A dietary deficiency of riboflavin causing a syndrome chiefly marked by cheilitis, angular stomatitis, glossitis associated with a purplish red or magenta-colored tongue that may show fissures, corneal vascularization, dyssebacia, and anemia. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Nutritional factor found in milk, eggs, malted barley, liver, kidney, heart, and leafy vegetables. The richest natural source is yeast. It occurs in the free form only in the retina of the eye, in whey, and in urine; its principal forms in tissues and cells are as FLAVIN MONONUCLEOTIDE and FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE.
Catalyzes the oxidation of GLUTATHIONE to GLUTATHIONE DISULFIDE in the presence of NADP+. Deficiency in the enzyme is associated with HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA. Formerly listed as EC 1.6.4.2.
A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of riboflavin from two molecules of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine, utilizing a four-carbon fragment from one molecule which is transferred to the second molecule. EC 2.5.1.9.
An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA to palmitoylcarnitine in the inner mitochondrial membrane. EC 2.3.1.21.
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Enzymes that catalyze the first step in the beta-oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.
A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3.
Acidosis caused by accumulation of lactic acid more rapidly than it can be metabolized. It may occur spontaneously or in association with diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS; LEUKEMIA; or LIVER FAILURE.
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Enzyme catalyzing reversibly the hydrolysis of palmitoyl-CoA or other long-chain acyl coenzyme A compounds to yield CoA and palmitate or other acyl esters. The enzyme is involved in the esterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides. EC 3.1.2.2.
Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.
A flavoprotein oxidoreductase that has specificity for medium-chain fatty acids. It forms a complex with ELECTRON TRANSFERRING FLAVOPROTEINS and conveys reducing equivalents to UBIQUINONE.
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.
Inflammation of the lips. It is of various etiologies and degrees of pathology.
'Mouth diseases' is a broad term referring to various conditions that cause inflammation, infection, or structural changes in any part of the mouth, including the lips, gums, tongue, palate, cheeks, and teeth, which can lead to symptoms such as pain, discomfort, difficulty in chewing or speaking, and altered aesthetics.
An idiopathic syndrome characterized by one or more of the following; recurrent orofacial swelling, relapsing facial paralysis, and fissured tongue (lingua plicata). The onset is usually in childhood and relapses are common. Cheilitis granulomatosa is a monosymptomatic variant of this condition. (Dermatol Clin 1996 Apr;14(2):371-9; Magalini & Magalini, Dictionary of Medical Syndromes, 4th ed, p531)
Tumors or cancer of the LIP.
Abnormal breathing through the mouth, usually associated with obstructive disorders of the nasal passages.
A water-soluble medicinal preparation applied to the skin.

Single versus multiple deficiencies of methionine, zinc, riboflavin, vitamin B-6 and choline elicit surprising growth responses in young chicks. (1/96)

A soy-protein isolate diet that was deficient in methionine (Met), zinc (Zn), riboflavin, vitamin B-6 and choline for chick growth (Assay 1) was used to study individual or multiple deficiencies of several of these nutrients. In all cases, adding all three deficient nutrients together resulted in growth responses that were superior to those resulting from supplementation with any pairs of deficient nutrients. In Assay 2, single addition of Zn but not of methionine or riboflavin produced a growth response, but the combination of either Zn and Met or Zn and riboflavin resulted in growth responses that were greater than the response elicited by Zn alone. Assay 3 involved individual or multiple deficiencies of choline, riboflavin and vitamin B-6, and individual additions suggested that choline was first limiting. Choline + riboflavin supplementation, however, produced marked growth and gain:food responses that were far greater than those resulting from supplemental choline or riboflavin alone. Moreover, the growth response to a combination of choline + pyridoxine (PN) was also greater than that obtained from any of the three nutrients fed alone; even PN + riboflavin (in the absence of choline) produced responses greater than those observed with the unsupplemented negative-control diet. In Assay 4, chicks responded to individual additions of riboflavin, PN or Met, and in Assay 5, to either riboflavin or PN; all two-way combinations resulted in growth rates that were far greater than those occurring with any single addition. The data from these experiments show that unlike the situation with three deficient amino acids, the expected responses to first-, second- and third-limiting B-vitamins or deficient vitamins combined with deficient levels of Zn or Met do not follow the expected pattern of response to first-, further response to first- and second- and an even further response to first-, second- and third-limiting nutrients.  (+info)

Low-dose vitamin B-6 effectively lowers fasting plasma homocysteine in healthy elderly persons who are folate and riboflavin replete. (2/96)

BACKGROUND: Current data suggest that physiologic doses of vitamin B-6 have no significant homocysteine-lowering effect. It is possible that an effect of vitamin B-6 was missed in previous trials because of a much greater effect of folic acid, vitamin B-12, or both. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low-dose vitamin B-6 supplementation on fasting total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations in healthy elderly persons who were made replete with folate and riboflavin. DESIGN: Twenty-two healthy elderly persons aged 63-80 y were supplemented with a low dose of vitamin B-6 (1.6 mg/d) for 12 wk in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial after repletion with folic acid (400 microg/d for 6 wk) and riboflavin (1.6 mg/d for 18 wk); none of the subjects had a vitamin B-12 deficiency. RESULTS: Folic acid supplementation lowered fasting tHcy by 19.6% (P < 0.001). After folic acid supplementation, baseline tHcy concentrations ranged from 6.22 to 23.52 micromol/L and 10 subjects had suboptimal vitamin B-6 status (plasma pyridoxal-P < 20 nmol/L). Two-way analysis of variance showed that the significant improvement in vitamin B-6 status in response to vitamin B-6 supplementation (on the basis of both pyridoxal-P: and the erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activation coefficient) was reflected in a significant reduction in plasma tHcy of 7.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose vitamin B-6 effectively lowers fasting plasma tHcy in healthy subjects who are both folate and riboflavin replete. This suggests that any program aimed at the treatment or prevention of hyperhomocysteinemia should include vitamin B-6 supplementation.  (+info)

Riboflavin and mouse hepatic cell structure and function. Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in severe deficiency states. (3/96)

Weanling mice were fed a riboflavin-deficient diet or the same diet with added galactoflavin. Both diets produced changes in hepatic mitochondrial morphology, the most striking of which was the development of giant mitochondria. The livers from these animals were fractionated, and the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions were examined by electron microscopy. The nuclear fraction contained giant mitochondria; the mitochondrial fraction contained the remaining normal to moderately enlarged mitochondria. Oxidative studies were carried out on the mitochondrial fractions. It was found that both experimental diets resulted in a marked reduction in fatty acid oxidation by the mitochondria. In addition, the mitochondria of mice with advanced riboflavin deficiency (induced simply by a riboflavin-free diet) showed a severely decreased state 3 (ADP-stimulated) respiration and depressed respiratory control ratios, but normal ADP/O ratios. In contrast, mitochondrial performance (aside from fatty acid oxidation) in galactoflavin-supplemented, riboflavin-deficient mice was related to the gross appearance, i.e., color, of the liver from which these organelles were derived. In mice fed this diet, the livers were either red or yellow. Mitochondria from yellow livers showed normal oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria from red livers showed a serious reduction in state 3 oxidation. This study demonstrates that in the mouse, riboflavin deficiency, however produced, not only results in altered mitochondrial morphology but also results in significantly impaired mitochondrial function.  (+info)

An evaluation of the role of leukocytes in the pathogenesis of experimentally induced corneal vascularization. (4/96)

Studies of corneal explants in the hamster cheek pouch chamber have demonstrated that blood vessels invade the cornea only if the tissue is first infiltrated by leukocytes. In view of this observation, a comparative study of the events that precede and accompany corneal vascularization was undertaken in various experimental models. A variety of established methods were used to induce corneal vascularization, including exposure of the cornea to noxious agents, intracorneal injection of antigens into sensitized animals, as well as maintaining animals on diets deficient in vitamin A or riboflavin. In all models studied, the corneal vascularization was a manifestation of the reparative phase of the inflammatory response. A conspicuous leukocytic infiltrate of the cornea preceded and accompanied the corneal vascularization in all of the models. Although the lesions varied in several respects in the different models, all models displayed three phases with regard to vascularization: an early prevascular phase of leukocytic infiltration, a second phase where blood vessels persisted in the cornea in the absence of leukocytes. The latent period that preceded vascularization was directly related to the time of the initial leukocytic infiltration. The models in which a delay occurred in the leukocytic invasion displayed a subsequent delay in the vascular ingrowth. Conversely, in experiments where there was a rapid and extensive leukocytic invasion, there was also an early and enhanced corneal vasoproliferative response. In the various modesl investigated, the sites of the leukocytic infiltration and subsequent vascular ingrowth into the cornea paralleled each other. The data further support the hypotheses that leukocytes are a prerequisite to corneal vascularization and that leukocytes produce one or more factors which stimulate directional vascular growth.  (+info)

Effects of riboflavin repletion during different developmental phases on behavioral patterns, brain nucleic acid and protein contents, and erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity of male rats. (5/96)

Effects of riboflavin repletion of rats at various stages of development were evaluated by biochemical and behavioral parameters. One group of dams received diets containing a suboptimal level of riboflavin, approximately 15 mug, and another group, control, received approximately 40 mug of the vitamin daily 2 weeks before mating. Rats fed the control diet received approximately 120 mug riboflavin daily during pregnancy and lactation; suboptimals received approximately 15 mug daily. Some rats fed the control diet were pair-fed to rats fed the suboptimal ration. A group of dams fed the suboptimal diet was switched to control after parturition. At weaning, male offspring were fed the same riboflavin levels their respective dams received before mating except one group, whose dams were fed the suboptimal diet, received the control diet. Male progeny of dams pair-fed the control diet to suboptimal rats were either pair-fed to offspring of suboptimal dams or to offspring riboflavin-repleted at weaning. Rats that always received the suboptimal diet had significantly higher general activity scores at 60 days of age than the scores of other animals. Brains from rats always fed the suboptimal diet and those receiving riboflavin repletion at weaning had lower, sometimes significantly, DNA, RNA, and protein contents than those from other animals. Riboflavin restriction during gestation and lactation, but not gestation alone, appeared to produce permanent alterations in general activity scores and brain nucleic acid and protein contents of male rat progeny.  (+info)

Dietary intake in the third trimester of pregnancy and birth weight of offspring among nonprivileged and priviledged women. (6/96)

The dietary intake during the third trimester of pregnancy among 20 nonprivileged and 10 privileged primigravidae in Addis Ababa was studied in a 2 day weighting inventory survey. With the exception of iron and thiamin, the nonprivileged group consumed a diet that was deficient in all nutrients, with an average daily protein and energy intake below 60% of the FAO/WHO Recommendations. The privileged group was found to meet the recommendations for all nutrients except for calcium and riboflavin. Infants born to the nonprivileged women had significantly lower mean birth weight when compared with the infants born to the privileged women.  (+info)

Angular stomatitis and riboflavin status among adolescent Bhutanese refugees living in southeastern Nepal. (7/96)

BACKGROUND: Between 1990 and 1993, fear of ethnic persecution led 83,000 ethnic Nepalese to flee from Bhutan to refugee camps in Nepal, where they remained at the time of this study. Reported cases of angular stomatitis (AS), ie, thinning or fissuring at the mouth angles, increased 6-fold from December 1998 to March 1999, from 5.5 to 35.6 cases per 1000 per month. This increase came after the removal of a fortified cereal from rations. OBJECTIVES: The main objectives were to assess the prevalence of AS and of low concentrations of riboflavin, folate, vitamin B-12, and iron by using biochemical measures; to determine whether riboflavin status was associated with AS; and to assess the potential of AS as a screening measure for low riboflavin concentrations. DESIGN: In October 1999, we performed a survey among a random sample of 463 adolescent refugees in which we conducted interviews and physical examinations and obtained blood specimens for riboflavin assessment. Riboflavin status was assessed with the erythrocyte glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) activity coefficient. After we excluded those adolescents who had taken vitamins during the past month, 369 were eligible for analyses. RESULTS: AS was common (26.8%; 95% CI: 22.3, 31.3), the prevalence of low riboflavin concentrations was high (85.8%; 80.7, 90.9), and riboflavin status was associated with AS. Adolescents with AS had significantly lower riboflavin concentrations than did adolescents without AS (P = 0.02). The adjusted odds ratio for AS and low riboflavin concentrations was 5.1 (1.55, 16.5). CONCLUSION: Globally, riboflavin deficiency is rare. Its emergence in food-dependent populations can be a harbinger of other B-vitamin deficiencies.  (+info)

Effect of riboflavin supplementation on plasma homocysteine in elderly people with low riboflavin status. (8/96)

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of riboflavin supplementation on plasma homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations in healthy elderly people with sub-optimal riboflavin status. DESIGN: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled riboflavin supplementation trial. SETTING: Community based study in Northern Ireland. SUBJECTS: From a screening sample of 101 healthy elderly people, 52 had sub-optimal riboflavin status (erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient, EGRAC>or=1.20) and were invited to participate in the study. INTERVENTION: The intervention had two parts. Part 1 was a 12 week randomized double blind, placebo-controlled intervention with riboflavin (1.6 mg/day). Following completion of part 1, the placebo group went on to part 2 of the study which involved supplementation with folic acid (400 micro g/day) for 6 weeks followed by folic acid and riboflavin (1.6 mg/day) for a further 12 weeks, with a 16 week washout period post-supplementation. The purpose of part 2 was: (a) to address the possibility that homocysteine-lowering in response to riboflavin may be obscured by a much greater effect of folate, and that, once folate status was optimized, a dependence of homocysteine on riboflavin might emerge; and (b) to demonstrate that these subjects had homocysteine concentrations which could be lowered by nutritional intervention. RESULTS: Although riboflavin supplementation significantly improved riboflavin status in both parts 1 and 2 of the study (P<0.001 for each), tHcy concentrations were unaffected (P=0.719). In contrast, folic acid supplementation (study part 2) resulted in a homocysteine lowering of 19.6% (P=0.001). CONCLUSION: Despite the metabolic dependency of tHcy on riboflavin, it did not prove to be an effective homocysteine-lowering agent, even in the face of sub-optimal riboflavin status.  (+info)

Riboflavin deficiency, also known as ariboflavinosis, is a condition that results from inadequate intake or absorption of riboflavin (vitamin B2). This vitamin plays a crucial role in energy production, cellular function, growth, and development.

The medical definition of riboflavin deficiency includes the following symptoms:

1. Fatigue and weakness due to impaired energy production
2. Swelling and inflammation of the mouth and tongue, which can lead to painful lesions, soreness, and a smooth red tongue (glossitis)
3. Angular cheilosis - cracks at the corners of the mouth
4. Skin disorders such as seborrheic dermatitis, characterized by scaly, itchy, or greasy skin around the nose, eyebrows, ears, and genital area
5. Anemia due to impaired synthesis of heme (the iron-containing component of hemoglobin)
6. Impaired vision, particularly in low light conditions, due to damage to the light-sensitive cells in the eyes (photosensitivity)
7. Nerve damage and degeneration leading to neurological symptoms such as numbness, tingling, or burning sensations in the hands and feet
8. Slowed growth and development in children
9. Increased susceptibility to infections due to impaired immune function

Riboflavin deficiency is usually seen in individuals with poor nutrition, alcoholism, or those who have conditions affecting nutrient absorption, such as celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, certain medications and pregnancy may increase the risk of riboflavin deficiency.

Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in energy production and cellular function, growth, and development. It is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and it helps to maintain healthy skin, hair, and nails. Riboflavin is involved in the production of energy by acting as a coenzyme in various redox reactions. It also contributes to the maintenance of the mucous membranes of the digestive tract and promotes iron absorption.

Riboflavin can be found in a variety of foods, including milk, cheese, leafy green vegetables, liver, kidneys, legumes, yeast, mushrooms, and almonds. It is sensitive to light and heat, so exposure to these elements can lead to its degradation and loss of vitamin activity.

Deficiency in riboflavin is rare but can occur in individuals with poor dietary intake or malabsorption disorders. Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency include inflammation of the mouth and tongue, anemia, skin disorders, and neurological symptoms such as confusion and mood changes. Riboflavin supplements are available for those who have difficulty meeting their daily requirements through diet alone.

Glutathione reductase (GR) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in maintaining the cellular redox state. The primary function of GR is to reduce oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to its reduced form (GSH), which is an essential intracellular antioxidant. This enzyme utilizes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) as a reducing agent in the reaction, converting it to NADP+. The medical definition of Glutathione Reductase is:

Glutathione reductase (GSR; EC 1.8.1.7) is a homodimeric flavoprotein that catalyzes the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to reduced glutathione (GSH) in the presence of NADPH as a cofactor. This enzyme is essential for maintaining the cellular redox balance and protecting cells from oxidative stress by regenerating the active form of glutathione, a vital antioxidant and detoxifying agent.

Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) is a coenzyme that plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes, particularly in the electron transport chain where it functions as an electron carrier in oxidation-reduction reactions. FAD is composed of a flavin moiety, riboflavin or vitamin B2, and adenine dinucleotide. It can exist in two forms: an oxidized form (FAD) and a reduced form (FADH2). The reduction of FAD to FADH2 involves the gain of two electrons and two protons, which is accompanied by a significant conformational change that allows FADH2 to donate its electrons to subsequent components in the electron transport chain, ultimately leading to the production of ATP, the main energy currency of the cell.

Riboflavin synthase is not a term that has a widely accepted or established medical definition. However, riboflavin (also known as vitamin B2) is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in energy production and cellular function. Riboflavin synthase is actually a protein involved in the biosynthesis of riboflavin in certain bacteria, but it does not have a direct medical relevance to humans since we cannot synthesize riboflavin and must obtain it through our diet.

Therefore, I would be happy to provide you with some information about riboflavin instead:

Riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. It plays an important role in energy production, cellular function, growth, and development. Riboflavin functions as a cofactor for various enzymes involved in redox reactions, which are chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons between molecules.

Riboflavin is found in a variety of foods, including milk, cheese, leafy green vegetables, liver, kidneys, legumes, nuts, and fortified cereals. Riboflavin deficiency is rare in developed countries but can occur in individuals with poor nutrition or certain medical conditions that affect nutrient absorption.

Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency may include:
- Fatigue and weakness
- Mouth and lip sores
- Inflammation of the lining of the mouth and tongue (stomatitis)
- Anemia
- Skin disorders, such as seborrheic dermatitis or angular cheilitis
- Visual disturbances, such as sensitivity to light or blurred vision

Fortunately, riboflavin deficiency is easily treated with dietary changes or supplements. Riboflavin is also available as a dietary supplement and is sometimes used to treat migraines, cataracts, and other medical conditions. However, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase (CPT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the transport of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix, where they undergo beta-oxidation to produce energy. There are two main forms of this enzyme: CPT1 and CPT2.

CPT1 is located on the outer mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the transfer of a long-chain fatty acyl group from coenzyme A (CoA) to carnitine, forming acylcarnitine. This reaction is reversible and allows for the regulation of fatty acid oxidation in response to changes in energy demand.

CPT2 is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes the reverse reaction, transferring the long-chain fatty acyl group from carnitine back to CoA, allowing for the entry of the fatty acid into the beta-oxidation pathway.

Deficiencies in CPT1 or CPT2 can lead to serious metabolic disorders, such as carnitine deficiency and mitochondrial myopathies, which can cause muscle weakness, cardiomyopathy, and other symptoms. Treatment may involve dietary modifications, supplementation with carnitine or medium-chain fatty acids, and in some cases, enzyme replacement therapy.

I'd be happy to help! However, I believe there might be a slight misunderstanding in your question. Mitochondria are organelles found in the cells of all complex living organisms, including humans, while the liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen. They don't have a medical definition together. I can certainly provide you with separate definitions for each:

1. Mitochondria: These are double-membrane-bound cellular organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Commonly known as the "powerhouse of the cell," mitochondria convert organic substrates, such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria are dynamic structures that can change their shape, size, and number through fission (division) and fusion (merging) processes. They play essential roles in various cellular functions, including calcium signaling, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and the regulation of cellular metabolism.

2. Liver: The liver is a large, lobulated organ that lies mainly in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity, just below the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, such as detoxification, protein synthesis, metabolism, and nutrient storage. The liver is responsible for removing toxins from the bloodstream, producing bile to aid in digestion, regulating glucose levels, synthesizing plasma proteins, and storing glycogen, vitamins, and minerals. It also contributes to the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids, helping maintain energy homeostasis in the body.

I hope this clarifies any confusion! If you have any further questions or need more information, please don't hesitate to ask.

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the body's energy production process. They are responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of various fatty acids, which are broken down into smaller molecules called acyl-CoAs in the body.

More specifically, acyl-CoA dehydrogenases facilitate the removal of electrons from the acyl-CoA molecules, which are then transferred to coenzyme Q10 and eventually to the electron transport chain. This process generates energy in the form of ATP, which is used by cells throughout the body for various functions.

There are several different types of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, each responsible for oxidizing a specific type of acyl-CoA molecule. These include:

* Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD), which oxidizes acyl-CoAs with 12 to 20 carbon atoms
* Long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD), which oxidizes acyl-CoAs with 14 to 20 carbon atoms
* Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), which oxidizes acyl-CoAs with 6 to 12 carbon atoms
* Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD), which oxidizes acyl-CoAs with 4 to 8 carbon atoms
* Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, which oxidizes isovaleryl-CoA, a specific type of branched-chain acyl-CoA molecule

Deficiencies in these enzymes can lead to various metabolic disorders, such as medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) or long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCADD), which can cause symptoms such as hypoglycemia, muscle weakness, and developmental delays.

Electron Transport Complex I, also known as NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, is a large protein complex located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotic cells. It is the first complex in the electron transport chain, a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen, driving the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis.

Complex I consists of multiple subunits, including a flavin mononucleotide (FMN) cofactor and several iron-sulfur clusters, which facilitate the oxidation of NADH and the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). The energy released during this electron transfer process is used to pump protons across the membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

Defects in Complex I can lead to various mitochondrial diseases, including neurological disorders and muscle weakness.

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by an excess accumulation of lactic acid in the body. Lactic acid is a byproduct produced in the muscles and other tissues during periods of low oxygen supply or increased energy demand. Under normal circumstances, lactic acid is quickly metabolized and cleared from the body. However, when the production of lactic acid exceeds its clearance, it can lead to a state of acidosis, where the pH of the blood becomes too acidic.

Lactic acidosis can be caused by several factors, including:

* Prolonged exercise or strenuous physical activity
* Severe illness or infection
* Certain medications, such as metformin and isoniazid
* Alcoholism
* Hypoxia (low oxygen levels) due to lung disease, heart failure, or anemia
* Inherited metabolic disorders that affect the body's ability to metabolize lactic acid

Symptoms of lactic acidosis may include rapid breathing, fatigue, muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Severe cases can lead to coma, organ failure, and even death. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of the condition and providing supportive care, such as administering intravenous fluids and bicarbonate to help restore normal pH levels.

Mitochondria are specialized structures located inside cells that convert the energy from food into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary form of energy used by cells. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate most of the cell's supply of chemical energy. Mitochondria are also involved in various other cellular processes, such as signaling, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Mitochondria have their own DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is inherited maternally. This means that mtDNA is passed down from the mother to her offspring through the egg cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to a variety of diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and aging.

Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of palmitoyl-coenzyme A (palmitoyl-CoA) to produce free coenzyme A (CoA) and palmitic acid. Palmitoyl-CoA is a fatty acyl-CoA ester that plays a central role in lipid metabolism, particularly in the synthesis of complex lipids such as triacylglycerols and phospholipids.

The reaction catalyzed by palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase is:

palmitoyl-CoA + H2O → CoA + palmitic acid

This enzyme is important for regulating the levels of palmitoyl-CoA in cells and may play a role in the development of metabolic disorders such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase has also been studied as a potential target for the development of therapies to treat these conditions.

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) refer to a group of genetic disorders caused by defects in enzymes or transporters that play a role in the body's metabolic processes. These disorders result in the accumulation or deficiency of specific chemicals within the body, which can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as developmental delay, intellectual disability, seizures, organ damage, and in some cases, death.

Examples of IEM include phenylketonuria (PKU), maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), galactosemia, and glycogen storage diseases, among many others. These disorders are typically inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that an affected individual has two copies of the mutated gene, one from each parent.

Early diagnosis and management of IEM are crucial to prevent or minimize complications and improve outcomes. Treatment options may include dietary modifications, supplementation with missing enzymes or cofactors, medication, and in some cases, stem cell transplantation or gene therapy.

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the body's energy production process. Specifically, they are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids within the cells.

More technically, acyl-CoA dehydrogenases catalyze the removal of electrons from the thiol group of acyl-CoAs, forming a trans-double bond and generating FADH2. This reaction is the first step in each cycle of fatty acid beta-oxidation, which occurs in the mitochondria of cells.

There are several different types of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases, each specific to breaking down different lengths of fatty acids. For example, very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) is responsible for breaking down longer chain fatty acids, while medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) breaks down medium-length chains.

Deficiencies in these enzymes can lead to various metabolic disorders, such as MCAD deficiency or LC-FAOD (long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders), which can cause symptoms like vomiting, lethargy, and muscle weakness, especially during periods of fasting or illness.

Weight loss is a reduction in body weight attributed to loss of fluid, fat, muscle, or bone mass. It can be intentional through dieting and exercise or unintentional due to illness or disease. Unintentional weight loss is often a cause for concern and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Rapid or significant weight loss can also have serious health consequences, so it's important to approach any weight loss plan in a healthy and sustainable way.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Obesity is a complex disease characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat to the extent that it negatively impacts health. It's typically defined using Body Mass Index (BMI), a measure calculated from a person's weight and height. A BMI of 30 or higher is indicative of obesity. However, it's important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying obesity in populations, it does not directly measure body fat and may not accurately reflect health status in individuals. Other factors such as waist circumference, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels should also be considered when assessing health risks associated with weight.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

Weight gain is defined as an increase in body weight over time, which can be attributed to various factors such as an increase in muscle mass, fat mass, or total body water. It is typically measured in terms of pounds or kilograms and can be intentional or unintentional. Unintentional weight gain may be a cause for concern if it's significant or accompanied by other symptoms, as it could indicate an underlying medical condition such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, or heart disease.

It is important to note that while body mass index (BMI) can be used as a general guideline for weight status, it does not differentiate between muscle mass and fat mass. Therefore, an increase in muscle mass through activities like strength training could result in a higher BMI, but this may not necessarily be indicative of increased health risks associated with excess body fat.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. It's calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Here is the medical definition:

Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / [height(m)]^2

According to the World Health Organization, BMI categories are defined as follows:

* Less than 18.5: Underweight
* 18.5-24.9: Normal or healthy weight
* 25.0-29.9: Overweight
* 30.0 and above: Obese

It is important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying weight issues in populations, it does have limitations when applied to individuals. For example, it may not accurately reflect body fat distribution or muscle mass, which can affect health risks associated with excess weight. Therefore, BMI should be used as one of several factors when evaluating an individual's health status and risk for chronic diseases.

Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are a group of disorders that involve the abnormal production and accumulation of abnormal connective tissues in various parts of the body. Connective tissues are the structural materials that support and bind other tissues and organs together. They include tendons, ligaments, cartilage, fat, and the material that fills the spaces between cells, called the extracellular matrix.

Connective tissue diseases can affect many different systems in the body, including the skin, joints, muscles, lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and blood vessels. Some CTDs are autoimmune disorders, meaning that the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy connective tissues. Others may be caused by genetic mutations or environmental factors.

Some examples of connective tissue diseases include:

* Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
* Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
* Scleroderma
* Dermatomyositis/Polymyositis
* Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
* Sjogren's syndrome
* Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
* Marfan syndrome
* Osteogenesis imperfecta

The specific symptoms and treatment of connective tissue diseases vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Treatment may include medications to reduce inflammation, suppress the immune system, or manage pain. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged tissues or organs.

Cheilitis is a medical term that refers to inflammation of the lips. It can cause dryness, cracking, and soreness of the lips, as well as redness and swelling. There are several types of cheilitis, including:

1. Actinic cheilitis: This type of cheilitis is caused by excessive exposure to the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays and affects the lower lip. It can increase the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer.
2. Angular cheilitis: Also known as perleche, angular cheilitis affects the corners of the mouth and is often caused by a fungal or bacterial infection.
3. Atopic cheilitis: This type of cheilitis is associated with atopic dermatitis (eczema) and causes dry, itchy, and scaly patches on the lips.
4. Contact cheilitis: This type of cheilitis is caused by an allergic reaction to substances that come into contact with the lips, such as lip balm, lipstick, or toothpaste.
5. Exfoliative cheilitis: This is a rare and severe form of cheilitis that causes dryness, scaling, and crusting of the lips, leading to painful sores and ulcers.
6. Granulomatous cheilitis: This type of cheilitis is characterized by the formation of granulomas (small nodules) on the lips and is often associated with other systemic diseases such as Crohn's disease or sarcoidosis.

Treatment for cheilitis depends on the underlying cause, and may include topical creams or ointments, oral medications, lifestyle changes, or avoiding triggers that worsen symptoms.

Mouth diseases refer to a variety of conditions that affect the oral cavity, including the lips, gums, teeth, tongue, palate, and lining of the mouth. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other organisms. They can also result from injuries, chronic illnesses, or genetic factors.

Some common examples of mouth diseases include dental caries (cavities), periodontal disease (gum disease), oral herpes, candidiasis (thrush), lichen planus, and oral cancer. Symptoms may include pain, swelling, redness, bleeding, bad breath, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and changes in the appearance of the mouth or teeth. Treatment depends on the specific diagnosis and may involve medications, dental procedures, or lifestyle changes.

Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by recurrent orofacial swelling, most commonly involving the lips (cheilitis granulomatosa), facial nerve palsy (usually unilateral), and fissured tongue (scrotal tongue). These symptoms may not always occur together, and some individuals may only experience one or two of these features. The onset typically occurs in young adults, and it can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life due to its chronic and relapsing nature.

The exact cause of Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome is unknown, but it is believed to be related to an abnormal immune response or genetic factors. Treatment usually involves managing the symptoms with medications such as corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory drugs, or immunomodulatory therapies. In some cases, surgery may be required to relieve severe swelling or nerve compression.

Lip neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the lip tissue. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign lip neoplasms include conditions such as papillomas, fibromas, and mucocele, while malignant lip neoplasms are typically squamous cell carcinomas.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip is the most common type of lip cancer, accounting for about 90% of all lip cancers. It usually develops on the lower lip, and is often associated with prolonged sun exposure, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Symptoms may include a sore or lump on the lip that does not heal, bleeding, pain, numbness, or difficulty moving the lips.

It's important to note that any abnormal growth or change in the lips should be evaluated by a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Mouth breathing is a condition characterized by the regular habit of breathing through the mouth instead of the nose during awake states and sometimes during sleep. This can occur due to various reasons such as nasal congestion, deviated septum, enlarged tonsils or adenoids, or structural abnormalities in the jaw or airway. Prolonged mouth breathing can lead to several oral and general health issues, including dry mouth, bad breath, gum disease, and orthodontic problems. It can also affect sleep quality and cognitive function.

A skin cream is not a medical term per se, but it generally refers to a topical emollient preparation intended for application to the skin. It contains a mixture of water, oil, and active ingredients, which are formulated to provide various benefits such as moisturizing, protecting, soothing, or treating specific skin conditions. The exact definition and composition may vary depending on the product's intended use and formulation.

Examples of active ingredients in skin creams include:

1. Moisturizers (e.g., glycerin, hyaluronic acid) - help to retain water in the skin, making it feel softer and smoother.
2. Emollients (e.g., shea butter, coconut oil, petrolatum) - provide a protective barrier that helps prevent moisture loss and soften the skin.
3. Humectants (e.g., urea, lactic acid, alpha-hydroxy acids) - attract water from the environment or deeper layers of the skin to hydrate the surface.
4. Anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., hydrocortisone, aloe vera) - help reduce redness, swelling, and itching associated with various skin conditions.
5. Antioxidants (e.g., vitamin C, vitamin E, green tea extract) - protect the skin from free radical damage and environmental stressors that can lead to premature aging.
6. Sunscreen agents (e.g., zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, chemical filters) - provide broad-spectrum protection against UVA and UVB rays.
7. Skin lighteners (e.g., hydroquinone, kojic acid, arbutin) - help reduce the appearance of hyperpigmentation and even out skin tone.
8. Acne treatments (e.g., benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, retinoids) - target acne-causing bacteria, unclog pores, and regulate cell turnover to prevent breakouts.

It is essential to choose a skin cream based on your specific skin type and concerns, as well as any medical conditions or allergies you may have. Always consult with a dermatologist or healthcare provider before starting a new skincare regimen.

MedlinePlus (2005-08-01). "Riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency (ariboflavinosis)". National Institutes of Health. Archived from ... iron deficiency or deficiency of B vitamins are involved. Nutritional deficiencies may be a more common cause of AC in Third ... Vitamin B12 deficiency is sometimes responsible for AC, and commonly occurs together with folate deficiency (a lack of folic ... B2-riboflavin) vitamin and iron (which causes iron deficiency anemia), which in turn may be evidence of malnutrition or ...
Yudkin, John (October-November 1946). "Riboflavin Deficiency in the West African Soldier". Journal of Tropical Medicine and ... but to riboflavin deficiency. He found that the Army had devised a uniform diet for its soldiers in the four British West ... including riboflavin, which was supplied predominantly from millet. But it turned out that millet, although a staple in the ...
Stannus, H. S. (1944). "Problems in Riboflavin and Allied Deficiencies-II". British Medical Journal. 2 (4360): 140-144. doi: ... Problems in Riboflavin and Allied Deficiencies 1945 Henry MacCormac, Prospect and Retrospect 1946 John Maurice Hardman Campbell ...
Riboflavin is also important for the vision of the senior dog as deficiencies can cause alterations in blood supply to the ... Spies, Tom D. (1943). "The Natural Occurrence of Riboflavin Deficiency in the Eyes of Dogs". Science. 98 (2547): 369-370. ... Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, plays an important role as a cofactor for the metabolism of carbohydrates. Riboflavin is ... A source of riboflavin in senior dog diets is important to help prevent changes that aging can cause on skin. Immune functions ...
"Observations on Induced Riboflavin Deficiency and the Riboflavin Requirement of Man". The Journal of Nutrition. 25 (4): 361-377 ... Williams, R. D.; Mason, H. L.; Smith, B. F.; Wilder, R. M. (1942). "Induced Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Deficiency and the Thiamine ... Williams, R. D.; Mason, H. L.; Power, M. H.; Wilder, R. M. (1943). "Induced Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Deficiency in Man". Archives ... Williams, R. D.; Mason, H. L.; Wilder, R. M.; Smith, B. F. (1940). "Observations on Induced Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Deficiency in ...
... and riboflavin transporter deficiency. Riboflavin deficiency is usually found together with other nutrient deficiencies, ... Riboflavin deficiency may increase the risk of preeclampsia in pregnant women. Deficiency of riboflavin during pregnancy can ... Riboflavin deficiency is rare and is usually accompanied by deficiencies of other vitamins and nutrients. It may be prevented ... Alleviating riboflavin deficiency in people who are deficient in both riboflavin and iron improves the effectiveness of iron ...
... mutation and complex I deficiency responsive to riboflavin". The Journal of Pediatrics. 130 (1): 138-45. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476 ... A 3302A>G mutation has been found in a patient with the deficiency. Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial Myopathies Anderson S, ... Mutations in MT-TL1 can result in multiple mitochondrial deficiencies and associated disorders. It is associated with ... and complex I deficiency associated with a heteroplasmic A --> G mutation at position 3251 in the mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) ...
Riboflavin has been reported to improve the function of a patient with complex l deficiency and the 3250T-C mutation. The ... January 1997). "Mitochondrial myopathy with tRNA(Leu(UUR)) mutation and complex I deficiency responsive to riboflavin". The ...
"ETFDH mutations as a major cause of riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency". Brain. 130 (Pt 8): ... Deficiency in ETF dehydrogenase causes the human genetic disease multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. ETQ-QO links the ... Milder forms of the disorder have been responsive to riboflavin therapy and are coined riboflavin-responsive MADD (RR-MADD), ... and respiratory chain activities in patients with riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency". ...
"ETFDH mutations as a major cause of riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency". Brain. 130 (Pt 8): ... Deficiency in electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase have been demonstrated in some patients with type II glutaric ... Wen B, Li D, Li W, Zhao Y, Yan C (June 2015). "Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency as decreased acyl-carnitine profile ... It is characterized by multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies resulting in large excretion not only of glutaric acid, but ...
"Transient multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency in a newborn female caused by maternal riboflavin deficiency". Molecular ... In addition, supplementation of riboflavin, the precursor of the FAD co-factor can stabilize mutant ETF and ETF:QO variants ... Defects in either of the ETF subunits or ETFDH cause multiple acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (OMIM # 231680), earlier called ... "OMIM Entry - # 231680 - MULTIPLE ACYL-CoA DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY; MADD". www.omim.org. Toogood HS, Leys D, Scrutton NS ( ...
"Transient multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency in a newborn female caused by maternal riboflavin deficiency". Molecular ... In addition, supplementation of riboflavin, the precursor of the FAD co-factor can stabilize mutant ETF and ETF:QO variants ... Defects in either of the ETF subunits or ETFDH cause multiple acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (OMIM # 231680), earlier called ... "OMIM Entry - # 231680 - MULTIPLE ACYL-CoA DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY; MADD". www.omim.org. Toogood HS, Leys D, Scrutton NS ( ...
... riboflavin) deficiency a B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency or a mixture of conditions producing microcytic and macrocytic anemia. ... Many hemolytic anemias show multiple poikilocytes such as G6PD deficiency, which may show blister and bites cells as well as ... acanthocytes for pyruvate kinase deficiency or McLeod phenotype, sickle cells for sickle cell anemia, spherocytes for immune- ... mediated hemolysis or hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis for iron deficiency or hereditary elliptocytosis and ...
Treatment of 3-MGA and metabolic deficiencies have included riboflavin or coenzyme Q10, which have shown significant ... Metabolic deficiencies have been treated by oral arginine and carnitine supplementation, which has been shown to ameliorate ... Neuwald AF (August 1997). "Barth syndrome may be due to an acyltransferase deficiency". Current Biology. 7 (8): R465-6. doi: ... Mutations in the TAFAZZIN gene have been associated with a number of mitochondrial deficiencies and associated disorders ...
... (SLC25A32 deficiency) is a rare disorder caused by mutations of the SLC25A32 gene ... Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency - similar in biochemical features; responsive to riboflavin in the majority of late- ... Treatment with riboflavin, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (Folinic acid) and/or L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) may lead to a ... Exercise intolerance, riboflavin-responsive- description in the OMIM compendium. Mitochondrial FAD shortage in SLC25A32 ...
Anemia and nutritional deficiencies (such as a deficiency in niacin, riboflavin, iron, or Vitamin E) must be treated, often by ... Vitamin B3 deficiency (pellagra) can cause glossitis. Vitamin B6 deficiency (pyridoxine deficiency) can cause glossitis, along ... Vitamin B1 deficiency (thiamine deficiency) can cause glossitis. Vitamin B2 deficiency (ariboflavinosis) can cause glossitis, ... Folate deficiency (vitamin B9 deficiency) can cause glossitis, along with macrocytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, ...
... such as for multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. In addition, riboflavin deficiency itself (and the resulting lack of ... Riboflavin kinase (EC 2.7.1.26) adds a phosphate group to riboflavin to produce flavin mononucleotide, and then FAD synthetase ... Therefore, humans must obtain riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, from dietary sources. Riboflavin is generally ingested in ... Riboflavin is formed by a carbon-nitrogen (C-N) bond between the isoalloxazine and the ribitol. The phosphate group is then ...
Specific deficiencies of cyanocobalamin, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, and pyridoxine, folic acid, and other proteins with ... It has been suggested that the additive effect of the cyanide toxicity, ROS, and deficiencies of thiamine, riboflavin, ... This picture of vitamin deficiencies was exacerbated by low levels of methanol present in homemade rum. It was thought that the ... The optic neuropathy associated with pernicious anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency can be seen amongst individuals who obtain ...
... adenine dinucleotide status and the effects of high-dose riboflavin treatment in short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency ... SCAD deficiency is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Carrier testing can be performed for at-risk family members, and ... Genotypes of individuals with this deficiency have it as a result of a mutation, variant, or a combination of the two. Among ... This deficiency is characterized by the presence of increased butyrylcarnitine (C4) in blood plasma, and increased ethylmalonic ...
... of females examined in Saudi Arabia suffered from low glutathione reductase activity due to riboflavin deficiency. In favism, ... Riboflavin is a precursor for FAD, whose reduced form donates two electron to the disulfide bond which is present in the ... Glutathione reductase deficiency is a rare disorder in which the glutathione reductase activity is absent from erythrocytes, ... In one study this disorder was observed in only two cases in 15,000 tests for glutathione reductase deficiency performed over ...
After refinement of grains became prevalent in the early 20th-century, nutritional deficiencies (iron, thiamin, riboflavin and ... To correct this, the Congress passed the U.S. Enrichment Act of 1942 which requires that iron, niacin, thiamin and riboflavin ... Refining grain includes mixing, bleaching, and brominating; additionally, folate, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron are ...
There were also cases of riboflavin and thiamine deficiency due to deficiencies in the B-ration, which were largely corrected ...
... and vitamin deficiencies including riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B6), folate (vitamin B9), and ... Symptoms of homocystinuria can also be caused by a deficiency of vitamins B6, B12, or folate. This defect leads to a multi- ... Homocystinuria or HCU is an inherited disorder of the metabolism of the amino acid methionine due to a deficiency of ... The disorder may be distinguished from the re-methylation defects (e.g., MTHFR, methionine synthase deficiency, or the ...
Several additional cases of SLC25A32 deficiency have been described since. The phenotype of the patients is reminiscent of ... Mutations of the SLC25A32 gene cause the condition putatively called "riboflavin-responsive exercise intolerance" (RREI), also ... "SLC25A32 Mutations and Riboflavin-Responsive Exercise Intolerance". The New England Journal of Medicine. 374 (8): 795-7. doi: ... "Hypoketotic hypoglycemia without neuromuscular complications in patients with SLC25A32 deficiency". European Journal of Human ...
Deficiency of pyridoxine (vitamin B6), niacin (vitamin B3), riboflavin (vitamin B2), and/or folic acid also seems to play a ... The predominant cause of nutritional optic neuropathy is thought to be deficiency of B-complex vitamins, particularly thiamine ... 181-6. Lessell, S (2000). "Nutritional deficiency and toxic optic neuropathies". In Albert, DM; Jakobiec, FA (eds.). Principles ... can be performed to elucidate a specific toxin or nutritional deficiency as a cause of the optic neuropathy. Examples include ...
For example, deficiencies of iron, vitamin B2 (riboflavin),: 490 vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B9 ( ... or vitamin B deficiencies (e.g., B2-riboflavin, B9-folate, or B12-cobalamin, which in turn may be evidence of poor diets or ... In children a frequent cause is repeated lip-licking, and in adults it may be a sign of underlying iron deficiency anemia, ... Many disorders which cause malabsorption can cause deficiencies, which in turn causes stomatitis. Examples include tropical ...
... riboflavin and thiamine and one of the root causes of Korsakoff's Syndrome is thiamine deficiency; eating bananas would be good ...
Riboflavin Dextrose Anticonvulsants This disorder, epidemiologically speaking, is thought to affect approximately 1 in 50,000 ... "SCAD deficiency". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 30 October 2016. "Deficiency of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase - Conditions - ... The symptoms of short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency may be triggered during illnesses such as viral infections. In ... The diagnosis of short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency is based on the following: Newborn screening test Genetic ...
Vitamin B12 is not naturally found in yeast extract, but is very important for vegans who are at risk of deficiency. Marmite is ... Vitamins added for food fortification include riboflavin, folic acid, and Vitamin B12. ... riboflavin and folic acid are added on top of the naturally-occurring amount. The sodium content of the spread is high and has ... with the vitamin B1 deficiency beriberi being common during World War I, the spread became more popular. British troops during ...
Riboflavin kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of riboflavin to create flavin mononucleotide(FMN). It has an ordered binding ... "Phosphofructokinase Deficiency Glycogen Storage Disease". Bauer S, Kemter K, Bacher A, Huber R, Fischer M, Steinbacher S (March ... "Crystal structure of Schizosaccharomyces pombe riboflavin kinase reveals a novel ATP and riboflavin-binding fold". Journal of ... Riboflavin kinase plays an important role in cells, as FMN is an important cofactor. FMN also is a precursor to flavin adenine ...
In addition to boosting energy, riboflavin functions as an antioxidant for the proper function of the immune system, healthy ... Riboflavin, vitamin B2, is a water-soluble and heat-stable vitamin that the body uses to metabolize fats, protein, and ... so it is important to get most of the riboflavin from dietary sources. Riboflavin has a yellow-green fluorescent pigment, which ... Riboflavin, vitamin B2, is a water-soluble and heat-stable vitamin that the body uses to metabolize fats, protein, and ...
Riboflavin, or vitamin B-2, was initially isolated from milk whey in 1879. Originally called lactochrome, it was also once ... Riboflavin deficiency is usually associated with other vitamin B complex deficiencies; isolated riboflavin deficiency is rare. ... Riboflavin Deficiency. Riboflavin deficiency is often associated with cheilosis (chapping and fissuring of the lips). View ... Riboflavin transporter deficiency. Riboflavin transporter deficiency (Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome) is a rare autosomal ...
Clinical, biochemical and genetic spectrum of 70 patients with ACAD9 deficiency: Is riboflavin supplementation effective?. ... Conclusions: Our data show that riboflavin treatment improves complex I activity in the majority of patient-derived fibroblasts ... we observed a statistically-significant better survival for patients treated with riboflavin. ...
Could Migraines Be Caused By Vitamin Deficiencies?. by Kim Johnson Those who suffer from migraines know how debilitating they ...
Supplement dosing for riboflavin (vitamin B2), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, ... Riboflavin Deficiency. Supplementation is indicated for adults with riboflavin deficiency syndromes. 6-30 mg/day PO in divided ... Riboflavin is found in breast milk; concentrations may be influenced by supplements of maternal deficiency; requirements may be ... encoded search term (vitamin B2 (riboflavin)) and vitamin B2 (riboflavin) What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Riboflavin Deficiency and Nutritional Disorders - Learn about from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional Version. ... Symptoms and Signs of Riboflavin Deficiency The most common signs of riboflavin deficiency are pallor and maceration of the ... The lesions characteristic of riboflavin deficiency are nonspecific. Riboflavin deficiency should be suspected if ... Riboflavin deficiency usually occurs with other B vitamin deficiencies. Symptoms and signs include sore throat, lesions of the ...
Riboflavin, or vitamin B-2, was initially isolated from milk whey in 1879. Originally called lactochrome, it was also once ... Riboflavin deficiency is usually associated with other vitamin B complex deficiencies; isolated riboflavin deficiency is rare. ... Riboflavin Replenishment. Treatment of riboflavin deficiency consists of riboflavin replenishment, with care taken not to ... encoded search term (Riboflavin Deficiency) and Riboflavin Deficiency What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Viewer Discretion: Information provided here is only meant to educate, and should not be taken as professional medical advice or treatment. The comments and observations shared on our website have not been evaluated by any authorized agency, including the Food and Drug Administration. However, our herbal products are 100% natural, vegetarian, and prove to be effective. Still, end results may vary from one person to another, so kindly consult your doctor before using our products. ...
... Are you worried that you might have a vitamin B2 deficiency? Not ... A riboflavin deficiency may also impair absorption of other B vitamins, further compounding any B vitamin deficiencies. ... Some People Are More At Risk Of Vitamin B2 Deficiency. Certain people are more prone to a vitamin b2/riboflavin deficiency. ... Riboflavin is found in the following kinds of foods, so get in enough to keep a deficiency at bay. Here are options for people ...
p>Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in maintaining overall health. It is a ... To prevent riboflavin deficiency, it is important to consume a well-balanced diet that includes sources of riboflavin, such as ... Deficiency. Riboflavin deficiency, also known as ariboflavinosis, can occur when there is an inadequate intake or absorption of ... Riboflavin deficiency can be diagnosed through blood tests that measure riboflavin levels or by evaluating the presence of ...
Patients with deficiency for Riboflavin may also take Lactoflavin powder supplements to treat the condition and prevent dangers ... Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin is one of the vitamins which must be supplemented through diet as it is not produced in the body but ... of having Riboflavin deficiency.. Health benefits of using Lactoflavin powder. Lactoflavin powder supplementation may provide ... The term "Lactoflavin" is a less common name which refers to the popular vitamin known as Riboflavin. Although Lactoflavin can ...
Malnutrition can lead to vitamin and other deficiencies and to inactivity, which in turn may pre-dispose to other problems, ...
Riboflavin Deficiency. More than 34% of Americans get less than the RDA because, unlike other vitamins, riboflavin is not found ... Riboflavin depletion and/or deficiency is common before starting the gluten-free diet treatment. It frequently results from ... When riboflavin deficiency appears after starting the gluten-free diet, it is usually due to Read More » ... Understanding Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Deficiency in Celiac Disease. August 11, 2010 5 Comments ...
... disorders caused by the deficiency of the following: i) Niacin ii) Folic acid iii) Protein iv) Riboflavin v) Vitamin D ... Ariboflavinosis is a nutritional deficiency occurring due to reduced intake of riboflavin through the diet. ... Functions & disorders caused by the deficiency of Niacin, Folic acid, Protein, Riboflavin, Vitamin D ... Pellagra: Pellagra is a nutritional disorder due to the deficiency of niacin, one of the B-complex group of vitamins in the ...
MedlinePlus (2005-08-01). "Riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency (ariboflavinosis)". National Institutes of Health. Archived from ... iron deficiency or deficiency of B vitamins are involved. Nutritional deficiencies may be a more common cause of AC in Third ... Vitamin B12 deficiency is sometimes responsible for AC, and commonly occurs together with folate deficiency (a lack of folic ... B2-riboflavin) vitamin and iron (which causes iron deficiency anemia), which in turn may be evidence of malnutrition or ...
Clinical, biochemical and genetic spectrum of 70 patients with ACAD9 deficiency: is riboflavin supplementation effective? ... Clinical, biochemical and genetic spectrum of 70 patients with ACAD9 deficiency: is riboflavin supplementation effective? ...
... associated with riboflavin or other B vitamin deficiencies], and "angular cheilosis"). Date of Publication: May 7, 2014 ... nutritional deficiencies (particularly iron and vitamin B complex deficiencies), hematologic malignancies, or solid organ ... If nutritional deficiencies underlie AC, various other signs and symptoms such as glossitis and skin pallor may be present, as ... In the case of angular cheilitis associated with pernicious anemia (itself due to a form of vitamin B12 deficiency), oral ...
Navid Mahabadi, Aakriti Bhusal and Banks, S.W. (2022). Riboflavin Deficiency. [online] Nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi. ... Additionally, riboflavin functions as an antioxidant, reducing the risk of many diseases linked to aging and free radical ... Protein and fat metabolism depend on vitamin B-12.[15] Vitamin B2, commonly known as riboflavin, encourages the development of ...
Also, many with eating disorders have a Vitamin B2 and B6 deficiency. Learn about the usage, dosage, side-effects of Vitamin B2 ... Low levels of riboflavin in the diet and/or riboflavin deficiency has been associated with rheumatoid arthritis, carpal tunnel ... so the most common cause of deficiency is lack of dietary intake, especially in the elderly. Symptoms of riboflavin deficiency ... Vitamin B2 aka Riboflavin helps migraine headaches. Also, many with eating disorders have a Vitamin B2 and B6 deficiency. Learn ...
Butyrylcholinesterase deficiency, see Pseudocholinesterase deficiency. *BVVLS, see Riboflavin transporter deficiency ... Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere syndrome, see Riboflavin transporter deficiency neuronopathy. *BRRS, see Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba ... Beta-glucuronidase deficiency, see Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII. *Beta-hexosaminidase-beta-subunit deficiency, see Sandhoff ... Bifunctional peroxisomal enzyme deficiency, see D-bifunctional protein deficiency. *Bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis, see ...
Categories: Riboflavin Deficiency Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
"Riboflavin Deficiency." StatPearls. July 3, 2019.. Disclosure: This post may contain affiliate links that help support the GSG ...
ETFDH mutations as a major cause of riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency. Brain. 2007 Aug;130(Pt ... Molecular mechanisms of riboflavin responsiveness in patients with ETF-QO variations and multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation ... Glutaric acidemia type II is caused by a deficiency in either of these two enzymes. Electron transfer flavoprotein and electron ... Schiff M, Froissart R, Olsen RK, Acquaviva C, Vianey-Saban C. Electron transfer flavoprotein deficiency: functional and ...
Mitochondrial and Peroxisomal Alterations Contribute to Energy Dysmetabolism in Riboflavin Transporter Deficiency. Oxid Med ...
These simple physical signs could indicate a nutrient deficiency ... riboflavin) deficiency. Supplement with B-complex vitamins or ... Mouth and tongue: Pale fissured tongue -- iron deficiency; sore painful fissured tongue -- vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency; sore ... Your tongues appearance can reveal disease and nutrient deficiencies. Vitamin D deficiency decreases brain function and ... Soft or brittle nails usually demonstrate a magnesium deficiency.. Low energy, anemia: Vitamin B12 is the go-to vitamin for ...
... variation in SLC52A1 causes exon skipping and transient riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency. Mol ... Robinson, J. N., Banerjee, R. & Thiet, M. P. Coagulopathy secondary to vitamin K deficiency in hyperemesis gravidarum. Obstet. ... system and muscle involvement in an adolescent patient with riboflavin-responsive multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. ... Lane, A. S., Stallworth, J. L., Eichelberger, K. Y. & Trofatter, K. F. Vitamin K deficiency embryopathy from hyperemesis ...
And phenothiazines can cause a deficiency in riboflavin (vitamin B2) (J Orthomol Psychiatry 1983; 12(2): 113-5.. Adapted from ... The most common vitamin deficiency in schizophrenia may well be folic acid. It may even be a major cause of the schizophrenic ... He also found that they were likely to have too much copper and deficiencies in zinc and other nutrients. By manipulating their ... Princetons Dr Pfeiffer maintained that folic acid deficiency is more pronounced in patients with low histamine and high copper ...
Riboflavin Has Been Used To Administer Intraperitoneally To Experimental Mice To Study Its Protective Role In Stroke In Middle ... Cerebral Artery Occlusion; Riboflavin Is An Essential Vitamin Soluble In Water. ... Riboflavin deficiency in the diet results in a well-defined syndrome known as ariboflavinosis,. having symptoms including ... Its deficiency often affects metabolism involving redox reactions. Riboflavin is found essential for iron absorption, ...
riboflavin (vit B2). For more information on this medication choose from the list of selections below. ... Vitamin A Deficiency. *Vitamin B 12 Deficiency. *Vitamin E Deficiency. *Wernicke Encephalopathy ... riboflavin (vit B2), Thiamine , tocopherol (vit E) ...
riboflavin (vit B2). For more information on this medication choose from the list of selections below. ... Vitamin B 12 Deficiency. *Vitamin B Deficiency. *Wernicke Encephalopathy. *Wounds, Penetrating. How long have you been taking ...
  • RePub, Erasmus University Repository: Clinical, biochemical and genetic spectrum of 70 patients with ACAD9 deficiency: Is riboflavin supplementation effective? (eur.nl)
  • Adequate riboflavin intake through a balanced diet or supplementation is necessary to support optimal health and well-being. (nutritionfact.in)
  • Studies also suggest that riboflavin supplementation may improve iron deficiency anemia by enhancing the response to iron. (healthyplace.com)
  • Chickens often recover with riboflavin supplementation unless the curled-toe deformity is longstanding. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Overview of Vitamins Vitamins may be Fat soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K) Water soluble (B vitamins and vitamin C) The B vitamins include biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin (B2), thiamin (B1). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Treat with supplement of riboflavin and other water-soluble vitamins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A riboflavin deficiency may also impair absorption of other B vitamins, further compounding any B vitamin deficiencies. (7thsunalchemy.com)
  • Pellagra is the result of a deficiency of multiple B vitamins, including B2. (7thsunalchemy.com)
  • Vitamin B2 or Riboflavin is one of the vitamins which must be supplemented through diet as it is not produced in the body but is absolutely necessary for sustenance. (nutriavenue.com)
  • More than 34% of Americans get less than the RDA because, unlike other vitamins, riboflavin is not found in many foods. (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • Pellagra: Pellagra is a nutritional disorder due to the deficiency of niacin, one of the B-complex group of vitamins in the diet. (ignouworld.com)
  • Vitamin B2, commonly called riboflavin, is one of eight water-soluble B vitamins. (healthyplace.com)
  • Unlike other B vitamins, riboflavin is not found in many foods, so the most common cause of deficiency is lack of dietary intake, especially in the elderly. (healthyplace.com)
  • Try giving some vitamins with riboflavin, such as human baby vitamins, Poultry Cell, SaveAChick vitamins, or human vitamin B complex. (backyardchickens.com)
  • Riboflavin is essential for the activities of various enzymes involved in the breakdown and utilization of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, the production of energy in cells, the utilization of other B vitamins, and the production of hormones by the adrenal glands . (daviddarling.info)
  • The vitamins of riboflavin and folate are necessary nutrients for maintaining the proper functioning of human body. (cabi.org)
  • Solgar Vitamin B2 capsules contain 100mg of Vitamin B2, also known as Riboflavin, which is one of the 8 B-vitamins. (victoriahealth.com)
  • A new study from Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health now estimates that this trend could put tens of millions of people at new risk of deficiencies in major B vitamins including thiamin, riboflavin, and folate. (harvard.edu)
  • Like all B vitamins, riboflavin plays an important role in energy metabolism and cell growth. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Vitamin B2 deficiency usually results from poor dietary intake and often coincides with deficiencies in other vitamins, such as B1 (thiamine) and B3 (niacin). (medscape.com)
  • In fact, vitamin B2 (also known as riboflavin) is one of the only vitamins that provides visual body cues to let you know that your diet is rich in the vitamin. (precisionnutrition.com)
  • Like its close relative vitamin B1 (thiamine), riboflavin plays a crucial role in certain metabolic reactions, particularly the conversion of carbohydrates into sugar, which is "burned" to produce energy. (healthyplace.com)
  • Also neutralizes viruses implicated in lens damage Pantothenic acid (B5) 500 mg daily An antistress vitamin Thiamine (B1) and Riboflavin (B2) 50 mg each daily taken with the B complex Important for intracellular eye metabolism. (i-see.org)
  • Thiamine deficiency (beriberi) is rare in the United States. (kellymom.com)
  • Thiamine is an essential component of cellular metabolism and its deficiency results in potentially life-threatening events and profound lactic acidosis through anaerobic metabolism. (thieme-connect.de)
  • We describe two hematological pediatric patients with thiamine deficiency and hemodynamic instability who improved following thiamine supplements. (thieme-connect.de)
  • 1 Svahn J, Schiaffino MC, Caruso U, Calvillo M, Minniti G, Dufour C. Severe lactic acidosis due to thiamine deficiency in a patient with B-cell leukemia/lymphoma on total parenteral nutrition during high-dose methotrexate therapy. (thieme-connect.de)
  • 2 Da Silva YS, Horvat CM, Dezfulian C. Thiamine deficiency as a cause of persistent hyperlactatemia in a parenteral nutrition-dependent patient. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Thiamine deficiency in critically ill patients with sepsis. (thieme-connect.de)
  • 6 Trueg A, Borho T, Srivastava S, Kiel P. Thiamine deficiency following umbilical cord blood transplant. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Thiamine deficiency secondary to anorexia nervosa: an uncommon cause of peripheral neuropathy and Wernicke encephalopathy in adolescence. (thieme-connect.de)
  • Acute thiamine deficiency and refeeding syndrome: Similar findings but different pathogenesis. (thieme-connect.de)
  • [ 15 ] Malabsorption from conditions such as celiac disease, malignancies, and alcoholism can promote deficiency of riboflavin. (medscape.com)
  • Riboflavin also helps convert tryptophan to niacin, which activates vitamin B6. (nih.gov)
  • Niacin Deficiency Niacin deficiency (causing pellagra) is uncommon in countries with low rates of food insecurity. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Many people with niacin deficiency also have deficiencies of protein, riboflavin (a B vitamin). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Lactoflavin powder, also known as Riboflavin powder, is typically included in health supplement formulations indicated for both men and women as well as in supplements for children as it is quite useful in the enhancement of energy levels. (nutriavenue.com)
  • Patients with deficiency for Riboflavin may also take Lactoflavin powder supplements to treat the condition and prevent dangers of having Riboflavin deficiency. (nutriavenue.com)
  • It is not clear, however, whether increased riboflavin in the diet or riboflavin supplements would help protect against any of these conditions except for, perhaps, carpal tunnel syndrome. (healthyplace.com)
  • Vitamin B12 Deficiency Vitamin B12 deficiency can occur in vegans who do not take supplements or as a result of an absorption disorder. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Supplements are not recommended for breastfed babies, as riboflavin deficiency is rare in developed countries. (kellymom.com)
  • The levels of riboflavin in human milk are quite constant and are usually affected only by large maternal supplements (3x the maternal RDA). (kellymom.com)
  • In his article on effective ways to prevent migraines, Dr. Hyman suggests two nutrients that are included in most natural migraine supplements: magnesium and vitamin B2 (riboflavin). (migravent.com)
  • However, certain population groups may be at risk for riboflavin deficiency, and supplements may be recommended in these cases. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Mutations in the riboflavin transporter genes SLC52A2 (coding for RFVT2) and SLC52A3 (coding for RFVT3) cause riboflavin transporter deficiency, a neurodegenerative disorder formerly known as Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere (BVVL) syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • Oral therapy for riboflavin transporter deficiency: What is the regimen of choice? (oru.se)
  • The most nutrient dense sources of riboflavin are liver, mushrooms, spinach and other green leafy vegetables, broccoli, asparagus and milk products. (infonet-biovision.org)
  • The most common signs of riboflavin deficiency are pallor and maceration of the mucosa at the angles of the mouth (angular stomatitis) and vermilion surfaces of the lips (cheilosis), eventually replaced by superficial linear fissures. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Riboflavin deficiency causes various nonspecific skin and mucosal lesions, including maceration of mucosa at the angles of the mouth (angular stomatitis) and surfaces of the lips (cheilosis). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Riboflavin deficiency is often associated with cheilosis (chapping and fissuring of the lips). (medscape.com)
  • Cheilosis, which is characterized by sore, red and swollen lips with cracked mouth corners, can result from B6 deficiency. (healthline.com)
  • Not getting enough riboflavin can begin to take its toll on your body rather quickly, which is why the first signs and symptoms will show up as early as a few days after your intake becomes low enough to make your body deficient. (7thsunalchemy.com)
  • Having a riboflavin deficiency has also been linked to certain neuropsychiatric symptoms. (7thsunalchemy.com)
  • A deficiency in riboflavin can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, skin disorders, and impaired growth. (nutritionfact.in)
  • If there is a nutritional deficiency underlying the condition, various other signs and symptoms such as glossitis (swollen tongue) may be present. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vitamin B6 deficiency may lead to a variety of signs and symptoms, including skin rashes, mood changes, and low energy. (healthline.com)
  • Correcting B6 deficiency with foods rich in the vitamin or a supplement may clear up these symptoms. (healthline.com)
  • [ 5 ] Riboflavin deficiency is generally considered to be uncommon in the United States because of fortification of many foods, including grains and cereals. (medscape.com)
  • To prevent this light-induced breakdown, paper and plastic cartons-not glass- are usd in packaging riboflavin rich foods, such as milk, milk products and cereals. (infonet-biovision.org)
  • With a healthy digestive system, the body can absorb most of the nutrients from the diet, so it is important to get most of the riboflavin from dietary sources. (nih.gov)
  • He also found that they were likely to have too much copper and deficiencies in zinc and other nutrients. (healthy.net)
  • Notably, deficiencies of riboflavin, folate , iron and other nutrients can also cause this condition, as can sunny, dry or windy weather and other external factors ( 13 , 14 ). (healthline.com)
  • Deficiencies of other nutrients, including folate and B12 , can also result in this condition. (healthline.com)
  • If you suspect a health problem or deficiency in certain nutrients, please see your primary health care provider (doctor, naturopath, etc). (precisionnutrition.com)
  • Low levels of riboflavin in the diet and/or riboflavin deficiency has been associated with rheumatoid arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, Crohn's disease, colon cancer, atherosclerotic heart disease, and multiple sclerosis. (healthyplace.com)
  • Oral riboflavin doses of 1-4 mg daily are usually considered sufficient as a nutritional supplement in patients with normal GI absorption. (medscape.com)
  • Ariboflavinosis is a nutritional deficiency occurring due to reduced intake of riboflavin through the diet. (ignouworld.com)
  • Some studies have linked the initial onset of angular cheilitis with nutritional deficiencies, especially of the B (B2-riboflavin) vitamin and iron (which causes iron deficiency anemia), which in turn may be evidence of malnutrition or malabsorption. (wikipedia.org)
  • HIV infection), nutritional deficiencies (particularly iron and vitamin B complex deficiencies), hematologic malignancies, or solid organ malignancies. (cdho.org)
  • A growing number of studies suggest that some of the behaviour that we label "schizophrenic" may be caused or exacerbated by food allergies or nutritional deficiencies. (healthy.net)
  • Anyone suffering from psychosis should work in tandem with a trained professional who will examine your dietary history and investigate nutritional deficiencies with appropriate laboratory tests, before launching into any nutritional therapies. (healthy.net)
  • However, investigating food sensitivities and nutritional deficiencies can be a first port of call in treating schizophrenics, if not the root cause. (healthy.net)
  • Low test values of vitamin B2 indicate nutritional deficiency or conditions that diminish absorption. (medscape.com)
  • [ 7 ] FAD is also a coenzyme needed for the functioning of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase in its protection of cells against oxidative stresses, allowing for the measurement of the enzyme's activity in red blood cells to be among the methods for the assessment of riboflavin nutritional status. (medscape.com)
  • Daily consumption of breakfast cereal and milk would be expected to provide an adequate intake of riboflavin. (medscape.com)
  • The rate of absorption is proportional to intake, and it increases when riboflavin is ingested along with other foods and in the presence of bile salts. (medscape.com)
  • The recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of riboflavin is 0.6 mg/5000 kJ daily. (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, ensuring an adequate intake of riboflavin is essential for optimal health and well-being. (nutritionfact.in)
  • The recommended intake of riboflavin, or vitamin B2, can vary depending on factors such as age, gender, and life stage. (nutritionfact.in)
  • It is best to consult with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian for personalized recommendations regarding riboflavin intake. (nutritionfact.in)
  • Adequate riboflavin intake may help reduce the risk of conditions such as cataracts and age-related macular degeneration. (nutritionfact.in)
  • The best way to ensure adequate riboflavin intake is to eat a varied and balanced diet that includes these food groups. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Without an adequate amount of riboflavin, macronutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins cannot be digested and maintain the body. (nih.gov)
  • Some preventable diseases manageable with adequate riboflavin are anemia, cataracts, migraines, and thyroid dysfunction. (nih.gov)
  • Not having adequate riboflavin in the body can interfere with your body's ability to handle or use iron. (7thsunalchemy.com)
  • Adequate riboflavin levels are essential for maintaining optimal energy production and preventing fatigue . (nutritionfact.in)
  • A ratio of 1.3 or more indicates functional vitamin B2 deficiency, while a ratio of less than 1.3 indicates adequate levels. (medscape.com)
  • Riboflavin, vitamin B2, is a water-soluble and heat-stable vitamin that the body uses to metabolize fats, protein, and carbohydrates into glucose for energy. (nih.gov)
  • Riboflavin is water soluble and heat stable. (medscape.com)
  • The term "Lactoflavin" is a less common name which refers to the popular vitamin known as Riboflavin. (nutriavenue.com)
  • Vitamin B-2 also known as riboflavin is one B vitamin that assist in energy production. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, has many functions including helping your body metabolize toxins in the liver, helping metabolize iron, and assisting with the creation of red blood cells. (precisionnutrition.com)
  • A small amount of riboflavin circulates via the enterohepatic system. (medscape.com)
  • Most dietary riboflavin is ingested as food protein. (medscape.com)
  • [ 14 ] In the stomach, gastric acidity cleaves most of the coenzyme forms of riboflavin (FAD and FMN) from the protein. (medscape.com)
  • Riboflavin is transported in the bloodstream as a flavin-protein complex, which means that nonavailability of the carrier protein also leads to apparent riboflavin deficiency. (medscape.com)
  • individuals with absorption problems, women who are pregnant with more than one fetus, women breast feeding more than one infant, people with other vitamin deficiencies and protein energy malnutrition. (infonet-biovision.org)
  • Entry of the vitamin into cells is mainly facilitated by carrier-mediated transport through a specific riboflavin-binding protein on cell membranes. (medscape.com)
  • The more extensive surgeries, such as biliary-pancreatic diversion surgery or more extended Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, may result in more protein malabsorption . (medscape.com)
  • One reason B6 deficiency may result in skin rashes is that the vitamin helps synthesize collagen , which is needed for healthy skin. (healthline.com)
  • Riboflavin deficiency can lead to a number of health problems, including anemia and skin rashes. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Most people get enough riboflavin from their diet, but some groups are at risk for deficiency. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Therefore, it is important to make sure that you are getting enough riboflavin in your diet. (vitanetonline.com)
  • On the other hand, not getting enough riboflavin can lead to a deficiency which can cause anemia and cataracts. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Riboflavin is an important nutrient in the prevention of headache and some visual disturbances, particularly cataracts. (healthyplace.com)
  • Riboflavin deficiency has been linked to cataracts. (i-see.org)
  • Riboflavin and folate deficiency will cause nerve damage, leading to peripheral neuritis, depression, tongue inflammation and other diseases. (cabi.org)
  • On average, rising carbon dioxide levels could lead to an additional 132 million people with folate deficiency, 67 million more with thiamin deficiency, and 40 million more with riboflavin deficiency, the study found. (harvard.edu)
  • Quantifying one small portion of the health burden related to these changes, the study estimated that folate deficiency among mothers could lead to a 0.5% increase in neural tube birth defects, which translates roughly to an additional 27,900 life-years lost annually and 260 more deaths every year. (harvard.edu)
  • It is also secreted into the milk, therefore increasing the risk of deficiency in the mother during pregnancy and lactation. (medscape.com)
  • Riboflavin deficiency can occur with a diet deficient in these riboflavin-rich foods. (medscape.com)
  • Deficiency in this vitamin is usually part of a multiple-nutrient deficiency and does not occur in isolation. (medscape.com)
  • Riboflavin deficiency may also occur as a result of serious illness, major surgery, or severe injury. (daviddarling.info)
  • When riboflavin deficiency symptons do occur, they are usually related to a shortage of all the Vitamin B's. (infonet-biovision.org)
  • Ariboflavinosis is the term given to riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ) deficiency. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Ariboflavinosis is caused by deficiency of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin). (infonet-biovision.org)
  • [ 15 ] Primary absorption of riboflavin occurs in the proximal small intestine via a rapid, active and saturable transport system. (medscape.com)
  • Similarly, it is possible for antagonists to interfere with absorption and/or transport and thus create an apparent deficiency at receptor sites. (medscape.com)
  • Riboflavin is found essential for iron absorption, gastrointestinal development, neurogenesis, corneal vascularization and corneal opacity. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Deficiency can result from incomplete digestion, absorption, or metabolism. (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • Milk and other dairy products make the greatest contributions of riboflavin in western diets. (medscape.com)
  • Riboflavin, or vitamin B-2, was initially isolated from milk whey in 1879. (medscape.com)
  • Riboflavin is an important vitamin and acts as a coenzyme, which supports energy production. (victoriahealth.com)
  • Two derivatives, riboflavin 5' phosphate (flavin mononucleotide [FMN]) and riboflavin 5' adenosine diphosphate (flavin adenine dinucleotide [FAD]), are the coenzymes that unite with specific apoenzyme proteins to form flavoprotein enzymes. (medscape.com)
  • Riboflavin serves as a precursor for the active enzyme cofactors riboflavin 5′-monophosphate (also called flavin mononucleotide or FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin most commonly found in the body in the form of the flavocoenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), the latter being most abundant. (medscape.com)
  • Pantothenic acid deficiency may develop in animals (particularly pigs) on rations of corn. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Riboflavin deficiency can lead to skin disorders, such as dermatitis or dry, cracked skin. (nutritionfact.in)
  • Also, many with eating disorders have a Vitamin B2 and B6 deficiency. (healthyplace.com)
  • Prolonged deficiency of riboflavin impairs growth and may cause chapped lips, soreness of the tongue, and corner of the mouth, and certain eye disorders, such as amblyopia (poor visual acuity) and photophobia (abnormal sensitivity to bright light). (daviddarling.info)
  • People susceptible to deficiency include those taking phenothiazine antipsychotic drugs, tricyclic antidepressant drugs, or estrogen -containing oral contraceptives, those with malabsorption disorders, or those with severe alcohol dependence. (daviddarling.info)
  • In addition to boosting energy, riboflavin functions as an antioxidant for the proper function of the immune system, healthy skin, and hair. (nih.gov)
  • In addition to producing energy for the body, riboflavin works as an antioxidant and is necessary for the reproduction of glutathione, a free radical scavenger. (medscape.com)
  • Riboflavin acts as an antioxidant , helping to protect cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. (nutritionfact.in)
  • Riboflavin supports the regeneration of other antioxidants, such as glutathione, enhancing the body's antioxidant defense system. (nutritionfact.in)
  • In addition to producing energy for the body, riboflavin also works as an antioxidant by scavenging damaging particles in the body known as free radicals. (healthyplace.com)
  • Its deficiency often affects metabolism involving redox reactions. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is involved in many important biochemical reactions in the body. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Zinc deficiency is rare and usually affects people who can't absorb the nutrient because of digestive issues. (historichealth.org)
  • It is important to note that riboflavin deficiency can result from low serum proteins, which is a common occurrence in untreated celiac disease. (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • This is because vitamin A deficiency is common in celiac disease. (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • Molecular mechanisms of riboflavin responsiveness in patients with ETF-QO variations and multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenation deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Riboflavin is a key component of various enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates , proteins , and fats . (nutritionfact.in)
  • Breastfed babies should not be routinely supplemented with vitamin C except in cases of obvious scurvy (vitamin C deficiency). (kellymom.com)
  • Taking a riboflavin supplement can help to prevent these problems. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Glutaric acidemia type II is caused by a deficiency in either of these two enzymes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Riboflavin is usually bound to enzymes in all tissues. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • Summary Sore lips with cracks in the corners of your mouth can be a sign of B6 deficiency. (healthline.com)
  • In the developing world, iron, vitamin B12, and other vitamin deficiencies are a common cause. (wikipedia.org)
  • Riboflavin is a water-soluble vitamin that releases energy from carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids. (glutenfreeworks.com)
  • Folic acid is important for the proper development of red blood cells so the deficiency of folic acid leads to anaemia. (ignouworld.com)
  • painful sore tongue with a smooth appearance -- folate (B-9) deficiency -- try to avoid synthetic folic acid. (naturalnews.com)
  • Riboflavin deficiency can cause a number of problems, including fatigue, headache, and sore throat. (vitanetonline.com)
  • Children with sickle-cell anemia (a blood disorder characterized by abnormally shaped red blood cells) tend to have lower levels of certain antioxidants including riboflavin. (healthyplace.com)
  • Iron Deficiency Anemia Iron deficiency anemia results from low or depleted stores of iron, which is needed to produce red blood cells. (merckmanuals.com)
  • However, certain medical conditions and lifestyle choices may increase the risk of deficiency. (historichealth.org)
  • Summary A swollen, inflamed, glossy-looking tongue is a sign of B6 deficiency. (healthline.com)