (ajnr.org)
  • Malignant Intraocular Neoplasms. (isainsmedis.id)
  • We have studied the transgenic mouse strain, Tyrp-1-TAg, to try to gain insight into possible molecular mechanisms common to pigmented ocular neoplasms occurring spontaneously in the eyes of these mice and human choroidal melanoma. (molvis.org)
  • Both ocular and central nervous system neoplasms are heritable in heterozygous offspring through 10 sequential generations of breeding. (uu.nl)
  • Pulmonary involvement is seen in the form of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (typically occurring in females), and ocular involvement typically includes retinal hamartomas. (cap.org)
  • Color: Grayish-to-brownish neoplasm located in the choroid with overlying retinal vessels. (eyewiki.org)
  • Some of the terms applied to this lesion included pigmented ameloblastoma, retinal anlage tumor, melanotic progonoma, melanotic adamantinoma, and pigmented epulis of infancy. (medscape.com)
  • These features are entirely compatible with a lesion of retinal vascular origin and they are not compatible with gliosis. (entokey.com)
  • We, and others, have previously remarked that this lesion is most likely a reactive secondary retinal vascular mass and not a primary retinal or glial neoplasm. (entokey.com)
  • Dysplastic retinal tissue, a rare congenital defect, may create a clinical and radiologic picture of an intraocular mass closely resembling tumor tissue. (ajnr.org)
  • A melanoma affecting the retinal portion of the eye. (nih.gov)
  • As observed on angiography, the numbers of choroidal and retinal blood vessels were significantly increased (principally on the seventh day) after the laser impacts. (molvis.org)
  • Researchers are looking for a better way to treat people who have macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO). (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Based on the prognosis of the retinal vein occlusion, current treatment modalities offer an excellent chance at recovery of vision. (gbretina.com)
  • Purpose: To report a case of retinal astrocytoma treated by photodynamic therapy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The findings led to the diagnosis of retinal astrocytoma. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Conclusion: Photodynamic therapy was effective for retinal astrocytoma. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Incredible advances have recently been made in the field of retinal dystrophies where until recently the treatment options were quite limited. (gbretina.com)
  • Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) is a relatively uncommon osteolytic-pigmented neoplasm that primarily affects the jaws of newborn infants. (medscape.com)
  • Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) is a rare neoplasm and approximately 485 cases have been reported in the literature to date worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy--a neoplasm of neural crese origin. (medscape.com)
  • the greatest progress has been made in treating the most frequent and severe retinal disease in children - retinopathy of prematurity . (rauhfus.ru)
  • Histopathologic examination revealed a total absence of the optic nerve, scleral lamina cribrosa, and central retinal vessels. (ajnr.org)
  • After any retinal injury in experimental conditions, glial cells are activated and undergo reactive gliosis with increased an expression level of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), which leads to overgrowth of outer Müller glial cell processes. (molvis.org)
  • Central or branch retinal vein occlusions are a common cause of vision loss. (gbretina.com)
  • To our knowledge, there is no histopathology available for early untreated cases, and from our extensive clinical experience, retinal vasoproliferative tumor is a reactive vascular mass without gliosis in the early stages and the astrocytic proliferation occurs as a late phenomenon. (entokey.com)
  • For the above reasons, we believe that the term "reactive retinal astrocytic tumor," proposed by the authors, represents the end stage of this condition and should not replace the more appropriate term "retinal vasoproliferative tumor. (entokey.com)
  • Polycythemia vera is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by an increase in morphologically normal red cells (its hallmark), but also white cells and platelets. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Retinal or other serious ophthalmic disorders as defined in protocol. (ucbraid.org)
  • In addition to the previously described focal amplification of MYCN and deletions in RB1 and BCOR, we also identified recurrent focal amplification of OTX2, a transcription factor required for retinal photoreceptor development. (arizona.edu)
  • We report MR imaging findings of unilateral retinal dysplasia with concurrent optic nerve aplasia. (ajnr.org)
  • Frequently a surgical urgency, a diagnosis of a retinal tear usually requires prompt in-office treatment with laser. (gbretina.com)
  • In most cases, drug therapy is carried out with eye drops, which is tailored to the exact diagnosis and the individual needs of the patient and aims to reduce the internal pressure of the eye and improve retinal and optic nerve blood flow. (proeyes.at)
  • However, in contrast to many lesions in the differential diagnosis of leukocoria, to our knowledge, detailed MR imaging findings in retinal dysplasia have not been previously reported. (ajnr.org)
  • Overall, hamartomatous lesions or low-grade neoplasms predominate in this disease complex. (cap.org)