Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation, trauma, degeneration, etc. The concept includes retinal breaks, tears, dialyses, and holes.
Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.
An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.
A temporary or persistent opening in the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE). Clinical signs depend on the size, location, and associated pathological condition.
A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.
Penetration of a PEPTIC ULCER through the wall of DUODENUM or STOMACH allowing the leakage of luminal contents into the PERITONEAL CAVITY.
A puncture or hole through the CORNEAL STROMA resulting from various diseases or trauma.
Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.
A condition with trapped gas or air in the PERITONEAL CAVITY, usually secondary to perforation of the internal organs such as the LUNG and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, or to recent surgery. Pneumoperitoneum may be purposely introduced to aid radiological examination.
Bursting of the STOMACH.
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.
Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).
Gloves, usually rubber, worn by surgeons, examining physicians, dentists, and other health personnel for the mutual protection of personnel and patient.
Any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician, surgeon, or other health professional, especially infections acquired by a patient during the course of treatment.
General or unspecified injuries to the heart.
An opening or hole in the NASAL SEPTUM that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, drug use, or pathological process.
The partition separating the two NASAL CAVITIES in the midplane. It is formed by the SEPTAL NASAL CARTILAGE, parts of skull bones (ETHMOID BONE; VOMER), and membranous parts.
Inanimate objects that become enclosed in the body.
Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.
The act of dilating.
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.
Inflammation of a DIVERTICULUM or diverticula.
Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.
A segment of the COLON between the RECTUM and the descending colon.
Diseases of the GALLBLADDER. They generally involve the impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, neoplasms, or other diseases.
Pathological processes in the SIGMOID COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).
Pathological conditions in the DUODENUM region of the small intestine (INTESTINE, SMALL).
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.
Loss of epithelial tissue from the surface of the cornea due to progressive erosion and necrosis of the tissue; usually caused by bacterial, fungal, or viral infection.
Incision into the side of the abdomen between the ribs and pelvis.
INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.
Inflammation of the COLONIC DIVERTICULA, generally with abscess formation and subsequent perforation.
Acute inflammation of the APPENDIX. Acute appendicitis is classified as simple, gangrenous, or perforated.
Presence of air or gas in the subcutaneous tissues of the body.
A pouch or sac opening from the COLON.
Hand-held tools or implements used by health professionals for the performance of surgical tasks.
Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.
Disorders of the nose, general or unspecified.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Removal of an implanted therapeutic or prosthetic device.
Failure of equipment to perform to standard. The failure may be due to defects or improper use.
Deeply perforating or puncturing type intraocular injuries.
Surgical restoration of a perforated tympanic membrane by grafting. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
A clinical syndrome with acute abdominal pain that is severe, localized, and rapid in onset. Acute abdomen may be caused by a variety of disorders, injuries, or diseases.
Presence of air in the mediastinal tissues due to leakage of air from the tracheobronchial tree, usually as a result of trauma.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the esophagus.
Surgical reconstruction of the hearing mechanism of the middle ear, with restoration of the drum membrane to protect the round window from sound pressure, and establishment of ossicular continuity between the tympanic membrane and the oval window. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
A stricture of the ESOPHAGUS. Most are acquired but can be congenital.
Pathological processes involving the STOMACH.
Surgery performed on the digestive system or its parts.
An oval semitransparent membrane separating the external EAR CANAL from the tympanic cavity (EAR, MIDDLE). It contains three layers: the skin of the external ear canal; the core of radially and circularly arranged collagen fibers; and the MUCOSA of the middle ear.
Complications that affect patients during surgery. They may or may not be associated with the disease for which the surgery is done, or within the same surgical procedure.
Pathological developments in the CECUM.
An abnormal anatomical passage between the INTESTINE, and another segment of the intestine or other organs. External intestinal fistula is connected to the SKIN (enterocutaneous fistula). Internal intestinal fistula can be connected to a number of organs, such as STOMACH (gastrocolic fistula), the BILIARY TRACT (cholecystoduodenal fistula), or the URINARY BLADDER of the URINARY TRACT (colovesical fistula). Risk factors include inflammatory processes, cancer, radiation treatment, and surgical misadventures (MEDICAL ERRORS).
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
TUBERCULOSIS that involves any region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, mostly in the distal ILEUM and the CECUM. In most cases, MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS is the pathogen. Clinical features include ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and palpable mass in the ileocecal area.
The muscular membranous segment between the PHARYNX and the STOMACH in the UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the luminal surface of the colon.
Death resulting from the presence of a disease in an individual, as shown by a single case report or a limited number of patients. This should be differentiated from DEATH, the physiological cessation of life and from MORTALITY, an epidemiological or statistical concept.
A pouch or sac developed from a tubular or saccular organ, such as the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
The segment of GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT that includes the small intestine below the DUODENUM, and the LARGE INTESTINE.
An acute systemic febrile infection caused by SALMONELLA TYPHI, a serotype of SALMONELLA ENTERICA.
A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.
'Chemical burns' is a medical term that refers to injuries resulting from skin or eye contact with harmful substances, such as acids, alkalis, or irritants, which can cause damage ranging from mild irritation to severe necrosis and scarring.
Surgical removal of the vermiform appendix. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.
The surgical construction of an opening between the colon and the surface of the body.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.
Techniques for controlling bleeding.
Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
Injury to any part of the eye by extreme heat, chemical agents, or ultraviolet radiation.
Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from CATHETERIZATION in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body.
General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.
Techniques for securing together the edges of a wound, with loops of thread or similar materials (SUTURES).
Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the gastrointestinal tract.
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).
The upper or most anterior segment of the STERNUM which articulates with the CLAVICLE and first two pairs of RIBS.
The generic term for salts derived from silica or the silicic acids. They contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals, and may contain hydrogen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th Ed)
A storage reservoir for BILE secretion. Gallbladder allows the delivery of bile acids at a high concentration and in a controlled manner, via the CYSTIC DUCT to the DUODENUM, for degradation of dietary lipid.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
A plastic operation on the esophagus. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Bleeding from a PEPTIC ULCER that can be located in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
The region of the STOMACH at the junction with the DUODENUM. It is marked by the thickening of circular muscle layers forming the pyloric sphincter to control the opening and closure of the lumen.
A plastic surgical operation on the nose, either reconstructive, restorative, or cosmetic. (Dorland, 28th ed)
A flexible, tubular device that is used to carry fluids into or from a blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity.
The shortest and widest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE adjacent to the PYLORUS of the STOMACH. It is named for having the length equal to about the width of 12 fingers.
Abnormal distention of the STOMACH due to accumulation of gastric contents that may reach 10 to 15 liters. Gastric dilatation may be the result of GASTRIC OUTLET OBSTRUCTION; ILEUS; GASTROPARESIS; or denervation.
A procedure in which a laparoscope (LAPAROSCOPES) is inserted through a small incision near the navel to examine the abdominal and pelvic organs in the PERITONEAL CAVITY. If appropriate, biopsy or surgery can be performed during laparoscopy.
The shifting in position or location of an INTRAUTERINE DEVICE from its original placement.

The use of internal limiting membrane maculorrhexis in treatment of idiopathic macular holes. (1/292)

The purpose of this study was to assess surgical results of internal limiting membrane (ILM) maculorrhexis in macular hole surgery. This study is a part of continuing prospective clinical trial of our team of researchers. Thirteen eyes of 13 patients with idiopathic macular hole underwent vitrectomy with the removal of posterior cortical vitreous, peeling of the macular ILM, and intraocular gas tamponade, followed by postoperative face-down positioning. The excised specimens were evaluated with transmission electron microscopy. Complete closure of the hole was observed in all 13 eyes (100% anatomic success rate). Visual improvement of 2 or more lines on ETDRS visual acuity chart was achieved in 11 (85%) of the 13 eyes. Six (54.5%) eyes attained visual acuity of 20/50 or better. Electron microscopy showed ILM in the removed specimens. ILM maculorrhexis is a promising new surgical approach to close idiopathic macular holes but requires further investigation and long-term evaluation.  (+info)

Estimation of the retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in the papillomacular area of long standing stage IV macular holes. (2/292)

AIM: To compare the thickness of the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) in the papillomacular area of patients with long standing stage IV macular holes with age matched controls, using a scanning laser polarimeter. METHODS: The nerve fibre analyser (NFA) was used to measure the mean thickness of the RNFL around the optic nerve head, the thickness values of temporal and nasal 45 degrees sectors and the integral values in 10 patients with macular holes and in 10 age matched controls. RESULTS: The mean RNFL thickness around the optic nerve head was 79.71 (SD 15.06) microm in the macular hole group and 75.1 (10.8) microm in the control group (p = 0.44). The mean thickness in the temporal sector was 63.69 (12.08) microm in the macular hole group and 58.65 (8.9) microm in the control group (p = 0.3). The mean ratio between the temporal and nasal sector thickness values was 0.8441 in the macular hole group and 0.7819 in the controls (p = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS: There was no significant difference in the thickness of the RNFL in the papillomacular area in the two groups. This suggests that there may be no changes in the thickness of the RNFL in patients with long standing macular holes.  (+info)

Diagnosis and management of idiopathic macular holes. (3/292)

Modern vitreoretinal surgery is now one of the most effective tools for treating posterior segment diseases. Recent advances in the pathogenesis and classification and better indicators of visual outcome for idiopathic macular holes have led to a renewed interest in this clinical entity. Refinements in the techniques and instrumentation have led to improvement in surgical results. This article reviews the diagnosis and management of idiopathic macular holes.  (+info)

Psychophysical observations concerned with a foveal lesion (macular hole). (4/292)

A not uncommon occurrence in elderly people is the development of a 'macular hole' but very few psychophysical observations have been made in such cases. I describe here some distortions of image experienced when I view objects with my right eye which has a macular hole. Objects are distorted by being shrunk towards the fovea. Thus, a disc retains its shape but becomes smaller whereas lines are broken or bent. By analogy with animal experiments it is suggested that the perceptual changes are due to physiological changes in the visual cortex.  (+info)

Prophylactic scleral buckle for prevention of retinal detachment following vitrectomy for macular hole. (5/292)

AIM: To review the rate of retinal detachment after macular hole surgery in patients who received vitrectomy and scleral buckle versus those who had vitrectomy alone. METHODS: All patient charts and hospital records were examined for patients who underwent vitrectomy surgery for macular hole between September 1993 and June 1997. A total of 326 patients were identified and all were followed for a minimum of 6 months. Clinical records were examined for details of the surgical procedure, visual acuity, hole closure status, adjuvant therapies used, and postoperative retinal attachment status. Relative risks (the ratio of the incidence rate in the exposed to that in the unexposed) with 95% confidence intervals and chi(2) tests were calculated to determine which variables were associated with retinal detachment. The primary outcome measure in this review was retinal attachment status. RESULTS: Of 326 eyes which underwent surgery for macular hole during the study period, scleral buckles were utilised in 152 (46.6%) patients. Analysis revealed a detachment rate of 13.2% in patients who did not receive a scleral buckle compared with 5.9% detachment rate in those who did. Analysis of these results indicated a 2.42 times greater risk of developing a retinal detachment in patients without a scleral buckle. Complications related to the use of scleral buckles occurred in two of 152 cases (1.3%) CONCLUSIONS: A reduction in the rate of retinal detachment was noted in patients receiving prophylactic scleral buckles. Those finding suggest a possible beneficial effect of this adjunctive procedure in preventing postoperative retinal detachments. The authors are currently preparing a multicentred, prospective, clinical trial to further study this hypothesis  (+info)

Assessment of macular function by multifocal electroretinogram before and after macular hole surgery. (6/292)

AIM: To evaluate macular function before and after successful surgical closure of idiopathic macular holes using multifocal electroretinogram (ERG). METHODS: 40 patients (40 eyes) with idiopathic macular holes were examined using multifocal ERG both before and after vitreous surgery. The postoperative period was from 1 to 12 months. RESULTS: Preoperatively, the electrical retinal response densities in the foveal and the perifoveal area were apparently decreased. After a mean postoperative period of 3-6 months, the foveal and perifoveal area electrical retinal response densities improved to two to four times the preoperative level and the improvement continued to 1 year after surgery. CONCLUSION: In macular holes, the decrease in retinal electrophysiological response was not limited to the fovea but involved an area of the perifovea of 1.6 disc diameters. The electrical retinal response density of these areas gradually improved after macular hole closure.  (+info)

Juvenile retinoschisis: imaging findings. (7/292)

We present the CT and B-scan sonographic findings in an infant with juvenile retinoschisis, a rare hereditary eye disease, which usually follows an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern.  (+info)

Treatment of retinal tears and lattice degenerations in fellow eyes in high risk patients suffering retinal detachment: a prospective study. (8/292)

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Fellow eye prophylaxis for retinal detachment (RD) is still a controversial issue since opinions are not unanimous regarding the kind of lesions to be treated or the method of treatment. This prospective clinical study aimed to follow the course of vitreoretinal conditions in 150 high risk fellow eyes. METHODS: 150 consecutive patients with unilateral rhegmatogenous RD were included in this study. Inclusion criteria were good explorability of fellow eye retinal periphery and one of the following conditions in the fellow eye-aphakia, pseudophakia with capsulotomy, high myopia (>-6D), contralateral eye to a giant retinal tear. Prophylactic treatment (photocoagulation or scleral buckling) was performed in the presence of retinal tears and lattice degenerations. The state of the vitreous body was determined at the beginning of the study and at the end, when RD occurred. RESULTS: Follow up ranged from 36 to 132 months. 95 fellow eyes were subjected to laser treatment; five eyes underwent prophylactic surgical treatment. Initially, in the treated group posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) was present in 100 eyes (100% of cases), but as a complete PVD only in 42 of them (42%). 10 eyes in the treated group developed RD during the follow up period. In five of these cases the partial PVD had progressed and a retinal tear in a previously healthy area was the cause of the retinal detachment. In the other five eyes RD apparently developed from previously treated lesions. Progression of PVD was evident in four out of these five eyes. The untreated eyes had no visible degenerative lesions. During follow up eight eyes developed RD. These eyes had no PVD at the beginning of the study, but showed a partial PVD at the time of the diagnosis of RD. CONCLUSION: Fellow eyes with pre-existing retinal tears and PVDs can go on to retinal detachment in spite of laser prophylactic treatment. When PVD is not detectable or a partial PVD is present, the progression of posterior vitreous separation can account for retinal tears and RDs arising in formerly healthy areas.  (+info)

A retinal perforation is a full-thickness break or hole in the retina, which is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inner surface of the eye. This condition can lead to a serious complication called retinal detachment, where the retina separates from the underlying tissue, potentially resulting in vision loss if not promptly treated. Retinal perforations may be caused by trauma, certain eye conditions, or invasive eye procedures. Immediate medical attention is required for retinal perforations to prevent further damage and preserve vision.

Intestinal perforation is a medical condition that refers to a hole or tear in the lining of the intestine. This can occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract, including the small intestine, large intestine (colon), or stomach. Intestinal perforation allows the contents of the intestines, such as digestive enzymes and bacteria, to leak into the abdominal cavity, which can lead to a serious inflammatory response known as peritonitis.

Intestinal perforation can be caused by various factors, including:

* Mechanical trauma (e.g., gunshot wounds, stab wounds)
* Inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis)
* Diverticulitis
* Appendicitis
* Intestinal obstruction
* Infections (e.g., typhoid fever, tuberculosis)
* Certain medications (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids)
* Radiation therapy
* Ischemic bowel disease (lack of blood flow to the intestines)

Symptoms of intestinal perforation may include sudden abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and decreased bowel movements. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair the perforation and remove any damaged tissue. Antibiotics are also administered to prevent infection. In severe cases, a temporary or permanent colostomy or ileostomy may be necessary.

Esophageal perforation is a medical condition that refers to a hole or tear in the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This condition can occur as a result of various factors such as trauma, forceful vomiting (Boerhaave's syndrome), swallowing sharp objects, or complications from medical procedures like endoscopy.

Esophageal perforation is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment. If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications such as mediastinitis (inflammation of the tissue surrounding the heart), sepsis, and even death. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the perforation, antibiotics to prevent infection, and supportive care to manage any associated symptoms or complications.

Tympanic membrane perforation, also known as a ruptured eardrum, is a tear or hole in the tympanic membrane, which separates the outer ear canal and the middle ear. The tympanic membrane plays a crucial role in hearing by transmitting sound vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear. A perforation can result from various causes such as infection, trauma, pressure changes, or explosive blasts, leading to symptoms like hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and ear discharge. The extent and location of the perforation determine the severity of the symptoms and the course of treatment, which may include observation, antibiotics, or surgical repair.

Uterine perforation is a medical condition that refers to the piercing or puncturing of the uterine wall. This can occur during various medical procedures such as dilatation and curettage (D&C), insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD), or during childbirth. It can also be caused by trauma or infection. Uterine perforation can lead to serious complications, such as bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding organs. If left untreated, it can be life-threatening. Symptoms of uterine perforation may include severe abdominal pain, heavy vaginal bleeding, fever, and signs of shock. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Peptic ulcer perforation is a serious and sightful gastrointestinal complication characterized by the penetration or erosion of an acid-peptic ulcer through the full thickness of the stomach or duodenal wall, resulting in spillage of gastric or duodenal contents into the peritoneal cavity. This leads to chemical irritation and/or bacterial infection of the abdominal cavity, causing symptoms such as sudden severe abdominal pain, tenderness, rigidity, and potentially life-threatening sepsis if not promptly diagnosed and treated with surgical intervention, antibiotics, and supportive care.

Corneal perforation is a serious eye condition that refers to a hole or rupture in the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. The cornea plays an important role in protecting the eye and focusing light onto the retina. A perforation can result from trauma, infection, degenerative conditions, or surgical complications. It can lead to severe vision loss or blindness if not treated promptly and properly. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair or replace the damaged cornea.

Spontaneous rupture in medical terms refers to the sudden breaking or tearing of an organ, tissue, or structure within the body without any identifiable trauma or injury. This event can occur due to various reasons such as weakening of the tissue over time because of disease or degeneration, or excessive pressure on the tissue.

For instance, a spontaneous rupture of the appendix is called an "appendiceal rupture," which can lead to peritonitis, a serious inflammation of the abdominal cavity. Similarly, a spontaneous rupture of a blood vessel, like an aortic aneurysm, can result in life-threatening internal bleeding.

Spontaneous ruptures are often medical emergencies and require immediate medical attention for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Pneumoperitoneum is a medical condition characterized by the presence of free air or gas within the peritoneal cavity, which is the space between the lining of the abdominal wall and the internal organs. This accumulation of air can occur due to various reasons such as perforation of an organ (e.g., stomach, intestine, or esophagus), recent surgery, or medical procedures involving the introduction of air into the abdomen.

The presence of pneumoperitoneum is often diagnosed through imaging techniques like X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans, which can reveal the presence of free gas in the peritoneal cavity. The condition may require prompt medical attention, depending on the underlying cause and the patient's symptoms. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause, such as repairing a perforation or managing an infection.

A stomach rupture, also known as gastrointestinal perforation, is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when there is a hole or tear in the lining of the stomach. This can allow the contents of the stomach to leak into the abdominal cavity, causing inflammation and infection (peritonitis).

Stomach rupture can be caused by several factors, including trauma, severe gastritis or ulcers, tumors, or certain medical procedures. Symptoms may include sudden and severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and decreased bowel sounds. If left untreated, stomach rupture can lead to sepsis, organ failure, and even death. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair the perforation and antibiotics to treat any resulting infection.

Ileal diseases refer to conditions that primarily affect the ileum, which is the final portion of the small intestine. The ileum plays a crucial role in nutrient absorption, particularly vitamin B12 and bile salts. Ileal diseases can cause various symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, and malnutrition, depending on their nature and extent. Some common ileal diseases include:

1. Crohn's disease: A type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the ileum. Crohn's disease causes chronic inflammation, which can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fatigue.
2. Celiac disease: An autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. In celiac disease, the immune system attacks the lining of the small intestine, including the ileum, causing inflammation and impaired nutrient absorption.
3. Intestinal tuberculosis: A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, including the ileum. Intestinal tuberculosis can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.
4. Typhlitis: Also known as neutropenic enterocolitis, typhlitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the cecum and terminal ileum, typically in immunocompromised individuals. It can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea.
5. Meckel's diverticulum: A congenital condition characterized by a small pouch protruding from the wall of the ileum. While many people with Meckel's diverticulum do not experience symptoms, it can sometimes become inflamed or bleed, causing abdominal pain and rectal bleeding.
6. Lymphoma: A type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system and can affect any part of the body, including the ileum. Ileal lymphoma can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Colonic diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the colon, also known as the large intestine or large bowel. The colon is the final segment of the digestive system, responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes, and storing and eliminating waste products.

Some common colonic diseases include:

1. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): This includes conditions such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, which cause inflammation and irritation in the lining of the digestive tract.
2. Diverticular disease: This occurs when small pouches called diverticula form in the walls of the colon, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements.
3. Colorectal cancer: This is a type of cancer that develops in the colon or rectum, often starting as benign polyps that grow and become malignant over time.
4. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): This is a functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements, but without any underlying structural or inflammatory causes.
5. Constipation: This is a common condition characterized by infrequent bowel movements, difficulty passing stools, or both.
6. Infectious colitis: This occurs when the colon becomes infected with bacteria, viruses, or parasites, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever.

Treatment for colonic diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, lifestyle changes, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Surgical gloves are a form of personal protective equipment (PPE) used by healthcare professionals during medical procedures, particularly surgical procedures. They are designed to provide a barrier between the healthcare professional's hands and the patient's sterile field, helping to prevent contamination and reduce the risk of infection.

Surgical gloves are typically made of latex, nitrile rubber, or vinyl and come in various sizes to fit different hand shapes and sizes. They have a powder-free interior and an exterior that is coated with a substance to make them easier to put on and remove. The gloves are usually sterile and are packaged in pairs, often with a protective covering to maintain their sterility until they are ready to be used.

The use of surgical gloves is a critical component of standard precautions, which are measures taken to prevent the transmission of infectious agents from patients to healthcare professionals or from one patient to another. By wearing surgical gloves, healthcare professionals can protect themselves and their patients from potentially harmful bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that may be present during medical procedures.

Iatrogenic disease refers to any condition or illness that is caused, directly or indirectly, by medical treatment or intervention. This can include adverse reactions to medications, infections acquired during hospitalization, complications from surgical procedures, or injuries caused by medical equipment. It's important to note that iatrogenic diseases are unintended and often preventable with proper care and precautions.

Heart injuries, also known as cardiac injuries, refer to any damage or harm caused to the heart muscle, valves, or surrounding structures. This can result from various causes such as blunt trauma (e.g., car accidents, falls), penetrating trauma (e.g., gunshot wounds, stabbing), or medical conditions like heart attacks (myocardial infarction) and infections (e.g., myocarditis, endocarditis).

Some common types of heart injuries include:

1. Contusions: Bruising of the heart muscle due to blunt trauma.
2. Myocardial infarctions: Damage to the heart muscle caused by insufficient blood supply, often due to blocked coronary arteries.
3. Cardiac rupture: A rare but life-threatening condition where the heart muscle tears or breaks open, usually resulting from severe trauma or complications from a myocardial infarction.
4. Valvular damage: Disruption of the heart valves' function due to injury or infection, leading to leakage (regurgitation) or narrowing (stenosis).
5. Pericardial injuries: Damage to the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, which can result in fluid accumulation (pericardial effusion), inflammation (pericarditis), or tamponade (compression of the heart by excess fluid).
6. Arrhythmias: Irregular heart rhythms caused by damage to the heart's electrical conduction system.

Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing heart injuries, as they can lead to severe complications or even be fatal if left untreated.

A nasal septal perforation is a hole or opening in the nasal septum, which is the thin wall of tissue that separates the two nostrils. The nasal septum is composed of both bone and cartilage, and it is covered with a mucous membrane. Nasal septal perforations can vary in size and can cause symptoms such as nosebleeds, crusting, whistling sounds during breathing, and difficulty breathing through the nose.

The causes of nasal septal perforations include trauma (such as nose piercings or injuries), chronic inflammation (such as from allergies or sinus infections), regular use of intranasal drugs, and certain medical conditions (such as Wegener's granulomatosis or relapsing polychondritis). Treatment for nasal septal perforations depends on the size and cause of the perforation and may include medical management, surgical repair, or simply monitoring the condition.

The nasal septum is the thin, flat wall of bone and cartilage that separates the two sides (nostrils) of the nose. Its primary function is to support the structures of the nose, divide the nostrils, and regulate airflow into the nasal passages. The nasal septum should be relatively centered, but it's not uncommon for a deviated septum to occur, where the septum is displaced to one side, which can sometimes cause blockage or breathing difficulties in the more affected nostril.

"Foreign bodies" refer to any object or substance that is not normally present in a particular location within the body. These can range from relatively harmless items such as splinters or pieces of food in the skin or gastrointestinal tract, to more serious objects like bullets or sharp instruments that can cause significant damage and infection.

Foreign bodies can enter the body through various routes, including ingestion, inhalation, injection, or penetrating trauma. The location of the foreign body will determine the potential for harm and the necessary treatment. Some foreign bodies may pass through the body without causing harm, while others may require medical intervention such as removal or surgical extraction.

It is important to seek medical attention if a foreign body is suspected, as untreated foreign bodies can lead to complications such as infection, inflammation, and tissue damage.

Jejunal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the jejunum, which is the middle section of the small intestine. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Some examples of jejunal diseases include:

1. Jejunal inflammation or infection (jejunitis)
2. Crohn's disease, which can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract including the jejunum
3. Intestinal lymphoma, a type of cancer that can develop in the small intestine
4. Celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes damage to the small intestine when gluten is consumed
5. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), which can occur due to various reasons including structural abnormalities or motility disorders of the jejunum
6. Meckel's diverticulum, a congenital condition where a small pouch protrudes from the wall of the intestine, usually located in the ileum but can also affect the jejunum
7. Intestinal strictures or obstructions caused by scarring, adhesions, or tumors
8. Radiation enteritis, damage to the small intestine caused by radiation therapy for cancer treatment.

The diagnosis and management of jejunal diseases depend on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include medications, dietary modifications, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Penetrating wounds are a type of traumatic injury that occurs when an object pierces through the skin and underlying tissues, creating a hole or cavity in the body. These wounds can vary in severity, depending on the size and shape of the object, as well as the location and depth of the wound.

Penetrating wounds are typically caused by sharp objects such as knives, bullets, or glass. They can damage internal organs, blood vessels, nerves, and bones, leading to serious complications such as bleeding, infection, organ failure, and even death if not treated promptly and properly.

The management of penetrating wounds involves a thorough assessment of the wound and surrounding tissues, as well as the identification and treatment of any associated injuries or complications. This may include wound cleaning and closure, antibiotics to prevent infection, pain management, and surgery to repair damaged structures. In some cases, hospitalization and close monitoring may be necessary to ensure proper healing and recovery.

Dilation, also known as dilatation, refers to the process of expanding or enlarging a body passage or cavity. In medical terms, it typically refers to the widening of a bodily opening or hollow organ, allowing for increased flow or access. This can occur naturally, such as during childbirth when the cervix dilates to allow for the passage of a baby, or it can be induced through medical procedures or interventions.

For example, dilation of the pupils is a natural response to darkness or certain medications, while dilation of blood vessels is a common side effect of some drugs and can also occur in response to changes in temperature or emotional state. Dilation of the stomach or intestines may be necessary for medical procedures such as endoscopies or surgeries.

It's important to note that dilation can also refer to the abnormal enlargement of a body part, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, which refers to an enlarged and weakened heart muscle.

Foreign-body migration is a medical condition that occurs when a foreign object, such as a surgical implant, tissue graft, or trauma-induced fragment, moves from its original position within the body to a different location. This displacement can cause various complications and symptoms depending on the type of foreign body, the location it migrated to, and the individual's specific physiological response.

Foreign-body migration may result from insufficient fixation or anchoring of the object during implantation, inadequate wound healing, infection, or an inflammatory reaction. Symptoms can include pain, swelling, redness, or infection at the new location, as well as potential damage to surrounding tissues and organs. Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to locate the foreign body, followed by a surgical procedure to remove it and address any resulting complications.

Diverticulitis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula, which are small pouches that form in the wall of the colon (large intestine). The condition most commonly affects the sigmoid colon, which is the part of the colon located in the lower left abdomen.

Diverticulitis occurs when these pouches become inflamed or infected, often as a result of a small piece of stool or undigested food getting trapped inside them. This can cause symptoms such as:

* Severe abdominal pain and tenderness, particularly in the lower left side of the abdomen
* Fever and chills
* Nausea and vomiting
* Constipation or diarrhea
* Bloating and gas
* Loss of appetite

Diverticulitis can range from mild to severe, and in some cases, it may require hospitalization and surgery. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, as well as a liquid diet to allow the colon to rest and heal. In more severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected portion of the colon.

A rupture, in medical terms, refers to the breaking or tearing of an organ, tissue, or structure in the body. This can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, injury, increased pressure, or degeneration. A ruptured organ or structure can lead to serious complications, including internal bleeding, infection, and even death, if not treated promptly and appropriately. Examples of ruptures include a ruptured appendix, ruptured eardrum, or a ruptured disc in the spine.

The sigmoid colon is a part of the large intestine that forms an "S"-shaped curve before it joins the rectum. It gets its name from its unique shape, which resembles the Greek letter sigma (σ). The main function of the sigmoid colon is to store stool temporarily and assist in the absorption of water and electrolytes from digestive waste before it is eliminated from the body.

Gallbladder diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the function and structure of the gallbladder, a small pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver. The primary role of the gallbladder is to store, concentrate, and release bile into the small intestine to aid in digesting fats. Gallbladder diseases can be chronic or acute and may cause various symptoms, discomfort, or complications if left untreated. Here are some common gallbladder diseases with brief definitions:

1. Cholelithiasis: The presence of gallstones within the gallbladder. Gallstones are small, hard deposits made of cholesterol, bilirubin, or a combination of both, which can vary in size from tiny grains to several centimeters.
2. Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by obstruction of the cystic duct (the tube connecting the gallbladder and the common bile duct) due to a gallstone. This condition can be acute or chronic and may cause abdominal pain, fever, and tenderness in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.
3. Choledocholithiasis: The presence of gallstones within the common bile duct, which can lead to obstruction, jaundice, and potential infection of the biliary system (cholangitis).
4. Acalculous gallbladder disease: Gallbladder dysfunction or inflammation without the presence of gallstones. This condition is often seen in critically ill patients and can lead to similar symptoms as cholecystitis.
5. Gallbladder polyps: Small growths attached to the inner wall of the gallbladder. While most polyps are benign, some may have malignant potential, especially if they are larger than 1 cm in size or associated with certain risk factors.
6. Gallbladder cancer: A rare form of cancer that originates in the gallbladder tissue. It is often asymptomatic in its early stages and can be challenging to diagnose. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, jaundice, or a palpable mass in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen.

It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if experiencing symptoms related to gallbladder disease for proper diagnosis and treatment.

"Sigmoid diseases" is not a widely recognized medical term. However, the sigmoid colon is a part of the large intestine, and it can be affected by various conditions such as:

1. Sigmoid diverticulitis: Inflammation or infection of small pouches (diverticula) that form on the wall of the sigmoid colon.
2. Sigmoid volvulus: Twisting of the sigmoid colon on itself, which can lead to obstruction and ischemia.
3. Sigmoid cancer: Malignant tumor arising from the epithelial cells lining the sigmoid colon.
4. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): Chronic inflammation of the intestine, including the sigmoid colon, that can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss.
5. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): Functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits, which can affect the sigmoid colon.

Therefore, "sigmoid diseases" could refer to any of these conditions or others that specifically affect the sigmoid colon.

Duodenal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine. Here are some examples of duodenal diseases:

1. Duodenitis: This is inflammation of the duodenum, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating. Duodenitis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or chronic inflammation due to conditions like Crohn's disease.
2. Peptic ulcers: These are sores that develop in the lining of the duodenum, usually as a result of infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria or long-term use of NSAIDs. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, bloating, and heartburn.
3. Duodenal cancer: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the duodenum. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, weight loss, and blood in the stool.
4. Celiac disease: This is an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the lining of the small intestine in response to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. This can lead to inflammation and damage to the duodenum.
5. Duodenal diverticulosis: This is a condition in which small pouches form in the lining of the duodenum. While many people with duodenal diverticulosis do not experience symptoms, some may develop complications such as inflammation or infection.
6. Duodenal atresia: This is a congenital condition in which the duodenum does not form properly, leading to blockage of the intestine. This can cause symptoms such as vomiting and difficulty feeding in newborns.

Cardiac tamponade is a serious medical condition that occurs when there is excessive fluid or blood accumulation in the pericardial sac, which surrounds the heart. This accumulation puts pressure on the heart, preventing it from filling properly and reducing its ability to pump blood effectively. As a result, cardiac output decreases, leading to symptoms such as low blood pressure, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a rapid pulse. If left untreated, cardiac tamponade can be life-threatening, requiring emergency medical intervention to drain the fluid and relieve the pressure on the heart.

A corneal ulcer is a medical condition that affects the eye, specifically the cornea. It is characterized by an open sore or lesion on the surface of the cornea, which can be caused by various factors such as bacterial or fungal infections, viruses, or injury to the eye.

The cornea is a transparent tissue that covers the front part of the eye and protects it from harmful particles, bacteria, and other foreign substances. When the cornea becomes damaged or infected, it can lead to the development of an ulcer. Symptoms of a corneal ulcer may include pain, redness, tearing, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, and a white spot on the surface of the eye.

Corneal ulcers require prompt medical attention to prevent further damage to the eye and potential loss of vision. Treatment typically involves antibiotics or antifungal medications to eliminate the infection, as well as pain management and measures to protect the eye while it heals. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the damage to the cornea.

A laparotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision in the abdominal wall to gain access to the abdominal cavity. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose and treat various conditions such as abdominal trauma, tumors, infections, or inflammatory diseases. The size of the incision can vary depending on the reason for the surgery and the extent of the condition being treated. Once the procedure is complete, the incision is closed with sutures or staples.

The term "laparotomy" comes from the Greek words "lapara," which means "flank" or "side," and "tome," which means "to cut." Together, they describe the surgical procedure that involves cutting into the abdomen to examine its contents.

Peritonitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the peritoneum, which is the serous membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. The peritoneum has an important role in protecting the abdominal organs and providing a smooth surface for them to move against each other.

Peritonitis can occur as a result of bacterial or fungal infection, chemical irritation, or trauma to the abdomen. The most common cause of peritonitis is a rupture or perforation of an organ in the abdominal cavity, such as the appendix, stomach, or intestines, which allows bacteria from the gut to enter the peritoneal cavity.

Symptoms of peritonitis may include abdominal pain and tenderness, fever, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, and decreased bowel movements. In severe cases, peritonitis can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition characterized by widespread inflammation throughout the body.

Treatment for peritonitis typically involves antibiotics to treat the infection, as well as surgical intervention to repair any damage to the abdominal organs and remove any infected fluid or tissue from the peritoneal cavity. In some cases, a temporary or permanent drain may be placed in the abdomen to help remove excess fluid and promote healing.

Diverticulitis, Colonic is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation or infection of one or more diverticula in the colon. Diverticula are small, bulging pouches that form in the wall of the colon, usually in older adults. They are caused by increased pressure on weakened areas of the colon wall, resulting in the formation of these sac-like protrusions.

When diverticula become inflamed or infected, it leads to the condition known as diverticulitis. Symptoms of colonic diverticulitis may include abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, and a decreased appetite. In severe cases, complications such as perforation, abscess formation, or peritonitis (inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity) may occur, requiring hospitalization and surgical intervention.

The exact cause of diverticulitis is not fully understood, but it is believed to be associated with a low-fiber diet, obesity, smoking, and lack of exercise. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, a liquid diet to allow the colon to rest, and over-the-counter or prescription pain medications to manage discomfort. In severe cases or in patients who experience recurrent episodes of diverticulitis, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected portion of the colon.

Appendicitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the appendix, a small finger-like structure that projects from the colon located in the lower right abdomen. The appendix doesn't have a known function, and its removal (appendectomy) does not appear to affect a person's health.

The inflammation of the appendix can be caused by various factors, such as obstruction due to hardened stool, foreign bodies, or tumors. The blockage can lead to increased pressure within the appendix, reduced blood flow, and bacterial growth, resulting in infection and inflammation. If left untreated, appendicitis can progress to peritonitis (inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity) or even sepsis, a life-threatening condition.

Common symptoms of appendicitis include:

* Sudden onset of pain in the lower right abdomen, which may start around the navel and shift to the lower right side over several hours
* Pain that worsens with movement, coughing, or sneezing
* Nausea and vomiting
* Loss of appetite
* Fever and chills
* Constipation or diarrhea
* Abdominal swelling or bloating

If you suspect appendicitis, it's essential to seek immediate medical attention. The standard treatment for appendicitis is surgical removal of the appendix (appendectomy), which can be performed as an open surgery or laparoscopically. Antibiotics are also administered to treat any existing infection. Delaying treatment can lead to serious complications, so it's crucial not to ignore symptoms and seek medical help promptly.

Subcutaneous emphysema is a medical condition where air or gas collects in the subcutaneous tissue, which lies beneath the skin and above the muscle layer. This tissue covers the entire body, but the collection of air usually occurs in the chest wall, neck, or face. The accumulation of air can cause swelling, crepitus (a crackling or crunching sound when touched), and tightness in the affected area. Subcutaneous emphysema is often associated with underlying conditions such as trauma, pulmonary disease, or certain medical procedures that result in air leaks from the lungs or other structures into the subcutaneous tissue. It can be a serious condition if left untreated, as it may lead to complications like mediastinal emphysema or tension pneumothorax. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment.

A diverticulum of the colon is a small sac or pouch that forms in the wall of the large intestine (colon). These sacs usually develop in areas where the blood vessels pass through the muscle layer of the colon, creating a weak spot that eventually bulges outward. Diverticula can occur anywhere along the length of the colon, but they are most commonly found in the lower part of the colon, also known as the sigmoid colon.

Diverticula themselves are not harmful and often do not cause any symptoms. However, when these sacs become inflamed or infected, it can lead to a condition called diverticulitis, which can cause pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or diarrhea. Diverticulitis is usually treated with antibiotics and a liquid diet, but in severe cases, surgery may be required.

Risk factors for developing colonic diverticula include aging, obesity, smoking, low fiber intake, and lack of physical activity. Regular screening is recommended for individuals over the age of 50 to detect and prevent complications associated with diverticular disease.

Surgical instruments are specialized tools or devices that are used by medical professionals during surgical procedures to assist in various tasks such as cutting, dissecting, grasping, holding, retracting, clamping, and suturing body tissues. These instruments are designed to be safe, precise, and effective, with a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials used depending on the specific surgical application. Some common examples of surgical instruments include scalpels, forceps, scissors, hemostats, retractors, and needle holders. Proper sterilization and maintenance of these instruments are crucial to ensure patient safety and prevent infection.

Intestinal obstruction, also known as bowel obstruction, is a medical condition characterized by a blockage that prevents the normal flow of contents through the small intestine or large intestine (colon). This blockage can be caused by various factors such as tumors, adhesions (scar tissue), hernias, inflammation, or impacted feces.

The obstruction can be mechanical, where something physically blocks the intestinal lumen, or functional, where the normal muscular contractions of the bowel are impaired. Mechanical obstructions are more common than functional ones.

Symptoms of intestinal obstruction may include abdominal pain and cramping, nausea and vomiting, bloating, inability to pass gas or have a bowel movement, and abdominal distention. If left untreated, intestinal obstruction can lead to serious complications such as tissue death (necrosis), perforation of the intestine, and sepsis. Treatment typically involves hospitalization, intravenous fluids, nasogastric decompression, and possibly surgery to remove the obstruction.

Nose diseases, also known as rhinologic disorders, refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the nose and its surrounding structures. These may include:

1. Nasal Allergies (Allergic Rhinitis): An inflammation of the inner lining of the nose caused by an allergic reaction to substances such as pollen, dust mites, or mold.

2. Sinusitis: Inflammation or infection of the sinuses, which are air-filled cavities in the skull that surround the nasal cavity.

3. Nasal Polyps: Soft, fleshy growths that develop on the lining of the nasal passages or sinuses.

4. Deviated Septum: A condition where the thin wall (septum) between the two nostrils is displaced to one side, causing difficulty breathing through the nose.

5. Rhinitis Medicamentosa: Nasal congestion caused by overuse of decongestant nasal sprays.

6. Nosebleeds (Epistaxis): Bleeding from the nostrils, which can be caused by a variety of factors including dryness, trauma, or underlying medical conditions.

7. Nasal Fractures: Breaks in the bone structure of the nose, often caused by trauma.

8. Tumors: Abnormal growths that can occur in the nasal passages or sinuses. These can be benign or malignant.

9. Choanal Atresia: A congenital condition where the back of the nasal passage is blocked, often by a thin membrane or bony partition.

10. Nasal Valve Collapse: A condition where the side walls of the nose collapse inward during breathing, causing difficulty breathing through the nose.

These are just a few examples of the many diseases that can affect the nose.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

"Device Removal" in a medical context generally refers to the surgical or nonsurgical removal of a medical device that has been previously implanted in a patient's body. The purpose of removing the device may vary, depending on the individual case. Some common reasons for device removal include infection, malfunction, rejection, or when the device is no longer needed.

Examples of medical devices that may require removal include pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), artificial joints, orthopedic hardware, breast implants, cochlear implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs). The procedure for device removal will depend on the type of device, its location in the body, and the reason for its removal.

It is important to note that device removal carries certain risks, such as bleeding, infection, damage to surrounding tissues, or complications related to anesthesia. Therefore, the decision to remove a medical device should be made carefully, considering both the potential benefits and risks of the procedure.

Equipment failure is a term used in the medical field to describe the malfunction or breakdown of medical equipment, devices, or systems that are essential for patient care. This can include simple devices like syringes and thermometers, as well as complex machines such as ventilators, infusion pumps, and imaging equipment.

Equipment failure can have serious consequences for patients, including delayed or inappropriate treatment, injury, or even death. It is therefore essential that medical equipment is properly maintained, tested, and repaired to ensure its safe and effective operation.

There are many potential causes of equipment failure, including:

* Wear and tear from frequent use
* Inadequate cleaning or disinfection
* Improper handling or storage
* Power supply issues
* Software glitches or bugs
* Mechanical failures or defects
* Human error or misuse

To prevent equipment failure, healthcare facilities should have established policies and procedures for the acquisition, maintenance, and disposal of medical equipment. Staff should be trained in the proper use and handling of equipment, and regular inspections and testing should be performed to identify and address any potential issues before they lead to failure.

Penetrating eye injuries are a type of ocular trauma where a foreign object or substance pierces the outer layers of the eye and damages the internal structures. This can result in serious harm to various parts of the eye, such as the cornea, iris, lens, or retina, and may potentially cause vision loss or blindness if not promptly treated.

The severity of a penetrating eye injury depends on several factors, including the type and size of the object that caused the injury, the location of the wound, and the extent of damage to the internal structures. Common causes of penetrating eye injuries include sharp objects, such as metal shards or glass fragments, projectiles, such as pellets or bullets, and explosive materials.

Symptoms of a penetrating eye injury may include pain, redness, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, floaters, or the presence of a foreign body in the eye. If you suspect that you have sustained a penetrating eye injury, it is essential to seek immediate medical attention from an ophthalmologist or other healthcare professional with experience in treating eye trauma.

Treatment for penetrating eye injuries may include removing any foreign objects or substances from the eye, repairing damaged tissues, and administering medications to prevent infection and reduce inflammation. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the injury and restore vision. Preventing eye injuries is crucial, and appropriate protective eyewear should be worn when engaging in activities that pose a risk of eye trauma.

Myringoplasty is a surgical procedure that involves reconstructing or repairing the tympanic membrane (eardrum) in the middle ear. The eardrum is the thin, delicate tissue that separates the outer ear from the inner ear. It plays a crucial role in hearing by vibrating in response to sound waves and transmitting these vibrations to the bones of the middle ear.

Myringoplasty is typically performed to treat chronic perforations or holes in the eardrum that have not healed on their own or with medical management. These perforations can result from various causes, such as infection, trauma, or congenital defects. By closing the perforation, myringoplasty helps prevent the risk of middle ear infections and improves hearing function.

The procedure involves harvesting a small piece of tissue, often from the patient's own body (such as the fascia surrounding a muscle), to use as a graft to cover the eardrum perforation. The graft is placed through an incision made in the ear canal or, less commonly, via an external approach through the mastoid bone behind the ear.

Myringoplasty is typically performed under general anesthesia and requires a short hospital stay for observation and monitoring. Following surgery, patients may need to avoid water exposure, heavy lifting, and strenuous activities for a few weeks to allow proper healing. The success rate of myringoplasty is generally high, with most patients experiencing improved hearing and reduced symptoms of ear infections.

"Acute abdomen" is a medical term used to describe a sudden and severe abdominal pain that requires immediate medical attention. This condition can be caused by various factors such as inflammation, infection, obstruction, or perforation of the abdominal organs. Common causes of acute abdomen include appendicitis, cholecystitis, diverticulitis, intestinal obstruction, and perforated ulcers.

The symptoms of acute abdomen may include severe and localized or generalized abdominal pain, tenderness, rigidity, rebound tenderness, fever, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. The diagnosis of acute abdomen is usually made based on the patient's history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as X-rays, ultrasound, or CT scan.

Treatment of acute abdomen depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, intravenous fluids, pain management, and surgery in severe cases. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of acute abdomen can lead to serious complications such as sepsis, peritonitis, and even death.

Mediastinal emphysema is a medical condition characterized by the presence of air or gas within the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thorax that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, thymus gland, and other associated structures.

In mediastinal emphysema, the air accumulates in the mediastinal tissues and spaces, leading to their abnormal distention or swelling. This condition can result from various causes, including:

* Pulmonary trauma or barotrauma (e.g., mechanical ventilation, scuba diving)
* Infections that cause gas-forming organisms (e.g., pneumomediastinum)
* Air leakage from the lungs or airways (e.g., bronchial rupture, esophageal perforation)
* Certain medical procedures (e.g., mediastinoscopy, tracheostomy)

Mediastinal emphysema can cause symptoms such as chest pain, cough, difficulty breathing, and swallowing problems. In severe cases, it may lead to life-threatening complications, including tension pneumothorax or mediastinitis. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.

Esophagoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the visual examination of the esophagus, which is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This procedure is typically carried out using an esophagogastroduodenoscope (EGD), a flexible tube with a camera and light on the end.

During the procedure, the EGD is inserted through the mouth and down the throat into the esophagus, allowing the medical professional to examine its lining for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. The procedure may also involve taking tissue samples (biopsies) for further examination and testing.

Esophagoscopy is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, and other disorders affecting the esophagus. It may also be used to treat certain conditions, such as removing polyps or foreign objects from the esophagus.

Tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure performed to reconstruct or repair the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and/or the small bones of the middle ear (ossicles). The primary goal of this surgery is to restore hearing, but it can also help manage chronic middle ear infections, traumatic eardrum perforations, or cholesteatoma (a skin growth in the middle ear).

During the procedure, a surgeon may use various techniques such as grafting tissue from another part of the body to rebuild the eardrum or using prosthetic materials to reconstruct the ossicles. The choice of technique depends on the extent and location of the damage. Tympanoplasty is typically an outpatient procedure, meaning patients can return home on the same day of the surgery.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Esophageal stenosis is a medical condition characterized by the narrowing or constriction of the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This narrowing can make it difficult to swallow food and liquids, leading to symptoms such as dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), pain or discomfort while swallowing, regurgitation, and weight loss.

Esophageal stenosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Scarring or fibrosis due to prolonged acid reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
2. Radiation therapy for cancer treatment
3. Ingestion of corrosive substances
4. Eosinophilic esophagitis, an allergic condition that affects the esophagus
5. Esophageal tumors or cancers
6. Surgical complications

Depending on the underlying cause and severity of the stenosis, treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms, dilation procedures to widen the narrowed area, or surgery to remove the affected portion of the esophagus. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any difficulty swallowing or other symptoms related to esophageal stenosis.

Stomach diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the stomach, a muscular sac located in the upper part of the abdomen and is responsible for storing and digesting food. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, indigestion, loss of appetite, and bloating. Some common stomach diseases include:

1. Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining that can cause pain, irritation, and ulcers.
2. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and damage to the esophageal lining.
3. Peptic ulcers: Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infections or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. Stomach cancer: Abnormal growth of cancerous cells in the stomach, which can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
5. Gastroparesis: A condition where the stomach muscles are weakened or paralyzed, leading to difficulty digesting food and emptying the stomach.
6. Functional dyspepsia: A chronic disorder characterized by symptoms such as pain, bloating, and fullness in the upper abdomen, without any identifiable cause.
7. Eosinophilic esophagitis: A condition where eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, accumulate in the esophagus, causing inflammation and difficulty swallowing.
8. Stomal stenosis: Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and small intestine, often caused by scar tissue or surgical complications.
9. Hiatal hernia: A condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, causing symptoms such as heartburn and difficulty swallowing.

These are just a few examples of stomach diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the stomach. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing these conditions and preventing complications.

The digestive system is a series of organs that work together to convert food into nutrients and energy. Digestive system surgical procedures involve operations on any part of the digestive system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. These procedures can be performed for a variety of reasons, such as to treat diseases, repair damage, or remove cancerous growths.

Some common digestive system surgical procedures include:

1. Gastric bypass surgery: A procedure in which the stomach is divided into two parts and the smaller part is connected directly to the small intestine, bypassing a portion of the stomach and upper small intestine. This procedure is used to treat severe obesity.
2. Colonoscopy: A procedure in which a flexible tube with a camera on the end is inserted into the rectum and colon to examine the lining for polyps, cancer, or other abnormalities.
3. Colectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the colon is removed, often due to cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, or diverticulitis.
4. Gastrostomy: A procedure in which a hole is made through the abdominal wall and into the stomach to create an opening for feeding. This is often done for patients who have difficulty swallowing.
5. Esophagectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the esophagus is removed, often due to cancer. The remaining esophagus is then reconnected to the stomach or small intestine.
6. Liver resection: A procedure in which a portion of the liver is removed, often due to cancer or other diseases.
7. Pancreatectomy: A procedure in which all or part of the pancreas is removed, often due to cancer or chronic pancreatitis.
8. Cholecystectomy: A procedure in which the gallbladder is removed, often due to gallstones or inflammation.

These are just a few examples of digestive system surgical procedures. There are many other types of operations that can be performed on the digestive system depending on the specific needs and condition of each patient.

The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear. It serves to transmit sound vibrations from the air to the inner ear, where they are converted into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain as sound. The tympanic membrane is composed of three layers: an outer layer of skin, a middle layer of connective tissue, and an inner layer of mucous membrane. It is held in place by several small bones and muscles and is highly sensitive to changes in pressure.

Intraoperative complications refer to any unforeseen problems or events that occur during the course of a surgical procedure, once it has begun and before it is completed. These complications can range from minor issues, such as bleeding or an adverse reaction to anesthesia, to major complications that can significantly impact the patient's health and prognosis.

Examples of intraoperative complications include:

1. Bleeding (hemorrhage) - This can occur due to various reasons such as injury to blood vessels or organs during surgery.
2. Infection - Surgical site infections can develop if the surgical area becomes contaminated during the procedure.
3. Anesthesia-related complications - These include adverse reactions to anesthesia, difficulty maintaining the patient's airway, or cardiovascular instability.
4. Organ injury - Accidental damage to surrounding organs can occur during surgery, leading to potential long-term consequences.
5. Equipment failure - Malfunctioning surgical equipment can lead to complications and compromise the safety of the procedure.
6. Allergic reactions - Patients may have allergies to certain medications or materials used during surgery, causing an adverse reaction.
7. Prolonged operative time - Complications may arise if a surgical procedure takes longer than expected, leading to increased risk of infection and other issues.

Intraoperative complications require prompt identification and management by the surgical team to minimize their impact on the patient's health and recovery.

Cecal diseases refer to medical conditions that affect the cecum, which is a pouch-like structure located at the junction of the small and large intestines. The cecum plays an important role in digestion, particularly in the fermentation of certain types of food.

There are several different types of cecal diseases, including:

1. Cecal volvulus: This is a rare condition in which the cecum twists on itself, cutting off blood flow and causing severe pain and other symptoms.
2. Diverticulitis: This occurs when small pouches called diverticula form in the wall of the cecum and become inflamed or infected.
3. Appendicitis: Although not strictly a cecal disease, the appendix is a small tube-like structure that branches off from the cecum. Inflammation of the appendix (appendicitis) can cause severe pain in the lower right abdomen and may require surgical removal of the appendix.
4. Crohn's disease: This is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, including the cecum.
5. Tuberculosis: The cecum can also be affected by tuberculosis, which is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs but can spread to other parts of the body.
6. Cancer: Although rare, cancer can also affect the cecum, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits.

Treatment for cecal diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity. Treatment options may include antibiotics, surgery, or other medical interventions. If you are experiencing symptoms that may be related to a cecal disease, it is important to seek medical attention promptly.

An intestinal fistula is an abnormal communication or connection between the intestines (or a portion of the intestine) and another organ or the skin surface. This connection forms a tract or passage, allowing the contents of the intestines, such as digestive enzymes, bacteria, and waste materials, to leak into other body areas or outside the body. Intestinal fistulas can develop due to various reasons, including inflammatory bowel diseases (like Crohn's disease), infections, complications from surgery, radiation therapy, or trauma. They can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, skin irritation, and infection. Treatment of intestinal fistulas often involves a combination of medical management, nutritional support, and surgical intervention.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Gastrointestinal tuberculosis (GTB) is a type of tuberculosis that affects the gastrointestinal tract, including the stomach, intestines, and associated organs such as the liver and spleen. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which typically infects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

In GTB, the bacteria invade the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract and cause inflammation, ulceration, and thickening of the intestinal wall. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be bloody), weight loss, fever, and fatigue. GTB can also cause complications such as bowel obstruction, perforation, or fistula formation.

Diagnosis of GTB can be challenging, as the symptoms are non-specific and can mimic those of other gastrointestinal disorders. Diagnostic tests may include endoscopy, biopsy, culture, and molecular testing for the presence of M. tuberculosis. Treatment typically involves a prolonged course of multiple antibiotics, such as isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide, administered under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

It's worth noting that GTB is relatively rare in developed countries with low rates of tuberculosis, but it is more common in areas where TB is endemic or among populations with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.

The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the throat (pharynx) to the stomach. It is located in the midline of the neck and chest, passing through the diaphragm to enter the abdomen and join the stomach. The main function of the esophagus is to transport food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach for digestion.

The esophagus has a few distinct parts: the upper esophageal sphincter (a ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the throat), the middle esophagus, and the lower esophageal sphincter (another ring of muscle that separates the esophagus from the stomach). The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow food and liquids to enter the stomach and then contracts to prevent stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.

The walls of the esophagus are made up of several layers, including mucosa (a moist tissue that lines the inside of the tube), submucosa (a layer of connective tissue), muscle (both voluntary and involuntary types), and adventitia (an outer layer of connective tissue).

Common conditions affecting the esophagus include gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus, esophageal cancer, esophageal strictures, and eosinophilic esophagitis.

A colonoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the large intestine, also known as the colon and rectum. It is performed using a flexible tube with a tiny camera on the end, called a colonoscope, which is inserted into the rectum and gently guided through the entire length of the colon.

The procedure allows doctors to visually inspect the lining of the colon for any abnormalities such as polyps, ulcers, inflammation, or cancer. If any polyps are found during the procedure, they can be removed immediately using special tools passed through the colonoscope. Colonoscopy is an important tool in the prevention and early detection of colorectal cancer, which is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide.

Patients are usually given a sedative to help them relax during the procedure, which is typically performed on an outpatient basis in a hospital or clinic setting. The entire procedure usually takes about 30-60 minutes to complete, although patients should plan to spend several hours at the medical facility for preparation and recovery.

A fatal outcome is a term used in medical context to describe a situation where a disease, injury, or illness results in the death of an individual. It is the most severe and unfortunate possible outcome of any medical condition, and is often used as a measure of the severity and prognosis of various diseases and injuries. In clinical trials and research, fatal outcome may be used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of different treatments or interventions.

A diverticulum is a small sac or pouch that forms as a result of a weakness in the wall of a hollow organ, such as the intestine. These sacs can become inflamed or infected, leading to conditions like diverticulitis. Diverticula are common in the large intestine, particularly in the colon, and are more likely to develop with age. They are usually asymptomatic but can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, or diarrhea if they become inflamed or infected.

The lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the segment of the digestive system that includes the large intestine (colon), rectum, and anus. The primary function of this part of the digestive system is to absorb water and electrolytes from undigested food, form and store feces (stool), and eliminate waste through defecation.

The large intestine is responsible for the final stages of nutrient absorption, mainly the fermentation of dietary fiber by gut bacteria, producing short-chain fatty acids that can be absorbed. The colon also absorbs water and electrolytes, while the rectum and anus store and evacuate feces.

Various medical conditions can affect the lower GI tract, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), diverticular disease, colorectal cancer, and infections.

Typhoid fever is an acute illness caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. It is characterized by sustained fever, headache, constipation or diarrhea, rose-colored rash (in some cases), abdominal pain, and weakness. The bacteria are spread through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with an infected person's feces. If left untreated, typhoid fever can lead to severe complications and even be fatal. It is diagnosed through blood, stool, or urine tests and treated with antibiotics. Vaccination is available for prevention.

A duodenal ulcer is a type of peptic ulcer that develops in the lining of the first part of the small intestine, called the duodenum. It is characterized by a break in the mucosal layer of the duodinal wall, leading to tissue damage and inflammation. Duodenal ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between digestive acid and mucus production, which can be exacerbated by factors such as bacterial infection (commonly with Helicobacter pylori), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, smoking, and stress. Symptoms may include gnawing or burning abdominal pain, often occurring a few hours after meals or during the night, bloating, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Complications can be severe, including bleeding, perforation, and obstruction of the duodenum. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy, and treatment may include antibiotics (if H. pylori infection is present), acid-suppressing medications, lifestyle modifications, and potentially surgery in severe cases.

Abdominal pain is defined as discomfort or painful sensation in the abdomen. The abdomen is the region of the body between the chest and the pelvis, and contains many important organs such as the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. Abdominal pain can vary in intensity from mild to severe, and can be acute or chronic depending on the underlying cause.

Abdominal pain can have many different causes, ranging from benign conditions such as gastritis, indigestion, or constipation, to more serious conditions such as appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, or abdominal aortic aneurysm. The location, quality, and duration of the pain can provide important clues about its cause. For example, sharp, localized pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen may indicate appendicitis, while crampy, diffuse pain in the lower abdomen may suggest irritable bowel syndrome.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience severe or persistent abdominal pain, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, vomiting, or bloody stools. A thorough physical examination, including a careful history and a focused abdominal exam, can help diagnose the underlying cause of the pain and guide appropriate treatment.

Chemical burns are a type of tissue injury that results from exposure to strong acids, bases, or other corrosive chemicals. These substances can cause damage by reacting chemically with the skin or other tissues, leading to destruction of cells and potentially serious harm. The severity of a chemical burn depends on several factors, including the type and concentration of the chemical, the duration of exposure, and the amount of body surface area affected.

Chemical burns can occur through direct contact with the skin or eyes, inhalation of toxic fumes, or ingestion of harmful substances. Symptoms may include redness, pain, blistering, swelling, and irritation at the site of contact. In severe cases, chemical burns can lead to scarring, disability, or even death.

Immediate medical attention is required for chemical burns, as they can continue to cause damage until the source of the injury is removed, and appropriate first aid measures are taken. Treatment typically involves thorough cleaning and irrigation of the affected area, followed by administration of pain medication and other supportive care as needed. In some cases, skin grafting or other surgical interventions may be required to promote healing and minimize scarring.

An appendectomy is a surgical procedure in which the vermiform appendix is removed. This procedure is performed when a patient has appendicitis, which is an inflammation of the appendix that can lead to serious complications such as peritonitis or sepsis if not treated promptly. The surgery can be done as an open procedure, in which a single incision is made in the lower right abdomen, or as a laparoscopic procedure, in which several small incisions are made and specialized instruments are used to remove the appendix. In some cases, if the appendix has burst, a more extensive surgery may be required to clean out the abdominal cavity.

An abscess is a localized collection of pus caused by an infection. It is typically characterized by inflammation, redness, warmth, pain, and swelling in the affected area. Abscesses can form in various parts of the body, including the skin, teeth, lungs, brain, and abdominal organs. They are usually treated with antibiotics to eliminate the infection and may require drainage if they are large or located in a critical area. If left untreated, an abscess can lead to serious complications such as sepsis or organ failure.

A colostomy is a surgical procedure that involves creating an opening, or stoma, through the abdominal wall to divert the flow of feces from the colon (large intestine) through this opening and into a pouch or bag worn outside the body. This procedure is typically performed when a portion of the colon has been removed due to disease or injury, such as cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, or trauma.

There are several types of colostomies, including end colostomy, loop colostomy, and double-barrel colostomy, which differ in terms of the location and configuration of the stoma. The type of colostomy performed will depend on the individual's medical condition and the specific goals of the surgery.

After a colostomy, patients will need to learn how to care for their stoma and manage their bowel movements using specialized equipment and techniques. With proper care and management, most people are able to lead active and fulfilling lives after a colostomy.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.

A medical definition of an ulcer is:

A lesion on the skin or mucous membrane characterized by disintegration of surface epithelium, inflammation, and is associated with the loss of substance below the normal lining. Gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers are types of peptic ulcers that occur in the gastrointestinal tract.

Another type of ulcer is a venous ulcer, which occurs when there is reduced blood flow from vein insufficiency, usually in the lower leg. This can cause skin damage and lead to an open sore or ulcer.

There are other types of ulcers as well, including decubitus ulcers (also known as pressure sores or bedsores), which are caused by prolonged pressure on the skin.

Hemostatic techniques refer to various methods used in medicine to stop bleeding or hemorrhage. The goal of these techniques is to promote the body's natural clotting process and prevent excessive blood loss. Some common hemostatic techniques include:

1. Mechanical compression: Applying pressure directly to the wound to physically compress blood vessels and stop the flow of blood. This can be done manually or with the use of medical devices such as clamps, tourniquets, or compression bandages.
2. Suturing or stapling: Closing a wound with stitches or staples to bring the edges of the wound together and allow the body's natural clotting process to occur.
3. Electrocautery: Using heat generated by an electrical current to seal off blood vessels and stop bleeding.
4. Hemostatic agents: Applying topical substances that promote clotting, such as fibrin glue, collagen, or gelatin sponges, to the wound site.
5. Vascular embolization: Inserting a catheter into a blood vessel and injecting a substance that blocks the flow of blood to a specific area, such as a bleeding tumor or aneurysm.
6. Surgical ligation: Tying off a bleeding blood vessel with suture material during surgery.
7. Arterial or venous repair: Repairing damaged blood vessels through surgical intervention to restore normal blood flow and prevent further bleeding.

Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a term used to describe any bleeding that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. The bleeding can range from mild to severe and can produce symptoms such as vomiting blood, passing black or tarry stools, or having low blood pressure.

GI hemorrhage can be classified as either upper or lower, depending on the location of the bleed. Upper GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs above the ligament of Treitz, which is a point in the small intestine where it becomes narrower and turns a corner. Common causes of upper GI hemorrhage include gastritis, ulcers, esophageal varices, and Mallory-Weiss tears.

Lower GI hemorrhage refers to bleeding that occurs below the ligament of Treitz. Common causes of lower GI hemorrhage include diverticulosis, colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and vascular abnormalities such as angiodysplasia.

The diagnosis of GI hemorrhage is often made based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as endoscopy, CT scan, or radionuclide scanning. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the bleeding and may include medications, endoscopic procedures, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

Eye burns typically refer to injuries or damage to the eyes caused by exposure to harmful substances, extreme temperatures, or radiation. This can result in a variety of symptoms, including redness, pain, tearing, swelling, and blurred vision.

Chemical eye burns can occur when the eyes come into contact with strong acids, alkalis, or other irritants. These substances can cause damage to the cornea, conjunctiva, and other structures of the eye. The severity of the burn will depend on the type and concentration of the chemical, as well as the length of time it was in contact with the eye.

Thermal eye burns can result from exposure to hot or cold temperatures, such as steam, flames, or extreme cold. These types of burns can cause damage to the surface of the eye and may require medical attention to prevent further complications.

Radiation eye burns can occur after exposure to high levels of ultraviolet (UV) light, such as from welding torches, sun lamps, or tanning beds. Prolonged exposure to these sources can cause damage to the cornea and other structures of the eye, leading to symptoms like pain, redness, and sensitivity to light.

If you experience symptoms of an eye burn, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as possible. Treatment may include flushing the eyes with water or saline solution, administering medication to relieve pain and inflammation, or in severe cases, surgery to repair damaged tissue.

Intubation is a medical procedure in which a flexible plastic tube called an endotracheal tube (ETT) is inserted into the patient's windpipe (trachea) through the mouth or nose. This procedure is performed to maintain an open airway and ensure adequate ventilation and oxygenation of the lungs during surgery, critical illness, or trauma.

The ETT is connected to a breathing circuit and a ventilator, which delivers breaths and removes carbon dioxide from the lungs. Intubation allows healthcare professionals to manage the patient's airway, control their breathing, and administer anesthesia during surgical procedures. It is typically performed by trained medical personnel such as anesthesiologists, emergency medicine physicians, or critical care specialists.

There are two main types of intubation: oral and nasal. Oral intubation involves inserting the ETT through the patient's mouth, while nasal intubation involves passing the tube through the nostril and into the trachea. The choice of technique depends on various factors, including the patient's medical condition, anatomy, and the reason for intubation.

Abdominal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the abdomen, an area of the body that is located between the chest and the pelvis. This region contains several vital organs such as the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, and reproductive organs. Abdominal injuries can range from minor bruises and cuts to severe internal bleeding and organ damage, depending on the cause and severity of the trauma.

Common causes of abdominal injuries include:

* Blunt force trauma, such as that caused by car accidents, falls, or physical assaults
* Penetrating trauma, such as that caused by gunshot wounds or stabbing
* Deceleration injuries, which occur when the body is moving at a high speed and suddenly stops, causing internal organs to continue moving and collide with each other or the abdominal wall

Symptoms of abdominal injuries may include:

* Pain or tenderness in the abdomen
* Swelling or bruising in the abdomen
* Nausea or vomiting
* Dizziness or lightheadedness
* Blood in the urine or stool
* Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath
* Rapid heartbeat or low blood pressure

Abdominal injuries can be life-threatening if left untreated, and immediate medical attention is necessary to prevent complications such as infection, internal bleeding, organ failure, or even death. Treatment may include surgery, medication, or other interventions depending on the severity and location of the injury.

Suture techniques refer to the various methods used by surgeons to sew or stitch together tissues in the body after an injury, trauma, or surgical incision. The main goal of suturing is to approximate and hold the edges of the wound together, allowing for proper healing and minimizing scar formation.

There are several types of suture techniques, including:

1. Simple Interrupted Suture: This is one of the most basic suture techniques where the needle is passed through the tissue at a right angle, creating a loop that is then tightened to approximate the wound edges. Multiple stitches are placed along the length of the incision or wound.
2. Continuous Locking Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed continuously through the tissue in a zigzag pattern, with each stitch locking into the previous one. This creates a continuous line of sutures that provides strong tension and support to the wound edges.
3. Running Suture: Similar to the continuous locking suture, this technique involves passing the needle continuously through the tissue in a straight line. However, instead of locking each stitch, the needle is simply passed through the previous loop before being tightened. This creates a smooth and uninterrupted line of sutures that can be easily removed after healing.
4. Horizontal Mattress Suture: In this technique, two parallel stitches are placed horizontally across the wound edges, creating a "mattress" effect that provides additional support and tension to the wound. This is particularly useful in deep or irregularly shaped wounds.
5. Vertical Mattress Suture: Similar to the horizontal mattress suture, this technique involves placing two parallel stitches vertically across the wound edges. This creates a more pronounced "mattress" effect that can help reduce tension and minimize scarring.
6. Subcuticular Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed just below the surface of the skin, creating a smooth and barely visible line of sutures. This is particularly useful in cosmetic surgery or areas where minimizing scarring is important.

The choice of suture technique depends on various factors such as the location and size of the wound, the type of tissue involved, and the patient's individual needs and preferences. Proper suture placement and tension are crucial for optimal healing and aesthetic outcomes.

Calcium compounds are chemical substances that contain calcium ions (Ca2+) bonded to various anions. Calcium is an essential mineral for human health, and calcium compounds have numerous biological and industrial applications. Here are some examples of calcium compounds with their medical definitions:

1. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A common mineral found in rocks and sediments, calcium carbonate is also a major component of shells, pearls, and bones. It is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency and as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid.
2. Calcium citrate (C6H8CaO7): A calcium salt of citric acid, calcium citrate is often used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is more soluble in water and gastric juice than calcium carbonate, making it easier to absorb, especially for people with low stomach acid.
3. Calcium gluconate (C12H22CaO14): A calcium salt of gluconic acid, calcium gluconate is used as a medication to treat or prevent hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) and hyperkalemia (high blood potassium levels). It can be given intravenously, orally, or topically.
4. Calcium chloride (CaCl2): A white, deliquescent salt, calcium chloride is used as a de-icing agent, a food additive, and a desiccant. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or hyperkalemia, or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
5. Calcium lactate (C6H10CaO6): A calcium salt of lactic acid, calcium lactate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It is less commonly used than calcium carbonate or calcium citrate but may be better tolerated by some people.
6. Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2): A mineral found in rocks and bones, calcium phosphate is used as a dietary supplement to prevent or treat calcium deficiency. It can also be used as a food additive or a pharmaceutical excipient.
7. Calcium sulfate (CaSO4): A white, insoluble powder, calcium sulfate is used as a desiccant, a plaster, and a fertilizer. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hypocalcemia or as an antidote for magnesium overdose.
8. Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2): A white, alkaline powder, calcium hydroxide is used as a disinfectant, a flocculant, and a building material. In medical settings, it can be used to treat hyperkalemia or as an antidote for aluminum overdose.
9. Calcium acetate (Ca(C2H3O2)2): A white, crystalline powder, calcium acetate is used as a food additive and a medication. It can be used to treat hyperphosphatemia (high blood phosphate levels) in patients with kidney disease.
10. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3): A white, chalky powder, calcium carbonate is used as a dietary supplement, a food additive, and a pharmaceutical excipient. It can also be used as a building material and a mineral supplement.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows direct visualization of the inner lining of the digestive tract, which includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine (colon), and sometimes the upper part of the small intestine (duodenum). This procedure is performed using an endoscope, a long, thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at its tip. The endoscope is inserted through the mouth for upper endoscopy or through the rectum for lower endoscopy (colonoscopy), and the images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor for the physician to view.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy can help diagnose various conditions, such as inflammation, ulcers, tumors, polyps, or bleeding in the digestive tract. It can also be used for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps, taking tissue samples (biopsies), treating bleeding, and performing other interventions to manage certain digestive diseases.

There are different types of gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures, including:

1. Upper Endoscopy (Esophagogastroduodenoscopy or EGD): This procedure examines the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
2. Colonoscopy: This procedure examines the colon and rectum.
3. Sigmoidoscopy: A limited examination of the lower part of the colon (sigmoid colon) using a shorter endoscope.
4. Enteroscopy: An examination of the small intestine, which can be performed using various techniques, such as push enteroscopy, single-balloon enteroscopy, or double-balloon enteroscopy.
5. Capsule Endoscopy: A procedure that involves swallowing a small capsule containing a camera, which captures images of the digestive tract as it passes through.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is generally considered safe when performed by experienced medical professionals. However, like any medical procedure, there are potential risks and complications, such as bleeding, infection, perforation, or adverse reactions to sedatives used during the procedure. Patients should discuss these risks with their healthcare provider before undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Rectal diseases refer to conditions that affect the structure or function of the rectum, which is the lower end of the large intestine, just above the anus. The rectum serves as a storage area for stool before it is eliminated from the body. Some common rectal diseases include:

1. Hemorrhoids: Swollen veins in the rectum or anus that can cause pain, itching, bleeding, and discomfort.
2. Rectal cancer: Abnormal growth of cells in the rectum that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
3. Anal fissures: Small tears in the lining of the anus that can cause pain, bleeding, and itching.
4. Rectal prolapse: A condition where the rectum slips outside the anus, causing discomfort, fecal incontinence, and other symptoms.
5. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the digestive tract, including the rectum, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
6. Rectal abscess: A collection of pus in the rectum caused by an infection, which can cause pain, swelling, and fever.
7. Fistula-in-ano: An abnormal connection between the rectum and the skin around the anus, which can cause drainage of pus or stool.
8. Rectal foreign bodies: Objects that are accidentally or intentionally inserted into the rectum and can cause injury, infection, or obstruction.

These are just a few examples of rectal diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the rectum. If you experience any symptoms related to the rectum, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The manubrium is the upper and expanded part of the sternum (breastbone). It has a shape similar to a spoon or a shield, and it articulates with the clavicles (collarbones) and the first pair of ribs. The manubrium plays an essential role in protecting underlying organs such as the heart and major blood vessels.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "silicates" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Silicates are a broad class of minerals that are composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in various arrangements. They are abundant in Earth's crust and are commonly found in sand, quartz, and many types of rocks.

While not directly related to human health, some silicate-based materials can have medical applications. For example, certain forms of magnesium silicate (talc) have been used as a component in some medications for their ability to absorb moisture and help reduce the risk of skin irritation. However, exposure to certain types of silica dust (like crystalline silica) has been linked to lung diseases such as silicosis, bronchitis, and lung cancer, especially in occupational settings like construction, sandblasting, and mining.

If you have any concerns about silicates or their potential impact on your health, I would recommend consulting a healthcare professional for personalized advice based on your specific situation.

The gallbladder is a small, pear-shaped organ located just under the liver in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Its primary function is to store and concentrate bile, a digestive enzyme produced by the liver, which helps in the breakdown of fats during the digestion process. When food, particularly fatty foods, enter the stomach and small intestine, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile through the common bile duct into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, to aid in fat digestion.

The gallbladder is made up of three main parts: the fundus, body, and neck. It has a muscular wall that allows it to contract and release bile. Gallstones, an inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), or other gallbladder diseases can cause pain, discomfort, and potentially serious health complications if left untreated.

Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.

Esophagoplasty is a surgical procedure that involves reconstructing or reshaping the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This procedure may be performed to treat various conditions such as esophageal atresia (a birth defect in which the esophagus does not develop properly), esophageal stricture (narrowing of the esophagus), or esophageal cancer.

During an esophagoplasty, a surgeon may use tissue from another part of the body, such as the stomach or colon, to reconstruct the esophagus. The specific technique used will depend on the individual patient's needs and the nature of their condition.

It is important to note that esophagoplasty is a complex surgical procedure that carries risks such as bleeding, infection, and complications related to anesthesia. Patients who undergo this procedure may require extensive postoperative care and rehabilitation to recover fully.

Peptic ulcer hemorrhage is a medical condition characterized by bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract due to a peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine. They are usually caused by infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

When a peptic ulcer bleeds, it can cause symptoms such as vomiting blood or passing black, tarry stools. In severe cases, the bleeding can lead to shock, which is a life-threatening condition characterized by a rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and confusion. Peptic ulcer hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Treatment may include medications to reduce stomach acid, antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori infection, and endoscopic procedures to stop the bleeding. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the ulcer or remove damaged tissue.

The pylorus is the lower, narrow part of the stomach that connects to the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). It consists of the pyloric canal, which is a short muscular tube, and the pyloric sphincter, a circular muscle that controls the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum. The pylorus regulates the entry of chyme (partially digested food) into the small intestine by adjusting the size and frequency of the muscular contractions that push the chyme through the pyloric sphincter. This process helps in further digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.

Rhinoplasty is a surgical procedure performed on the nose to reshape its structure or improve its function. This may involve altering the bone, cartilage, or soft tissues of the nose to change its appearance, straighten its bridge, reduce or increase its size, narrow its width at the nostrils, or change the angle between the nose and upper lip. It can also be done to correct birth defects, injuries, or help relieve breathing problems. The procedure is usually performed by an otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat specialist) or a plastic surgeon, and it requires a thorough understanding of nasal anatomy and function.

A catheter is a flexible tube that can be inserted into the body to treat various medical conditions or to perform certain medical procedures. Catheters are used to drain fluids, deliver medications, or provide access to different parts of the body for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. They come in various sizes and materials, depending on their intended use.

In a general sense, catheters can be classified into two main categories:

1. **External catheters:** These are applied to the outside of the body and are commonly used for urinary drainage. For example, a condom catheter is an external collection device that fits over the penis to drain urine into a bag. Similarly, a Texas or Foley catheter can be used in females, where a small tube is inserted into the urethra and inflated with a balloon to keep it in place.
2. **Internal catheters:** These are inserted into the body through various openings or surgical incisions. They have different applications based on their placement:
* **Urinary catheters:** Used for bladder drainage, similar to external catheters but inserted through the urethra.
* **Vascular catheters:** Inserted into veins or arteries to administer medication, fluids, or to perform diagnostic tests like angiography.
* **Cardiovascular catheters:** Used in procedures such as cardiac catheterization to diagnose and treat heart conditions.
* **Neurological catheters:** Placed in the cerebrospinal fluid spaces of the brain or spinal cord for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, like draining excess fluid or delivering medication.
* **Gastrointestinal catheters:** Used to provide enteral nutrition, drain fluids, or perform procedures within the gastrointestinal tract.

Proper care and maintenance of catheters are crucial to prevent infection and other complications. Patients with indwelling catheters should follow their healthcare provider's instructions for cleaning, handling, and monitoring the catheter site.

The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine, immediately following the stomach. It is a C-shaped structure that is about 10-12 inches long and is responsible for continuing the digestion process that begins in the stomach. The duodenum receives partially digested food from the stomach through the pyloric valve and mixes it with digestive enzymes and bile produced by the pancreas and liver, respectively. These enzymes help break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into smaller molecules, allowing for efficient absorption in the remaining sections of the small intestine.

Gastric dilatation, also known as stomach dilation or distention, refers to the abnormal enlargement or expansion of the stomach. This condition often occurs when the stomach fills with gas, food, or fluids and is unable to empty properly. Gastric dilatation can be caused by various factors such as overeating, swallowing excessive air, gastroparesis (delayed gastric emptying), intestinal obstruction, or certain medical conditions like hiatal hernia or pregnancy.

In severe cases, gastric dilatation may lead to gastric volvulus, where the stomach twists on itself, cutting off its blood supply and leading to ischemia and necrosis of the stomach tissue. This is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms of gastric dilatation include abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, loss of appetite, and difficulty breathing.

Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that involves the insertion of a laparoscope, which is a thin tube with a light and camera attached to it, through small incisions in the abdomen. This allows the surgeon to view the internal organs without making large incisions. It's commonly used to diagnose and treat various conditions such as endometriosis, ovarian cysts, infertility, and appendicitis. The advantages of laparoscopy over traditional open surgery include smaller incisions, less pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times.

Intrauterine Device (IUD) migration is a medical condition where the IUD, a long-acting reversible contraceptive device placed inside the uterus, moves from its original position. Normally, an IUD is designed to remain in the uterus, with the vertical strings attached to it trailing down through the cervix into the vagina, allowing for easy removal or checking of its position.

IUD migration refers to the unintended movement of the device, either partially or completely, outside the uterine cavity. This may occur due to various reasons such as a weakened uterus, infection, or anatomical abnormalities. The migration can lead to complications like perforation of the uterus, damage to nearby organs, and difficulty in removing or locating the IUD. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are essential to ensure that the IUD remains in its proper place and to address any potential issues early on.

Bowel perforation has been reported. Fatigue and infection are also common. In advanced lung cancer, less than half of patients ... When used for eye disease side effects can include vision loss and retinal detachment. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody ... Nasal septum perforation and renal thrombotic microangiopathy have been reported. In December 2010, the FDA warned of the risk ... It may also cause higher rates of high blood pressure, bleeding in the stomach and intestine, and intestinal perforations.[ ...
Scuba diving hazards and dysbarism Acute angle-closure glaucoma Giant-cell arteritis Orbital perforation or penetration Retinal ...
Bowel obstruction Gastrointestinal perforation Intestinal volvulus Acute mesenteric ischemia Peritonitis Stercoral perforation ... Ovarian torsion Bleeding ectopic pregnancy Retained abortion Neurological/Ophthalmic Acute subdural hematoma Retinal detachment ...
Application of the Seidel Test in Zone I will rule out seepage of the anterior chamber through a corneal perforation, while ... Collectively, patients who experienced choroidal hemorrhage, perforated or penetrated globes, retinal detachment, traumatic ... Globe perforation, oculoplastic intervention, and neuro-ophthalmic injuries contribute significantly to reported poor visual ... retinal detachment, and optic nerve injury. Injury to the optic nerve requires neuro-ophthalmic examination, and may require ...
The complications of retrobulbar block are globe perforation, optic nerve injury, retrobulbar haemorrhage and extraocular ... retinal detachment surgery etc. can be done under regional anaesthesia. Conjunctiva, globe and orbicularis can be paralysed ...
Douglas, A. A.; Waheed, I.; Wyse, C. T. (October 1968). "Progressive bifocal chorio-retinal atrophy. A rare familial disease of ... In this phase of the condition, the previously mentioned macular perforation starts growing outside its original starting point ... a retinal dystrophy linked to chromosome 6q". Ophthalmology. 103 (6): 893-898. doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(96)30590-3. ISSN 0161- ... alongside extra-macular white deposits and localized areas of hyperpigmentation in the retinal pigment epithelium. The heads of ...
"Elevated intraocular pressure and hypotony following silicone oil retinal tamponade for complex retinal detachment: incidence ... This is significant for example if the patient requires anaesthesia for a trauma and has sustained an eye (globe) perforation. ... ischemia and retinal micro structure damage. Farandos, Nicholas M.; Yetisen, Ali K.; Monteiro, Michael J.; Lowe, Christopher R ... as well as iritis or retinal detachment. Intraocular pressure may become elevated due to anatomical problems, inflammation of ...
Apple DJ, Jones GR, Reidy JJ, Loftfield K (1985). "Ocular perforation and phthisis bulbi secondary to strabismus surgery". J ... Other common causes include cancer, retinal detachment, vascular lesions, infection, and inflammation. Treatment for the ...
These ulcers can result in serious bleeding or perforation, requiring hospitalization of the patient. To reduce the possibility ... with or without retinal damage). There are unsubstantiated reports of worsening Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, and psychiatric ...
Local ocular complications include hematoma formation, optic nerve damage and perforation of the globe with possible blindness ... is not used in seeing eyes as this can cause a central retinal artery occlusion. An enzyme, hyaluronidase, is frequently a ...
Retinal detachment, Ocular hypertension and IOL dislocation are the major complications of posterior capsulotomy.[clarification ... The laser produces a precisely spaced row of adjacent perforations through the capsule, and can produce uniformly circular, ...
... retinal perforations MeSH C11.768.757 - retinal vasculitis MeSH C11.768.760 - retinal vein occlusion MeSH C11.768.773 - ... retinal detachment MeSH C11.768.660 - retinal dysplasia MeSH C11.768.710 - retinal hemorrhage MeSH C11.768.717 - retinal ... retinal artery occlusion MeSH C11.768.585 - retinal degeneration MeSH C11.768.585.439 - macular degeneration MeSH C11.768. ... retinal hemorrhage MeSH C11.290.960 - vitreous hemorrhage MeSH C11.294.177 - corneal ulcer MeSH C11.294.354 - eye infections, ...
Serious side effects such as corneal perforation were not reported in studies but only during post-marketing in less than one ... "Topical Treatment With Bromfenac Reduces Retinal Gliosis and Inflammation After Optic Nerve Crush". Investigative Ophthalmology ...
Severe complications, such as globe perforation and retrobulbar hemorrhage are rare. No systemic side effects have been ... and where it is a consequence of retinal detachment surgery, that is, in cases where there is good potential for binocular ... primarily directed at the abnormal retinal correspondence management such as eye occlusion with an eye patch, binocular vision ...
"Acusurgical is developing robots for retinal surgery". ACUSURGICAL. "AcuSurgical raises €5.75 Million in Series A financing, to ... "Computer-enhanced robotic telesurgery minimizes esophageal perforation during Heller myotomy". Surgery. 138 (4): 553-558, ...
They can weaken sinuses, bony structure, induce deep orbital tissue damages, or globe perforation that cause air leakage into ... The significantly elevated intraocular pressure will lead to central retinal artery occlusion, which may result in permanent ... Linberg JV (August 1982). "Orbital emphysema complicated by acute central retinal artery occlusion: case report and treatment ... central retinal artery occlusion, compressive optic neuropathy, and other severe complications caused by orbital compartment ...
Rarely, it may cause acute vision loss with severe pain due to perforation of the cornea. It is typically characterized by a ... Such diseases include: chronic open angle glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal lattice degeneration, scleroderma, kerato- ... which occurs if the thinning of the cornea leads to perforation. While PMD usually affects both eyes, some unilateral cases ...
This lack of perforation is thought to be attributed to the species' extremely long tongue length, which sufficiently reaches ... They lack interfacetal hairs and feature a relatively thick cornea and large retinal cells. Three types of spectrally sensitive ...
The blue tint is caused by the showing of the underlying uveal tract (choroid and retinal pigment epithelium). In very rare but ... The inner third joins with some choroidal tissue to form a plate (lamina cribrosa) across the optic nerve with perforations ...
Retinal detachment with retinal defect 361.1 Retinoschisis and retinal cysts 361.2 Serous retinal detachment 361.3 Retinal ... Acute myringitis without mention of otitis media 384.1 Chronic myringitis without mention of otitis media 384.2 Perforation of ... retinal layers 362.5 Degeneration of macula and posterior pole 362.6 Peripheral retinal degenerations 362.7 Hereditary retinal ... 362.1 Other background retinopathy and retinal vascular changes 362.2 Other proliferative retinopathy 362.3 Retinal vascular ...
An area of clear peripheral cornea can produce retinal images compatible with good visual acuity. Excimer laser ... results when healing occurs after perforation of cornea with incarceration of iris. The iris is adherent to the back of a ...
Gibran, S K; Kenawy, N; Wong, D; Hiscott, P (2007). "Changes in the retinal inner limiting membrane associated with Valsalva ... while evolving into "mucosal ischemia and perforation". Patients with small bowel obstruction were found to experience ... Connor AJ (2010). "Valsalva-related retinal venous dilation caused by defaecation". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88 (4): 328-33. doi: ...
Gibran, S K; Kenawy, N; Wong, D; Hiscott, P (2007). "Changes in the retinal inner limiting membrane associated with Valsalva ... The maneuver is performed to determine if there is a perforation or antral communication. When rapid ambient pressure increase ... Connor AJ (2010). "Valsalva-related retinal venous dilation caused by defaecation". Acta Ophthalmologica. 88 (4): e149. doi: ...
Both microphthalmus and retinal dysplasia can cause blindness. However, the most common symptom in infants is an inflammatory ... Congenital anomalies of the gastrointestinal system include numerous forms of stenosis and atresia, and perforation, such as ... The herpes simplex virus can cause microcephaly, microphthalmus (abnormally small eyeballs), retinal dysplasia, ...
... from visceral perforations), and free fluid (in ascites). X-rays may also be used to detect pathology such as gallstones (which ... direct excitation of retinal nerve cells, or secondary detection via, for instance, X-ray induction of phosphorescence in the ... eyeball with conventional retinal detection of the secondarily produced visible light. Though X-rays are otherwise invisible, ...
... retinal tearing and retinal detachment, keratoconus, blue sclera, dry eye, Sjogren's syndrome, lens subluxation, angioid ... risk of colonic perforation exists in vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Pregnancy increases the likelihood of uterine rupture. ...
... cDNA sequence and retinal localization of the UV-sensitive visual pigment of the budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)". ... archaeological excavation of a 10000-year-old site in Israel yielded hollow wing bones of coots and ducks with perforations ...
Retinal Perforations / physiopathology * Retinal Perforations / surgery* * Retrospective Studies * Visual Acuity / physiology * ...
Retinal Detachment / prevention & control* * Retinal Perforations / epidemiology * Retinal Perforations / etiology * Retinal ... Purpose: To report the prevalence of retinal detachment (RD) and results of prophylaxis against detachment from a giant retinal ... Retinal detachment and prophylaxis in type 1 Stickler syndrome Ophthalmology. 2008 Jan;115(1):164-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha. ... Main outcome measures: Retinal status after prophylaxis, with failure of prophylaxis being defined as the development of RD or ...
Categories: Retinal Perforations Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Scleral thinning leading to global perforation is the most devastating complication. Giant pigment epithelial tear and retinal ... Thill M, Richard G. Giant pigment epithelial tear and retinal detachment in a patient with scleritis. Retina. 2005 Jul-Aug. 25( ... Inflammation of the sclera can progress to ischemia and necrosis, eventually leading to scleral thinning and perforation of the ... Necrotizing scleritis, the most destructive type of scleritis, and scleritis with extensive scleral thinning or perforation ...
Bowel perforation has been reported. Fatigue and infection are also common. In advanced lung cancer, less than half of patients ... When used for eye disease side effects can include vision loss and retinal detachment. Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody ... Nasal septum perforation and renal thrombotic microangiopathy have been reported. In December 2010, the FDA warned of the risk ... It may also cause higher rates of high blood pressure, bleeding in the stomach and intestine, and intestinal perforations.[ ...
... persists regarding the optimal form of treatment for many types of retinal detachments, scleral buckling is declining in ... surgical technique that has been successfully employed as a primary or adjuvant procedure to repair rhegmatogenous retinal ... Scleral perforation with suture needles. Penetration of sclera with a suture needle most commonly occurs with a long deep ... Retinal detachments that occur as a result of retinal breaks must be distinguished from several conditions in which retinal ...
Laser-induced perforation of Bruch s membrane can cause secondary choroidal neovascularizations (CNV) up to years after laser ... demonstrated morphological retinal changes such as focal loss or disruption of retinal layers (8, 9, 11, 17, 18, 21, 22), ... hemorrhage has been described in different retinal layers elsewhere (12 16, 37). Apart from focal retinal defects caused by ... Retinal Injury Following Laser Pointer Exposure. A Systematic Review and Case Series. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2017; 114: 831-7. DOI: ...
Or a vitamin A deficiency due to alcoholism can cause: night blindness, thinning of the cornea, corneal perforation, dryness, ... and even blindness due to retinal damage.. * Tobacco-alcohol amblyopia. Also referred to as Optic neuropathy. People who drink ...
Ramsay RC, Knobloch WH: Ocular perforation following retrobulbar anesthesia for retinal detachment surgery. Am J Ophthalmol ... Duker JS, Belmont JB, Benson WE, Brooks HL Jr, Brown GC, Federman JL, Fisher DH, Tasman WS: Inadvertent globe perforation ... Frieman B, Friedberg M: Globe perforation associated with sub-Tenons anesthesia. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 131: 520-1 ... 6Although peribulbar anesthesia affords greater safety, the possibility of scleral perforation, hemorrhage, brainstem ...
Attenuation of the retinal nerve fibre layer and reduced retinal function assessed by optical coherence tomography and full- ... Retinal structure in young patients aged 10 years or less with Best vitelliform macular dystrophy.. Schatz, P., Sharon, D., Al- ... Retinal function and morphology in rabbit after intravitreal injection of VEGF inhibitors.. Cardiakidis Myers, A., Lövestam ... Retinal Function and Morphology in the Rabbit Eye after Intravitreal Injection of the TNF Alpha Inhibitor Adalimumab.. ...
The dog was reported to have a history of corneal ulceration, and enucleation was performed when perforation occurred. ... and retinal detachment. In this case, it is postulated that the onchocerciasis could have caused exophthalmos with secondary ... Histologically, the most significant finding was the presence of corneal perforation with severe keratitis and anterior iris ... traumatic corneal ulceration and subsequent perforation. In the United States, most cases of documented canine onchocerciasis ...
Retinal checkup. Annual screening of eye retina for the prevention of retinal detachment for myopic (from 3 diopters) of all ... Diabetic retinal disease, retinal thrombosis and edema can be treated with the argon laser. The laser focus has a diameter of ... Retinal and Vitreous Surgery / Therapy of Retinal Diseases * Eyelid surgery / correction of eyelid malpositions, plastic and ... In particular, retinal detachment, arterial and venous occlusions, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal changes in ...
Retinal Perforations. Perforations through the whole thickness of the retina including the macula as the result of inflammation ... Retinal Perforations can lead to a condition called retinal detachment, which is a serious medical emergency that requires ... Retinal Perforations refer to a hole or tear in the retina, which is the light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye ... Retinal Perforations are holes or tears in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye, which can cause ...
... and macular perforations, myopia-associated choroidal neovascularization, angioid and vascular streaks, retinal detachment, ... retinal vein occlusion, choroidal retinal vein occlusion, macular oedema, macular oedema associated with retinal vein occlusion ... atrophic and hypertrophic changes to the retinal pigment epithelium, ...
Correlation of Visual Acuity and Outer Retinal Thickness in Myopic Atrophic Maculopathy: A Retrospective Review. Lee, C. Y., ...
kw:Retinal perforations (32) Ordenar por. Más reciente. Relevancia. Año (ascendente). Mostrar: 20 , 50 , 100 ... Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to obtain the topographic maps of retinal thickness, the thickness of retinal ... Comparison of Perfluorodecalin and Silicone Oil as Initial Tamponade for Giant Retinal Tear-Associated Retinal Detachment. ... INTRODUCTION: To compare visual outcomes and complication rates of giant retinal tear-associated retinal detachment (GRT-RD) ...
Retinal Perforations 100% * Visual Acuity 62% * Randomized Controlled Trials 54% * Eye 27% ...
Hormel, T. T., Hwang, T. S., Bailey, S. T., Wilson, D., Huang, D. & Jia, Y., Nov 2021, In: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research ... Ultra-widefield handheld swept-source OCT for peripheral retinal imaging. Ni, S., Nguyen, T. T. P., Ng, R., Khan, S., Ostmo, S. ... Relationship between macular vessel density and total retinal blood flow in primary open-angle glaucoma. Cano, J., Rahimi, M., ... Plexus-specific retinal capillary avascular area in exudative age-related macular degeneration with projection-resolved OCT ...
retinal perforation DOID:12514 * nevus DOID:2681 * angioid streaks of choroid DOID:979 ...
... and two with a retinal detachment from a peripheral retinal break (12.5%). In the no-FD group (24 eyes), two eyes developed a ... difficult intraoperative access to posterior pole and risk of scleral perforation.2 Vitrectomy was believed to be a rational ... Ikuno Y, Gomi F, Tano Y. Potent retinal arteriolar traction as a possible cause of myopic foveoschisis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005; ... The exclusion criteria included eyes with other retinal disease that could affect the central vision, eg, full-thickness MH, ...
Retinal Perforations Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Indocyanine Green Medicine & Life Sciences 95% ...
... and 90 days postoperatively to evaluate cystoid macular edema and other adverse events such as retinal break and retinal ... Giles, C. L. Bulbar perforation during periocular injection of corticosteroids. Am J Ophthalmol 77, 438-441. https://doi.org/ ... including inadvertent injection into choroidal or retinal circulation, globe penetration, retinal vascular occlusion, ... Ellis, P. P. Occlusion of the central retinal artery after retrobulbar corticosteroid injection. Am J Ophthalmol 85, 352-356. ...
O Retinal infarction,O Retinal neoplasm,O Retinal neovascularization,O Retinal nonattachment,O Retinal perforation,O Retinal ... O Retinal crystals,O Retinal degeneration,O Retinal detachment,O Retinal dots,O Retinal dysplasia,O Retinal dystrophy,O Retinal ... O Retinal arteriolar tortuosity,O Retinal arteritis,O Retinal astrocytic hamartoma,O Retinal atrophy,O Retinal calcification,O ... O Retinal pigment epithelial mottling,O Retinal racemose hemangioma,O Retinal telangiectasia,O Retinal thinning,O Retinal ...
Open wounds (perforation). *Retained cataract fragments in the eye. *Retinal detachment or swelling of the retina ...
Retinal detachment. Retinal vein occlusion. Sore throat. Trauma/hematoma (external ear). Tympanic membrane perforation. Vertigo ...
Eleven aneurysms (2.2%) had hemorrhagic complications: intraprocedural aneurysmal rupture in 7 (1.4%) and branch perforation by ... retinal artery branch occlusion, and severe pneumonia after general anesthesia leading to death in 1 patient (0.2%) each. The ... and retinal artery branch occlusion in 1 (0.2%). Ischemic complications occurred in 3 (5.9%) of all posterior circulation ...
Retinal perforation HP:0011958 * Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the retina HP:0008061 * Peripheral retinal degeneration ...
RETINAL DIALYSES see RETINAL PERFORATIONS). Allowable Qualifiers:. AE adverse effects. CL classification. EC economics. ES ...
Prinzi reconfirmed the retinal perforation. Again, another outstanding doctor. He took his time and immediately discussed and ... Outstanding service! She took her time and located a retinal perforation. Returned home to Myrtle Beach next day and went to ...
The effect seems to be limited when bupivacaine is used, and the risk of retinal artery constriction in elevated. ... Ocular perforation (, 0.1% incidence, but risk is increased with myopic eyes). * Subarachnoid or intradural injection (very ...
  • To report the prevalence of retinal detachment (RD) and results of prophylaxis against detachment from a giant retinal tear in a large cohort of patients with type 1 Stickler syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • When used for eye disease side effects can include vision loss and retinal detachment. (wikipedia.org)
  • The essential requirements for a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment include a retinal break (rhegma = rent or rupture) and vitreous liquefaction sufficient to allow fluid in the vitreous cavity to pass through the break(s) into the subretinal space. (aao.org)
  • The usual pathological sequence that results in retinal detachment is vitreous liquefaction followed by a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), which in turn causes retinal tears at the sites of significant vitreoretinal adhesions (Figure 1). (aao.org)
  • All ocular conditions that are associated with an increased prevalence of vitreous liquefaction and PVD or with an increased number or extent of vitreoretinal adhesions are associated with a higher incidence of retinal detachment, including trauma. (aao.org)
  • The majority of eyes with retinal breaks do not develop retinal detachment because normal physiological forces keep the retina in place. (aao.org)
  • However, the combination of retinal breaks, vitreous liquefaction and detachment, traction on the retina (vitreoretinal traction), and intraocular fluid currents associated with movement of liquid vitreous and subretinal fluid can overwhelm these "attachment factors," causing retinal detachment. (aao.org)
  • Major risk factors have in common an increased incidence of retinal break(s), vitreous liquification and detachment, and abnormal vitreoretinal adhesions. (aao.org)
  • As noted above, retinal detachment occurs when the combination of factors that promote retinal detachment overwhelms the normal attachment forces. (aao.org)
  • Vitreous traction usually persists at the edge of a tear, which promotes progression of the retinal detachment. (aao.org)
  • In particular, retinal detachment, arterial and venous occlusions, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal changes in diabetes and retinopathy of prematurity are typical eye diseases that are treated with the Vitreoretinal Surgery. (augenzentrum-alpha.de)
  • Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. (lookformedical.com)
  • 8 However, progression to more serious complications, such as foveal detachments (FD), epiretinal membrane (ERM), full-thickness macular hole (MH), and macular hole retinal detachment (MHRD), can occur during its natural course. (dovepress.com)
  • Retinal detachment in eyes with Boston keratoprosthesis seems to have specific characteristics and the visual acuity remains poor despite successful anatomical results. (bmj.com)
  • Macular holes can also be caused by eye disorders such as high myopia (nearsightedness), diabetic eye disease, macular pucker, retinal detachment, Best's disease or eye injury. (mcfeetech.com)
  • Left untreated a stage 3 macular hole can lead to retinal detachment. (mcfeetech.com)
  • The visual prognosis is guarded if the posterior segment is involved, particularly if the retinal detachment is large. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Laser retinopexy may be required at the time of perforation if a large retinal tear or a small retinal tear in a patient at high risk for retinal detachment is noted. (eyewiki.org)
  • Most cases resolve without treatment, but the presence of infection, significant hemorrhage, or retinal detachment may require a vitrectomy or other surgeries as indicated [3] . (eyewiki.org)
  • Prognosis: A scleral perforation usually does not create a problem other than a chorioretinal scar, but in some cases can trigger endophthalmitis , vitreous hemorrhage , or retinal detachment [3] . (eyewiki.org)
  • It is far riskier than it looks because it may cause permanent blindness by perforation and retinal detachment or dangerous eye infections like endophthalmitis. (northeasternchronicle.in)
  • If that fails, point of care ultrasound (POCUS) may be helpful in identifying not only retinal detachment, but also globe rupture and pupillary response. (emergencymedicinecases.com)
  • Is there a retinal detachment? (emergencymedicinecases.com)
  • A linear bright white anechoic segment flapping off the posterior globe is likely a retinal detachment. (emergencymedicinecases.com)
  • A traumatic retinal detachment can be picked up easily by checking the visual fields. (emergencymedicinecases.com)
  • 2 The latter authors reported devastating complications - phthisis, blindness, retinal detachment - more likely in eyes with aniridic glaucoma than other types. (aao.org)
  • This is due to a combination of retinal breaks, vitreous changes inducing a retinal break and vitreoretinal traction, and intraocular fluid currents. (aao.org)
  • The retina surgery and vitreous surgery are considered summarized as retinal operations are usually carried out by the vitreous. (augenzentrum-alpha.de)
  • As the vitreous becomes thicker it begins to shrink and pull away from the retinal surface. (mcfeetech.com)
  • Patients should also be assessed for vitreous and/or retinal hemorrhage, and retinal detachments are likely if the injury is from a lead pellet or bullet. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Presence of Vitreous or pre-retinal hemorrhage documented as well. (amretina.com)
  • While performing vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage, a point of strong adherence between a old hemorrhage and retinal surface was identified and managed conservatively, as it was attributed to trauma related-impact area. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More in detail, retinal oedema and haemorrhage occur with an estimated frequency of 49.5% among major injuries, hyphaemia 59%, and vitreous haemorrhage 41% [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inflammation of the sclera can progress to ischemia and necrosis, eventually leading to scleral thinning and perforation of the globe. (medscape.com)
  • Scleral buckling is an ophthalmic surgical technique that has been successfully employed as a primary or adjuvant procedure to repair rhegmatogenous retinal detachments for over 60 years. (aao.org)
  • Although considerable debate persists regarding the optimal form of treatment for many types of retinal detachments, scleral buckling is declining in popularity, particularly in regard to pseudophakic cases. (aao.org)
  • 6 Although peribulbar anesthesia affords greater safety, the possibility of scleral perforation, hemorrhage, brainstem anesthesia, and dysrhythmia still exist. (asahq.org)
  • Scleral perforation is the passage of the suture needle through the sclera from an inadvertent deep pass [1] . (eyewiki.org)
  • The reported incidence of scleral perforation varies widely with current estimates ranging from 0.3% to 7.8% [2] . (eyewiki.org)
  • Risk factors: The risk of scleral perforation is increased if the sclera is thinned, such as in high myopia with a staphyloma , and if there is significant scarring or hemorrhage (more common during a re-operation) that may impede exposure and visualization of the sclera for suture placement [2] . (eyewiki.org)
  • Primary prevention: Scleral perforation may be prevented by using a magnified view of the surgical field and placing flexible spatulated needles through the sclera with good exposure and clear visibility of the needle tip at all times [3] . (eyewiki.org)
  • Diagnosis: A dilated fundus examination should be performed when there is a potential scleral perforation to identify potential retinal or vitreal problems that may require further treatment [3] . (eyewiki.org)
  • A scleral perforation may or may not require additional surgery. (eyewiki.org)
  • Here, we report the unusual case of intraoperative evidence of spontaneously healed posterior scleral perforation in a severe ballistic trauma without previous instrumental signs of penetrating wound and complete visual restoration after surgery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Intraoperative recognition of hardly removable old hemorrhagic clot as self-blockage site of posterior scleral penetrating trauma, allowed for surgical stabilization and minimal solicitation of the area to avoid inadvertent perforation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Beware risk of perforation at sites of scleral thinning. (aao.org)
  • Or a vitamin A deficiency due to alcoholism can cause: night blindness, thinning of the cornea, corneal perforation, dryness, and even blindness due to retinal damage. (coopervision.com)
  • Histologically, the most significant finding was the presence of corneal perforation with severe keratitis and anterior iris synechaie. (tamu.edu)
  • The examination using confocal microscopy confirmed a corneal perforation at the left eye and revealed corneal epithelial ingrowth capped with scarred stroma in both eyes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • TEM revealed full thickness corneal perforation with an epithelial plug extending to the lower third of the cornea, but without evidence of epithelial cell migration into the anterior chamber. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2) corneal perforation during laser-assisted blepharoplasty, which may be supported by the presence of pigmented cells on the posterior surface of Descemet´s membrane, pointing to a possible iris injury. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Low reflective spaces in the retinal nerve fiber layer in the optical coherence tomographic images were observed to correlate with the presence of nonperfused areas of retina in eyes with macular oedema associated with retinal vein occlusion. (bmj.com)
  • ERG analysis of retinal functional recovery after ophthalmic artery chemosurgery in eyes with retinoblastoma and minimal baseline retinal function demonstrated that retinal recovery is common, and that significant recovery requires reattachment of the retina if detached at baseline. (bmj.com)
  • Optical coherence tomography angiography image artifact was present in 89.4% of eyes from normal subjects and patients with age-related macular degeneration and macular edema secondary to diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion. (bmj.com)
  • For treatment of macular oedema secondary to retinal vein occlusion, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy can result in differing degrees in improvement in visual acuity depending on the initial presenting acuity. (bmj.com)
  • It is the same medicine as aflibercept (Eylea®), which is marketed for treatment of macular degeneration and macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion. (clinimmsoc.org)
  • 3. Evoy K, Abel S. Aflibercept: newly approved for the treatment of macular edema following central retinal vein occlusion. (clinimmsoc.org)
  • OCT is an essential tool to determine the presence of macular edema related to retinal vein occlusion. (amretina.com)
  • A drug designed to treat interstitial cystitis that has been linked to vision loss and retinal damage. (mamajustice.com)
  • This prospective cross-sectional study reports the repeatability of swept-source optical coherence tomography derived retinal and choroidal thickness measurements in eyes with neovascular age related macular degeneration. (bmj.com)
  • Full-field Electroretinography in Age-related Macular Degeneration: can retinal electrophysiology predict the subjective visual outcome of cataract surgery? (lu.se)
  • Other names for a macular hole are a macular cyst, retinal tear and retinal perforation. (mcfeetech.com)
  • Thus, it is critical to assess for lens perforation, which can lead to cataract formation or severe, uncontrollable uveitis, particularly if bacteria are implanted within the lens. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Learn about the use of intraoperative Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in ocular perforation and trauma surgery, and how it supports assessment and repair. (leica-microsystems.com)
  • Epithelial ingrowth is a rare complication after ocular perforation and can become manifest many years after the primary trauma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Perforations may occur when the suture is placed in the normally thinned sclera directly behind the muscle insertion, as well as during the dissection, isolation, and disinsertion of the muscle tendon. (eyewiki.org)
  • Retinal holes are full-thickness retinal defects that are typically not associated with persistent vitreoretinal traction in their vicinity. (aao.org)
  • Which has unique characteristics such as increased macular thickness along with hyperreflectivity of inner retinal tissues with empty cystic changes and can combine with subretinal fluids. (amretina.com)
  • 2) Pupillary reaction evolution is important as large areas of retinal ischemia may induce relative afferent defect as this may hold prognostic factor of developing neovascularization on the iris. (amretina.com)
  • Other severe side effects include gastrointestinal perforation, bleeding, allergic reactions, blood clots, and an increased risk of infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent years have seen a marked increase in laser-pointer-related injuries, which sometimes involve severe retinal damage and irreversible visual impairment. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • In our series of 7 cases, we documented impaired visual acuity, central visual field defects, circumscribed and sometimes complex changes of retinal reflectivity, and intraretinal fluid. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Retinal breaks are traditionally classified as holes, tears, or dialyses. (aao.org)
  • Dialyses are circumferential retinal breaks that occur at the ora serrata. (aao.org)
  • Retinal tears are usually produced by an acute PVD due to excess vitreoretinal traction at sites of significant vitreoretinal adhesions. (aao.org)
  • The spectrum of damage ranged from focal photoreceptor defects to macular foramina and retinal hemorrhages associated with loss of visual acuity and central scotoma. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • Retinal status after prophylaxis, with failure of prophylaxis being defined as the development of RD or retinal tears needing further retinopexy. (nih.gov)
  • Ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography was used to assess retinal perfusion in diabetic macular oedema. (bmj.com)
  • The absence of an anterior chamber on POCUS could be a clue that there is an anterior chamber perforation. (emergencymedicinecases.com)
  • In this case, it is postulated that the onchocerciasis could have caused exophthalmos with secondary traumatic corneal ulceration and subsequent perforation. (tamu.edu)
  • Treatment of non-traumatic corneal perforations often requirea multiple procedures such as cyanoacrylate patch or penetrating keratoplasty. (bmj.com)
  • Laser pointers can cause persistent retinal damage and visual impairment. (aerzteblatt.de)
  • This article presents data from a systematic literature review and describes the morphological and functional characteristics of retinal injury caused by laser pointers with prohibited power output levels in seven children. (aerzteblatt.de)