Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.
A febrile disease occurring as a delayed sequela of infections with STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES. It is characterized by multiple focal inflammatory lesions of the connective tissue structures, such as the heart, blood vessels, and joints (POLYARTHRITIS) and brain, and by the presence of ASCHOFF BODIES in the myocardium and skin.
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.
Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).
Semisynthetic antibiotic prepared by combining the sodium salt of penicillin G with N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine.
Territory in north central Australia, between the states of Queensland and Western Australia. Its capital is Darwin.
A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from skin lesions, blood, inflammatory exudates, and the upper respiratory tract of humans. It is a group A hemolytic Streptococcus that can cause SCARLET FEVER and RHEUMATIC FEVER.
Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of BLOOD from the HEART VENTRICLES to the HEART ATRIA or from the PULMONARY ARTERIES or AORTA to the ventricles.
Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.
The comparative and theoretical study of culture, often synonymous with cultural anthropology.
Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.
An international professional organization composed of one association per country for the purpose of improving and developing nursing's contribution to the promotion of health and care of the sick.
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.
Act of listening for sounds within the heart.
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
An excessive number of individuals, human or animal, in relation to available space.
The valve between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart.
Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (ENDOCARDIUM), the continuous membrane lining the four chambers and HEART VALVES. It is often caused by microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and rickettsiae. Left untreated, endocarditis can damage heart valves and become life-threatening.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.
The structure of one molecule that imitates or simulates the structure of a different molecule.
whoa, hold up! 'New Mexico' is a state in the United States, it isn't a medical term or concept. It might be confused with a location name or geographical term. Let me know if you need information about a medical topic and I'd be happy to help!
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.
A country in northeastern Africa. The capital is Khartoum.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the islands of the central and South Pacific, including Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and traditionally Australasia.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.
A device that substitutes for a heart valve. It may be composed of biological material (BIOPROSTHESIS) and/or synthetic material.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term that can be defined in a medical context. It is a geographical location, referring to the Republic of India, a country in South Asia. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
A republic in eastern Africa, south of SUDAN and west of KENYA. Its capital is Kampala.
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.
Countries in the process of change with economic growth, that is, an increase in production, per capita consumption, and income. The process of economic growth involves better utilization of natural and human resources, which results in a change in the social, political, and economic structures.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.
A republic in southern Africa, the southernmost part of Africa. It has three capitals: Pretoria (administrative), Cape Town (legislative), and Bloemfontein (judicial). Officially the Republic of South Africa since 1960, it was called the Union of South Africa 1910-1960.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Surgical insertion of synthetic material to repair injured or diseased heart valves.
The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle.

Anti-heart autoantibodies in ischaemic heart disease patients. (1/426)

One hundred and ninety-nine ischaemic heart disease (IHD) patients were studied with regard to the prevalence of anti-heart autoantibodies (AHA). The incidence of AHA in IHD patients was 1%: one out of 102 patients who suffered acute myocardial infarction (AMI), one out of seventy-two patients who suffered from acute coronary insufficiency (ACI), and none out of twenty-five patients with other signs and symptoms of IHD, had AHA in their sera. An additional 2% of patients who suffered from AMI developed detectable antibody levels during a follow-up period of 15 days. In comparison,, 53% of patients (eight out of fifteen) who underwent heart surgery and who had no AHA prior to operation, developed these antibodies in their sera during 1-2 weeks following operation.  (+info)

Rheumatic chorea in northern Australia: a clinical and epidemiological study. (2/426)

To describe the epidemiology and clinical features of Sydenham's chorea in the Aboriginal population of northern Australia a review was conducted of 158 episodes in 108 people: 106 were Aborigines, 79 were female, and the mean age was 10.9 years at first episode. Chorea occurred in 28% of cases of acute rheumatic fever, carditis occurred in 25% of episodes of chorea, and arthritis in 8%. Patients with carditis or arthritis tended to have raised acute phase reactants and streptococcal serology. Two episodes lasted at least 30 months. Mean time to first recurrence of chorea was 2.1 years compared with 1.2 years to second recurrence. Established rheumatic heart disease developed in 58% of cases and was more likely in those presenting with acute carditis, although most people who developed rheumatic heart disease did not have evidence of acute carditis with chorea. Differences in the patterns of chorea and other manifestations of acute rheumatic fever in different populations may hold clues to its pathogenesis. Long term adherence to secondary prophylaxis is crucial following all episodes of acute rheumatic fever, including chorea, to prevent recurrence.  (+info)

Superantigen-induced T cell responses in acute rheumatic fever and chronic rheumatic heart disease patients. (3/426)

CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from healthy donors, acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and chronic rheumatic heart disease (CRHD) patients responded variably to a superantigen from Streptococcus pyogenes--Streptococcal pyrogenic erythrogenic toxin A (SPE-A). In vitro culture of CD4+ T cells from ARF patients (CD4-ARF) with SPE-A exhibited a Th1 type of response as they produced high levels of IL-2, while CD4+ T cells from CRHD patients (CD4-RHD) secreted IL-4 and IL-10 in large amounts, i.e. Th2 type of cytokine profile. The skewing of human CD4+ T cells (in response to SPE-A stimulation) to Th1 or Th2 type reflects the role of the two subsets in a disorder with differing intensities at the two extremes of the spectrum. Moreover, the anergy induction experiments revealed that CD8-ARF and CD8-RHD undergo anergy (to different extents), whereas CD4+ T cells do not, in response to re-stimulation by SPE-A. These results initially demonstrate that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells respond differentially to SPE-A, and hence it is an important observation with respect to the pathogenesis of ARF/CRHD. Anergy in CD8+ T cells in the presence of SPE-A in vitro goes a step further to show the clinical relevance of these cells and their possible role in suppression of the disease.  (+info)

HLA class II associations with rheumatic heart disease are more evident and consistent among clinically homogeneous patients. (4/426)

BACKGROUND: Discrepancies in reported HLA class II associations with rheumatic heart disease (RHD) may have been due to inaccuracies of serological typing reagents and/or lack of defined clinical classification of patients analyzed. The molecular association between HLA and RHD was investigated in patients with defined clinical outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: Class II allele/haplotype distribution was determined in 2 groups of RHD patients (n=88) and a control group (n=59). Patients were divided into the mitral valve disease (MVD) category (ie, those with mitral regurgitation with or without mitral stenosis) and the multivalvular lesions (MVL) category, with impairment of aortic and/or tricuspid valves in addition to mitral valve damage. The MVD category (n=65) accounted for 74% of patients and included significantly fewer recurrent RF episodes compared with MVL patients (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Significant increases in DRB1*0701 and DQA1*0201 alleles and DRB1*0701-DQA1*0201 haplotypes were found in patients. Removal of the MVL patients from analysis increased the strength of HLA associations among the MVD sample. The frequency of DQA1*0103 allele was decreased and the DQB1*0603 allele was absent from the patient group, suggesting that these alleles may confer protective effects against RHD. DQ alleles in linkage disequilibrium with DR alleles appear to influence risk/protection effect: whereas the DRB1*13-DQA1*0501-3-DQB1*0301 haplotype showed a trend toward risk, the DRB1*13-DQA1*0103-DQB1*0603 haplotype was absent in the RHD sample. Our data indicate that certain class II alleles/haplotypes are associated with risk or protection from RHD and that these associations appear to be stronger and more consistent when analyzed in patients with relatively more homogeneous clinical manifestations.  (+info)

The natural history of aortic valve disease after mitral valve surgery. (5/426)

OBJECTIVES: The present study evaluates the long-term course of aortic valve disease and the need for aortic valve surgery in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease who underwent mitral valve surgery. BACKGROUND: Little is known about the natural history of aortic valve disease in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery for rheumatic mitral valve disease. In addition there is no firm policy regarding the appropriate treatment of mild aortic valve disease while replacing the mitral valve. METHODS: One-hundred thirty-one patients (44 male, 87 female; mean age 61+/-13 yr, range 35 to 89) were followed after mitral valve surgery for a mean period of 13+/-7 years. All patients had rheumatic heart disease. Aortic valve function was assessed preoperatively by cardiac catheterization and during follow-up by transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS: At the time of mitral valve surgery, 59 patients (45%) had mild aortic valve disease: 7 (5%) aortic stenosis (AS), 58 (44%) aortic regurgitation (AR). At the end of follow-up, 96 patients (73%) had aortic valve disease: 33 AS (mild or moderate except in two cases) and 90 AR (mild or moderate except in one case). Among patients without aortic valve disease at the time of the mitral valve surgery, only three patients developed significant aortic valve disease after 25 years of follow-up procedures. Disease progression was noted in three of the seven patients with AS (2 to severe) and in six of the fifty eight with AR (1 to severe). Fifty two (90%) with mild AR remained stable after a mean follow-up period of 16 years. In only three patients (2%) the aortic valve disease progressed significantly after 9, 17 and 22 years. In only six patients of the entire cohort (5%), aortic valve replacement was needed after a mean period of 21 years (range 15 to 33). In four of them the primary indication for the second surgery was dysfunction of the prosthetic mitral valve. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that, among patients with rheumatic heart disease, a considerable number of patients have mild aortic valve disease at the time of mitral valve surgery. Yet most do not progress to severe disease, and aortic valve replacement is rarely needed after a long follow-up period. Thus, prophylactic valve replacement is not indicated in these cases.  (+info)

Predictors of clinical events or restenosis during follow-up after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. (6/426)

AIMS: The purpose of this study is to define predictors of events or restenosis during follow-up after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy was attempted in 137 patients with severe mitral valve stenosis. In 127 patients follow-up was complete with a mean of 4.2 +/- 2.6 years. Events during follow-up were defined as death, mitral valve surgery or repeat percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. Restenosis was defined as a decrease in mitral valve area from > or = 1.5 cm2 following percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy to < 1.5 cm2. There was 80 +/- 4% event-free survival 4 years after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy. Multivariate analysis showed chronic atrial fibrillation at baseline (P = 0.039, relative risk (RR) = 2.5) and a high residual maximal gradient after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (P = 0.004, RR = 2.0 per 5 mmHg) to be independent predictors of an event during follow-up. The restenosis rate was 28.3% after 4 years. Chronic atrial fibrillation at baseline (P = 0.0338, RR = 2.2), a small mitral valve area after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (P = 0.0003, RR = 0.8/0.1 cm2) and a high residual maximal transmitral gradient (P = 0.0252, RR = 1.6/5 mmHg) were all independent predictors of restenosis. CONCLUSION: Patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and a high maximal transmitral gradient after percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy have a higher risk for events during follow-up. Restenosis is related to the presence of chronic atrial fibrillation at baseline and a suboptimal percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy result.  (+info)

Electron microscopic observations of apoptotic cells in various etiologies of human cardiovascular diseases. (7/426)

OBJECTIVE: To observe apoptotic process in various cardiovascular disorders with a particular attention to the ultrastructural morphology of apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. METHODS: Transmission electron microscopic observations of the tissue specimens obtained from endomyocardial biopsies or surgical excisions of left ventricular myocardium or calcified aortic valves were carried out in 50 patients with various cardiovascular diseases. RESULTS: The ultrastructural features of apoptosis was consistently observed in cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in all diseased tissues. In cardiomyopathies and rheumatic heart diseases apoptosis was commonly observed in the cardiomyocytes. It was often found that fibroblasts underwent apoptosis in calcific aortic valve tissues. Apoptosis of arterial smooth muscle cells was a frequent finding in renal arterial stenosis due to Takayasu's arteritis and fibromuscular dysplasia. Regardless of the cell types, the nuclear hallmarks of apoptosis were identical with minor modifications of the fragmentation of the condensed cells into apoptotic bodies. CONCLUSIONS: Based on electron microscopic findings, it is suggested that the underlying disease processes determine which type of cells predominantly undergoes apoptotic changes in various cardiovascular disorders. In addition, different cells with similar structural morphology may have common ultrastructural features of apoptosis.  (+info)

Injuries and noncommunicable diseases: emerging health problems of children in developing countries. (8/426)

The present article identifies, for children living in developing countries, the major causes of ill-health that are inadequately covered by established health programmes. Injuries and noncommunicable diseases, notably asthma, epilepsy, dental caries, diabetes mellitus and rheumatic heart disease, are growing in significance. In countries where resources are scarce it is to be expected that increasing importance will be attached to the development and implementation of measures against these problems. Their control may benefit from the application of elements of programmes directed against infectious, nutritional and perinatal disorders, which continue to predominate.  (+info)

Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is defined as a chronic heart condition caused by damage to the heart valves due to untreated or inadequately treated streptococcal throat infection (strep throat). The immune system's response to this infection can mistakenly attack and damage the heart tissue, leading to inflammation and scarring of the heart valves. This damage can result in narrowing, leakage, or abnormal functioning of the heart valves, which can further lead to complications such as heart failure, stroke, or infective endocarditis.

RHD is a preventable and treatable condition if detected early and managed effectively. It primarily affects children and young adults in developing countries where access to healthcare and antibiotics for strep throat infections may be limited. Long-term management of RHD typically involves medications, regular monitoring, and sometimes surgical intervention to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

Rheumatic fever is a systemic inflammatory disease that may occur following an untreated Group A streptococcal infection, such as strep throat. It primarily affects children between the ages of 5 and 15, but it can occur at any age. The condition is characterized by inflammation in various parts of the body, including the heart (carditis), joints (arthritis), skin (erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules), and brain (Sydenham's chorea).

The onset of rheumatic fever usually occurs 2-4 weeks after a streptococcal infection. The exact cause of the immune system's overreaction leading to rheumatic fever is not fully understood, but it involves molecular mimicry between streptococcal antigens and host tissues.

The Jones Criteria are used to diagnose rheumatic fever, which include:

1. Evidence of a preceding streptococcal infection (e.g., positive throat culture or rapid strep test, elevated or rising anti-streptolysin O titer)
2. Carditis (heart inflammation), including new murmurs or changes in existing murmurs, electrocardiogram abnormalities, or evidence of heart failure
3. Polyarthritis (inflammation of multiple joints) – typically large joints like the knees and ankles, migratory, and may be associated with warmth, swelling, and pain
4. Erythema marginatum (a skin rash characterized by pink or red, irregularly shaped macules or rings that blanch in the center and spread outward)
5. Subcutaneous nodules (firm, round, mobile lumps under the skin, usually over bony prominences)
6. Sydenham's chorea (involuntary, rapid, irregular movements, often affecting the face, hands, and feet)

Treatment of rheumatic fever typically involves antibiotics to eliminate any residual streptococcal infection, anti-inflammatory medications like corticosteroids or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to manage symptoms and prevent long-term heart complications, and secondary prophylaxis with regular antibiotic administration to prevent recurrent streptococcal infections.

Rheumatic diseases are a group of disorders that cause pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or bones. They include conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), gout, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and many others. These diseases can also affect other body systems including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, kidneys, and nervous system. Rheumatic diseases are often chronic and may be progressive, meaning they can worsen over time. They can cause significant pain, disability, and reduced quality of life if not properly diagnosed and managed. The exact causes of rheumatic diseases are not fully understood, but genetics, environmental factors, and immune system dysfunction are believed to play a role in their development.

Heart valve diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function of one or more of the heart's four valves (tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic). These valves are responsible for controlling the direction and flow of blood through the heart. Heart valve diseases can cause the valves to become narrowed (stenosis), leaky (regurgitation or insufficiency), or improperly closed (prolapse), leading to disrupted blood flow within the heart and potentially causing symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, chest pain, and irregular heart rhythms. The causes of heart valve diseases can include congenital defects, age-related degenerative changes, infections, rheumatic heart disease, and high blood pressure. Treatment options may include medications, surgical repair or replacement of the affected valve(s), or transcatheter procedures.

Penicillin G Benzathine is a type of antibiotic that is used to treat various bacterial infections. According to the International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, Penicillin G Benzathine is a "water-soluble salt of penicillin G, which has a very high degree of stability and provides prolonged low-level serum concentrations after intramuscular injection."

It is often used to treat infections caused by streptococci and treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis. Penicillin G Benzathine works by interfering with the ability of these bacteria to form a cell wall, which is essential for their survival. Without a functional cell wall, the bacteria are unable to grow and multiply, and are eventually destroyed by the body's immune system.

Penicillin G Benzathine is typically administered via intramuscular injection, and its prolonged release allows for less frequent dosing compared to other forms of penicillin. However, it may not be suitable for all patients, particularly those with a history of allergic reactions to penicillin or other antibiotics. As with any medication, Penicillin G Benzathine should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Northern Territory" is not a medical term. It is a geographical and political term referring to a federal territory in Australia. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive, beta-hemolytic streptococcus bacterium that causes various suppurative (pus-forming) and nonsuppurative infections in humans. It is also known as group A Streptococcus (GAS) due to its ability to produce the M protein, which confers type-specific antigenicity and allows for serological classification into more than 200 distinct Lancefield groups.

S. pyogenes is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, and acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. In rare cases, it can lead to invasive diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS).

The bacterium is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected skin lesions. Effective prevention strategies include good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and avoiding sharing personal items, as well as prompt recognition and treatment of infections to prevent spread.

Heart valves are specialized structures in the heart that ensure unidirectional flow of blood through its chambers during the cardiac cycle. There are four heart valves: the tricuspid valve and the mitral (bicuspid) valve, located between the atria and ventricles, and the pulmonic (pulmonary) valve and aortic valve, located between the ventricles and the major blood vessels leaving the heart.

The heart valves are composed of thin flaps of tissue called leaflets or cusps, which are supported by a fibrous ring. The aortic and pulmonic valves have three cusps each, while the tricuspid and mitral valves have three and two cusps, respectively.

The heart valves open and close in response to pressure differences across them, allowing blood to flow forward into the ventricles during diastole (filling phase) and preventing backflow of blood into the atria during systole (contraction phase). A properly functioning heart valve ensures efficient pumping of blood by the heart and maintains normal blood circulation throughout the body.

Pharyngitis is the medical term for inflammation of the pharynx, which is the back portion of the throat. This condition is often characterized by symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and scratchiness in the throat. Pharyngitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral infections (such as the common cold), bacterial infections (such as strep throat), and irritants (such as smoke or chemical fumes). Treatment for pharyngitis depends on the underlying cause of the condition, but may include medications to relieve symptoms or antibiotics to treat a bacterial infection.

Heart disease is a broad term for a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. It's often used to refer to conditions that include:

1. Coronary artery disease (CAD): This is the most common type of heart disease. It occurs when the arteries that supply blood to the heart become hardened and narrowed due to the buildup of cholesterol and other substances, which can lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or a heart attack.

2. Heart failure: This condition occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs. It can be caused by various conditions, including coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, and cardiomyopathy.

3. Arrhythmias: These are abnormal heart rhythms, which can be too fast, too slow, or irregular. They can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and fainting.

4. Valvular heart disease: This involves damage to one or more of the heart's four valves, which control blood flow through the heart. Damage can be caused by various conditions, including infection, rheumatic fever, and aging.

5. Cardiomyopathy: This is a disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood efficiently. It can be caused by various factors, including genetics, viral infections, and drug abuse.

6. Pericardial disease: This involves inflammation or other problems with the sac surrounding the heart (pericardium). It can cause chest pain and other symptoms.

7. Congenital heart defects: These are heart conditions that are present at birth, such as a hole in the heart or abnormal blood vessels. They can range from mild to severe and may require medical intervention.

8. Heart infections: The heart can become infected by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, leading to various symptoms and complications.

It's important to note that many factors can contribute to the development of heart disease, including genetics, lifestyle choices, and certain medical conditions. Regular check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the risk of developing heart disease.

Ethnology is a branch of anthropology that focuses on the systematic study of the cultural, biological, social, and linguistic diversity of human groups both past and present. It involves the comparison and analysis of different ethnic groups, their customs, beliefs, and practices, with the aim of understanding the underlying patterns and processes that shape human culture and society.

In a medical context, ethnology can be used to study the cultural factors that influence health outcomes and healthcare practices among different populations. This may include examining traditional healing systems, attitudes towards illness and disease, and the social determinants of health in different ethnic groups. The insights gained from such research can help inform the development of culturally sensitive healthcare policies and interventions that are tailored to the needs of diverse communities.

Streptococcal infections are a type of infection caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes). These bacteria can cause a variety of illnesses, ranging from mild skin infections to serious and potentially life-threatening conditions such as sepsis, pneumonia, and necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease).

Some common types of streptococcal infections include:

* Streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) - an infection of the throat and tonsils that can cause sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
* Impetigo - a highly contagious skin infection that causes sores or blisters on the skin.
* Cellulitis - a bacterial infection of the deeper layers of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause redness, swelling, pain, and warmth in the affected area.
* Scarlet fever - a streptococcal infection that causes a bright red rash on the body, high fever, and sore throat.
* Necrotizing fasciitis - a rare but serious bacterial infection that can cause tissue death and destruction of the muscles and fascia (the tissue that covers the muscles).

Treatment for streptococcal infections typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect a streptococcal infection, as prompt treatment can help prevent serious complications.

The International Council of Nurses (ICN) is not a medical organization, but rather a non-governmental organization that represents the nursing profession worldwide. Here's a medical definition-like description:

The International Council of Nurses (ICN) is a global federation of more than 130 national nurses' associations, representing the millions of nurses worldwide. Established in 1899, ICN is the international voice of nursing, advocating for quality health care, nursing education, evidence-based practice, and research. ICN sets standards, influences health policy, and promotes ethical nursing practice and the rights of nurses and patients. It works closely with other health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), to promote global health and nursing concerns.

In medical terms, the heart is a muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity that functions as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. It's responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. The human heart is divided into four chambers: two atria on the top and two ventricles on the bottom. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the rest of the body. The heart's rhythmic contractions and relaxations are regulated by a complex electrical conduction system.

Mitral valve stenosis is a cardiac condition characterized by the narrowing or stiffening of the mitral valve, one of the four heart valves that regulate blood flow through the heart. This narrowing prevents the mitral valve from fully opening during diastole (relaxation phase of the heart cycle), leading to restricted flow of oxygenated blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle.

The narrowing or stiffening of the mitral valve can be caused by various factors, such as rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart defects, aging, or calcium deposits on the valve leaflets. As a result, the left atrium has to work harder to pump blood into the left ventricle, causing increased pressure in the left atrium and pulmonary veins. This can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, coughing, and heart palpitations.

Mitral valve stenosis is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging techniques like echocardiography or cardiac catheterization. Treatment options may include medications to manage symptoms and prevent complications, as well as surgical interventions such as mitral valve repair or replacement to alleviate the stenosis and improve heart function.

Heart auscultation is a medical procedure in which a healthcare professional uses a stethoscope to listen to the sounds produced by the heart. The process involves placing the stethoscope on various locations of the chest wall to hear different areas of the heart.

The sounds heard during auscultation are typically related to the opening and closing of the heart valves, as well as the turbulence created by blood flow through the heart chambers. These sounds can provide important clues about the structure and function of the heart, allowing healthcare professionals to diagnose various cardiovascular conditions such as heart murmurs, valvular disorders, and abnormal heart rhythms.

Heart auscultation is a key component of a physical examination and requires proper training and experience to interpret the findings accurately.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. They can affect any part of the heart's structure, including the walls of the heart, the valves inside the heart, and the major blood vessels that lead to and from the heart.

Congenital heart defects can range from mild to severe and can cause various symptoms depending on the type and severity of the defect. Some common symptoms of CHDs include cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails), shortness of breath, fatigue, poor feeding, and slow growth in infants and children.

There are many different types of congenital heart defects, including:

1. Septal defects: These are holes in the walls that separate the four chambers of the heart. The two most common septal defects are atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD).
2. Valve abnormalities: These include narrowed or leaky valves, which can affect blood flow through the heart.
3. Obstruction defects: These occur when blood flow is blocked or restricted due to narrowing or absence of a part of the heart's structure. Examples include pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta.
4. Cyanotic heart defects: These cause a lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to cyanosis. Examples include tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries.

The causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetic factors and environmental influences during pregnancy may play a role. Some CHDs can be detected before birth through prenatal testing, while others may not be diagnosed until after birth or later in childhood. Treatment for CHDs may include medication, surgery, or other interventions to improve blood flow and oxygenation of the body's tissues.

In the context of healthcare, "crowding" refers to a situation where there are more patients seeking care than the available resources (such as space, staff, and equipment) can accommodate. This can lead to prolonged wait times, decreased quality of care, and increased risks for patients and healthcare workers. Crowding is often seen in emergency departments and can be caused by factors such as an influx of patients, lack of hospital beds, or inefficient patient flow.

The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, is a two-leaflet valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart. Its function is to ensure unidirectional flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle during the cardiac cycle. The mitral valve consists of two leaflets (anterior and posterior), the chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, and the left atrial and ventricular myocardium. Dysfunction of the mitral valve can lead to various heart conditions such as mitral regurgitation or mitral stenosis.

Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart chambers and heart valves, called the endocardium. This inflammation typically results from a bacterial or, less commonly, fungal infection that travels through the bloodstream and attaches to damaged areas of the heart.

There are two main types of endocarditis:

1. Acute Endocarditis: Develops quickly and can be severe, causing fever, chills, shortness of breath, fatigue, and heart murmurs. It may lead to serious complications like heart failure, embolism (blood clots that travel to other parts of the body), and damage to heart valves.

2. Subacute Endocarditis: Develops more slowly, often causing milder symptoms that can be mistaken for a cold or flu. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, fever, night sweats, weight loss, joint pain, and heart murmurs. Subacute endocarditis is more likely to affect people with previously damaged heart valves or congenital heart conditions.

Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics or antifungal medications, depending on the cause of the infection. In some cases, surgery may be required to repair or replace damaged heart valves. Preventive measures include good oral hygiene and prompt treatment of infections, especially in individuals at a higher risk for endocarditis, such as those with congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, or previous history of endocarditis.

Streptococcal vaccines are immunizations designed to protect against infections caused by Streptococcus bacteria. These vaccines contain antigens, which are substances that trigger an immune response and help the body recognize and fight off specific types of Streptococcus bacteria. There are several different types of streptococcal vaccines available or in development, including:

1. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV): This vaccine protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, a type of bacteria that can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and other serious infections. PCV is recommended for all children under 2 years old, as well as older children and adults with certain medical conditions.
2. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV): This vaccine also protects against Streptococcus pneumoniae, but it is recommended for adults 65 and older, as well as younger people with certain medical conditions.
3. Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine: This vaccine is being developed to protect against Group A Streptococcus (GAS), which can cause a variety of infections, including strep throat, skin infections, and serious diseases like rheumatic fever and toxic shock syndrome. There are several different GAS vaccine candidates in various stages of development.
4. Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine: This vaccine is being developed to protect against Group B Streptococcus (GBS), which can cause serious infections in newborns, pregnant women, and older adults with certain medical conditions. There are several different GBS vaccine candidates in various stages of development.

Overall, streptococcal vaccines play an important role in preventing bacterial infections and reducing the burden of disease caused by Streptococcus bacteria.

Molecular mimicry is a phenomenon in immunology where structurally similar molecules from different sources can induce cross-reactivity of the immune system. This means that an immune response against one molecule also recognizes and responds to another molecule due to their structural similarity, even though they may be from different origins.

In molecular mimicry, a foreign molecule (such as a bacterial or viral antigen) shares sequence or structural homology with self-antigens present in the host organism. The immune system might not distinguish between these two similar molecules, leading to an immune response against both the foreign and self-antigens. This can potentially result in autoimmune diseases, where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues or organs.

Molecular mimicry has been implicated as a possible mechanism for the development of several autoimmune disorders, including rheumatic fever, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and multiple sclerosis. However, it is essential to note that molecular mimicry alone may not be sufficient to trigger an autoimmune response; other factors like genetic predisposition and environmental triggers might also play a role in the development of these conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New Mexico" is not a medical term or concept. It is a geographical location, specifically a state in the southwestern United States. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardium, which is the middle layer of the heart wall. The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the heart's pumping function. Myocarditis can be caused by various infectious and non-infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, autoimmune diseases, toxins, and drugs.

In myocarditis, the inflammation can damage the cardiac muscle cells, leading to decreased heart function, arrhythmias (irregular heart rhythms), and in severe cases, heart failure or even sudden death. Symptoms of myocarditis may include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, palpitations, and swelling in the legs, ankles, or abdomen.

The diagnosis of myocarditis is often based on a combination of clinical presentation, laboratory tests, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and endomyocardial biopsy. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity of the disease and may include medications to support heart function, reduce inflammation, control arrhythmias, and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. In some cases, hospitalization and intensive care may be necessary.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sudan" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Northeast Africa, known as the Sudan or Sudan proper, and the southern region that seceded to become South Sudan in 2011. If you have any medical terms you would like me to define, please let me know!

Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.

During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.

There are several types of echocardiograms, including:

* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.

Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.

Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, often expressed as beats per minute (bpm). It can vary significantly depending on factors such as age, physical fitness, emotions, and overall health status. A resting heart rate between 60-100 bpm is generally considered normal for adults, but athletes and individuals with high levels of physical fitness may have a resting heart rate below 60 bpm due to their enhanced cardiovascular efficiency. Monitoring heart rate can provide valuable insights into an individual's health status, exercise intensity, and response to various treatments or interventions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Oceanic Ancestry Group" is not a standard medical term or classification. It seems to be a general term that refers to people who have ancestral origins in the Oceanic region, which includes countries like Australia, New Zealand, and various islands in the Pacific Ocean.

In genetic or genealogical contexts, it might refer to a group of populations sharing certain genetic characteristics due to their geographical and historical connections. However, it's important to note that such classifications can be oversimplified and may not accurately reflect the complex genetic histories and cultural identities of individuals.

If you're looking for a medical term related to ancestry or genetics, you might be thinking of "racial" or "ethnic" categories, which are sometimes used in medical research or clinical settings to describe patterns of disease risk or treatment response. However, these categories are also flawed and can oversimplify the genetic and cultural diversity within and between populations. It's generally more useful and accurate to consider each individual's unique genetic and environmental factors when considering their health and medical needs.

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

Bacterial endocarditis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation and infection of the inner layer of the heart, known as the endocardium. This infection typically occurs when bacteria enter the bloodstream and attach themselves to damaged or abnormal heart valves or other parts of the endocardium. The bacteria can then multiply and cause the formation of vegetations, which are clusters of infected tissue that can further damage the heart valves and lead to serious complications such as heart failure, stroke, or even death if left untreated.

Bacterial endocarditis is a relatively uncommon but potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt medical attention. Risk factors for developing bacterial endocarditis include pre-existing heart conditions such as congenital heart defects, artificial heart valves, previous history of endocarditis, or other conditions that damage the heart valves. Intravenous drug use is also a significant risk factor for this condition.

Symptoms of bacterial endocarditis may include fever, chills, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, shortness of breath, chest pain, and a new or changing heart murmur. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood cultures, and imaging tests such as echocardiography. Treatment usually involves several weeks of intravenous antibiotics to eradicate the infection, and in some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart valves.

A heart valve prosthesis is a medical device that is implanted in the heart to replace a damaged or malfunctioning heart valve. The prosthetic valve can be made of biological tissue (such as from a pig or cow) or artificial materials (such as carbon or polyester). Its function is to allow for the proper directional flow of blood through the heart, opening and closing with each heartbeat to prevent backflow of blood.

There are several types of heart valve prostheses, including:

1. Mechanical valves: These are made entirely of artificial materials and have a longer lifespan than biological valves. However, they require the patient to take blood-thinning medication for the rest of their life to prevent blood clots from forming on the valve.
2. Bioprosthetic valves: These are made of biological tissue and typically last 10-15 years before needing replacement. They do not require the patient to take blood-thinning medication, but there is a higher risk of reoperation due to degeneration of the tissue over time.
3. Homografts or allografts: These are human heart valves that have been donated and preserved for transplantation. They have similar longevity to bioprosthetic valves and do not require blood-thinning medication.
4. Autografts: In this case, the patient's own pulmonary valve is removed and used to replace the damaged aortic valve. This procedure is called the Ross procedure and has excellent long-term results, but it requires advanced surgical skills and is not widely available.

The choice of heart valve prosthesis depends on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health, lifestyle, and personal preferences.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Mitral valve insufficiency, also known as mitral regurgitation, is a cardiac condition in which the mitral valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart does not close properly, causing blood to flow backward into the atrium during contraction of the ventricle. This leads to an increased volume load on the left heart chamber and can result in symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. The condition can be caused by various factors including valve damage due to degenerative changes, infective endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, or trauma. Treatment options include medication, mitral valve repair, or replacement surgery depending on the severity and underlying cause of the insufficiency.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uganda" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in East Africa, known officially as the Republic of Uganda. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

Atrial fibrillation (A-tre-al fi-bru-la'shun) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atria, the upper chambers of the heart. In this condition, the electrical signals that coordinate heartbeats don't function properly, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting effectively. As a result, blood may not be pumped efficiently into the ventricles, which can lead to blood clots, stroke, and other complications. Atrial fibrillation is a common type of arrhythmia and can cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness. It can be caused by various factors, including heart disease, high blood pressure, age, and genetics. Treatment options include medications, electrical cardioversion, and surgical procedures to restore normal heart rhythm.

The term "developing countries" is a socio-economic classification used to describe nations that are in the process of industrialization and modernization. This term is often used interchangeably with "low and middle-income countries" or "Global South." The World Bank defines developing countries as those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of less than US $12,695.

In the context of healthcare, developing countries face unique challenges including limited access to quality medical care, lack of resources and infrastructure, high burden of infectious diseases, and a shortage of trained healthcare professionals. These factors contribute to significant disparities in health outcomes between developing and developed nations.

Coronary artery disease, often simply referred to as coronary disease, is a condition in which the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques. This can lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or in severe cases, a heart attack.

The medical definition of coronary artery disease is:

A condition characterized by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques in the walls of the coronary arteries, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the myocardium (heart muscle). This can result in symptoms such as angina pectoris, shortness of breath, or arrhythmias, and may ultimately lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack) or heart failure.

Risk factors for coronary artery disease include age, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and a family history of the condition. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, and managing stress can help reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease. Medical treatments may include medications to control blood pressure, cholesterol levels, or irregular heart rhythms, as well as procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Streptococcus is a genus of Gram-positive, spherical bacteria that typically form pairs or chains when clustered together. These bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. They are non-motile and do not produce spores.

Streptococcus species are commonly found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Some strains are part of the normal flora of the body, while others can cause a variety of infections, ranging from mild skin infections to severe and life-threatening diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and toxic shock syndrome.

The pathogenicity of Streptococcus species depends on various virulence factors, including the production of enzymes and toxins that damage tissues and evade the host's immune response. One of the most well-known Streptococcus species is Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), which is responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pharyngitis (strep throat), impetigo, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and rheumatic fever.

It's important to note that the classification of Streptococcus species has evolved over time, with many former members now classified as different genera within the family Streptococcaceae. The current classification system is based on a combination of phenotypic characteristics (such as hemolysis patterns and sugar fermentation) and genotypic methods (such as 16S rRNA sequencing and multilocus sequence typing).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "South Africa" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located at the southernmost tip of the African continent. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are a type of protein found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. The outer membrane is a unique characteristic of gram-negative bacteria, and it serves as a barrier that helps protect the bacterium from hostile environments. OMPs play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and selective permeability of the outer membrane. They are involved in various functions such as nutrient uptake, transport, adhesion, and virulence factor secretion.

OMPs are typically composed of beta-barrel structures that span the bacterial outer membrane. These proteins can be classified into several groups based on their size, function, and structure. Some of the well-known OMP families include porins, autotransporters, and two-partner secretion systems.

Porins are the most abundant type of OMPs and form water-filled channels that allow the passive diffusion of small molecules, ions, and nutrients across the outer membrane. Autotransporters are a diverse group of OMPs that play a role in bacterial pathogenesis by secreting virulence factors or acting as adhesins. Two-partner secretion systems involve the cooperation between two proteins to transport effector molecules across the outer membrane.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial OMPs is essential for developing new antibiotics and therapies that target gram-negative bacteria, which are often resistant to conventional treatments.

The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall, composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells that are responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It forms the thickest part of the heart wall and is divided into two sections: the left ventricle, which pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, and the right ventricle, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

The myocardium contains several types of cells, including cardiac muscle fibers, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels. The muscle fibers are arranged in a highly organized pattern that allows them to contract in a coordinated manner, generating the force necessary to pump blood through the heart and circulatory system.

Damage to the myocardium can occur due to various factors such as ischemia (reduced blood flow), infection, inflammation, or genetic disorders. This damage can lead to several cardiac conditions, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Heart valve prosthesis implantation is a surgical procedure where an artificial heart valve is inserted to replace a damaged or malfunctioning native heart valve. This can be necessary for patients with valvular heart disease, including stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leaking), who do not respond to medical management and are at risk of heart failure or other complications.

There are two main types of artificial heart valves used in prosthesis implantation: mechanical valves and biological valves. Mechanical valves are made of synthetic materials, such as carbon and metal, and can last a long time but require lifelong anticoagulation therapy to prevent blood clots from forming. Biological valves, on the other hand, are made from animal or human tissue and typically do not require anticoagulation therapy but may have a limited lifespan and may need to be replaced in the future.

The decision to undergo heart valve prosthesis implantation is based on several factors, including the patient's age, overall health, type and severity of valvular disease, and personal preferences. The procedure can be performed through traditional open-heart surgery or minimally invasive techniques, such as robotic-assisted surgery or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Recovery time varies depending on the approach used and individual patient factors.

The aortic valve is the valve located between the left ventricle (the lower left chamber of the heart) and the aorta (the largest artery in the body, which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body). It is made up of three thin flaps or leaflets that open and close to regulate blood flow. During a heartbeat, the aortic valve opens to allow blood to be pumped out of the left ventricle into the aorta, and then closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricle when it relaxes. Any abnormality or damage to this valve can lead to various cardiovascular conditions such as aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, or infective endocarditis.

The heart is involved in about half of the cases. Damage to the heart valves, known as rheumatic heart disease (RHD), usually ... with evidence of early stages of rheumatic heart disease may be effective to reduce the burden of rheumatic heart disease in ... rheumatic heart failure responds well to corticosteroids. About 33 million people are affected by rheumatic heart disease with ... Rheumatic fever (RF) is an inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain. The disease typically ...
Coombs, Carey Franklin (November 1924). Rheumatic Heart Disease. Frederic John Poynton. Bristol: John Wright and Sons. OCLC ... She contributed to a number of papers on rheumatic and coronary artery diseases by Carey Coombs, including the 1926 Long Fox ... Coates, Vincent; Coombs, Carey Franklin (January 1926). "Observations on the Rheumatic Nodule". Archives of Disease in ... Disease and the Art of Medical Illustration. Wellcome Collection. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-51734-5. OCLC ...
Chapter 10: Heart. "Rheumatic heart disease". Heart & Stroke. Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. 2022. "Rheumatic heart ... Valvular heart disease resulting from rheumatic fever is referred to as rheumatic heart disease. Acute rheumatic fever, which ... Pulmonary and tricuspid valve diseases are right heart diseases. Pulmonary valve diseases are the least common heart valve ... Less than 10% of aortic stenosis is caused by rheumatic heart disease. Rheumatic fever can also cause chronic mitral and aortic ...
Sika-Paotonu, D.; Beaton, A.; Raghu, A.; Steer, A.; Carapetis, J. (2016). "Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease". ... "Rheumatic Heart Disease in the United States: Forgotten But Not Gone: Results of a 10 Year Multicenter Review". J Am Heart ... Chronic rheumatic heart disease mostly affects the mitral valve, which can become thickened with calcification of the leaflets ... It is important to distinguish ARF from rheumatic heart disease. ARF is an acute inflammatory reaction with pathognomonic ...
... and implementation of the Rheumatic Heart Disease study. Furthermore, national NCD risk factor surveys will be conducted in ... ischemic heart diseases, malaria, cirrhosis and hypertensive heart diseases. In 2010, 61% of the population of Zambia had ... Communicable diseases have received more attention as compared to non-communicable disease over the last decade. However, with ... The change in the burden of disease to include non-communicable diseases has led to the increase in cases of stroke thereby ...
Rheumatic heart disease often affects the mitral valve. The valve may also be affected by infective endocarditis. There are ... Otto, Catherine M.; Bonow, Robert (September 2009). Valvular Heart Disease: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease. ... Rheumatic heart disease often affects the mitral valve; the valve may also prolapse with age and be affected by infective ... an EACVI and ESC council of valvular heart disease position paper, European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging, Volume 23, ...
In the 1930s, she developed rheumatic heart disease. She retired from work and began using a wheelchair in 1934. Ryan looked ...
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In 1937, Caroline died of rheumatic heart disease. On April 26, 1942 he married Elvira Spatafore. They lived in the Country ...
The Heart in Rheumatic, Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases. Academic Press. pp. 49-63. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803267-1.00003-X ... January 2020). "β1-Adrenoreceptor Autoantibodies in Heart Failure: Physiology and Therapeutic Implications". Circulation: Heart ... including heart disease. In parallel, treatment strategies to remove GPCR-AABs were investigated, initially using proteins or ... heart disease". Autoimmunity. 41 (6): 429-433. doi:10.1080/08916930802031702. PMID 18781468. S2CID 46169536. Bornholz, B.; ...
He died seven days later of rheumatic heart disease. Miller was survived by his wife, Nell Critzer Miller, and their two sons, ...
It seems Riley is suffering from rheumatic heart disease. Alice is overwhelmed with guilt and a rush of feelings. She suddenly ... During a swim, Riley misses an important opportunity to receive a heart transplant. While the rest of her family is upset over ... Riley finally tells Paul of her medical problems, admitting that she isn't entirely sure she wants a heart transplant. Paul's ... while Riley awaits a donor heart transplant. Alice buys Riley an indoor pool membership, which Riley is grateful for, trying to ...
"The pulmonary diffusing capacity in congenital and rheumatic heart disease". Circulation. 19 (2): 232-41. doi:10.1161/01.cir. ... Loss of lung parenchyma in diseases like emphysema. Diseases that scar the lung (the interstitial lung disease), such as ... DL, especially DLCO, is reduced in certain diseases of the lung and heart. DLCO measurement has been standardized according to ... Lung diseases that reduce D M {\displaystyle D_{M}} and θ ∗ V c {\displaystyle \theta *V_{c}} Diseases that alter lung tissue ...
... of mitral stenosis are due to disease in the heart secondary to rheumatic fever and the consequent rheumatic heart disease. ... Valvular heart disease, Chronic rheumatic heart diseases). ... It is almost always caused by rheumatic valvular heart disease ... and as a form of congenital heart disease. It is the most common valvular heart disease in pregnancy. Other causes include ... whipple disease, fabry disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. hurler' disease, hunter's disease, amyloidosis. The normal area of ...
They result from inflammation in the heart muscle and are characteristic of rheumatic heart disease. These nodules were ... therefore they are not characteristic of rheumatic heart disease Stage 3. Late fibrosis stage. It is the stage of healing by ... The pathognomonic feature of pancarditis in the case of rheumatic heart disease is the presence of Aschoff nodules or Aschoff ... Stage 1. Early exudative / degenerative stage the earliest sign of injury to the heart in rheumatic fever is apparent by fourth ...
DR16 is associated with Chaga's cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, coronary artery ectasia, and chronic discoid lupus ... DRB1*1601 is associated with tuberculosis risk DRB1*1602: Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic heart disease, Takayasu ... rheumatic heart disease, systemic sclerosis HLA-DR16 is genetically linked to HLA-DR51 and HLA-DQ5 serotypes. derived from IMGT ... "MHC class II alleles in Mexican patients with rheumatic heart disease". Int J Cardiol. 92 (1): 49-54. doi:10.1016/S0167-5273(03 ...
Other diseases included typhoid fever, tuberculosis and "rheumatism" (rheumatic heart disease). Job-related injuries included ... Michael's in 1937, and the first open heart surgery in the state occurred there in 1959. St. Michael's accepted patients of any ...
"Sinus rhythm with absent P waves in advanced rheumatic heart disease". The American Journal of Cardiology. 32 (1): 93-97. doi: ... "Sinus rhythm with absent P waves in advanced rheumatic heart disease". The American Journal of Cardiology. 32 (1): 93-97. doi: ... "Sinus rhythm with absent P waves in advanced rheumatic heart disease". American Journal of Cardiology. 32 (1): 93-97. doi: ... In Exercise Testing and Exercise Training in Coronary Heart Disease (Naughton, J. and Hallerstein, H., Ed.). New York Academic ...
Rheumatic fever is common worldwide and responsible for many cases of damaged heart valves. Chronic rheumatic heart disease is ... All had rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and presented with prolonged fever. All had severe eccentric mitral regurgitation (MR). ( ... a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on ... a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on ...
"Coronary embolism and acute myocardial infarction secondary to rheumatic heart disease". Diseases of the Chest. 33 (5): 546-550 ... "Use of a single-lead ECG in the detection of congenital heart disease". AMA Journal of Diseases of Children. 95 (5): 492-497. ... "Use of a single-lead ECG in the detection of congenital heart disease". AMA Journal of Diseases of Children. 95 (5): 492-497. ... Motivated by the ability to now treat congenital heart disease, enabled through the use of the cardiac bypass pump, Hoffman was ...
Stormont would tragically die a year later from rheumatic heart disease. Auckland won the second match 17 to 2 before 4,000 ...
National Heart Foundation of Bangladesh, National Center for Control of Rheumatic Fever and Heart Diseases, The Hypertension ... He established National Center for Control of Rheumatic Fever and Heart Diseases. Here, he was the project director from 1987 ... Academic Council of National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute; Honorary professor, Cardiology, National Heart ... The first open heart surgery in Pakistan was performed in March 1970 in this cardiac unit. For this achievement, he was awarded ...
Roy has done known researches on rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart diseases. As a fellow of the Armed Forces Medical Research ... His work on Stenosis helped in the understanding the disease presently known by name coined by him as Juvenile Rheumatic ... A Massachussehts Heart Fellow, Roy was a recipient of the Basanti Devi Amir Chand Prize of the Indian Council of Medical ... He was known for medical research in cardiology and was reported to have coined the name, Juvenile Rheumatic Stenosis. The ...
A condition in rheumatic heart disease MacCallum plaque is named after him. William MacCallum was born in Dunnville village to ... An eponymous MacCallum plaque is for a rheumatic heart condition. MacCallum never married. He loved to travel and visited ... The disease was due to obstruction at the pylorus region (near the intestine) of the stomach. He found in dogs that under ... In 1909 he discovered that a disease gastric tetany was not due to parathyroid functions, but because of blockage of the ...
American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee; American Heart Association Council on ... Rutherford SD, Braunwald E (1992). "Chronic ischaemic heart disease". In Braunwald E (ed.). Heart disease: A textbook of ... As of 2014 rheumatic heart disease mostly occurs in the developing world. Risk factors are similar to those of coronary artery ... "The association of heart valve diseases with coronary artery dominance". The Journal of Heart Valve Disease. 19 (3): 389-93. ...
As a youth, he contracted rheumatic fever twice; his baseball career would be shortened because of his rheumatic heart disease ... But then he was stricken with bacterial endocarditis brought on by the rheumatic fever he had as a child. It cost him the rest ... He was able to play again for the Braves in 1949, but the heart problem slowly degraded his ability, as he had a .231 batting ...
Forbes died on August 12, 1967, in Worcester, of rheumatic heart disease. Her manuscripts were donated to Clark University in ...
He is best known for his work involving rheumatic and coronary heart disease. He performed important studies of rheumatic fever ... His most well known written work is "Rheumatic Heart Disease", a book that was published in 1924. He is also remembered for his ... was a British cardiologist known for his work involving rheumatic heart disease and the eponymous Carey Coombs murmur. Coombs ... Hollman, A (1 May 2000). "Dr Carey Coombs and his non-existent cardiac infarct". Heart. 83 (5): 582h-582. doi:10.1136/heart. ...
The complications can include rheumatic fever, toxic shock syndrome and valvular heart disease. Sriskandan created a new ... The bacterium can cause a range of diseases, from sepsis, to skin infections and pharyngitis. Unfortunately, 1 in 5 patients ... Shiranee Sriskandan is a British academic who is Professor of Infectious Diseases at Imperial College London and Honorary ... Her research considers how Gram-positive bacteria cause disease, with a particular focus on the bacteria Streptococcus pyogenes ...
In 1973, her daughter Azadi died after many years battling rheumatic heart disease. Anis Kidwai died on 16 July 1982, leaving ...
Rheumatic heart disease is the most serious complication of rheumatic fever. Acute rheumatic fever follows 0. ... Rheumatic heart disease is the most serious complication of rheumatic fever. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease ... encoded search term (Pediatric Rheumatic Heart Disease) and Pediatric Rheumatic Heart Disease What to Read Next on Medscape ... and gaps in evidence-based interventions in rheumatic heart disease: the Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (the REMEDY ...
Rheumatic heart disease affects over 40 million people, mainly living in low- and low- to middle-income countries. About 20% of ... In some ways, rivaroxaban is an innocent bystander to a trial of warfarin in patients with rheumatic heart disease and atrial ... "VKA should remain the standard of care for patients with rheumatic heart disease and atrial fibrillation," he concluded in a ... Cite this: Rivaroxaban Outmatched by VKAs for AF in Rheumatic Heart Disease - Medscape - Aug 28, 2022. ...
Among 32 rheumatic heart disease patients with data, 21 (66%) received a diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease without a ... acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease were defined as physician-diagnosed acute rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart ... rheumatic heart disease is the most common cardiac disease of children and young adults (3). The highest rheumatic heart ... fever and rheumatic heart disease during 2011-2012 and to estimate the August 2013 point prevalence of rheumatic heart disease ...
... due to one or more episodes of rheumatic fever. Learn more here. ... Rheumatic heart disease is a condition where the heart valves ...
... the most common acquired heart disease in children in many countries of the world - is being neglected and poorly treated, ... for reducing morbidity and mortality in rheumatic heart disease. REMEDY seeks to put an end to rheumatic heart disease in our ... and gaps in evidence-based interventions in rheumatic heart disease: the Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (the Remedy ... Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) -- the most common acquired heart disease in children in many countries of the world -- is being ...
NACCHO, acknowledges the Traditional Owners of this land which continues to be under their ongoing custodianship. We pay our respect to Elders past, present and emerging ...
National Rheumatic Heart Disease Data Collection page on the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare website ... National Rheumatic Heart Disease Data Collection. Print this page Click to open the social media sharing options Share Share ... comprises information from jurisdictional registers of notified cases of acute rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease (ARF/RHD ... The National Rheumatic Heart Disease Data Collection (NRHDDC) ... What is Rheumatic heart disease Rheumatic heart disease and ...
The link between untreated strep throat infections and the heart damage of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is truly deadly. Learn ... The Deadly Link: Strep Throat and Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD). * The Fight For Children Sports Medicine Center Innovative ... Craig Sable, M.D., aims to reduce the global burden of rheumatic heart disease ... Innovative Phase 1 Trial to Protect the Brains of Infants with Critical Congenital Heart Disease During and After Surgery ( ...
Rising Ethnic Inequalities in Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease, New Zealand, 2000-2018 Julie Bennett. , Jane ... Rising Ethnic Inequalities in Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease, New Zealand, 2000-2018. ... The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC twenty four seven. Saving Lives, Protecting People ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
Streptococcal Mechanisms: Novel Models and New Insights into Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease. Thursday, 2 ... Establishment of a fully characterised model of Rheumatic Heart Disease. Natkunam Ketheesan (University of New England) ... Prospects for ex-vivo models for rheumatic heart disease. Najma Latif (Imperial College London) ... World Heart Federation calls for strict regulation of tobacco and nicotine products to combat the global tobacco epidemic and ...
Individuals with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease should be under the care of a Medical Practitioner or other ... The latest figures for acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Australia, a snapshot. 26 Jul 2022 Prepared by Sara ... Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease are PREVENTABLE and MANAGABLE. Find out more ... especially from those who have the experience of living with this disease. ...
One of the heart conditions that young people are susceptible to is Rheumatic Heart Disease /Vascular Heart Disease. ... Precautions for prevention of Rheumatic Heart Disease. Since rheumatic heart disease is caused by rheumatic fever, it can be ... One of the heart conditions that young people are susceptible to is Rheumatic Heart Disease /Vascular Heart Disease. It is a ... Rheumatic heart disease diagnosis process. The diagnosis process for rheumatic heart disease includes the following procedures: ...
Research shows link between these diseases and socioeconomic disadvantages and lack of cost-effective approaches to prevention. ... Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease in Indigenous Populations. ...
Rheumatic Heart Disease starts with a Strep A germ. Some of the best ways to stop the Strep A germ is to wash your hands and ... Our mob in Napranum have come together to deliver some important health messages around Rheumatic Heart Disease. ... Individuals with acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease should be under the care of a Medical Practitioner or other ... Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease is common in kids and teens across the Cape. ...
Proportion of patients in the Uganda rheumatic heart disease registry with advanced disease requiring urgent surgical ... Introduction: Since the establishment of the Uganda Rheumatic Heart Registry, over 900 patients have been enrolled. We sought ... was determined according to the 2012 European Society of Cardiology guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease.. ... Conclusion: There is a high proportion of patients with severe disease that require surgical treatment yet they cannot access ...
Prevalence of rheumatic and congenital heart disease in school children of Andhra Pradesh, South India Scientific literature ... Rheumatic heart disease in Uganda: predictors of morbidity and mortality one year after presentation Scientific literature ...
1.06 Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease ... 1.06 Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. *Key ... AIHW analysis of the National Rheumatic Heart Disease data collection.. Rheumatic heart disease. As at 31 December 2018, there ... Burden of disease. For Indigenous Australians in 2018, rheumatic heart disease (including acute rheumatic fever) was the fourth ... An analysis of secondary prevention of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Journal of the American Heart Association 7 ...
The future of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Australia. / Maguire, G.P.; Carapetis, Jonathan; Walsh, W.F ... The future of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Australia. In: Medical Journal of Australia. 2012 ; Vol. 197 ... Maguire, GP, Carapetis, J, Walsh, WF & Brown, AD 2012, The future of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in ... The future of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia. 2012;197(2):133-134 ...
1966). Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in Puerto Rican school children.. 81(3). Shefferman, M. M. and Goodman, J. S. and ... "Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in Puerto Rican school children." vol. 81, no. 3, 1966. Export RIS Citation Information. ... Title : Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in Puerto Rican school children. Personal Author(s) : Shefferman, M. M.;Goodman, ... "Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in Puerto Rican school children." 81, no. 3 (1966). Shefferman, M. M. et al. " ...
Cinefluroscopy of a Patient With Rheumatic Heart Disease at the Time of Dyspnea. ... Dermatology Infectious Disease Neurology Oncology Ophthalmology Otolaryngology Pediatrics Radiology Surgery View All ... Dermatology Infectious Disease Neurology Oncology Ophthalmology Otolaryngology Pediatrics Radiology Surgery View All ... practice improvement strategies Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Prevention Education from the AMA CPT Education Education from the ...
Rheumatic Heart Disease epidemiology.. , Rheumatic Fever epidemiology.. , Rheumatic heart Disease in infancy & childhood.. , ... A geographic profile of rheumatic fever and heart disease cases seen at three teaching hospitals of the University of the ... A geographic profile of rheumatic fever and heart disease cases seen at three teaching hospitals of the University of the ... ClurrS.A.B._A geographic profile rheumatic fever a.pdf (2.29 MB). ...
... analysed to determine if the severity of pulmonary venous and arterial hypertension correlated with the severity of rheumatic ... Rheumatic Heart Disease / complications* * Rheumatic Heart Disease / epidemiology * Rheumatic Heart Disease / surgery ... Severity of rheumatic mitral stenosis in children Int J Cardiol. 1991 Feb;30(2):163-7. doi: 10.1016/0167-5273(91)90091-3. ... In India, following rheumatic fever, some patients follow an unusually rapid course in developing mitral stenosis severe enough ...
... is a condition where the heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever. ... What causes rheumatic heart disease? Rheumatic heart disease is caused by rheumatic fever. This is an inflammatory disease that ... What is rheumatic heart disease? Rheumatic heart disease is a condition where the heart valves have been permanently damaged by ... Key points about rheumatic heart disease. *. Rheumatic heart disease is a condition where the heart valves have been ...
... and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) will become routine notifiable conditions in Victoria. ... On 31 July 2023, acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) will become routine notifiable conditions in ... diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (3.2 edition, March 2022). ... diagnosis and management of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (3.2 edition, March 2022). ...
Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is an autoimmune inflammatory process that develops as a sequela of streptococcal infection. ARF ... Joseph N, Madi D, Kumar GS, Nelliyanil M, Saralaya V, Rai S. Clinical spectrum of rheumatic Fever and rheumatic heart disease: ... Muhamed B, Parks T, Sliwa K. Genetics of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020 Mar. 17 (3):145-154 ... On rare occasions, second- or third-degree heart block is present. In patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease, ...
Severe obstacles did not deter this man from being devoted to his wife.. ...
  • It is a condition that is caused due to prolonged Rheumatic fever, a condition that is caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci bacteria, it causes an immune response in the body that leads to the inflammation of valves that results in valve damage. (metrohospitals.com)
  • It is triggered by rheumatic fever (RF) that can be prevented and controlled. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Left untreated, it can cause scarring (fibrosis) of the heart valves, leading to crippling valvular heart disease, heart failure and death. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The optimum management strategy was determined according to the 2012 European Society of Cardiology guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease. (ajol.info)
  • Patients with RHD have chronic valvular heart disease. (vic.gov.au)
  • Valvular stenotic lesions, especially of the mitral valve, can be observed in rheumatic heart disease. (medscape.com)
  • It is a chronic valvular heart disease caused by rheumatic fever, which develops after untreated Streptococcus pyogenes infection. (philips-foundation.com)
  • Rheumatic heart disease refers to the cardiac manifestations of rheumatic fever and includes pancarditis during the early acute phase and chronic valvular disease later. (medicscientist.com)
  • Later, heart valve damage may cause chronic valvular disease. (medicscientist.com)
  • In Brazil, RF is still present today and is widely prevalent and is the leading cause of valvular heart disease and is thus responsible for significant morbimortality in children and young adults. (fortunejournals.com)
  • GAS M proteins share epitopes (antigenic-determinant sites that are recognized by antibodies) with proteins found in synovium, heart muscle, and heart valve, suggesting that molecular mimicry by GAS antigens from rheumatogenic strains contributes to the arthritis, carditis, and valvular damage. (msdmanuals.com)
  • If the rheumatic heart disease is diagnosed in the early stages with minimum damage to the heart valve, Antibiotics are used to treat strep infections and prevent rheumatic fever thereof. (metrohospitals.com)
  • The best treatment is to prevent rheumatic fever. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • A child might need to continue taking antibiotics for 5 years or through age 21 to prevent rheumatic fever from coming back, whichever is longer. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Antibiotics can be used to prevent rheumatic fever from developing. (fitnessethics.com)
  • Acute rheumatic fever is a systemic disease, thus, patients may present with a large variety of symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • As per the cardiac specialists, the symptoms or the warning signs in the form of Rheumatic fever start appearing at a young age of around 10 years to 14 years. (metrohospitals.com)
  • One should not ignore these symptoms and should immediately consult a heart specialist. (metrohospitals.com)
  • Chest pain -Discomfort or severe pain in the chest or heaviness radiating to your left arm and back are the symptoms of the heart disease. (metrohospitals.com)
  • In case one is suffering from any of the above-mentioned symptoms, one should not worry and should immediately consult a heart specialist. (metrohospitals.com)
  • ARF symptoms can include arthritis, fever, swelling of the heart and heart valves, and rash ( Ralph 2020 ). (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • Symptoms of rheumatic fever vary. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Early in the disease, RHD may not cause any symptoms. (vic.gov.au)
  • Later, patients may have a range of symptoms, culminating in heart failure. (vic.gov.au)
  • Make an appointment for a health checkup if symptoms of rheumatic fever develop. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Although RHD is caused by acute rheumatic fever, an autoimmune reaction that follows group A streptococcal infection, patients frequently do not recall histories of infection or symptoms of acute rheumatic fever, making targeted screening difficult. (thoracickey.com)
  • The disease is so named because its symptoms are similar to those of some rheumatic disorders. (wikipedia.org)
  • However the antibodies may also react against the myocardium and joints, producing the symptoms of rheumatic fever. (wikipedia.org)
  • We'll like most other cardiovascular diseases, here are some symptoms. (fitnessethics.com)
  • However, when a throat infection occurs without symptoms, or when a patient neglects to take the prescribed medication for the full 10-day course of treatment, there is up to an estimated 3% chance that he or she will develop rheumatic fever. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The disease results from damage to heart valves caused by one or several episodes of rheumatic fever, an autoimmune inflammatory reaction to throat infection caused by group A streptococci (streptococcal pharyngitis). (who.int)
  • Although the mitral valve is involved in most cases of rheumatic heart disease, the aortic and tricuspid valves can be involved as well. (medscape.com)
  • These valves channel the blood in our heart from one chamber to another, when these valves get damaged due to rheumatic fever they can cause serious problems to our heart and can be fatal. (metrohospitals.com)
  • In some cases, an infection in the inner lining of the heart may occur due to damaged heart valves which are termed medically as Bacterial Endocarditis. (metrohospitals.com)
  • Heart specialists state that a bacteria named group A beta-hemolytic streptococci which is very common in our country due to poor hygiene causes strep throat or scarlet fever and these conditions and if left untreated or under-treated can lead to complications that can cause damage to heart valves. (metrohospitals.com)
  • RHD is permanent damage to the valves of the heart caused by one or repeated episodes of ARF. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • Rheumatic heart disease is a condition where the heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • The heart valves can be inflamed and become scarred over time. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • It may be used to get a more exact look at the heart valves and heart muscle. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Treatment depends in large part on how much damage has been done to the heart valves. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • People with RHD often need cardiac surgery to replace or repair their heart valves. (vic.gov.au)
  • Rheumatic fever may cause inflammation of the heart valves and scarring of the valve leaflets. (healthnode.org)
  • Rheumatic fever causes chronic progressive damage to the heart and its valves and is the most common cause of pediatric heart disease in the world. (medscape.com)
  • Friends, Rheumatic heart condition may be a condition during which the valves of the guts (the lid-like structure, which prevents blood from flowing back) are damaged by a disease process. (healthgj.com)
  • Some must also undergo surgery to have their heart valves replaced or repaired. (nacchocommunique.com)
  • Damage to the heart valves, known as rheumatic heart disease (RHD), usually occurs after repeated attacks but can sometimes occur after one. (wikipedia.org)
  • The damaged valves may result in heart failure, atrial fibrillation and infection of the valves. (wikipedia.org)
  • Damage to the heart valves usually occurs only after multiple attacks but may occasionally occur after a single case of RF. (wikipedia.org)
  • The damaged valves may result in heart failure and also increase the risk of atrial fibrillation and infection of the valves. (wikipedia.org)
  • it is damage to one or more heart valves from stretching or scarring so the valves do not work properly. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the major sequel and is characterized by valvar lesions that can cause regurgitation and/or stenosis mainly in mitral and aortic valves. (fortunejournals.com)
  • These labelled data can then be used to develop machine learning models that can classify echocardiographic views of the heart and damaged valves from the echocardiograms. (ac.ke)
  • This video will introduce stenotic heart valves, features of rheumatic heart disease and pericarditis, and observations of the gross and microscopic traits of myxoma. (anatomyguy.com)
  • Rheumatic heart disease is a condition in which the heart valves are damaged as a result of rheumatic fever. (fitnessethics.com)
  • Remember that rheumatic fever causes damage to the heart valves. (fitnessethics.com)
  • Rheumatic fever causes inflammation of tissues and organs and can result in serious damage to the heart valves, joints, central nervous system and skin. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Inflammation of the heart that occurs with ARF can result in permanent damage to the heart, particularly the heart valves. (sa.gov.au)
  • Healthy heart valves open and shut with each heartbeat, sealing each of the four chambers of the heart and preventing blood flowing in the wrong direction. (sa.gov.au)
  • With RHD the heart valves are unable to open and shut properly. (sa.gov.au)
  • Anti-inflammatory medicines may be used to reduce inflammation and lower the risk of heart damage. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • If untreated, GAS pharyngitis ('strep throat') can lead to ARF, which is typically manifested by inflammation of the joints, heart, skin, and central nervous system. (vic.gov.au)
  • Rheumatic heart disease refers to a variety of abnormal cardiac conditions which include heart valve scarring and endocarditis (inflammation of the lining of the heart). (healthnode.org)
  • In the emergency department, treatment includes measures to relieve pain and inflammation, ameliorate heart failure, and control chorea (see Treatment and Medication ). (medscape.com)
  • People who had heart inflammation during rheumatic fever might need to continue antibiotics for 10 years or longer. (mayoclinic.org)
  • RF results in swelling and inflammation of the heart, skin, brain and joints. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If left untreated, strep throat infection can result in kidney inflammation or rheumatic fever. (fitnessethics.com)
  • In some people, the body's immune response to a group A streptococcal infection results in inflammation of the heart, joints, skin and brain (ARF). (sa.gov.au)
  • Treatment involves the initiation of secondary prophylaxis against group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection and management of clinical sequelae including heart failure. (medscape.com)
  • In a small percentage of cases, infection leads to rheumatic fever several weeks after the sore throat has resolved. (medscape.com)
  • The heart valve damage may start shortly after untreated or under-treated streptococcal infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • A recent history of strep infection or rheumatic fever is key to the diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • People with rheumatic heart disease will have or recently had a strep infection. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • ARF is primarily (but not exclusively) a disease of childhood that occurs as a complication following an infection with the Group A Streptococcus bacterium (GAS), also known as Streptococcus pyogenes ). (vic.gov.au)
  • Evidence of preceding group A streptococcal infection is an integral part of the Jones criteria for ARF diagnosis unless the patient has chorea (which may occur months after the inciting infection) or indolent rheumatic heart disease (see Diagnosis). (medscape.com)
  • Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a sequela of a previous group A streptococcal infection , usually of the upper respiratory tract and less frequently of soft tissues. (medscape.com)
  • A systemic inflammatory disease of childhood, acute rheumatic fever develops after infection of the upper respiratory tract with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci. (medicscientist.com)
  • Rheumatic fever appears to be a hypersensitivity reaction to a group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection. (medicscientist.com)
  • The disease typically develops two to four weeks after a streptococcal throat infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rheumatic fever may occur following an infection of the throat by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the infection is left untreated, rheumatic fever occurs in up to three percent of people. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rheumatic fever is a systemic disease affecting the connective tissue around arterioles, and can occur after an untreated strep throat infection, specifically due to group A streptococcus (GAS), Streptococcus pyogenes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rheumatic fever (RF) is the consequence of an inappropriate and delayed immune response to S. pyogenes infection in non-treated susceptible children and adolescents. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Rheumatic fever (RF) is an illness that occurs as a complication of untreated or inadequately treated strep throat infection. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Though the exact cause of rheumatic fever is unknown, the disease usually follows the contraction of a throat infection caused by a member of the Group A streptococcus (strep) bacteria (called strep throat). (encyclopedia.com)
  • Two different theories exist as to how a bacterial throat infection can result in rheumatic fever. (encyclopedia.com)
  • As many risk factors for the disease are associated with advanced medical care, a direct relationship between the availability of these technologies and the frequency of this infection is likely. (medscape.com)
  • The absence of supporting evidence of preceding streptococcal infection should make the diagnosis doubtful, except in Sydenham chorea or low-grade carditis when rheumatic fever is first discovered after a long latent period from the antecedent infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is a sequela of streptococcal infection-typically following two to three weeks after group A streptococcal pharyngitis-that occurs most commonly in children and has rheumatologic, cardiac, and neurologic manifestations. (medscape.com)
  • Although the mechanism by which streptococcal organisms cause disease is not entirely clear, overwhelming epidemiologic evidence suggests that ARF is caused by streptococcal infection, and recurrences can be prevented with prophylaxis. (medscape.com)
  • Who is at risk for rheumatic heart disease? (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Untreated or under-treated strep infections can increase the risk for rheumatic heart disease. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Well, children who get repeated strep throat infections are at the highest risk for rheumatic heart disease. (fitnessethics.com)
  • Region, the burden of rheumatic heart disease is especially concentrated in China and indigenous populations living in Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific island States. (who.int)
  • Using 2012 World Heart Federation criteria, standard portable echocardiography (STAND) reveals a high burden of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in resource-poor settings, but widespread screening is limited by cost and physician availability. (thoracickey.com)
  • Evidence of previous group A streptococcal pharyngitis is required to diagnose rheumatic fever. (medscape.com)
  • Acute rheumatic fever is a nonsuppurative, immune-mediated consequence of group A streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat). (cdc.gov)
  • She reports that she previously was diagnosed with group A streptococcal pharyngitis as a child and was suspected to have rheumatic fever. (medbullets.com)
  • Patients who have had rheumatic fever have about a 50% likelihood of having a recurrence if they have another episode of group A streptococcal pharyngitis that is untreated. (msdmanuals.com)
  • INVICTUS is the largest program of clinical research focused on a neglected cardiovascular disease and will provide new information on the clinical course of patients with RHD, and approaches to anticoagulation in those with concomitant AF. (aku.edu)
  • Pulmonary embolism is a life-threatening acute cardiovascular disease and not easy to make an immediate diagnosis in clinical arena. (fortunepublish.com)
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease is a cardiovascular disease highly prevalent in developing countries partially because of inadequate healthcare infrastructure to treat Group A streptococcus pharyngitis and thereafter diagnose and document every case of Acute Rheumatic Fever, the immune-mediated antecedent of rheumatic heart disease. (ac.ke)
  • Rheumatic heart disease has been eradicated in some parts of the world, but despite the movement to eradicate this cardiovascular disease, it's still pervasive in regions like sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, Central and South Asia, the South Pacific, and among immigrants and older adults in high-income countries, especially among indigenous peoples. (fitnessethics.com)
  • Recent statistics have shown that this particular cardiovascular disease is more common in Central and South Asia, and in the South Pacific. (fitnessethics.com)
  • Preventing a cardiovascular disease like rheumatic heart disease will be a better decision than treating it. (fitnessethics.com)
  • People with diabetes are two to three times more likely to develop a cardiovascular disease . (world-heart-federation.org)
  • With chronic rheumatic heart disease, patients develop mitral valve stenosis with varying degrees of regurgitation, atrial dilatation, arrhythmias, and ventricular dysfunction. (medscape.com)
  • Potential complications include heart failure from valve insufficiency (acute rheumatic carditis) or stenosis (chronic rheumatic carditis). (medscape.com)
  • Clinical, hemodynamic and operative findings of 125 children, up to the age of 12 years, were analysed to determine if the severity of pulmonary venous and arterial hypertension correlated with the severity of rheumatic mitral stenosis. (nih.gov)
  • In India, following rheumatic fever, some patients follow an unusually rapid course in developing mitral stenosis severe enough to require operative treatment, even at the age of six years. (nih.gov)
  • In patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease, electrocardiography may show left atrial enlargement secondary to mitral stenosis. (medscape.com)
  • Immune molecules appear to contribute to the acute inflammatory disease stage of ARF, as well as cardiac remodeling, stenosis, and ultimately valve dysfunction in RHD. (medscape.com)
  • Socioeconomic and environmental factors such as poor housing, undernutrition, overcrowding and poverty are well-known contributors to the incidence, magnitude and severity of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. (who.int)
  • The economic cost to countries with a persistently high incidence of rheumatic heart disease is significant. (who.int)
  • In contrast, the incidence of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in developing countries has not substantially decreased. (medscape.com)
  • Penicillin treatment shortens the clinical course of streptococcal pharyngitis and, more importantly, is effective in decreasing the incidence of major sequelae such as rheumatic fever. (medscape.com)
  • Acute rheumatic fever incidence (2011-2012) and rheumatic heart disease point prevalence (August 2013) were calculated by using 2010 U.S. Census Bureau data (American Samoa pop. (cdc.gov)
  • Acute rheumatic fever incidence was 1.1 and 1.5 cases per 1,000 children, for 2011 and 2012, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • Age Alert In lower socioeconomic groups, the incidence of rheumatic heart disease is highest in children between ages 5 and 15, probably because of malnutrition and crowded living conditions. (medicscientist.com)
  • Rheumatic heart disease is a preventable yet serious public health problem in low- and middle-income countries and in marginalized communities in high-income countries, including indigenous populations. (who.int)
  • Although entirely preventable, rheumatic heart disease (RHD), a disease of poverty and social disadvantage resulting in high morbidity and mortality, remains an ever-present burden in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) and rural, remote, marginalised and disenfranchised populations within high-income countries. (bmj.com)
  • NCDs, namely cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases, are largely preventable by addressing the four common modifiable risk factors - tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. (who.int)
  • The successes are mainly attributed to efforts of Ministry of Health (MOH) and its partners in the areas of malaria control, control of vaccine preventable diseases and improvement in prevention and case management of the main childhood killer diseases. (who.int)
  • This is a chronic, life-limiting disease… and it starts from a skin sore or sore throat. (nacchocommunique.com)
  • CVDs), cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. (who.int)
  • (http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html, accessed 20 March 2018). (who.int)
  • There were 2,076 cases of acute rheumatic fever identified in QLD, WA, SA and the NT combined (including both first known and recurrent cases) - 95% (1,963) of which were in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, during 2014-2018. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • Seventy-two percent of acute rheumatic fever cases in Indigenous Australians were first known episodes, and 73% were in those aged 5-24, in 2014-2018. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • There were 4,993 people who had a diagnosis of rheumatic heart disease recorded on registers in Qld, WA, SA and the NT as at December 2018, of whom 87% (4,325) were Indigenous Australians. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • While acute rheumatic fever (RF) has declined to near zero in most developed countries, it persists in New Zealand (NZ) with 168 new hospitalizations in 2018 (3.6/100,000) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Contrary to expectations, vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) reduced the risk for ischemic stroke and death compared with the factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban ( Xarelto, Janssen) in patients with rheumatic heart disease and atrial fibrillation, in the INVICTUS trial. (medscape.com)
  • VKA should remain the standard of care for patients with rheumatic heart disease and atrial fibrillation," he concluded in a hotline session at the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2022 Congress . (medscape.com)
  • The study, simultaneously published in the New England Journal of Medicine , is the first randomized controlled trial to assess anticoagulant therapy in patients with rheumatic heart disease and atrial fibrillation (AF). (medscape.com)
  • Patients with RHD also suffer from complications related to atrial fibrillation (irregular heart beat). (sciencedaily.com)
  • Rheumatic fever develops in some children and adolescents following pharyngitis with group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (ie, Streptococcus pyogenes or GABHS ). (medscape.com)
  • It can be prevented by early detection and diagnosis of this form of pharyngitis - acute rheumatic fever and heart disease - with antibiotic treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis and appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis for those who have experienced acute rheumatic fever. (philips-foundation.com)
  • Causes Rheumatic fever is caused by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis. (medicscientist.com)
  • Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis is the etiologic precursor of acute rheumatic fever, but host and environmental factors are important. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In late 2021, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a workshop to explore the current state of science, to identify basic science and clinical research priorities to support RHD eradication efforts worldwide. (bmj.com)
  • Pathophysiology The antigens of group A streptococci bind to receptors in the heart, muscle, brain, and synovial joints, causing an autoimmune response. (medicscientist.com)
  • Antibiotics can prevent acute rheumatic fever if administered no more than 9 days after symptom onset. (cdc.gov)
  • Antibiotics can often treat strep infections and keep rheumatic fever from occurring. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • There is no cure for RHD, but patients must undergo a painful injection of antibiotics every 28 days for at least a decade to keep their heart as strong as possible. (nacchocommunique.com)
  • Treating people who have strep throat with antibiotics, such as penicillin, decreases the risk of developing rheumatic fever. (wikipedia.org)
  • In those with rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease, prolonged periods of antibiotics are sometimes recommended. (wikipedia.org)
  • specifically an every 28-day injection of antibiotics (i.e., benzathine penicillin G or 'bicillin') for a minimum of 10 years or until age 21 (whichever is longer) for those with no/mild rheumatic heart disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cardiac manifestations of acute rheumatic fever include pancarditis, as evidenced by a new or changing murmur or via echocardiography. (medscape.com)
  • When ARF develops, exudative and proliferative inflammatory lesions can appear in connective tissues of the joints, blood vessels, and subcutaneous tissue, but they are especially detrimental in cardiac tissue, where structural changes can occur, resulting in rheumatic heart disease (RHD). (medscape.com)
  • In October 2010 she was informed that she had cardiac disease that requires corrective surgery (rheumatic heart disease). (burmachildren.com)
  • She was informed that she must go to a hospital in Rangoon and pay over 4,000,000 Kyat (US$4,000) to have corrective cardiac surgery to survive her heart failure. (burmachildren.com)
  • It is of note that in the acute rheumatic episode, a large number of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages in addition to T and B lymphocytes are found [4, 5]. (fortunejournals.com)
  • Rheumatic heart disease is the result of permanent heart valve damage secondary to acute rheumatic fever and the resultant rheumatic carditis involving pericarditis, myocarditis, or valvulitis. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Carditis (with progressive congestive heart failure, a new murmur, or pericarditis) may be the presenting sign of unrecognized past episodes and is the most lethal manifestation. (medscape.com)
  • In fact, autoantibodies reactive against the heart have been found in patients with rheumatic carditis. (medscape.com)
  • Pediatric cases of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease were defined as physician-diagnosed acute rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease among patients aged ≤18 years who had sought care during 2011-2012 at the hospital in American Samoa. (cdc.gov)
  • International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes and BPG prophylaxis registries including patients currently receiving BPG treatment at the hospital were used to identify cases of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease during 2011-2012 and to estimate the August 2013 point prevalence of rheumatic heart disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The National Rheumatic Heart Disease Data Collection (NRHDDC) comprises information from jurisdictional registers of notified cases of acute rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease (ARF/RHD). (aihw.gov.au)
  • No single specific laboratory test can confirm the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). (medscape.com)
  • Secondary antibiotic treatment with penicillin injections after a diagnosis of Acute Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease is used to prevent further attacks of Strep A, preferably prior to any heart valve damage. (ac.ke)
  • Rheumatic fever is a condition that can develop as a result of untreated strep throat or scarlet fever.This permanent damage to the heart valve is caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever. (fitnessethics.com)
  • abstract = "Objectives: To determine the community based prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in the rural population of the district of Rahim Yaar Khan in Pakistan. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Aim: This retrospective study was planned to evaluate the various outcomes of mitral valve repair in rheumatic mitral valve disease. (journalcra.com)
  • Methods: Between January 2007 to July 2015, 238 rheumatic mitral valve repair was done at our institution. (journalcra.com)
  • Conclusion: Mitral valve repair in Rheumatic heart disease is possible in majority of patients with excellent results when comprehensive repair techniques are used. (journalcra.com)
  • For recurrent rheumatic fever, the requirement is for two major, one major and two minor, or three minor criteria. (medscape.com)
  • Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease are thought to result from an autoimmune response, but the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. (medscape.com)
  • People with ARF are recommended to start regular antibiotic treatment ('secondary prophylaxis') to prevent further GAS infections and minimise the risk of disease progression. (vic.gov.au)
  • If there's an infectious disease, its repeated invasion is often prevented by continuous antibiotic treatment. (healthgj.com)
  • Rheumatic Heart Disease can lead to various other complications such as a ruptured heart valve, which would require required immediate surgery or replacement of a heart valve. (metrohospitals.com)
  • It can also cause complications during pregnancy and can lead to heart failure in pregnant women. (metrohospitals.com)
  • These diseases and their related complications generate a real and significant threat globally and to Eritrea. (who.int)
  • Physical Examination -A medical consultant may check for an audible murmur or rub during a routine physical exam which is caused by leaking blood around the damaged valve or inflamed heart tissues rubbing of inflamed heart tissues. (metrohospitals.com)
  • Heart rate increases, murmur, or palpitations (an abnormal beating of the heart that may be perceived by the patient as a result of excitement, exertion, or illness). (fitnessethics.com)
  • About 9,700 cases of invasive diseases linked to strep A were reported in the United States in 1997. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The collection contains demographic data (age, sex, Indigenous status), information about clinical diagnosis (diagnosis and notification dates), disease progression, clinical severity, secondary prophylaxis and surgical management. (aihw.gov.au)
  • The Treatment depends upon the severity of the damage caused to the heart valve by the disease. (metrohospitals.com)
  • We sought to stratify the patients in the registry according to disease severity and optimal management strategy. (ajol.info)
  • This is an inflammatory disease that can affect many connective tissues, especially in the heart, joints, skin, or brain. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Rheumatic fever (RF) is an inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 20 ] though isolated echocardiographic disease of the aortic valve is uncommon with rheumatic heart disease. (medscape.com)
  • Heart surgery can be required to repair heart valve damage resulting from RHD. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • The cost of non-adherence is large-60-70% of those with RF who do not have monthly penicillin injections will go on to develop permanent heart valve damage/RHD requiring costly surgery and increased health burden [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the major sequel of rheumatic fever (RF) and leads to valve damage and poor quality of life mainly in children and adolescents. (fortunejournals.com)
  • RF affects the heart, joints and central nervous system. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Rheumatic fever is characterized pathologically by exudative and proliferative inflammatory lesions of the connective tissue in the heart, joints, blood vessels, and subcutaneous tissue. (medscape.com)
  • This mimicry triggers B- and T-cell immune responses directed against the heart, joints, central nervous system (CNS), skin, and subcutaneous tissues where those proteins are found. (medscape.com)
  • If not treated, this streptococcal sore throat turns into infectious disease. (healthgj.com)
  • Immediate and proper treatment of streptococcal sore throat can prevent this disease. (healthgj.com)
  • Because few persons (3%) with streptococcal infections contract rheumatic fever, altered host resistance must be involved in its development or recurrence. (medicscientist.com)
  • Rheumatic fever can occur at any age. (ketteringhealth.org)
  • Rheumatic fever may occur in people of any age, but is most common in children between the ages of five and 15. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Although ARF and RHD are rare in the general Australian population, they are a common cause of heart disease in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children and also occur among some migrant populations (particularly from Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Pacific Islands). (sa.gov.au)
  • Outcomes in patients with symptomatic RHD are quite poor, although patients with disease detected at an earlier stage may have better outcomes with antibiotic prophylaxis and prevention of recurrence. (thoracickey.com)
  • Noncompliance with recommended prophylaxis with BPG after physician-diagnosed acute rheumatic fever was noted for 22 (34%) of 65 patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Establishment of a coordinated acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease control program in American Samoa, likely would improve diagnosis, treatment, and patient compliance with BPG prophylaxis. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, hospital patient registries for BPG prophylaxis were reviewed to identify additional acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Medical records for all identified patients were reviewed to verify acute rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease diagnoses and BPG prophylaxis noncompliance, which included recorded missed or late doses. (cdc.gov)
  • Case-finding using hospital BPG prophylaxis registries was conducted to determine the number of children known to be living with rheumatic heart disease at the time of the study. (cdc.gov)
  • For progress to be made in preventing and treating this serious condition, it is vital that these countries prioritise improving the use of penicillin prophylaxis, improving the appropriate use of oral anticoagulation therapy with warfarin, and providing contraceptive and other reproductive health services to women affected by rheumatic heart disease. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Secondary prevention and treatment of acute rheumatic fever / rheumatic heart disease are essential, through the implementation of disease registers and control programs, education of patients and their families, treatment with penicillin prophylaxis, and regular clinical review and access to specialists and hospital care. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • The study concluded that secondary antibiotic prophylaxis among children and adolescents 5 to 17 years of age with latent rheumatic heart disease reduced the risk of disease progression at two years. (philips-foundation.com)
  • Less than 20% of those found to have RHD were aware of their diagnosis before participation in this study and only three affected people (8%) were taking rheumatic prophylaxis. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • In one example from Brazil, rheumatic fever cost the affected family annually about US$ 97/patient and cost society annually US$ 320/patient, whereas a secondary prevention programme cost US$ 23/patient annually. (who.int)
  • The risk of developing rheumatic heart disease is up to two times higher for females than males, and females accounted for two thirds of patients with rheumatic heart disease admitted to selected hospitals in 12 countries in the African Region, India and Yemen. (who.int)
  • Patients living in low- and lower-middle income countries [2] were less likely to have had effective surgical procedures carried out, such as heart valve replacement or repair, compared to patients in upper-middle income countries, despite the greater prevalence of patients with RHD and left ventricular dysfunction who required these procedures in the low-income countries. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Since the establishment of the Uganda Rheumatic Heart Registry, over 900 patients have been enrolled. (ajol.info)
  • There is a high proportion of patients with severe disease that require surgical treatment yet they cannot access this therapy due to absence of local expertise. (ajol.info)
  • If a rapid antigen detection test result is negative, obtain a throat culture in patients with suspected rheumatic fever. (medscape.com)
  • Rheumatic patients represent 45.7% (5,169 patients) of the valve replacement group and 77.7% (2,556 patients) of the conservative group. (fortunejournals.com)
  • A number of skin changes are common in rheumatic fever patients. (encyclopedia.com)
  • A rash called erythema marginatum develops (especially in those patients who will develop heart problems from their illness), which takes the form of pink splotches that may eventually spread into each other. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Major heart surgery is not available in Mae Sot so patients requiring such surgery must go to Chiang Mai or Bangkok. (burmachildren.com)
  • In the area of non-communicable diseases, although lots remain to be done, the Ministry of Health is exerting its efforts in the provision of care to patients, with the establishment of dedicated NCD services including NCD corners in all health facilities & NCD clinics in health centers and above levels in all Zones. (who.int)
  • In a study of 15 patients with rheumatic heart disease and a control group of 10 patients who had been exposed to group A streptococci but did not develop either acute rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease, 13 genes were differentially expressed in the same direction (predominantly decreased) between the two groups. (medscape.com)
  • Acute rheumatic fever occurs most commonly among children aged 5-15 years. (cdc.gov)
  • People of all ages can suffer from severe infectious disease, but it always occurs in children between five and 15 years aged. (healthgj.com)
  • Rheumatic fever occurs in about 325,000 children each year and about 33.4 million people currently have rheumatic heart disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) occurs as a complication of ARF. (sa.gov.au)
  • However, epidemiologic associations in certain populations have led to speculation that group A Streptococcus (GAS) impetigo could predispose to or cause rheumatic fever as well. (medscape.com)
  • Recommended acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease preventative measures include monitoring Group A Streptococcus (GAS) diseases, the development of a GAS vaccine, long-acting penicillins, and improvements in social determinants, along with better access to health care and improved housing. (indigenoushpf.gov.au)
  • Research more strongly supports the theory that the disease is caused by an interaction between antibodies produced to fight the group A streptococcus bacteria and the heart tissue. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Due to a resemblance between Group A streptococcus bacteria's antigens and antigens present on the body's own cells, the antibodies mistakenly attack the body itself, specifically heart muscle. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In 2002, a report announced that scientists had mapped the genome (genetic material) of an A streptococcus bacterium responsible for acute rheumatic fever. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Group A Streptococcus is thought to cause the myriad of clinical diseases in which the host's immunologic response to bacterial antigens cross-react with various target organs in the body, resulting in molecular mimicry. (medscape.com)
  • Rheumatic heart condition develops thanks to recurrent infectious disease. (healthgj.com)
  • Rheumatic heart disease disproportionately affects girls and women. (who.int)
  • Rheumatic heart disease affects over 40 million people, mainly living in low- and low- to middle-income countries. (medscape.com)
  • Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease affects over 3,600 people in Queensland. (rhdaustralia.org.au)
  • Rheumatic fever is a disease that affects the body. (healthgj.com)
  • Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a condition that affects more than 40 million people worldwide and it causes over 300,000 deaths annually. (philips-foundation.com)
  • Rheumatic heart disease is a cardiovascular condition that mostly affects people under the age of 25. (fitnessethics.com)
  • Philips Foundation partnered with Heart Healers International in Uganda to investigate the role of penicillin in the early treatment of rheumatic heart disease. (philips-foundation.com)
  • The current prophylactic treatment to prevent rheumatic heart disease requires four-weekly intramuscular injection of a suspension of the poorly soluble benzathine salt form of penicillin G (BPG) often for more than 10 years. (edu.au)