Pathological processes involving the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. When hearing loss is due to retrocochlear pathology, it is called retrocochlear hearing loss.
Electrical waves in the CEREBRAL CORTEX generated by BRAIN STEM structures in response to auditory click stimuli. These are found to be abnormal in many patients with CEREBELLOPONTINE ANGLE lesions, MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, or other DEMYELINATING DISEASES.
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.

Mass screening for retrocochlear disorders: low-field-strength (0.2-T) versus high-field-strength (1.5-T) MR imaging. (1/1)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In patients with clinical symptoms suggestive of a retrocochlear disorder, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) high-field-strength MR imaging is considered the criterion standard in assessing vestibular schwannoma. However, only 10-20% of its findings are pathologic. Our purpose was to prospectively compare the performance of low-field-strength MR imaging in screening for retrocochlear disorders, with high-field-strength MR imaging as the criterion standard. METHODS: A total of 287 patients with suspected retrocochlear disease underwent axial 1.5-T MR imaging with a T1-weighted SE sequence before and after contrast enhancement and with a high-resolution T2-weighted construction interference in steady state sequence. At immediate follow-up, the same patients underwent axial 0.2-T T1-weighted SE imaging without additional contrast enhancement. Results were classified as negative, positive, or uncertain and were analyzed in light of the patients' clinical symptoms. RESULTS: MR imaging at 1.5 T depicted 63 disorders (21.95%), including 53 schwannomas, three other tumors, and seven other disorders (ie, gadolinium-enhancing inner ear, facial nerve, or meninges). MR imaging at 0.2 T showed evidence of 58 disorders; five disorders were not detected, although all schwannomas and other tumors were seen, including those smaller than 2 mm, and only two (28.6%) of the other disorders were detected. When correlated with clinical data, results showed that the five undetected disorders occurred in patients with unusual clinical signs. CONCLUSION: MR imaging at 0.2 T provided high sensitivity in detecting vestibular schwannoma of the internal auditory canal or cerebellopontine angle; it can be used for mass screening for this disease. Positive and uncertain imaging findings should be followed up with high-field-strength MR imaging.  (+info)

Retrocochlear diseases refer to conditions that affect the structures beyond the cochlea in the auditory pathway, which is responsible for hearing. These structures include the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), brainstem, and cerebellum. Examples of retrocochlear diseases are acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma), meningioma, and auditory nerve tumors. Symptoms may include unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo, and balance difficulties. Early diagnosis and management of these conditions are crucial to prevent further damage and preserve hearing function.

Auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABEPs or BAEPs) are medical tests that measure the electrical activity in the auditory pathway of the brain in response to sound stimulation. The test involves placing electrodes on the scalp and recording the tiny electrical signals generated by the nerve cells in the brainstem as they respond to clicks or tone bursts presented through earphones.

The resulting waveform is analyzed for latency (the time it takes for the signal to travel from the ear to the brain) and amplitude (the strength of the signal). Abnormalities in the waveform can indicate damage to the auditory nerve or brainstem, and are often used in the diagnosis of various neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, acoustic neuroma, and brainstem tumors.

The test is non-invasive, painless, and takes only a few minutes to perform. It provides valuable information about the functioning of the auditory pathway and can help guide treatment decisions for patients with hearing or balance disorders.

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a type of hearing impairment that occurs due to damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. It can be caused by various factors such as aging, exposure to loud noises, genetics, certain medical conditions (like diabetes and heart disease), and ototoxic medications.

SNHL affects the ability of the hair cells in the cochlea to convert sound waves into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve. As a result, sounds may be perceived as muffled, faint, or distorted, making it difficult to understand speech, especially in noisy environments.

SNHL is typically permanent and cannot be corrected with medication or surgery, but hearing aids or cochlear implants can help improve communication and quality of life for those affected.

TD is a procedure for diagnosing retro-cochlear pathology (RCP, damage to the auditory nerve). It is part of battery of tests ... Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat & Head and Neck Surgery, p. 26. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 8131236935 Kramme, Rüdiger; ... Reverse Recruitment / Decruitment is a hallmark feature of SNHL of Retro Cochlear region. When recruitment is found to be ... that aim to differentiate between cochlear and retro-cochlear pathology.[citation needed] According to Rosenberg, 1958: 0-5 dB ...
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease an inherited neurological disorder with delayed onset that can affect the ears as well as other ... Neural, or "retrocochlear", hearing loss occurs because of damage to the cochlear nerve (CVIII). This damage may affect the ... Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic disease affecting 23% of the population in the U.S., can cause sensorineural deafness to the fetus ... It can help identify conductive hearing loss due to disease of the middle ear or eardrum from other kinds of hearing loss ...
Chapter 10, "Cerebellar Disease." Elsevier. Nedzelski JM (October 1983). "Cerebellopontine angle tumors: bilateral flocculus ... radiological assessment of the CPA is performed to assess the presence of anatomical retrocochlear lesions. Before the advent ... Hypertrophic pachymeningitis secondary to IgG4-related disease: case report and review of the literature]". Revista de ... and differential diagnosis of retrocochlear or neural etiologies, ...
Categories: Retrocochlear Diseases Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ...
i,Introduction,/i,. Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a peripheral hereditary neuropathy associated with motor and sensory ... Traditionally, retrocochlear disease affecting the auditory pathway has been considered a contraindication to CI. In patients ... Cochlear Implantation in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: Case Report and Review of the Literature. C. Lane Anzalone. ,1Sarah ... Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is the most commonly occurring hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. CMT can be classified as ...
The loss may be related to the effects of radiation on the cochlea rather than retrocochlear pathways. ... Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis, also known as Winkler disease, is a disease characterized by a small tender nodule on the ... encoded search term (External Ear Inflammatory Diseases) and External Ear Inflammatory Diseases What to Read Next on Medscape ... External Ear Inflammatory Diseases. Updated: Jun 15, 2023 * Author: Manali S Amin, MD, FACS; Chief Editor: Arlen D Meyers, MD, ...
Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) has been considered as a common inner ear disease that precipitates s- ... Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) has been considered as a common inner ear disease that precipitates s- ... BPPV secondary to other disease, such as head trauma, VN, and Ménières disease; (3) middle ear infections (otitis media, ... For all patients with ISSNHL, non-contrast routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to rule out retro-cochlear ...
TD is a procedure for diagnosing retro-cochlear pathology (RCP, damage to the auditory nerve). It is part of battery of tests ... Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat & Head and Neck Surgery, p. 26. Elsevier Health Sciences. ISBN 8131236935 Kramme, Rüdiger; ... Reverse Recruitment / Decruitment is a hallmark feature of SNHL of Retro Cochlear region. When recruitment is found to be ... that aim to differentiate between cochlear and retro-cochlear pathology.[citation needed] According to Rosenberg, 1958: 0-5 dB ...
While tinnitus can be associated with diseases and disorders of the ear, retrocochlear diseases and vascular pathologies, there ...
Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases [C09]. *Ear Diseases [C09.218]. *Retrocochlear Diseases [C09.218.807]. *Auditory Diseases, ... "Auditory Diseases, Central" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Auditory Diseases, Central" by people in this website by year ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Auditory Diseases, Central" by people in Profiles. ...
... s disease: A Review, Massimo Ralli, Antonio Gilardi, Arianna Di Stadio, Cinzia Severini, Antonio Greco, Marco de Vincentiis, ... Diagnosis should always include brain magnetic resonance imaging to exclude concurrent retrocochlear conditions i.e. vestibular ... Alzheimers disease. Lancet. 2016;388:505-17.. *Vos SJ, Verhey F, Frolich L, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J, Maier W, et al. ... Alzheimers Disease (AD) is an acquired condition characterized by progressive cognitive and behavioural decline and is the ...
Disease, Retrocochlear. Diseases, Retrocochlear. Hearing Loss, Retrocochlear. Retrocochlear Disease. Retrocochlear Hearing Loss ... Disease, Retrocochlear Diseases, Retrocochlear Retrocochlear Disease Retrocochlear Hearing Loss - Narrower Concept UI. M0506570 ... Retrocochlear Diseases - Preferred Concept UI. M0018969. Scope note. Pathological processes involving the VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR ... When hearing loss is due to retrocochlear pathology, it is called retrocochlear hearing loss. ...
A knowledge graph of biological entities such as genes, gene functions, diseases, phenotypes and chemicals. Embeddings are ...
A case of moyamoya disease diagnosed as cerebral infarction in the early postpregnancy period and surgically treated by ... Abnormal distribution of fat tissue and its association with intestinal failure-associated liver disease in children and ... and unilateral ureteral obstruction model accelerates progression of remote organ fibrosis in chronic kidney disease. Homma, K. ...
Retrocochlear hearing lossMenieres DiseaseOtitis externa malignaVertigoHow can YOUR patient benefit?Reduces swelling, ... Retrocochlear hearing loss. *Menieres Disease. *Otitis externa maligna. *Vertigo. How can YOUR patient benefit?. *Reduces ...
Retrocochlear Diseases [C09.218.807]. *Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases [C09.218.807.800]. *Vestibular Neuronitis [C09.218. ...
Hydrops or Menieres syndrome or disease 2. Subject has a history of otitis externa or eczema for the outer ear canal and the ... Subject has retrocochlear or central auditory disorders 6. Subject is known to be suffering from any psychological, ... Hydrops or Menieres syndrome or disease 2. Subject has a history of otitis externa or eczema for the outer ear canal and the ... Subject has retrocochlear or central auditory disorders 6. Subject is known to be suffering from any psychological, ...
Effect of radiotherapy on retro-cochlear auditory pathways. Laryngoscope. 2005 Oct. 115(10):1823-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Early in the disease process, the most common histologic finding is a neutrophilic infiltration. As the disease progresses, ... Kimuras disease and angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia: two disease entities in the same patient: case report and ... Chronic bullous disease of childhood, childhood cicatricial pemphigoid, and linear IgA disease of adults. A comparative study ...
Retrocochlear Pathology. Retrocochlear pathology refers to site of lesion at the cranial nerve (CN) VIII, cerebellopontine ... various patterns have been linked with specific vestibular disease. Endolymphatic hydrops (Menieres disease) is frequently ... Symptoms that are brought on or increased by a change in head position, or with eyes closed, suggest peripheral disease. ... A number of audiometric findings are suggestive of retrocochlear site of lesion and may be found in acoustic neuroma, multiple ...
BERA aids in the evaluation of situations with brainstem or retro cochlear disease. ... Various neurological diseases like Multiple sclerosis, sensimotor degenerative neuropathy. Development and surgical fitting of ... In the era of modern healthcare, pathology centers play a crucial role in disease detection, diagnosis and treatment plan. ...
Disease, Retinal Disease, Retrocochlear Disease, Rheumatic Disease, Rheumatic Heart Disease, Ritter Disease, Ritters Disease, ... Disease, Silo Fillers Disease, Simmonds Disease, Sixth Disease, Skin Disease, Slow Virus Disease, Sly Disease, Spinal Disease ... Disease, Bang Disease, Bangs Disease, Basedow Disease, Basedows Disease, Bazin Disease, Bazins Disease, Becker Disease, Best ... Disease, Dent Disease, Dents Disease, Dental Disease, Dental Pulp Disease, Dents Disease, Dercum Disease, Dercums Disease, ...
... the disorder is situated either in the cochlea itself or in virtually any from the retrocochlear auditory buildings. Cochlear ... Congenital deaf\mutism, functional cardiovascular disease with prolongation from the Q\T interval and unexpected loss of life. ... Congenital deaf\mutism, functional cardiovascular disease with prolongation from the Q\T interval and unexpected loss of life. ...
Retro-cochlear affection was suggested among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as evidenced with the ... Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a multisystem disease with multiple comorbidities. Hearing is dependent on ... COVID-19, a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has caused a huge loss of human life, and the number of deaths is still continuing. ... Papaya leaf curl disease (PaLCD) was primarily detected in India and causes major economic damage to agriculture crops grown ...
Retro-Cochlear Hearing Loss. This kind of sensorineural hearing loss does not occur in the inner ear. It occurs beyond the ear ... Damage to the hearing nerve may result from trauma, inflammation, systemic disease or viruses. Doctors may treat inflammation ... Doctors categorize hearing loss causes into four general groups: sensorineural hearing loss, conductive hearing loss, Retro-Cochlear ... or underlying autoimmune disease with corticosteroids, or tumors and ear compartment fluid rupture with surgery. ...
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ... Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National ... Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National ...
In children, an acute demyelinating disease may well evolve as a multiphasic condition together with a number of relapses, for ... give rise to the id involving either retrocochlear alterations and other main even central nervous system (Containers) ...
Many diseases are associated with these symptoms; however, the exact cause is not always identified. Some studies show that the ... Many diseases are associated with these symptoms; however, the exact cause is not always identified. Some studies show that the ... MRI is used to exclude retrocochlear pathologies especially in patients with asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss, ... Meanwhile, computed tomography (CT) contribution to evaluate membranous labyrinthine diseases and small lesions of the internal ...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable, chronic metabolic disease with abnormal blood glucose levels caused by relative ... Special hearing tests were also done to differentiate between cochlear and retro cochlear pathology. Significant association of ...
Hearing loss is an etiologically diverse condition with many disease-related complications and major clinical, social, and ... Refsum disease. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, editors. The metabolic and molecular basis of inherited disease. ... 38 A retrocochlear lesion can often be diagnosed by audiologic evaluation, although the definitive diagnosis requires magnetic ... Refsum disease. Refsum disease is a postlingual severe progressive sensorineural hearing loss associated with retinitis ...
Retrocochlear Diseases. *Susac Syndrome. *Tympanic Membrane Perforation. Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more ... Is Menières Disease a Contraindication to Stapedectomy? Otol Neurotol. 2021 04 01; 42(4):e393-e398. ...
Retrocochlear Diseases. *Susac Syndrome. *Tympanic Membrane Perforation. Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more ...
Retrocochlear Diseases. *Susac Syndrome. *Tympanic Membrane Perforation. Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more ... "Labyrinth Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Labyrinth Diseases" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Labyrinth Diseases" by people in Profiles over the past ten years. ...
Retrocochlear Diseases. *Susac Syndrome. *Tympanic Membrane Perforation. Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more ... "Labyrinth Diseases" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Labyrinth Diseases" by people in this website by year, and ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Labyrinth Diseases" by people in Profiles. ...
  • The disease can manifest in profound SNHL, hypothesized to result from disruption of synchronous activity of the cochlear nerve. (hindawi.com)
  • Navneet G, Reeta G, Abhaya L, Kalu R, Aquib M D. The Pathogenesis of Vestibule Cochlear Nerve Disease in Herpes Zoster Oticus. (juniperpublishers.com)
  • Audio logical assessment in patients with herpes zoster oticus were performed to determine the biologic features of the varicella zoster virus (VZV) and the pathogenesis of vestibule cochlear nerve disease in herpes zoster oticus. (juniperpublishers.com)
  • A retrospective study review of 60 patients with herpes zoster oticus was designed in order to determine the classic characteristics of vestibule cochlear nerve disease associated with the syndrome. (juniperpublishers.com)
  • The findings were compared with the clinical severity of facial paralysis and patient age to clarify the pathogenesis of vestibule cochlear nerve disease in herpes zoster oticus. (juniperpublishers.com)
  • It can be further divided into cochlear and retrocochlear . (wikilectures.eu)
  • It had been observed that situations of SNHL in sufferers with CKD resulted additionally from cochlear dysfunction than from retrocochlear hearing pathology [8]. (healthanddietblog.info)
  • These disorders can be either cochlear or retrocochlear in origin. (neurootology.org)
  • Electrophysiological measures, such as those procedures listed below, play an important role in the assessment of hearing in difficult to test populations, such as very young children, as well as in the differential diagnosis of cochlear versus retrocochlear disorders. (asuspeechandhearingclinic.org)
  • Given that CMT affects the retrocochlear auditory pathway, there have been theoretical concerns that CI is incapable of providing meaningful auditory stimulation. (hindawi.com)
  • Auditory Diseases, Central" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uchicago.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Auditory Diseases, Central" by people in this website by year, and whether "Auditory Diseases, Central" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (uchicago.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Auditory Diseases, Central" by people in Profiles. (uchicago.edu)
  • Subject has retrocochlear or central auditory disorders 6. (participaid.co)
  • In SNHL, the disorder is situated either in the cochlea itself or in virtually any from the retrocochlear auditory buildings. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
  • Auditory fatigue: retrocochlear components. (cdc.gov)
  • BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Auditory brainstem response (ABR) can be utilized to verify the hearing threshold and determine the existence of retrocochlear pathology in sudden deafness. (koreamed.org)
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system. (hindawi.com)
  • [ 3 ] The disease usually manifests in childhood and is more commonly observed in families with a history of asthma, allergic rhinitis , and other atopic disorders. (medscape.com)
  • While tinnitus can be associated with diseases and disorders of the ear, retrocochlear diseases and vascular pathologies, there are few known risk factors for tinnitus apart from these conditions. (bmj.com)
  • Subject has a history of post-adolescent chronic middle ear infections, inner ear disorders or recurring vertigo requiring treatment, disorders such as mastoiditis, Hydrops or Meniere's syndrome or disease 2. (participaid.co)
  • When hearing loss is due to retrocochlear pathology, it is called retrocochlear hearing loss. (bvsalud.org)
  • Atopic dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a systemic disease that manifests as intensely pruritic, erythematous, skin lesions. (medscape.com)
  • Damage to the hearing nerve may result from trauma, inflammation, systemic disease or viruses. (deafwebsites.com)
  • Other risk factors for noise induced hearing loss include smoking, presence of certain systemic disease like diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, those who have recreational drug use, chronic lead exposure, those exposed to ototoxic drugs (aminoglycosides, platinum derivatives) and industrial solvents (carbon monoxide, toluene) etc. (drsanu.com)
  • Dizziness is a common associated complaint in cases of tinnitus caused by a neurological condition, vestibular dysfunction, or Meniere's disease. (rasyaclinic.com)
  • Tinnitus, sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), and vertigo are common audio-vestibular symptoms and they are well-known classic triad in inner ear disease involving the membranous labyrinth [ 1 ]. (springeropen.com)
  • The widespread prevalence of the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and associated virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to some reported cases of IFP. (medscape.com)
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) has been considered as a common inner ear disease that precipitates s-BPPV. (frontiersin.org)
  • Otosclerosis - It is a disease of the labyrinthine capsule and stapedial footplates. (baslpcourse.com)
  • Doctors may treat inflammation or underlying autoimmune disease with corticosteroids, or tumors and ear compartment fluid rupture with surgery. (deafwebsites.com)
  • These preliminary findings clearly delineate the importance of further research aimed at investigating hearing impairment in AD, to a) allow early detection of people with predisposition to AD, b) improve the quality of life in AD patients with hearing loss and c) possibly prevent the progression of the disease treating the hearing impairment. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • Hearing impairment is one of the known causes of the global burden of disease [ 1 ]. (ejao.org)
  • Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable, chronic metabolic disease with abnormal blood glucose levels caused by relative or absolute insulin deficiency. (scitechnol.com)
  • Otosclerosis Otosclerosis is a disease of the bone of the otic capsule that causes an abnormal accumulation of new bone within the oval window. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is a peripheral hereditary neuropathy associated with motor and sensory impairment and can result in profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). (hindawi.com)
  • Subject has cholesteatoma or destructive middle ear disease 4. (participaid.co)
  • the authors suggested classifying the disease course into suspected, incomplete, and complete Susac syndrome to facilitate early diagnosis. (medlink.com)
  • Hearing loss is an etiologically diverse condition with many disease-related complications and major clinical, social, and quality of life implications. (nature.com)
  • It can also be a symptom of a more complex and serious disease (e.g. a brain tumor). (wikilectures.eu)
  • Diseases of Ear, Nose and Throat & Head and Neck Surgery, p. 26. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although its etiology is still elusive, BPPV falls into idiopathic and secondary categories according to causative factors, the latter include trauma, Ménière's disease, SSNHL, VN, etc. (frontiersin.org)
  • A knowledge graph of biological entities such as genes, gene functions, diseases, phenotypes and chemicals. (edu.sa)
  • Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an acquired condition characterized by progressive cognitive and behavioural decline and is the second most common form of dementia in the general population after mild cognitive impairment[ 1 ]. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is the most commonly occurring hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. (hindawi.com)
  • An early term for the condition was "boilermakers' disease," because so many workers who made steam boilers developed hearing loss. (drsanu.com)
  • The correct identification of AD risk factors can be helpful in intercepting the disease and slowing its progression. (tinnitusjournal.com)
  • Dermietzel RHofstadter F Gap junctions in health and disease. (jamanetwork.com)
  • It is caused by any disease process interfering with the conduction of sound from the external ear to the stapediovestibular joint. (baslpcourse.com)