A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)
A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA arising primarily in the head and neck, especially the orbit, of children below the age of 10. The cells are smaller than those of other rhabdomyosarcomas and are of two basic cell types: spindle cells and round cells. This cancer is highly sensitive to chemotherapy and has a high cure rate with multi-modality therapy. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)
A form of RHABDOMYOSARCOMA occurring mainly in adolescents and young adults, affecting muscles of the extremities, trunk, orbital region, etc. It is extremely malignant, metastasizing widely at an early stage. Few cures have been achieved and the prognosis is poor. "Alveolar" refers to its microscopic appearance simulating the cells of the respiratory alveolus. (Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2188)
Round, granular, mononuclear phagocytes found in the alveoli of the lungs. They ingest small inhaled particles resulting in degradation and presentation of the antigen to immunocompetent cells.
Small polyhedral outpouchings along the walls of the alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles through the walls of which gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood takes place.
Tumors or cancer located in muscle tissue or specific muscles. They are differentiated from NEOPLASMS, MUSCLE TISSUE which are neoplasms composed of skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle tissue, such as MYOSARCOMA or LEIOMYOMA.
A paired box transcription factor that is involved in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and SKELETAL MUSCLE.
A family of transcription factors that control EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT within a variety of cell lineages. They are characterized by a highly conserved paired DNA-binding domain that was first identified in DROSOPHILA segmentation genes.
The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.
Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.
Neoplasms of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.
A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.
Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.
Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.
A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
A subclass of winged helix DNA-binding proteins that share homology with their founding member fork head protein, Drosophila.
A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)
A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.
The GENETIC TRANSLATION products of the fusion between an ONCOGENE and another gene. The latter may be of viral or cellular origin.
An intermediate filament protein found predominantly in smooth, skeletal, and cardiac muscle cells. Localized at the Z line. MW 50,000 to 55,000 is species dependent.
A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.
A type of chromosome aberration characterized by CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE and transfer of the broken-off portion to another location, often to a different chromosome.
The treatment of a disease or condition by several different means simultaneously or sequentially. Chemoimmunotherapy, RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY, chemoradiotherapy, cryochemotherapy, and SALVAGE THERAPY are seen most frequently, but their combinations with each other and surgery are also used.
Tumors or cancer of the VAGINA.
A myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. Myogenin is induced during differentiation of every skeletal muscle cell line that has been investigated, in contrast to the other myogenic regulatory factors that only appear in certain cell types.
A myogenic regulatory factor that controls myogenesis. Though it is not clear how its function differs from the other myogenic regulatory factors, MyoD appears to be related to fusion and terminal differentiation of the muscle cell.
A sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor consists of LEYDIG CELLS; SERTOLI CELLS; and FIBROBLASTS in varying proportions and degree of differentiation. Most such tumors produce ANDROGENS in the Leydig cells, formerly known as androblastoma or arrhenoblastoma. Androblastomas occur in the TESTIS or the OVARY causing precocious masculinization in the males, and defeminization, or virilization (VIRILISM) in the females. In some cases, the Sertoli cells produce ESTROGENS.
A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.
An antitumor alkaloid isolated from VINCA ROSEA. (Merck, 11th ed.)
Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.
Thoracic neoplasms are a broad category of abnormal growths or tumors that originate within the thorax, encompassing malignant (cancerous) and benign (non-cancerous) forms, which can affect structures such as the lungs, pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall.
Washing liquid obtained from irrigation of the lung, including the BRONCHI and the PULMONARY ALVEOLI. It is generally used to assess biochemical, inflammatory, or infection status of the lung.
Epithelial cells that line the PULMONARY ALVEOLI.
Substances and drugs that lower the SURFACE TENSION of the mucoid layer lining the PULMONARY ALVEOLI.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.
A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)
Tumors or cancer of the pelvic region.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
The GENETIC RECOMBINATION of the parts of two or more GENES resulting in a gene with different or additional regulatory regions, or a new chimeric gene product. ONCOGENE FUSION includes an ONCOGENE as at least one of the fusion partners and such gene fusions are often detected in neoplastic cells and are transcribed into ONCOGENE FUSION PROTEINS. ARTIFICIAL GENE FUSION is carried out in vitro by RECOMBINANT DNA technology.
Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.
A species of ENTEROVIRUS infecting humans and containing 10 serotypes, mostly coxsackieviruses.
A malignant neoplasm of the lung composed chiefly or entirely of immature undifferentiated cells (i.e., blast forms) with little or virtually no stroma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
A CCN protein family member found at high levels in NEPHROBLASTOMA cells. It is found both intracellularly and in the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX and may play a role in the regulation of CELL PROLIFERATION and EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX synthesis.
Dimethylformamide (DMF) is an organic compound, commonly used as a solvent, which is not typically considered a medication or therapeutic agent in clinical medicine.
Embryonic (precursor) cells of the myogenic lineage that develop from the MESODERM. They undergo proliferation, migrate to their various sites, and then differentiate into the appropriate form of myocytes (MYOCYTES, SKELETAL; MYOCYTES, CARDIAC; MYOCYTES, SMOOTH MUSCLE).
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE service for health professionals and consumers. It links extensive information from the National Institutes of Health and other reviewed sources of information on specific diseases and conditions.
Value of all final goods and services produced in a country in one year.
Medically, 'Encyclopedias' are not a defined term, as it is typically understood to refer to a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, often including some related to health and medicine, but not a specific medical concept or entity itself.

The zinc finger protein GLI induces cellular sensitivity to the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. (1/146)

The protein synthetic machinery is activated by diverse genetic alterations during tumor progression in vivo and represents an attractive target for cancer therapy. We show that rapamycin inhibits the induction of transformed foci in vitro by GLI, a transcription factor that functions in the sonic hedgehog-patched pathway in tumors. In control cells, which were nontransformed epithelioid RK3E cells and derivative c-MYC- or RAS-transformed sister cell lines, rapamycin inhibits mTOR and mTOR-dependent activities but increases global protein synthesis, perhaps by activating a feedback mechanism. In GLI-transformed cells, rapamycin inhibits global protein synthesis and turnover and prevents cellular proliferation. In contrast to its effects on protein synthesis, rapamycin affects bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and cell cycle occupancy of GLI cells and control cells to a similar extent. Rare, variant GLI cells isolated by selection in rapamycin are also drug-resistant for protein metabolism and for cell cycle progression through G1. Our results indicate that sensitivity to rapamycin can be induced by a specific oncogene and that inhibition of global protein metabolism is linked to the rapamycin-sensitive phenotype.  (+info)

PAX3 and PAX7 exhibit conserved cis-acting transcription repression domains and utilize a common gain of function mechanism in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. (2/146)

The t(2;13) and t(1;13) translocations of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) result in chimeric PAX3-FKHR or PAX7-FKHR transcription factors, respectively. In each chimera, a PAX DNA-binding domain is fused to the C-terminal FKHR transactivation domain. Previously we demonstrated that PAX3-FKHR is more potent than PAX3 because the FKHR transactivation domain is resistant to repression mediated by the PAX3 N-terminus. Here we test the hypothesis that the cis-acting repression domain is a conserved feature of PAX3 and PAX7 and that PAX7-FKHR gains function similarly. Using PAX-specific DNA-binding sites, we found that PAX7 was virtually inactive, while PAX7-FKHR exhibited activity 600-fold above background and was comparable to PAX3-FKHR. Deletion analysis showed that the transactivation domains of PAX7 and PAX7-FKHR are each more potent than either full-length protein, and resistance to cis-repression is responsible for the PAX7-FKHR gain of function. Further deletion mapping and domain swapping experiments with PAX3 and PAX7 showed that their transactivation domains exhibit subtle dose-dependent differences in potency, likely due to regions of structural divergence; while their repression domains are structurally and functionally conserved. Thus, the data support the hypothesis and demonstrate that PAX3 and PAX7 utilize a common gain of function mechanism in ARMS.  (+info)

RT-PCR evaluation of peripheral blood, bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells in children and adolescents undergoing VACIME chemotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. (3/146)

Peripheral blood stem cell support allows dose intensification of multiple cycle chemotherapy for metastatic tumors, including pediatric sarcomas. The VACIME protocol (vincristine, adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, mesna and etoposide) utilizes peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC) collected following the treatment cycle as support for subsequent dose- and time-intensive chemotherapy. A critical assumption is that PBSC collected in this manner will be purged of residual tumor cells in vivo. We tested this assumption using sensitive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to assess the presence of the characteristic translocations of the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (ESFT) and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS), t(11;22), and t(2;13), respectively. We used RT-PCR to evaluate 122 samples of peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM) and PBSC collected from 12 pediatric patients with metastatic ESFT and ARMS. The samples included pre-therapy BM and PB, as well as BM, PB, and PBSC collections at various times in the VACIME treatment course. Molecular evidence of tumor contamination was detected in 1/40 PBSC collections from 12 patients. In all patients, we documented clearance of disease by RT-PCR in peripheral blood and bone marrow by week 9 of the VACIME protocol. In vivo purging in combination with the intensive VACIME regime appears to be effective in removing tumor cells from PBSC, bone marrow, and peripheral blood as detected by RT-PCR.  (+info)

Clinical aspects of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with translocation t(1;13)(p36;q14) and hypotetraploidy. (4/146)

Although most cases of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) are characterized by the chromosomal translocation t(2;13)(q35;q14), several cases have been reported with a variant t(1;13)(p36;q14). We present the clinical, morphological and cytogenetic features of an alveolar RMS in a 4-year-old boy. Chromosomal analysis revealed a hypertriploid to hypotetraploid karyotype with a t(1;13)(p36;q14) in all tumor cells. It appears that alveolar RMS with t(1;13) occurs in younger children and displays a higher incidence to upper and lower extremity than tumors with t(2;13).  (+info)

cDNA microarrays detect activation of a myogenic transcription program by the PAX3-FKHR fusion oncogene. (5/146)

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive pediatric cancer of striated muscle characterized in 60% of cases by a t(2;13)(q35;q14). This results in the fusion of PAX3, a developmental transcription factor required for limb myogenesis, with FKHR, a member of the forkhead family of transcription factors. The resultant PAX3-FKHR gene possesses transforming properties; however, the effects of this chimeric oncogene on gene expression are largely unknown. To investigate the actions of these transcription factors, both Pax3 and PAX3-FKHR were introduced into NIH 3T3 cells, and the resultant gene expression changes were analyzed with a murine cDNA microarray containing 2,225 elements. We found that PAX3-FKHR but not PAX3 activated a myogenic transcription program including the induction of transcription factors MyoD, Myogenin, Six1, and Slug as well as a battery of genes involved in several aspects of muscle function. Notable among this group were the growth factor gene Igf2 and its binding protein Igfbp5. Relevance of this model was suggested by verification that three of these genes (IGFBP5, HSIX1, and Slug) were also expressed in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. This study utilizes cDNA microarrays to elucidate the pattern of gene expression induced by an oncogenic transcription factor and demonstrates the profound myogenic properties of PAX3-FKHR in NIH 3T3 cells.  (+info)

A genetic analysis of PAX3-FKHR, the oncogene of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. (6/146)

The PAX3-FKHR fusion protein of human alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma consists of the DNA-binding domains of PAX3 and the transcriptional activation domain of FKHR. It induces oncogenic transformation in cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs). PAX3-FKHR-transformed CEFs have been kept in continuous culture for more than 1 year; when quiescent, portions of the cultures differentiate into several distinct cell types. Deletion analysis suggests that both DNA binding and transcriptional activation are required for the induction of the PAX3-FKHR-transformed cellular phenotype. Mutant PAX3-FKHR proteins with reduced DNA binding or transactivation induce altered cellular morphologies and growth behavior distinct from that of CEFs expressing wild-type PAX3-FKHR. Mutant proteins that completely lack DNA binding or transactivation potential fail to transform.  (+info)

Strong immunostaining for myogenin in rhabdomyosarcoma is significantly associated with tumors of the alveolar subclass. (7/146)

Rhabdomyosarcomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors with respect to their molecular basis, degree of differentiation, histology, and clinical behavior. Because of the wide variation of tumor morphology, it is often difficult to distinguish between the distinct subtypes of rhabdomyosarcomas. By using cryosections of tumor specimens and immunohistochemistry, in the present study we show that strong expression of myogenin in rhabdomyosarcoma is associated with alveolar histology (P = <0.0001, Fisher's exact test). Although staining for myogenin was observed in 22 of 26 rhabdomyosarcomas, all alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas (nine of nine) showed high levels of staining for myogenin, as defined by the frequency and intensity of staining of the tumor cells. The staining pattern suggests that the tumor cells are clonally derived from myogenin-positive progenitor cells. In contrast, most embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas (13 of 15) were either negative or showed a low level of staining for myogenin. In these tumors a larger proportion of tumor cells were distinctly negative for myogenin. Six of seven alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas that strongly stained for myogenin were also positive for Pax3-7/Forkhead (FKHR) by polymerase chain reaction/reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. One of two embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas that strongly stained for myogenin was retrospectively found to be positive for Pax3/FKHR transcripts. Quantitative analysis for myogenin by Western blotting using a smaller subset of rhabdomyosarcomas revealed that in general there was a good correlation between immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting (P = 0.01, Pearson Correlation), although the former technique was more sensitive for detecting tumors with low levels of the protein. On average, alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas expressed at least threefold more myogenin than embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. Our data show that staining for myogenin will be a simple, rapid, and accurate adjunct for distinguishing between alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas. We propose that embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas result from an early block in myogenesis, before the expression of myogenin. In contrast, we propose that alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas either originate from a late block in myogenesis (after expression of myogenin) or that the pathological mechanisms involved in these neoplasms also induce strong expression of this protein.  (+info)

An engineered PAX3-KRAB transcriptional repressor inhibits the malignant phenotype of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells harboring the endogenous PAX3-FKHR oncogene. (8/146)

The t(2;13) chromosomal translocation in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma tumors (ARMS) creates an oncogenic transcriptional activator by fusion of PAX3 DNA binding motifs to a COOH-terminal activation domain derived from the FKHR gene. The dominant oncogenic potential of the PAX3-FKHR fusion protein is dependent on the FKHR activation domain. We have fused the KRAB repression module to the PAX3 DNA binding domain as a strategy to suppress the activity of the PAX3-FKHR oncogene. The PAX3-KRAB protein bound PAX3 target DNA sequences and repressed PAX3-dependent reporter plasmids. Stable expression of the PAX3-KRAB protein in ARMS cell lines resulted in loss of the ability of the cells to grow in low-serum or soft agar and to form tumors in SCID mice. Stable expression of a PAX3-KRAB mutant, which lacks repression function, or a KRAB protein alone, lacking a PAX3 DNA binding domain, failed to suppress the ARMS malignant phenotype. These data suggest that the PAX3-KRAB repressor functions as a DNA-binding-dependent suppressor of the transformed phenotype of ARMS cells, probably via competition with the endogenous PAX3-FKHR oncogene and repression of target genes required for ARMS tumorigenesis. The engineered repressor approach that directs a transcriptional repression domain to target genes deregulated by the PAX3-FKHR oncogene may be a useful strategy to identify the target genes critical for ARMS tumorigenesis.  (+info)

Rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of cancer that develops in the body's soft tissues, specifically in the muscle cells. It is a rare and aggressive form of sarcoma, which is a broader category of cancers that affect the connective tissues such as muscles, tendons, cartilages, bones, blood vessels, and fatty tissues.

Rhabdomyosarcomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the head, neck, arms, legs, trunk, and genitourinary system. They are more common in children than adults, with most cases diagnosed before the age of 18. The exact cause of rhabdomyosarcoma is not known, but genetic factors and exposure to radiation or certain chemicals may increase the risk.

There are several subtypes of rhabdomyosarcoma, including embryonal, alveolar, pleomorphic, and spindle cell/sclerosing. The type and stage of the cancer determine the treatment options, which may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for improving the prognosis and long-term survival rates.

Rhabdomyosarcoma, embryonal is a type of soft tissue sarcoma, which is a cancer that develops in the body's connective tissues, such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. Specifically, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is a subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma that arises from cells that are in the process of becoming muscle cells. This type of cancer typically affects children, with most cases diagnosed before the age of 10.

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma can develop in various parts of the body, including the head and neck, genitourinary tract (reproductive and urinary organs), and extremities. The tumors are often aggressive and fast-growing, but they can be treated with a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

The medical definition of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is: "A malignant neoplasm composed of small, round to avoid cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and scant cytoplasm, often arranged in a loose, fascicular pattern. It arises from primitive muscle cells and typically affects children and adolescents. The tumor can develop in various parts of the body, including the head and neck, genitourinary tract, and extremities."

Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is a type of soft tissue sarcoma, which is a rare cancer that affects the muscles and connective tissues. ARMS is characterized by the presence of specific genetic alterations involving the PAX3 or PAX7 genes, which are fused with the FOXO1 gene. These genetic changes lead to the formation of abnormal proteins that promote uncontrolled cell growth and division, resulting in the development of tumors.

ARMS typically affects children and adolescents, although it can occur in adults as well. The most common sites for ARMS include the extremities, trunk, head, and neck. The alveolar subtype is named for its histological resemblance to lung tissue, with tumors forming small, thin-walled cavities or spaces that look like the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs.

ARMS tends to be more aggressive than other types of rhabdomyosarcoma and has a higher risk of metastasis (spreading to other parts of the body). Treatment usually involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The prognosis for ARMS depends on several factors, including the patient's age, the size and location of the tumor, and the extent of spread at the time of diagnosis.

Alveolar macrophages are a type of macrophage (a large phagocytic cell) that are found in the alveoli of the lungs. They play a crucial role in the immune defense system of the lungs by engulfing and destroying any foreign particles, such as dust, microorganisms, and pathogens, that enter the lungs through the process of inhalation. Alveolar macrophages also produce cytokines, which are signaling molecules that help to coordinate the immune response. They are important for maintaining the health and function of the lungs by removing debris and preventing infection.

Pulmonary alveoli, also known as air sacs, are tiny clusters of air-filled pouches located at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. They play a crucial role in the process of gas exchange during respiration. The thin walls of the alveoli, called alveolar membranes, allow oxygen from inhaled air to pass into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to pass into the alveoli to be exhaled out of the body. This vital function enables the lungs to supply oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body and remove waste products like carbon dioxide.

Muscle neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the muscle tissue. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign muscle neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant muscle neoplasms, also known as soft tissue sarcomas, can grow quickly, invade nearby tissues, and metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body.

Soft tissue sarcomas can arise from any of the muscles in the body, including the skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles that attach to bones and help with movement), smooth muscles (involuntary muscles found in the walls of blood vessels, digestive tract, and other organs), or cardiac muscle (the specialized muscle found in the heart).

There are many different types of soft tissue sarcomas, each with its own set of characteristics and prognosis. Treatment for muscle neoplasms typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor.

PAX7 is a transcription factor that belongs to the PAX (paired box) family of proteins, which are characterized by the presence of a paired domain that binds to DNA. Specifically, PAX7 contains two DNA-binding domains: a paired domain and a homeodomain.

PAX7 is primarily expressed in satellite cells, which are muscle stem cells responsible for postnatal muscle growth, maintenance, and regeneration. PAX7 plays a critical role in the self-renewal and survival of satellite cells, and its expression is required for their activation and differentiation into mature muscle fibers.

As a transcription factor, PAX7 binds to specific DNA sequences in the regulatory regions of target genes and regulates their expression. This regulation can either activate or repress gene transcription, depending on the context and other factors that interact with PAX7.

PAX7 has been implicated in various muscle-related diseases, including muscular dystrophies and muscle wasting disorders. Its expression is often downregulated in these conditions, leading to a decrease in satellite cell function and muscle regeneration capacity. Therefore, understanding the role of PAX7 in muscle biology and disease has important implications for developing new therapies for muscle-related diseases.

Paired box (PAX) transcription factors are a group of proteins that regulate gene expression during embryonic development and in some adult tissues. They are characterized by the presence of a paired box domain, a conserved DNA-binding motif that recognizes specific DNA sequences. PAX proteins play crucial roles in various developmental processes, such as the formation of the nervous system, eyes, and pancreas. Dysregulation of PAX genes has been implicated in several human diseases, including cancer.

The alveolar process is the curved part of the jawbone (mandible or maxilla) that contains sockets or hollow spaces (alveoli) for the teeth to be embedded. These processes are covered with a specialized mucous membrane called the gingiva, which forms a tight seal around the teeth to help protect the periodontal tissues and maintain oral health.

The alveolar process is composed of both compact and spongy bone tissue. The compact bone forms the outer layer, while the spongy bone is found inside the alveoli and provides support for the teeth. When a tooth is lost or extracted, the alveolar process begins to resorb over time due to the lack of mechanical stimulation from the tooth's chewing forces. This can lead to changes in the shape and size of the jawbone, which may require bone grafting procedures before dental implant placement.

Soft tissue neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the soft tissues of the body. Soft tissues include muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia, nerves, blood vessels, fat, and synovial membranes (the thin layer of cells that line joints and tendons). Neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their behavior and potential for spread depend on the specific type of neoplasm.

Benign soft tissue neoplasms are typically slow-growing, well-circumscribed, and rarely spread to other parts of the body. They can often be removed surgically with a low risk of recurrence. Examples of benign soft tissue neoplasms include lipomas (fat tumors), schwannomas (nerve sheath tumors), and hemangiomas (blood vessel tumors).

Malignant soft tissue neoplasms, on the other hand, can grow rapidly, invade surrounding tissues, and may metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body. They are often more difficult to treat than benign neoplasms and require a multidisciplinary approach, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Examples of malignant soft tissue neoplasms include sarcomas, such as rhabdomyosarcoma (arising from skeletal muscle), leiomyosarcoma (arising from smooth muscle), and angiosarcoma (arising from blood vessels).

It is important to note that soft tissue neoplasms can occur in any part of the body, and their diagnosis and treatment require a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional with expertise in this area.

Orbital neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the orbit, which is the bony cavity that contains the eyeball, muscles, nerves, fat, and blood vessels. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells within the orbit.

Orbital neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms depending on their size, location, and rate of growth. Common symptoms include protrusion or displacement of the eyeball, double vision, limited eye movement, pain, swelling, and numbness in the face. In some cases, orbital neoplasms may not cause any noticeable symptoms, especially if they are small and slow-growing.

There are many different types of orbital neoplasms, including:

1. Optic nerve glioma: a rare tumor that arises from the optic nerve's supportive tissue.
2. Orbital meningioma: a tumor that originates from the membranes covering the brain and extends into the orbit.
3. Lacrimal gland tumors: benign or malignant growths that develop in the lacrimal gland, which produces tears.
4. Orbital lymphangioma: a non-cancerous tumor that arises from the lymphatic vessels in the orbit.
5. Rhabdomyosarcoma: a malignant tumor that develops from the skeletal muscle cells in the orbit.
6. Metastatic tumors: cancerous growths that spread to the orbit from other parts of the body, such as the breast, lung, or prostate.

The diagnosis and treatment of orbital neoplasms depend on several factors, including the type, size, location, and extent of the tumor. Imaging tests, such as CT scans and MRI, are often used to visualize the tumor and determine its extent. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the tumor's type and grade. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disorder characterized by the accumulation of surfactant, a lipoprotein complex that reduces surface tension within the alveoli, in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. This accumulation can lead to difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen levels in the blood.

There are three types of PAP:

1. Congenital PAP: A very rare inherited form that affects infants and is caused by a genetic mutation that disrupts the production or function of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a protein important for the development and function of alveolar macrophages.

2. Secondary PAP: This form is associated with conditions that impair the clearance of surfactant by alveolar macrophages, such as hematologic disorders (e.g., leukemia), infections, exposure to inhaled irritants (e.g., silica dust), and certain medications.

3. Idiopathic PAP: The most common form, also known as autoimmune PAP, is caused by the development of autoantibodies against GM-CSF, which disrupts its function and leads to surfactant accumulation in the lungs.

Treatment for PAP may include whole lung lavage (WLL), a procedure where the affected lung is filled with saline solution and then drained to remove excess surfactant, as well as managing any underlying conditions. In some cases of idiopathic PAP, off-label use of inhaled GM-CSF has shown promise in improving symptoms and lung function.

Urogenital neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the urinary and genital organs. These can include various types of cancer, such as bladder cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, testicular cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and others. Some urogenital neoplasms may be benign (non-cancerous), while others are malignant (cancerous) and can spread to other parts of the body.

The term "urogenital" refers to the combined urinary and genital systems in the human body. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, which are responsible for filtering waste from the blood and eliminating it as urine. The genital system includes the reproductive organs such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, prostate gland, testicles, and penis.

Urogenital neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include blood in urine, pain during urination, difficulty urinating, abnormal discharge, lumps or swelling in the genital area, and unexplained weight loss. If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

Sarcoma is a type of cancer that develops from certain types of connective tissue (such as muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or nerves) found throughout the body. It can occur in any part of the body, but it most commonly occurs in the arms, legs, chest, and abdomen.

Sarcomas are classified into two main groups: bone sarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas. Bone sarcomas develop in the bones, while soft tissue sarcomas develop in the soft tissues of the body, such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood vessels, and nerves.

Sarcomas can be further classified into many subtypes based on their specific characteristics, such as the type of tissue they originate from, their genetic makeup, and their appearance under a microscope. The different subtypes of sarcoma have varying symptoms, prognoses, and treatment options.

Overall, sarcomas are relatively rare cancers, accounting for less than 1% of all cancer diagnoses in the United States each year. However, they can be aggressive and may require intensive treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Alveolar bone loss refers to the breakdown and resorption of the alveolar process of the jawbone, which is the part of the jaw that contains the sockets of the teeth. This type of bone loss is often caused by periodontal disease, a chronic inflammation of the gums and surrounding tissues that can lead to the destruction of the structures that support the teeth.

In advanced stages of periodontal disease, the alveolar bone can become severely damaged or destroyed, leading to tooth loss. Alveolar bone loss can also occur as a result of other conditions, such as osteoporosis, trauma, or tumors. Dental X-rays and other imaging techniques are often used to diagnose and monitor alveolar bone loss. Treatment may include deep cleaning of the teeth and gums, medications, surgery, or tooth extraction in severe cases.

Human chromosome pair 13 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell in the human body. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins, forming a complex structure called a chromatin.

Chromosomes carry genetic information in the form of genes, which are sequences of DNA that code for specific traits and functions. Human cells typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. Chromosome pair 13 is one of the autosomal pairs, meaning it is not a sex chromosome (X or Y).

Chromosome pair 13 contains several important genes that are associated with various genetic disorders, such as cri-du-chat syndrome and Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 13 (13p), resulting in distinctive cat-like crying sounds in infants, developmental delays, and intellectual disabilities. Phelan-McDermid syndrome is caused by a deletion or mutation of the terminal end of the long arm of chromosome 13 (13q), leading to developmental delays, intellectual disability, absent or delayed speech, and autistic behaviors.

It's important to note that while some genetic disorders are associated with specific chromosomal abnormalities, many factors can contribute to the development and expression of these conditions, including environmental influences and interactions between multiple genes.

Forkhead transcription factors (FOX) are a family of proteins that play crucial roles in the regulation of gene expression through the process of binding to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling various biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. These proteins are characterized by a conserved DNA-binding domain, known as the forkhead box or FOX domain, which adopts a winged helix structure that recognizes and binds to the consensus sequence 5'-(G/A)(T/C)AA(C/A)A-3'.

The FOX family is further divided into subfamilies based on the structure of their DNA-binding domains, with each subfamily having distinct functions. For example, FOXP proteins are involved in brain development and function, while FOXO proteins play a key role in regulating cellular responses to stress and metabolism. Dysregulation of forkhead transcription factors has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Mesenchymoma is a very rare type of tumor that contains a mixture of different types of mesenchymal tissues, such as muscle, fat, bone, cartilage, or fibrous tissue. It typically occurs in children and young adults, and can be found in various parts of the body, including the head, neck, retroperitoneum (the area behind the abdominal cavity), and the limbs.

Mesenchymomas are usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms until they reach a large size. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, but radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be used in some cases. The prognosis for mesenchymoma depends on several factors, including the location and size of the tumor, the patient's age and overall health, and the specific types of tissue that are present in the tumor.

Ewing sarcoma is a type of cancer that originates in bones or the soft tissues surrounding them, such as muscles and tendons. It primarily affects children and adolescents, although it can occur in adults as well. The disease is characterized by small, round tumor cells that typically grow quickly and are prone to metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body, most commonly the lungs, bones, and bone marrow.

Ewing sarcoma is caused by a genetic abnormality, specifically a chromosomal translocation that results in the fusion of two genes, EWSR1 and FLI1. This gene fusion leads to the formation of an abnormal protein that disrupts normal cell growth and division processes, ultimately resulting in cancer.

Symptoms of Ewing sarcoma can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor but may include pain or swelling in the affected area, fever, fatigue, and weight loss. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans to locate the tumor, followed by a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the stage and location of the disease.

An oncogene protein fusion is a result of a genetic alteration in which parts of two different genes combine to create a hybrid gene that can contribute to the development of cancer. This fusion can lead to the production of an abnormal protein that promotes uncontrolled cell growth and division, ultimately resulting in a malignant tumor. Oncogene protein fusions are often caused by chromosomal rearrangements such as translocations, inversions, or deletions and are commonly found in various types of cancer, including leukemia and sarcoma. These genetic alterations can serve as potential targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy.

Desmin is a type of intermediate filament protein that is primarily found in the cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, as well as in some types of smooth muscle cells. It is an important component of the cytoskeleton, which provides structural support to the cell and helps maintain its shape. Desmin plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the sarcomere, which is the basic contractile unit of the muscle fiber. Mutations in the desmin gene can lead to various forms of muscular dystrophy and other inherited muscle disorders.

Human chromosome pair 2 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell of the human body. Each member of the pair contains thousands of genes and other genetic material, encoded in the form of DNA molecules. Chromosomes are the physical carriers of inheritance, and human cells typically contain 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes.

Chromosome pair 2 is one of the autosomal pairs, meaning that it is not a sex chromosome (X or Y). Each member of chromosome pair 2 is approximately 247 million base pairs in length and contains an estimated 1,000-1,300 genes. These genes play crucial roles in various biological processes, including development, metabolism, and response to environmental stimuli.

Abnormalities in chromosome pair 2 can lead to genetic disorders, such as cat-eye syndrome (CES), which is characterized by iris abnormalities, anal atresia, hearing loss, and intellectual disability. This disorder arises from the presence of an extra copy of a small region on chromosome 2, resulting in partial trisomy of this region. Other genetic conditions associated with chromosome pair 2 include proximal 2q13.3 microdeletion syndrome and Potocki-Lupski syndrome (PTLS).

Translocation, genetic, refers to a type of chromosomal abnormality in which a segment of a chromosome is transferred from one chromosome to another, resulting in an altered genome. This can occur between two non-homologous chromosomes (non-reciprocal translocation) or between two homologous chromosomes (reciprocal translocation). Genetic translocations can lead to various clinical consequences, depending on the genes involved and the location of the translocation. Some translocations may result in no apparent effects, while others can cause developmental abnormalities, cancer, or other genetic disorders. In some cases, translocations can also increase the risk of having offspring with genetic conditions.

Combined modality therapy (CMT) is a medical treatment approach that utilizes more than one method or type of therapy simultaneously or in close succession, with the goal of enhancing the overall effectiveness of the treatment. In the context of cancer care, CMT often refers to the combination of two or more primary treatment modalities, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic therapies (chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, etc.).

The rationale behind using combined modality therapy is that each treatment method can target cancer cells in different ways, potentially increasing the likelihood of eliminating all cancer cells and reducing the risk of recurrence. The specific combination and sequence of treatments will depend on various factors, including the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and individual preferences.

For example, a common CMT approach for locally advanced rectal cancer may involve preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemoradiation therapy, followed by surgery to remove the tumor, and then postoperative (adjuvant) chemotherapy. This combined approach allows for the reduction of the tumor size before surgery, increases the likelihood of complete tumor removal, and targets any remaining microscopic cancer cells with systemic chemotherapy.

It is essential to consult with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals to determine the most appropriate CMT plan for each individual patient, considering both the potential benefits and risks associated with each treatment method.

Vaginal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the vagina. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The two main types of vaginal neoplasms are:

1. Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN): This is a condition where the cells on the inner lining of the vagina become abnormal but have not invaded deeper tissues. VAIN can be low-grade or high-grade, depending on the severity of the cell changes.
2. Vaginal cancer: This is a malignant tumor that arises from the cells in the vagina. The two main types of vaginal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type, accounting for about 85% of all cases.

Risk factors for vaginal neoplasms include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, smoking, older age, history of cervical cancer or precancerous changes, and exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Myogenin is defined as a protein that belongs to the family of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs). These proteins play crucial roles in the development, growth, and repair of skeletal muscle cells. Myogenin is specifically involved in the differentiation and fusion of myoblasts to form multinucleated myotubes, which are essential for the formation of mature skeletal muscle fibers. It functions as a transcription factor that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby regulating the expression of genes required for muscle cell differentiation. Myogenin also plays a role in maintaining muscle homeostasis and may contribute to muscle regeneration following injury or disease.

MyoD protein is a member of the family of muscle regulatory factors (MRFs) that play crucial roles in the development and regulation of skeletal muscle. MyoD is a transcription factor, which means it binds to specific DNA sequences and helps control the transcription of nearby genes into messenger RNA (mRNA).

MyoD protein is encoded by the MYOD1 gene and is primarily expressed in skeletal muscle cells, where it functions as a master regulator of muscle differentiation. During myogenesis, MyoD is activated and initiates the expression of various genes involved in muscle-specific functions, such as contractile proteins and ion channels.

MyoD protein can also induce cell cycle arrest and promote the differentiation of non-muscle cells into muscle cells, a process known as transdifferentiation. This property has been explored in regenerative medicine for potential therapeutic applications.

In summary, MyoD protein is a key regulator of skeletal muscle development, differentiation, and maintenance, and it plays essential roles in the regulation of gene expression during myogenesis.

A Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor is a rare type of sex cord-stromal tumor that develops in the ovaries. These tumors arise from the cells that produce hormones and help to form and maintain the ovarian tissue. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors can occur in people of any age but are most commonly found in women between the ages of 20 and 40.

These tumors can be functional, meaning they produce hormones, or nonfunctional. Functional Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors may cause symptoms related to the production of male hormones (androgens), such as excess facial hair, a deepened voice, and irregular menstrual periods. Nonfunctional tumors typically do not cause any specific symptoms and are often found during routine pelvic examinations or imaging studies performed for other reasons.

Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors are usually slow-growing and can vary in size. Most of these tumors are benign (not cancerous), but some can be malignant (cancerous) and may spread to other parts of the body. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, and additional therapies such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy may be recommended depending on the stage and grade of the tumor. Regular follow-up care is essential to monitor for any recurrence of the tumor.

A cell line that is derived from tumor cells and has been adapted to grow in culture. These cell lines are often used in research to study the characteristics of cancer cells, including their growth patterns, genetic changes, and responses to various treatments. They can be established from many different types of tumors, such as carcinomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Once established, these cell lines can be grown and maintained indefinitely in the laboratory, allowing researchers to conduct experiments and studies that would not be feasible using primary tumor cells. It is important to note that tumor cell lines may not always accurately represent the behavior of the original tumor, as they can undergo genetic changes during their time in culture.

Vincristine is an antineoplastic agent, specifically a vinca alkaloid. It is derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant (Catharanthus roseus). Vincristine binds to tubulin, a protein found in microtubules, and inhibits their polymerization, which results in disruption of mitotic spindles leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death). It is used in the treatment of various types of cancer including leukemias, lymphomas, and solid tumors. Common side effects include peripheral neuropathy, constipation, and alopecia.

'Tumor cells, cultured' refers to the process of removing cancerous cells from a tumor and growing them in controlled laboratory conditions. This is typically done by isolating the tumor cells from a patient's tissue sample, then placing them in a nutrient-rich environment that promotes their growth and multiplication.

The resulting cultured tumor cells can be used for various research purposes, including the study of cancer biology, drug development, and toxicity testing. They provide a valuable tool for researchers to better understand the behavior and characteristics of cancer cells outside of the human body, which can lead to the development of more effective cancer treatments.

It is important to note that cultured tumor cells may not always behave exactly the same way as they do in the human body, so findings from cell culture studies must be validated through further research, such as animal models or clinical trials.

Thoracic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the thorax, which is the area of the body that includes the chest and lungs. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant thoracic neoplasms are often referred to as lung cancer, but they can also include other types of cancer such as mesothelioma, thymoma, and esophageal cancer.

Thoracic neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size. Common symptoms include coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, hoarseness, and difficulty swallowing. Treatment options for thoracic neoplasms depend on the type, stage, and location of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is a type of clinical specimen obtained through a procedure called bronchoalveolar lavage. This procedure involves inserting a bronchoscope into the lungs and instilling a small amount of saline solution into a specific area of the lung, then gently aspirating the fluid back out. The fluid that is recovered is called bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

BAL fluid contains cells and other substances that are present in the lower respiratory tract, including the alveoli (the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs). By analyzing BAL fluid, doctors can diagnose various lung conditions, such as pneumonia, interstitial lung disease, and lung cancer. They can also monitor the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions by comparing the composition of BAL fluid before and after treatment.

BAL fluid is typically analyzed for its cellular content, including the number and type of white blood cells present, as well as for the presence of bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms. The fluid may also be tested for various proteins, enzymes, and other biomarkers that can provide additional information about lung health and disease.

Pneumocytes are specialized epithelial cells that line the alveoli, which are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. There are two main types of pneumocytes: type I and type II.

Type I pneumocytes are flat, thin cells that cover about 95% of the alveolar surface area. They play a crucial role in facilitating the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the bloodstream. Type I pneumocytes also contribute to maintaining the structural integrity of the alveoli.

Type II pneumocytes are smaller, more cuboidal cells that produce and secrete surfactant, a substance composed of proteins and lipids that reduces surface tension within the alveoli, preventing their collapse and facilitating breathing. Type II pneumocytes can also function as progenitor cells, capable of differentiating into type I pneumocytes to help repair damaged lung tissue.

In summary, pneumocytes are essential for maintaining proper gas exchange in the lungs and contributing to the overall health and functioning of the respiratory system.

Pulmonary surfactants are a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that are produced by the alveolar type II cells in the lungs. They play a crucial role in reducing the surface tension at the air-liquid interface within the alveoli, which helps to prevent collapse of the lungs during expiration. Surfactants also have important immunological functions, such as inhibiting the growth of certain bacteria and modulating the immune response. Deficiency or dysfunction of pulmonary surfactants can lead to respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants and other lung diseases.

Neoplastic gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and other molecules from genes in neoplastic cells, or cells that are part of a tumor or cancer. In a normal cell, gene expression is tightly regulated to ensure that the right genes are turned on or off at the right time. However, in cancer cells, this regulation can be disrupted, leading to the overexpression or underexpression of certain genes.

Neoplastic gene expression regulation can be affected by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and signals from the tumor microenvironment. These changes can lead to the activation of oncogenes (genes that promote cancer growth and development) or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (genes that prevent cancer).

Understanding neoplastic gene expression regulation is important for developing new therapies for cancer, as targeting specific genes or pathways involved in this process can help to inhibit cancer growth and progression.

Dactinomycin is an antineoplastic antibiotic, which means it is used to treat cancer. It is specifically used to treat certain types of testicular cancer, Wilms' tumor (a type of kidney cancer that occurs in children), and some gestational trophoblastic tumors (a type of tumor that can develop in the uterus after pregnancy). Dactinomycin works by interfering with the DNA in cancer cells, which prevents them from dividing and growing. It is often used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs as part of a treatment regimen.

Dactinomycin is administered intravenously (through an IV) and its use is usually limited to hospitals or specialized cancer treatment centers due to the need for careful monitoring during administration. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and hair loss. More serious side effects can include bone marrow suppression, which can lead to an increased risk of infection, and tissue damage at the site where the drug is injected. Dactinomycin can also cause severe allergic reactions in some people.

It's important to note that dactinomycin should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as its use requires careful monitoring and management of potential side effects.

Pelvic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors located in the pelvic region. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They can originate from various tissues within the pelvis, including the reproductive organs (such as ovaries, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva in women; and prostate, testicles, and penis in men), the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra), the gastrointestinal tract (colon, rectum, and anus), as well as the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and other connective tissues.

Malignant pelvic neoplasms can invade surrounding tissues and spread to distant parts of the body (metastasize). The symptoms of pelvic neoplasms may vary depending on their location, size, and type but often include abdominal or pelvic pain, bloating, changes in bowel or bladder habits, unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge, and unintentional weight loss. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial for improving the prognosis of malignant pelvic neoplasms.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

A gene fusion, also known as a chromosomal translocation or fusion gene, is an abnormal genetic event where parts of two different genes combine to create a single, hybrid gene. This can occur due to various mechanisms such as chromosomal rearrangements, deletions, or inversions, leading to the formation of a chimeric gene with new and often altered functions.

Gene fusions can result in the production of abnormal fusion proteins that may contribute to cancer development and progression by promoting cell growth, inhibiting apoptosis (programmed cell death), or activating oncogenic signaling pathways. In some cases, gene fusions are specific to certain types of cancer and serve as valuable diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for personalized medicine.

Cell differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell, or stem cell, becomes a more specialized cell type with specific functions and structures. This process involves changes in gene expression, which are regulated by various intracellular signaling pathways and transcription factors. Differentiation results in the development of distinct cell types that make up tissues and organs in multicellular organisms. It is a crucial aspect of embryonic development, tissue repair, and maintenance of homeostasis in the body.

Enterovirus A, Human is a type of enterovirus that infects humans. Enteroviruses are small, single-stranded RNA viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family. There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, and they are divided into several species, including Enterovirus A, B, C, D, and Rhinovirus.

Enterovirus A includes several important human pathogens, such as polioviruses (which have been largely eradicated thanks to vaccination efforts), coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and enterovirus 71. These viruses are typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route or respiratory droplets and can cause a range of illnesses, from mild symptoms like fever, rash, and sore throat to more severe diseases such as meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, and paralysis.

Poliovirus, which is the most well-known member of Enterovirus A, was responsible for causing poliomyelitis, a highly infectious disease that can lead to irreversible paralysis. However, due to widespread vaccination programs, wild poliovirus transmission has been eliminated in many parts of the world, and only a few countries still report cases of polio caused by vaccine-derived viruses.

Coxsackieviruses and echoviruses can cause various symptoms, including fever, rash, mouth sores, muscle aches, and respiratory illnesses. In some cases, they can also lead to more severe diseases such as meningitis or myocarditis. Enterovirus 71 is a significant pathogen that can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease, which is a common childhood illness characterized by fever, sore throat, and rash on the hands, feet, and mouth. In rare cases, enterovirus 71 can also lead to severe neurological complications such as encephalitis and polio-like paralysis.

Prevention measures for enterovirus A infections include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and practicing safe food handling. Vaccination is available for poliovirus and can help prevent the spread of vaccine-derived viruses. No vaccines are currently available for other enterovirus A infections, but research is ongoing to develop effective vaccines against these viruses.

Pulmonary blastoma is a rare and aggressive type of lung cancer that primarily affects adults, but it can also occur in children. It's characterized by the rapid growth of primitive, undifferentiated cells that form tumors in the lungs. There are two main types of pulmonary blastomas:

1. Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB): This type is more common in children and adolescents. PPB can be further divided into three subtypes based on the age at diagnosis and the extent of tumor spread: Type I, Type II, and Type III. Types II and III are more aggressive and have a higher risk of metastasis compared to Type I.
2. Lung sarcomatoid carcinoma with pulmonary blastomatous components (LSC-PBC): This type is primarily found in adults and is considered a variant of lung sarcomatoid carcinoma, which is an aggressive subtype of non-small cell lung cancer. LSC-PBC contains both epithelial and mesenchymal elements, with the latter showing blastomatous features.

Both types of pulmonary blastomas have a poor prognosis due to their rapid growth and high likelihood of metastasis. Treatment typically involves surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. However, given the rarity of this condition, treatment options may vary depending on individual cases and access to specialized care.

Nephroblastoma overexpressed protein, also known as NOV or CCN3, is a member of the CCN family of proteins that are involved in cell growth, differentiation, and migration. It was originally identified as being highly expressed in nephroblastoma (also known as Wilms' tumor), a type of kidney cancer that typically affects children. NOV has been found to play a role in various biological processes, including angiogenesis, cell adhesion, and apoptosis. It can act as both a positive and negative regulator of cell growth and differentiation, depending on the context. Abnormal expression of NOV has been implicated in several types of cancer, including nephroblastoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer.

Dimethylformamide (DMF) is an organic compound with the formula (CH3)2NCHO. It is a colorless, hygroscopic liquid with a mild, characteristic odor. DMF is miscible with water and most organic solvents. It is widely used as a commercial solvent, due to its ability to dissolve both polar and non-polar compounds.

In the medical field, exposure to dimethylformamide can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion during its production, use, or disposal. Acute exposure to high levels of DMF may cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Chronic exposure has been associated with liver damage, neurological effects, and reproductive issues in both humans and animals.

It is essential to handle dimethylformamide with appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, safety glasses, and lab coats, to minimize exposure. Engineering controls, such as fume hoods, should also be used when working with this chemical to ensure adequate ventilation and reduce the risk of inhalation exposure.

Myoblasts are types of cells that are responsible for the development and growth of muscle tissue in the body. They are undifferentiated cells, meaning they have not yet developed into their final form or function. Myoblasts fuse together to form myotubes, which then develop into muscle fibers, also known as myofibers. This process is called myogenesis and it plays a crucial role in the growth, repair, and maintenance of skeletal muscle tissue throughout an individual's life.

Myoblasts can be derived from various sources, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or satellite cells, which are adult stem cells found within mature muscle tissue. Satellite cells are typically quiescent but can be activated in response to muscle damage or injury, proliferate and differentiate into myoblasts, and fuse together to repair and replace damaged muscle fibers.

Dysregulation of myogenesis and impaired myoblast function have been implicated in various muscle-related disorders, including muscular dystrophies, sarcopenia, and cachexia. Therefore, understanding the biology of myoblasts and their role in muscle development and regeneration is an important area of research with potential therapeutic implications for muscle-related diseases.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

MedlinePlus is not a medical term, but rather a consumer health website that provides high-quality, accurate, and reliable health information, written in easy-to-understand language. It is produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the world's largest medical library, and is widely recognized as a trusted source of health information.

MedlinePlus offers information on various health topics, including conditions, diseases, tests, treatments, and wellness. It also provides access to drug information, medical dictionary, and encyclopedia, as well as links to clinical trials, medical news, and patient organizations. The website is available in both English and Spanish and can be accessed for free.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Gross Domestic Product" (GDP) is an economic term, not a medical one. GDP is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. It serves as a comprehensive measure of a nation’s overall economic activity.

If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I would be happy to help!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Encyclopedias" is not a medical term or concept. An encyclopedia is a reference work or a set of such works containing information on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. It provides comprehensive and summarized knowledge on a wide range of subjects, including science, history, literature, art, and more. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help!

... (ARMS) is a subtype of the rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue cancer family whose lineage is from ... March 1995). "The PAX3-FKHR fusion protein created by the t(2;13) translocation in alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas is a more potent ... FOXO genes Oncology Pax genes Barr, FG (2009-01-01). "Soft tissue tumors: Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma". Atlas of Genetics and ... Liu, Hongmei; Zhao, Wei; Huang, Meijuan; Zhou, Xiaojuan; Gong, Youling; Lu, You (2015-11-01). "Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of ...
... alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma, and spindle-cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma. Embryonal and alveolar ... Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma is also sometimes present in adult women, found in the cervix or uterus. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma ( ... Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma (undifferentiated rhabdomyosarcoma), also known as anaplastic rhabdomyosarcoma, is defined by the ... Thus, ARMS is also referred to as Fusion Positive rhabdomyosarcoma (FP-RMS). Up to 90% of alveolar RMS cases present with a ...
When examining embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma tumors vs. alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma tumors, a 2013 study had discovered that there ... Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is generally associated with better prognosis than alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, with a five-year ... ERMS accounts for 60% to 70% of rhabdomyosarcoma, the other being alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS), also known as PAX-fusion ... alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma have similar clinical presentation and outcome as embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, thus risk ...
... alveolar; 268220; PAX3 Rhabdomyosarcoma 2, alveolar; 268220; PAX7 Rhabdomyosarcoma; 268210; SLC22A1L Rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar ... ATP1A2 Alveolar capillary dysplasia with misalignment of pulmonary veins; 265380; FOXF1 Alveolar soft part sarcoma; 606243; ... ZFHX4 Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis; 265100; SLC34A2 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; 300770; CSF2RA Pulmonary fibrosis, ...
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma that occurs in children and is usually characterized by a ... Olanich ME, Barr FG (2013). "A call to ARMS: targeting the PAX3-FOXO1 gene in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma". review. Expert ... Barr FG (September 2001). "Gene fusions involving PAX and FOX family members in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma". review. Oncogene. ... "Fusion of a fork head domain gene to PAX3 in the solid tumour alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma". primary. Nature Genetics. 5 (3): 230- ...
Translocation of this gene with PAX3 has been associated with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. In Gluconeogenesis, FOXO1 gene ... "Fusion of a fork head domain gene to PAX3 in the solid tumour alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma". Nature Genetics. 5 (3): 230-5. doi: ... "Entrez Gene: FOXO1 forkhead box O1 (rhabdomyosarcoma)". Zhang X, Yalcin S, Lee DF, Yeh TY, Lee SM, Su J, Mungamuri SK, Rimmelé ... Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), also known as forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma (FKHR), is a protein that in humans is encoded by ...
... a novel gene cooperating with PAX3-FOXO1 in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS)". Carcinogenesis. 32 (4): 452-61. doi:10.1093/ ...
It is expressed at higher levels in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma than in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. In the brain, RMST is ... Rhabdomyosarcoma 2 associated transcript (RMST) is a long non-coding RNA. In humans, it is located on chromosome 12q21. ... "Identification of a novel gene NCRMS on chromosome 12q21 with differential expression between rhabdomyosarcoma subtypes". ...
This gene is strongly expressed in Ewing's sarcoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and normal testis. The protein encoded by this ...
2004). "Amplification of CDK4, MDM2, SAS and GLI genes in leiomyosarcoma, alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma". Histol. ...
"Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia following dactinomycin therapy in a child with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: the unresolved ... This includes Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, trophoblastic neoplasm, testicular cancer, and certain types of ... for treating rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. It is also used as a radiosensitizer in adjunct to radiotherapies, since it ... tumor Rhabdomyosarcoma Ewing's sarcoma Malignant hydatidiform mole Sometimes it will be combined with other drugs in ...
"In vivo amplification of the PAX3-FKHR and PAX7-FKHR fusion genes in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma" (PDF). Human Molecular Genetics ... "PAX3-FKHR and PAX7-FKHR gene fusions are prognostic indicators in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the children's ... suppression since fusion of this gene with a forkhead domain family member has been associated with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. ... Tiffin N, Williams RD, Shipley J, Pritchard-Jones K (July 2003). "PAX7 expression in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma suggests an ...
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a sarcoma composed of skeletal muscle cells; irregular growth in the primitive form of these skeletal ... When found histologically, a rhabdomyoblast aids the diagnosis of embryonal, alveolar, spindle cell/sclerosing, and pleomorphic ... In general, the severity of rhabdomyosarcomas vary based on the tumor location and other factors; the five year survival rates ... Qualman SJ, Coffin CM, Newton WA, Hojo H, Triche TJ, Parham DM, Crist WM (Nov 1998). "Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study: update ...
The tumor cases included 6 cases of Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, 2 cases of Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, and 2 cases of ... The 10 human rhabdomyosarcoma tumor exhibited decreased levels of methylation of CpG islands upstream of the first FGFR1 exon. ... Rhabdomyosarcoma is a highly malignant form of cancer that develops from immature skeletal muscle cell precursors viz., ... In addition, a single case of rhabdomyosarcoma tumor was found express co-amplified FOXO1 gene at 13q14 and FGFR1 gene at 8p11 ...
The differential diagnosis histologically includes rhabdomyosarcoma, granular cell tumor, alveolar soft part sarcoma, hibernoma ...
... a novel small-molecule inhibitor targets MDM2 and induces apoptosis in embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells with wild- ...
... for which the alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cell line Rh30 was chosen. After treatment with 50 µg/ml, far from a hoped-for decrease ...
... alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, and desmoplastic small round cell tumor, among others.[citation needed] On conventional radiographs ...
... while embryonal and alveolar morphology had equal distribution (3/6). Patients with the alveolar subtype harbored the ... MEM is part of a group of small round blue cell tumors which includes neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, ... Mesenchymal elements, represented by rhabdomyosarcoma, were the dominant component in the majority of cases (5/6) ... Translocations in Rhabdomyosarcoma without the Canonical PAX-FOXO1 fuse PAX3 to Members of the Nuclear Receptor Transcriptional ...
... a finding in common with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. They found as well 2 distinctive chromosome 6p21.32-p21.2 and 6p11.2 ... Differential diagnosis should consider rhabdomyosarcoma, Triton tumor, teratoma, Wilms tumor and benign, mature ... usually rhabdomyosarcoma . The most accepted theory suggests that this tumor arises from remnants of migratory neural crest ...
... alveolar and embryonal) rhabdomyosarcoma. Several oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are epigenetically altered in sarcomas. ... and rhabdomyosarcoma. Drug targeting and inhibition of EZH2 in Ewing's sarcoma, or of LSD1 in several sarcomas, inhibits tumor ... and rhabdomyosarcoma". Human Pathology. 43 (8): 1300-1307. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2011.10.010. PMID 22245111. Tam, Kit W.; Zhang ... and expression of the EZH2 component of the PRC2 complex is altered in Ewing's sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. Similarly, ...
She is a nine-year-old girl with terminal cancer (alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma), but tests reveal that her cancer is in remission ...
... donation by the Schiffmans helped provide bridge funding for Duke Children's research on alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), which ...
Leiomyosarcoma Fibrous histiocytoma Proximal epithelioid sarcoma Alveolar soft part sarcoma Liposarcoma Dermatofibrosarcoma ... types Adenoma of minor vestibular glands Mixed Tumors of the vulva Tumors of skin appendage origin Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma ( ...
... alveolar MeSH C04.557.450.590.550.660.675 - rhabdomyosarcoma, embryonal MeSH C04.557.450.590.775 - sarcoma, alveolar soft part ... rhabdomyosarcoma MeSH C04.557.450.795.550.660.665 - rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar MeSH C04.557.450.795.550.660.675 - ... alveolar soft part MeSH C04.557.450.795.800 - sarcoma, clear cell MeSH C04.557.450.795.820 - sarcoma, endometrial stromal MeSH ... bronchiolo-alveolar MeSH C04.557.470.200.025.045 - adenocarcinoma, clear cell MeSH C04.557.470.200.025.060 - adenocarcinoma, ...
... alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma, embryonal Rheumatic fever Rheumatism Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid purpura Rheumatoid vasculitis ... Rhabdomyomatous dysplasia cardiopathy genital anomalies Rhabdomyosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma 1 Rhabdomyosarcoma 2 Rhabdomyosarcoma ...
GLI inhibitor GANT-61 diminishes embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma growth by inhibiting Shh/AKT-mTOR axis. Oncotarget. ... including rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, neuroblastoma, and ovarian cancer. Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) directly binds to GLI1 and ...
Rhabdomyosarcoma is treated with surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. The majority of rhabdomyosarcoma patients have a 50-85 ... Epithelioid sarcoma Alveolar soft part sarcoma Clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma ... Wexler L (2004). "Rhabdomyosarcoma". ESUN. 1 (4). Retrieved 19 October 2011. Osteosarcoma Treatment & Management~treatment at ... Liposarcoma Treatment & Management~treatment at eMedicine "Rhabdomyosarcoma". Boston Children's Hospital. ...
... a 1997 Japanese manga series also known as ARMS Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, a form of cancer Arms, Amps root mean square, seen ...
... adult type Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma, NOS M8902/3 Mixed type rhabdomyosarcoma Mixed embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and alveolar ... botryoides Botryoid sarcoma M8912/3 Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma M8920/3 Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma M8921/3 Rhabdomyosarcoma ... Alveolar carcinoma M8252/3 Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma, non-mucinous (C34._) Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma, Club cell ... Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma, NOS Bronchiolar adenocarcinoma Bronchiolar carcinoma Alveolar cell carcinoma M8251/0 Alveolar ...
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is a subtype of the rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue cancer family whose lineage is from ... March 1995). "The PAX3-FKHR fusion protein created by the t(2;13) translocation in alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas is a more potent ... FOXO genes Oncology Pax genes Barr, FG (2009-01-01). "Soft tissue tumors: Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma". Atlas of Genetics and ... Liu, Hongmei; Zhao, Wei; Huang, Meijuan; Zhou, Xiaojuan; Gong, Youling; Lu, You (2015-11-01). "Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of ...
"Defining the cooperative genetic changes that temporally drive alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma." Cancer Res, vol. 68, no. 23, Dec. ... Defining the cooperative genetic changes that temporally drive alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma.. Publication , Journal Article ... "Defining the cooperative genetic changes that temporally drive alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma." Cancer Res 68, no. 23 (December 1, ... Defining the cooperative genetic changes that temporally drive alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res. 2008 Dec 1;68(23):9583-8. ...
... of all alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas. Approximately 20% of tumors diagnosed as alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma based on histologic ... Rhabdomyosarcoma includes two major histological subtypes, embryonal and alveolar. Of these, the alveolar type is associated ... The t(2;13)(q35;q14) translocation joins the PAX3 and FOXO1 (FKHR) genes in approximately 60% of alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, ... Two recurrent and distinctive chromosomal translocations occur in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. ...
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor of striated muscle origin. According to Rubin, it is derived from primitive mesenchyme ... Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. The alveolar subtype makes up about 31% of all cases of rhabdomyosarcoma. It is most frequently ... When the alveolar subtype is compared with the embryonal type, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is more common in patients with less ... Unlike embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma commonly demonstrates gene amplification, and its DNA content is ...
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma that does not respond to treatment. ... Refractory alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in an 11-year-old male.. ... Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma has superior response rates to vinorelbine compared to embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in patients with ... Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma has superior response rates to vinorelbine compared to embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in patients with ... Refractory alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in an 11-year-old male.. Ricker CA, Woods AD, Simonson W, Lathara M, Srinivasa G, ...
Study of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma copy number alterations by single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. / Lynn, Miriam; Shah, ... Rhabdomyosarcoma, the most common pediatric soft tissue malignancy arises in 2 major histologic forms: embryonal and alveolar. ... Study of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma copy number alterations by single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. In: Applied ... Lynn, M, Shah, N, Conroy, J, Ennis, S, Morris, T, Betts, D & OSullivan, M 2014, Study of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma copy ...
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancerous (malignant) tumor of the muscles that are attached to the bones. This cancer mostly affects ... Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancerous (malignant) tumor of the muscles that are attached to the bones. This cancer mostly affects ... Soft tissue cancer - rhabdomyosarcoma; Soft tissue sarcoma; Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma; Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma; Sarcoma ... The cause of rhabdomyosarcoma is unknown. It is a rare tumor with only several hundred new cases per year in the United States. ...
Children who are diagnosed with pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a mesenchymal-derived soft tissue cancer that comprises 3.5% ... A Role for POU3F3 in Myocyte Differentiation: Exploring New Frontier in Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Development. ... exploring new frontier in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma development. Poster presented at the 53rd Annual Medical Student Research ... SUMMARY: Children who are diagnosed with pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a mesenchymal-derived soft tissue cancer that ...
The most common kind of soft tissue sarcoma in children is rhabdomyosarcoma, which are tumors that arise from muscle tissue and ... Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma *This kind of rhabdomyosarcoma is more common in the: *Large muscles of the trunk ... Although the specific risk factors for rhabdomyosarcoma are unknown, there is an increased risk of rhabdomyosarcoma due to ... What Is Rhabdomyosarcoma? https://www.cancer.org/cancer/rhabdomyosarcoma/about/what-is-rhabdomyosarcoma.html. Chen C, Dorado ...
Primary alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the bone as a subtype of ARMS, seems to be a distinct clinico-pathological entity with ... From a pediatric oncology point of view, RMS has traditionally been classified into alveolar (ARMS) and embryonal (ERMS) ... proved a massive infiltration of the bone marrow cavity with rhabdomyosarcoma. In both cases, the ARMS subtype was confirmed ... Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin and comprises the largest category of soft-tissue sarcomas ...
An Atypical Presentation of Sinonasal Tract Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Young Male Patient Submitted to Multimodality ... An Atypical Presentation of Sinonasal Tract Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Young Male Pati ... Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a malignant tumor derived from the neoplastic proliferation of striated skeletal muscle cells, is the ... According to the histopathological analysis, the diagnosis was established corresponding to parameningeal alveolar RMS that was ...
... sensitizes alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma to radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Abstract. Treatment of ... sensitizes alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma to radiotherapy in vitro and in vivo. ... rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common a soft tissue sarcoma in childhood, provides intensive multimodal therapy, with ...
alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma:. - tends to occur in older children and adolescents;. - metastasis is common;. - w/o recurrent ... Rhabdomyosarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma. - See: Soft Tissue Menu. - Discussion:. - describes sarcomas of smooth muscle ( ... rhabdomyosarcoma has two forms:. - embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma:. - is the most common form of this tumor in children and young ... Factors predictive of mortality in pediatric extremity rhabdomyosarcoma.. Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma of the trunk and ...
Therapeutic targeting of ATR in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Dorado García H, Pusch F, Bei Y, von Stebut J, Ibáñez G, Guillan K, ...
Mediators of Metastasis in Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma. University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio / Koichi Nishijo ... Pax3-FKHR targets that enable bypass of cellular senescence in rhabdomyosarcoma. Duke University Medical Center / Corinne Mary ...
Identification of Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma Achilles Heel National Cancer Institute / Fernanda Arnaldez Young Investigator ... The role of primary cilia in rhabdomyosarcoma New York University School of Medicine / Brian Dynlacht, PhD Innovation Grants ...
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma may have a focally diffuse histological pattern that resembles PNET; however, an alveolar pattern is ... alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma, and DSRCT. Metastatic pulmonary small cell carcinoma usually ... Although rhabdomyosarcoma may sometimes stain for CD99, myogenic markers such as desmin, myogenin, or MyoD will be positive. [ ... Intravascular, bronchiolar, and alveolar tumor of the lung (IVBAT): an analysis of twenty cases of a peculiar sclerosing ...
Alveolar is more common in older children and teens. This type grows fast. Its more likely to spread to other parts of the ... What is rhabdomyosarcoma in children?. Rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of cancer. It starts in cells that should grow into skeletal ... Key Points About Rhabdomyosarcoma in Children. *Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that starts in the cells that develop ... How can I help my child live with rhabdomyosarcoma?. A child with rhabdomyosarcoma needs ongoing care. Your child will be seen ...
ERMS-embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS); ARMS-alveolar RMS; PRMS-pleomorphic RMS; SKM-skeletal muscle; GIST-gastrointestinal ...
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) makes up about 25-40% of RMS. This type is more commonly found in adolescents and often occurs ... Newly Diagnosed with Rhabdomyosarcoma. In Treatment for Rhabdomyosarcoma. After Treatment for Rhabdomyosarcoma ... Rhabdomyosarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS or rhabdo) is a tumor made up of cancerous cells that look like immature muscle cells ... Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is the most common type. *ERMS tends to occur in younger children. Common sites include the ...
Outcome and prognostic variables in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) with emphasis on impact of FOXO1 fusions in non-metastatic ... ARMS, Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma; COG, Childrens Oncology Group; EFS, Event-free survival; ERMS, Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma; ... Fusion gene-negative alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is clinically and molecularly indistinguishable from embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma ... Prognostic value of PAX-FKHR fusion status in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the cooperative soft tissue sarcoma ...
Thiryayi SA, Rana DN, Roulson J, Crosbie P, Woodhead M, Eyden BP, et al. Diagnosis of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma in effusion ... Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is the second most common subtype seen in childhood. These tumors have either PAX3-FOXO1 or a ... alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma).. SARCOMAS. Small round blue cell tumors (SRBCTs). SRBCTs are a subgroup of tumors [Table 1] that ... Jones RM, Vanden Bussche CJ. Alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas involving serous cavity fluid specimens exhibit diverse ...
The Hippo Pathway in Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma. $50,000 Grant for a Study led by Corinne Linardic MD, PhD. Department of ...
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. 4. Amenorrhoea. 1. Anaemia. 16. Anaesthesia. 1. Analgesic therapy. 11. ...
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas tend to be more homogeneous, whereas alveolar and pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcomas frequently have ... Rhabdomyosarcomas are the most common soft tissue tumor in children and account for 5-8% of childhood cancers 6,7, and 19% of ... Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a malignant tumor with skeletal muscle cell morphology. It is one of the tumors of muscular origin. ... Up to 20% of patients with rhabdomyosarcomas have metastases at the time of diagnosis 7. These are typical to lung and bone ...
She was diagnosed with Stage 4 alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare soft tissue cancer. Throughout her battle with cancer, Patty ...
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, a form of cancer. See also. *Arm (disambiguation). Read more ...
A Phase I Trial of TB-403 in Relapsed Medulloblastoma, Neuroblastoma, Ewing Sarcoma, and Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma. Saulnier ... A Phase I Trial of TB-403 in Relapsed Medulloblastoma, Neuroblastoma, Ewing Sarcoma, and Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma. Saulnier ...
Kick It Like Jackson for Metastatic Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS). 5K, 1M run ...
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma includes two major histological subtypes, embryonal and alveolar. (umich.edu)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma, the most common pediatric soft tissue malignancy arises in 2 major histologic forms: embryonal and alveolar. (sahmri.org.au)
  • among which embryonal and alveolar RMSs are the most common ones under the age of 20, while pleomorphic and spindle cell variants of the tumor may also occur in adults, with a peak at the 4th-5th and 6th -7th decades of lifetime, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The paternally imprinted DLK1-GTL2 locus is differentially methylated in embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas. (louisville.edu)
  • ARMS tumors resemble the alveolar tissue in the lungs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immunostaining for myogenin and for MyoD can be used to determine ARMS from other rhabdomyosarcoma tumors and immunostaining for AP2β and p-cadherin can distinguish fusion positive ARMS from fusion negative. (wikipedia.org)
  • ARMS accounts for roughly 20 to 30 percent of all rhabdomyosarcoma tumors and therefore accounts for roughly 1 percent of malignancies found in children and adolescents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma is a member of the group of "small round blue cell" tumors, and must be distinguished from morphologically similar pediatric tumors. (umich.edu)
  • Testing can aid in distinguishing alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma from other similar tumors. (umich.edu)
  • Approximately 20% of tumors diagnosed as alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma based on histologic grounds have been found to be negative for a PAX/FOXO1 translocation or fusion transcript. (umich.edu)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of sarcoma made up of tumors that arise from muscle tissue and spread throughout the body. (medicinenet.com)
  • Children with genitourinary tract cancers may manifest with a painless scrotal lump (paratesticular tumors), a projecting grape-like mass in the vagina ("botryoid" rhabdomyosarcoma), blood in the urine (bladder tumors), or frequent urination , often with a burning sensation or hesitation. (medicinenet.com)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma belongs to a group of tumors known as soft-tissue sarcomas and is the most common cancer in this group. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is a subtype of the rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue cancer family whose lineage is from mesenchymal cells and are related to skeletal muscle cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • these share considerably more with the genomic profiles and biological behavior of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma than with fusion-positive ARMS. (sahmri.org.au)
  • From a pediatric oncology point of view, RMS has traditionally been classified into alveolar (ARMS) and embryonal (ERMS) subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Primary alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the bone as a subtype of ARMS, seems to be a distinct clinico-pathological entity with challenging diagnostic difficulties and different, yet better, biological behavior in comparison to soft tissue ARMS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) makes up about 25-40% of RMS. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
  • Her research allowed for developing an easy PCR-based assay to phenotype embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS) rhabdomyosarcoma based on the methylation of imprinted regions within DLK1-MEG3 locus. (louisville.edu)
  • Postmortem histologic examination showed focal areas of alveolar damage and hyaline membrane formation with lymphocytic infiltrates. (cdc.gov)
  • Among sarcomas, Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma needs to be looked for, as a small biopsy may miss it. (cytojournal.com)
  • Wnt signaling is downregulated in embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) and contributes to the block of differentiation. (elifesciences.org)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a malignant tumor derived from the neoplastic proliferation of striated skeletal muscle cells , is the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcoma . (bvsalud.org)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare type of cancer that starts in the cells that develop into skeletal muscle cells. (childrensnational.org)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a malignant tumor with skeletal muscle cell morphology. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Rhabdomyosarcomas are thought not to arise from skeletal muscle, but rather to differentiate into a tumor that resembles skeletal muscle 7 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancer arising from embryonal mesenchymal cells that have potential to differentiate into skeletal muscle cells. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is the most common type. (childrensoncologygroup.org)
  • Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) accounts for the majority (~60%) of all RMS cases. (elifesciences.org)
  • Sufferers with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (Hands) have got poorer response to conventional chemotherapy and decrease survival prices than people that have embryonal RMS (ERMS). (arcillaresearch.com)
  • Two recurrent and distinctive chromosomal translocations occur in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. (umich.edu)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma can occur in many places in the body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • La amplificación o sobreexpresión de N-Myc ocurre en más del 20 por ciento de los tumores y se asocia a mal pronóstico en casos de NEUROBLASTOMA, RABDOMIOSARCOMA ALVEOLAR, CARCINOMA PULMONAR DE CÉLULAS PEQUEÑAS y cáncer de próstata neuroendocrino. (bvsalud.org)
  • Many different chemotherapy drugs are active against rhabdomyosarcoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study-4 risk stratification was used, with treatment based on a multimodality-regimen with chemotherapy (Vincristine/Ifosfamide/Etoposide and Vincristine/Actinomycin-D/Cyclophosphamide) and appropriate local therapy. (ecancer.org)
  • Treatment for patients with rhabdomyosarcoma involves a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Approximately 90% of all cases of rhabdomyosarcoma are diagnosed in individuals younger than 25 years, and within this group, 60-70% are younger than 10 years. (medscape.com)
  • Every year, 400 to 500 new cases of rhabdomyosarcoma are detected in the United States. (medicinenet.com)
  • In a phase II trial of 87 patients with rhabdomyosarcoma who had experienced a first relapse or disease progression and whose prognosis was unfavorable, temsirolimus (Torisel) proved superior to bevacizumab (Asvastin) as add-on therapy. (medscape.com)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor of striated muscle origin. (medscape.com)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancerous (malignant) tumor of the muscles that are attached to the bones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin and comprises the largest category of soft-tissue sarcomas both in children and adolescents. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of these, the alveolar type is associated with a worse prognosis. (umich.edu)
  • SUMMARY: Children who are diagnosed with pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a mesenchymal-derived soft tissue cancer that comprises 3.5% of childhood cancers, are often delivered a bleak prognosis with little hope of a future. (tdl.org)
  • The term "alveolar" refers to cancer cells that develop little hollow pockets or "alveoli. (medicinenet.com)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma is a type of cancer. (childrensnational.org)
  • She was diagnosed with Stage 4 alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma , a rare soft tissue cancer. (yahoo.com)
  • On June 24 2011 our 3 year old daughter Lauren was diagnosed with a rare, aggressive cancer called alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. (who.int)
  • Sam was diagnosed with a rare form of cancer known as Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma and had only a 15% chance of survival. (gofundme.com)
  • The plaintiff alleged that the provider failed to diagnose cancer in the form of a lump that grew on the infant for a year before a pediatric oncologist ultimately diagnosed the lump as stage IV alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. (ecri.org)
  • More than 1,100 cars and motorcycles took part Saturday morning in a birthday celebration at the Willamette Speedway for Thomas Radley, now 14, who's battling alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare stage 4 bone cancer. (sweethomenews.com)
  • Family history of cancer and childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group and the Utah Population Database. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Rhabdomyosarcomas are the most common soft tissue tumor in children and account for 5-8% of childhood cancers 6,7 , and 19% of all pediatric soft tissue sarcomas 7 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Call your provider if your child has symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) might differ greatly depending on where the tumor develops. (medicinenet.com)
  • What are the symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma in children? (childrensnational.org)
  • The symptoms of rhabdomyosarcoma are a lot like those of other, more common, health conditions. (childrensnational.org)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a soft tissue tumor derived from mesenchymal tissue with myogenic differentiation and associated with the embryogenesis of striated muscle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood and adolescence. (duke.edu)
  • [ 1 ] Rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck is primarily a disease of the first decade of life, and it is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood. (medscape.com)
  • Childhood rhabdomyosarcoma treatment (PDQ) health professional version. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is among the most common soft tissue sarcomas in childhood and adolescence with 4.5 new cases/1 million person/year in the USA and incidences in Europe share similar numbers [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common a soft tissue sarcoma in childhood, provides intensive multimodal therapy, with radiotherapy (RT) playing a critical role for local tumor control. (saludintegral.hn)
  • This assay is expected to be positive in approximately 80% of all alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas. (umich.edu)
  • The t(2;13)(q35;q14) translocation joins the PAX3 and FOXO1 (FKHR) genes in approximately 60% of alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, while the less common t(1;13)(p36;q14) joins PAX7 with FOXO1 in approximately 20% of cases. (umich.edu)
  • Future directions in risk stratification and therapy for advanced pediatric genitourinary rhabdomyosarcoma. (nih.gov)
  • In the head and neck, the most common sites of rhabdomyosarcoma are parameningeal and orbital locations, which account for 16% and 9% of all cases of the disease, respectively. (medscape.com)
  • According to the histopathological analysis , the diagnosis was established corresponding to parameningeal alveolar RMS that was unresectable. (bvsalud.org)
  • As a result, 5-year survival rates increased from 25% in 1970 to 73%, as shown in the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study (IRS)-IV reported in 2001. (medscape.com)
  • In a retrospective study of 28 pediatric patients with head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma published in 2018, Häußler et al found the 5-year overall survival rate to be 91.3%, with the median period of progression-free survival reported to be 46 months. (medscape.com)
  • Dr. Schneider's work led to the identification of changes in genomic imprinting of DLK1-MEG3 locus in rhabdomyosarcoma and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and pointed to their role in diagnosis and patient survival prediction. (louisville.edu)
  • In a second study of 461 children with intermediate-risk rhabdomyosarcoma, adding irinotecan to combination treatment with vincristine, dactinomycin, and cyclophosphamide (VAC) did not improve overall or event-free survival. (medscape.com)
  • Comparing adult and pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma in the surveillance, epidemiology and end results program, 1973 to 2005: An analysis of 2,600 patients. (merckmanuals.com)
  • 3. Linardic CM, Wexler LH: Rhabdomyosarcoma: Epidemiology and Genetic Susceptibilty. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Vinorelbine and low-dose cyclophosphamide in the treatment of pediatric sarcomas: pilot study for the upcoming European Rhabdomyosarcoma Protocol. (nih.gov)
  • This is the first description of the primary multiple heart rhabdomyosarcoma in a dog. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Is Rhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma? (medicinenet.com)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • Pax3-FKHR targets that enable bypass of cellular senescence in rhabdomyosarcoma. (alexslemonade.org)
  • When present in the extremities in children, embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas may cause bowing of the adjacent long bones. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The annual incidence of rhabdomyosarcoma in the United States is 4.5 cases per 1 million children younger than 14 years. (medscape.com)
  • Biopsies, proved a massive infiltration of the bone marrow cavity with rhabdomyosarcoma. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma represents 3.5% of all malignancies in children aged 0-14 years, with approximately 250 new cases diagnosed each year. (medscape.com)
  • Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common subtype observed in children, accounting for approximately 60% of all cases in this age group. (medscape.com)
  • Most children with rhabdomyosarcoma do not have any known risk factors. (medlineplus.gov)
  • With intensive treatment, most children with rhabdomyosarcoma are able to survive long-term. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What is rhabdomyosarcoma in children? (childrensnational.org)
  • Alveolar is more common in older children and teens. (childrensnational.org)
  • Which children are at risk for rhabdomyosarcoma? (childrensnational.org)
  • How is rhabdomyosarcoma in children diagnosed? (childrensnational.org)
  • Two thirds of rhabdomyosarcomas are diagnosed in children 7 years of age. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Over several decades, great progress has been made in the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma. (medscape.com)
  • Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma that does not respond to treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Treatment depends on the site and type of rhabdomyosarcoma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An Atypical Presentation of Sinonasal Tract Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma in a Young Male Patient Submitted to Multimodality Treatment. (bvsalud.org)
  • Alveolar RMS can be characterized by a recurrent cytogenetic alteration involving FOXO-1 and PAX3 or PAX7 genes, and the consecutive translocations (t(2;13) or t(1;13) respectively) lead to the excess synthesis of fusion proteins with oncogenic effects [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)