Rickettsia
Rickettsia prowazekii
Rickettsia rickettsii
Rickettsia felis
Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Boutonneuse Fever
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne
Ticks
Dermacentor
Ixodidae
Tick-Borne Diseases
Coxiella
Rickettsiaceae
Rickettsieae
Material Safety Data Sheets
Rickettsia serosurvey in Kimberley, Western Australia. (1/334)
To determine if antibodies to rickettsiae (scrub typhus, spotted fever, and typhus group rickettsiae) occur among persons living in the Kimberley (northern tropical) region of Western Australia, 920 sera collected in a non-random manner in 1996 from patients in Kununurra, Broome, Fitzroy Crossing, Wyndham, Derby, and Halls Creek were tested by micro-immunofluorescence for antibodies to a panel of rickettsial antigens. Of 920 sera examined, 52 (5.6%) were positive for antibodies to one or more of the three groups of rickettsial microorganisms. The largest group of sera (24; 2.6%) were positive for scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi). Eleven other sera (1.2%) were positive for scrub typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae and four (0.4%) were positive for scrub typhus, spotted fever group, and typhus group rickettsiae. In addition 13 sera (1.4%) were positive only for spotted fever group rickettsiae. In this study, only titers > or = 1:256 were considered significant. Thus, there is serologic evidence for scrub typhus and spotted fever group rickettsial infections in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Because of the method of serum collection, it is not possible to determine the prevalence of seropositivity, but the data support the need for a proper epidemiologic study of rickettsial diseases in this region of Australia. (+info)Imported African tick bite fever: a case report. (2/334)
We describe a patient with African tick-bite fever who acquired his infection while visiting rural areas of South Africa and then became sick after returning to the United States. The dominant clinical feature of his illness was the presence of multiple, ulcerated lesions (tache noires). Physicians in the United States and other non-African countries who see travelers returning from southern parts of Africa who give a history of recent tick bite and/or present with multiple, crusted or vesicular skin lesions should be alert to this diagnosis and institute treatment with doxycycline. (+info)Diagnosis of rickettsial diseases using samples dried on blotting paper. (3/334)
The use of filter paper is an inexpensive and convenient method for collecting, storing, and transporting blood samples for serological studies. In addition, samples occupy little space and can be readily transported without refrigeration. Rickettsial diseases often evolve according to an epidemic mode and are now considered reemerging diseases, especially in developing countries, under conditions where fieldwork could be difficult. The suitability of collecting whole-blood specimens on filter paper discs for rickettsial antibody assay was evaluated. Dried blood specimens from 64 individuals with antibodies to Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella quintana, or Rickettsia conorii were tested for rickettsial antibodies by microimmunofluorescence. Although occasional titers were 1 or 2 dilutions lower than those of tested serum samples, no statistically significant differences were observed. Among patients with negative serology, no false positives were found. This study demonstrated that the recovery of antibodies from finger-stick blood dried on filter paper after elution produces results comparable to those obtained by recovering antibodies from serum. Storing paper samples for 1 month at room temperature or at 4 degrees C did not significantly affect the level of antibodies recovered. This report shows the utility of this sample collection method in developing countries where refrigeration is not possible and venipuncture is problematic. (+info)Tick-borne rickettiosis in Guadeloupe, the French West Indies: isolation of Rickettsia africae from Amblyomma variegatum ticks and serosurvey in humans, cattle, and goats. (4/334)
Twenty-seven rickettsiae were isolated and/or detected from 100 Amblyomma variegatum ticks collected on Guadeloupe in the French West Indies. In this study, the polymerase chain reaction procedure appeared to be more sensitive in detecting rickettsiae in ticks than the shell-vial technique. Sequencing a portion of the outer membrane protein A-encoding gene showed that these rickettsiae appeared to be identical to Rickettsia africae, a member of the spotted fever group rickettsiae recently described as an agent of African tick-bite fever occurring in sub-Sahelian Africa. A high seroprevalence of antibodies to R. africae was demonstrated among mammals, particularly humans, cattle, and goats. These results and a recently reported case of an infection due to R. africae on Guadeloupe demonstrate that R. africae is present on this island. Although this disease has been underdiagnosed there, it may be frequent and may exist on other Caribbean islands where A. variegatum has propagated dramatically over recent years. (+info)Serologic evidence of rickettsialpox (Rickettsia akari) infection among intravenous drug users in inner-city Baltimore, Maryland. (5/334)
We tested single serum samples from 631 intravenous (i.v.) drug users from inner-city Baltimore, Maryland for serologic evidence of exposure to spotted fever group rickettsiae. A total of 102 (16%) individuals had titers > or = 64 to Rickettsia rickettsii by an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Confirmation that infection was caused by R. akari was obtained by cross-adsorption studies on a subset of serum samples that consistently resulted in higher titers to R. akari than to R. rickettsii. Current i.v. drug use, increased frequency of injection, and shooting gallery use were significant risk factors for presence of group-specific antibodies reactive with R. rickettsii. There was a significant inverse association with the presence of antibodies reactive to R. rickettsii and antibodies reactive to the human immunodeficiency virus. This study suggests that i.v. drug users are at an increased risk for R. akari infections. Clinicians should be aware of rickettsialpox, as well as other zoonotic diseases of the urban environment, when treating i.v. drug users for any acute febrile illness of undetermined etiology. (+info)The incidence of ehrlichial and rickettsial infection in patients with unexplained fever and recent history of tick bite in central North Carolina. (6/334)
We examined the clinical and laboratory findings of a consecutive series of patients from central North Carolina presenting with fever and a history of tick bite within the preceding 14 days. Evidence of a tick-transmitted pathogen was detected in 16 of 35 patients enrolled over a 2-year period. Nine patients were infected with Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and 6 were infected with a spotted fever group rickettsia; 1 patient had evidence of coinfection with E. chaffeensis and a spotted fever group rickettsia. Four patients had detectable antibodies against the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent; however, only 2 had a 4-fold antibody titer rise without detectable antibodies against E. chaffeensis. The other 2 were thought to have cross-reacting antibodies to E. chaffeensis. We conclude that ehrlichial infections may be as common as spotted fever group rickettsial infections in febrile patients from central North Carolina with a recent history of tick bite. (+info)Serologic study of the prevalence of rickettsiosis in Yucatan: evidence for a prevalent spotted fever group rickettsiosis. (7/334)
Because of the discovery of a spotted fever group rickettsiosis with signs and symptoms similar to dengue fever in Yucatan, Mexico, immunofluorescence assay (IFA) serology was performed on sera from 390 persons selected from a representative geographic distribution of rural Yucatan to detect antibodies reactive with Rickettsia rickettsii, R. akari, a Thai strain (TT-118) that is most closely related to a rickettsia identified in Amblyomma cajennense ticks in southern Texas, and R. typhi. The IFA antibodies at titers > or = 1:64 against R. akari were detected in 22 (5.6%) of the samples with the expected cross-reactivity against the other antigens of the spotted fever group. Immunoblotting with antigens of R. akari identified antibodies against antigens of spotted fever group lipopolysaccharides and not against rickettsial outer membrane proteins A and B, which contain the species-specific epitopes. A rickettsiosis most likely caused by a relative of R. akari appears to be both prevalent and widely distributed geographically in Yucatan. (+info)The role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of bovine petechial fever. (8/334)
After experimental inoculation of Cytoecetes ondiri, the agent of bovine petechial fever (BPF), multiplication occurred in impala, bushbuck, Thomson's gazelles and wildebeest, as shown by infectivity studies and clinical findings. Similar attempts to infect one eland failed. As a sequel to this, blood and spleen samples were collected from four species of wild ruminants in an area where BPTF was endemic. Isolations of C. ondiri were made from three of five bushbuck, but not from any other species. (+info)Rickettsia infections are a group of diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Rickettsia. These bacteria are obligate intracellular pathogens, meaning they can only survive and reproduce inside host cells. They are primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods such as ticks, fleas, and lice.
The different types of Rickettsia infections include:
1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF): This is the most severe and common rickettsial infection in the United States. It is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted through the bite of an infected tick.
2. Mediterranean Spotted Fever (MSF): Also known as boutonneuse fever, this infection is prevalent in Mediterranean countries and is caused by Rickettsia conorii. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected dog tick or a brown dog tick.
3. Typhus Group: This group includes epidemic typhus, caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, and murine typhus, caused by Rickettsia typhi. Both are transmitted to humans through the feces of infected lice or fleas.
4. Scrub Typhus: Caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, this infection is prevalent in Southeast Asia and is transmitted through the bite of an infected mite (chigger).
5. Rickettsialpox: This is a mild rickettsial infection caused by Rickettsia akari and is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mites.
Symptoms of Rickettsia infections may include fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, and a rash. If left untreated, these infections can lead to severe complications such as damage to blood vessels, inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), or even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as doxycycline or chloramphenicol. Preventive measures include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and promptly removing ticks after being outdoors.
Rickettsia is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. They are the etiologic agents of several important human diseases, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever, and scrub typhus. Rickettsia are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods, such as ticks, fleas, and lice. Once inside a host cell, Rickettsia manipulate the host cell's cytoskeleton and membrane-trafficking machinery to gain entry and replicate within the host cell's cytoplasm. They can cause significant damage to the endothelial cells that line blood vessels, leading to vasculitis, tissue necrosis, and potentially fatal outcomes if not promptly diagnosed and treated with appropriate antibiotics.
"Rickettsia prowazekii" is a type of bacteria that causes typhus fever in humans. It's a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected lice or through contact with their feces. The bacteria infect endothelial cells and cause systemic illness characterized by high fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash.
Typhus fever is a severe and potentially life-threatening disease, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are essential to prevent complications and reduce the risk of death.
"Rickettsia prowazekii" is named after Henry Ricketts and Stanislaus von Prowazek, two early researchers who studied typhus fever and made significant contributions to our understanding of the disease.
"Rickettsia rickettsii" is a species of bacteria that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever, a potentially severe and life-threatening tick-borne disease. The bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, most commonly the American dog tick, Rocky Mountain wood tick, and the brown dog tick.
The bacteria infect endothelial cells, which line the blood vessels, causing vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels) and leading to a range of symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, rash, and in severe cases, organ failure and death if left untreated. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is treated with antibiotics, usually doxycycline, which can be effective in reducing the severity of the disease and preventing complications if started promptly.
"Rickettsia felis" is a species of intracellular bacteria that can cause disease in humans and animals. It is the causative agent of flea-borne spotted fever, also known as cat scratch fever or flea-borne typhus. The bacterium is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected fleas, such as the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis).
"Rickettsia felis" can infect various types of cells in the body, including endothelial cells, which line the interior surface of blood vessels. The infection can cause symptoms such as fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as pneumonia, meningitis, or damage to internal organs.
It is important to note that "Rickettsia felis" infections are rare and are typically found in certain geographic regions, particularly in tropical and subtropical areas. Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and wearing protective clothing, can help reduce the risk of infection. If you suspect that you may have been infected with "Rickettsia felis," it is important to seek medical attention promptly.
Epidemic Typhus, also known as Louse-Born Typhus, is a severe, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii. The disease is primarily transmitted to humans through the infected body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) or their feces.
The typical symptoms of Epidemic Typhus include sudden onset of fever, severe headache, muscle pain, and a rash that usually appears around day 5 of illness. The rash starts on the trunk and then spreads to the arms and legs, but it does not typically affect the face, palms, or soles. Other possible symptoms are cough, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Complications can be severe and include delirium, seizures, pneumonia, and inflammation of the heart, lungs, or brain.
Epidemic Typhus is a serious disease that requires prompt medical attention and treatment with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or tetracycline. If left untreated, Epidemic Typhus can be fatal in up to 30% of cases. It is more common in areas of poor hygiene, overcrowding, and where there is a lack of access to medical care. Outbreaks of Epidemic Typhus have occurred during wars, natural disasters, and other situations that lead to large-scale population displacement.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a bacterial disease transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick. The causative agent is Rickettsia rickettsii. The disease is characterized by the sudden onset of fever, severe headache, muscle pain, nausea, and vomiting. A rash typically appears 2-5 days after the onset of fever, starting on the wrists and ankles and spreading to the palms and soles, and then to the trunk and other parts of the body. If not treated promptly, RMSF can cause serious damage to internal organs, such as the heart and kidneys, and in some cases, it can be fatal. Early diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics are essential for a full recovery.
Boutonneuse fever, also known as Mediterranean spotted fever, is a tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia conorii. The name "boutonneuse" comes from the French word for "button-like," which refers to the characteristic eschar (a black scab) that often develops at the site of the tick bite.
The symptoms of boutonneuse fever typically appear within 1-2 weeks after a tick bite and include fever, headache, muscle pain, and fatigue. A rash may also develop, starting on the limbs and spreading to the trunk, which can help distinguish this disease from other tick-borne illnesses.
If left untreated, boutonneuse fever can be serious or even fatal, so it is important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you have been bitten by a tick and are experiencing symptoms of the disease. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as doxycycline, which can help reduce the severity of symptoms and prevent complications.
Orienta tsutsugamushi is a bacterial species that causes scrub typhus, a type of potentially severe infectious disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected chigger mites. The bacteria are gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in the cytoplasm of host cells, primarily endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages.
The genus Orientia is part of the family Rickettsiaceae, which also includes the genera Rickettsia and Coxiella. Scrub typhus is prevalent in certain regions of Asia, the Pacific, and northern Australia, with an estimated one billion people at risk of infection. Symptoms of scrub typhus include fever, headache, muscle pain, and a characteristic eschar (a black scab) at the site of the mite bite. Untreated cases can lead to severe complications, including interstitial pneumonitis, meningoencephalitis, and multi-organ failure. Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment are crucial for managing scrub typhus and preventing potential long-term health consequences.
Endemic flea-borne typhus, also known as murine typhus, is a vector-borne disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia typhi or Rickettsia felis. It is transmitted to humans through the infected feces of fleas, usually the rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) or the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis). The bacteria enter the body through skin abrasions or mucous membranes, such as the eyes or mouth, and cause symptoms that may include fever, headache, muscle aches, rash, and nausea. Endemic flea-borne typhus is typically found in areas with high populations of rodents and their associated fleas, and it can be treated with antibiotics. It is not as severe as epidemic typhus, which is caused by a different type of Rickettsia bacterium and is transmitted through the body lice.
A medical definition of "ticks" would be:
Ticks are small, blood-sucking parasites that belong to the arachnid family, which also includes spiders. They have eight legs and can vary in size from as small as a pinhead to about the size of a marble when fully engorged with blood. Ticks attach themselves to the skin of their hosts (which can include humans, dogs, cats, and wild animals) by inserting their mouthparts into the host's flesh.
Ticks can transmit a variety of diseases, including Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and babesiosis. It is important to remove ticks promptly and properly to reduce the risk of infection. To remove a tick, use fine-tipped tweezers to grasp the tick as close to the skin's surface as possible and pull upward with steady, even pressure. Do not twist or jerk the tick, as this can cause the mouthparts to break off and remain in the skin. After removing the tick, clean the area with soap and water and disinfect the tweezers.
Preventing tick bites is an important part of protecting against tick-borne diseases. This can be done by wearing protective clothing (such as long sleeves and pants), using insect repellent containing DEET or permethrin, avoiding wooded and brushy areas with high grass, and checking for ticks after being outdoors.
Siphonaptera is the scientific order that includes fleas. Fleas are small, wingless insects with laterally compressed bodies and strong legs adapted for jumping. They are external parasites, living by hematophagy off the blood of mammals and birds. Fleas can be a nuisance to their hosts, and some people and animals have allergic reactions to flea saliva. Fleas can also transmit diseases, such as bubonic plague and murine typhus, and parasites like tapeworms.
Dermacentor is a genus of ticks that includes several species known to transmit diseases to humans and animals. Some of the notable species in this genus are:
1. Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick): This species is widely distributed across western North America and can transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Colorado tick fever, and tularemia.
2. Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick): Found throughout the United States, this tick can transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularemia, and human ehrlichiosis.
3. Dermacentor reticulatus (Ornate cow tick or Marsh tick): This species is distributed in Europe and parts of Asia and can transmit diseases like tick-borne encephalitis, louping ill, and babesiosis.
4. Dermacentor marginatus (Marginated tick): Found primarily in Europe, this tick transmits various pathogens causing diseases such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tick-borne encephalitis, and rickettsialpox.
5. Dermacentor nitens (Brazilian pampas tick): This species is native to South America and can transmit Rickettsia rickettsii, the bacterium that causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Dermacentor ticks are known for their hard, shield-like structures called scutums on their backs and their long mouthparts called hypostomes, which they use to feed on the blood of their hosts. They typically prefer large mammals as hosts but will also feed on humans and other animals if necessary.
Ixodidae is a family of arachnids commonly known as hard ticks. Here's a more detailed medical definition:
Ixodidae is a family of tick species, also known as hard ticks, which are obligate ectoparasites of many different terrestrial vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. They have a hard, shield-like structure on their dorsal surface called the scutum, and a prominent mouthpart called the hypostome, which helps them anchor themselves onto their host's skin during feeding.
Hard ticks are vectors of various bacterial, viral, and protozoan diseases that can affect both humans and animals. Some of the diseases transmitted by Ixodidae include Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, and tularemia.
Ixodidae species have a complex life cycle that involves three developmental stages: larva, nymph, and adult. Each stage requires a blood meal from a host to progress to the next stage or to reproduce. The length of the life cycle varies depending on the species and environmental conditions but can take up to several years to complete.
Proper identification and control of Ixodidae populations are essential for preventing tick-borne diseases and protecting public health.
Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are a group of illnesses that can be transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of infected ticks. These diseases are caused by various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Some common TBDs include Lyme disease, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, Ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, and Tularemia. The symptoms of TBDs can vary widely depending on the specific disease but may include fever, rash, fatigue, muscle aches, and headaches. Early recognition, diagnosis, and treatment are crucial to prevent potential long-term complications associated with some TBDs. Preventive measures such as using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and checking for ticks after being outdoors can help reduce the risk of TBDs.
'Coxiella' is a genus of intracellular bacteria that includes the species C. burnetii, which is the causative agent of Q fever in humans and animals. These bacteria are known for their ability to survive and replicate within host cells by avoiding lysosomal degradation and manipulating the host cell's signaling pathways. C. burnetii infection can cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild flu-like illness to severe pneumonia or hepatitis. It is typically transmitted to humans through contact with infected animals or their environments, such as inhalation of contaminated dust or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products.
Rickettsiaceae is a family of Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that are primarily parasitic in arthropods and mammals. They are the causative agents of several important human diseases, including typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and rickettsialpox. These bacteria are typically transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods such as ticks, fleas, or lice.
The bacteria in Rickettsiaceae are small, non-motile, and have a unique bipolar appearance with tapered ends. They can only replicate inside host cells, where they manipulate the host cell's machinery to create a protective niche for themselves. This makes them difficult to culture and study outside of their hosts.
Rickettsiaceae bacteria are divided into several genera based on their genetic and antigenic characteristics, including Rickettsia, Orientia, and Coxiella. Each genus contains several species that can cause different diseases in humans. For example, Rickettsia rickettsii is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, while Rickettsia prowazekii causes epidemic typhus.
Overall, Rickettsiaceae bacteria are important pathogens that can cause serious and sometimes fatal diseases in humans. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics is essential for a successful outcome.
Rickettsiae is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. They are the causative agents of several important human diseases, including typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and scrub typhus. Rickettsiae are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods, such as ticks, fleas, and lice. The bacteria infect endothelial cells in the host's body, causing vasculitis, which can lead to serious complications such as damage to internal organs, neurological symptoms, and even death if left untreated. Rickettsiae are sensitive to a variety of antibiotics, including tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, and early treatment is essential for a favorable outcome.
Rickettsiaceae is a family of Gram-negative, aerobic, intracellular bacteria that includes several important human pathogens. Rickettsiaceae infections are diseases caused by these bacteria, which include:
1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF): Caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks. The disease is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and a rash that spreads from the wrists and ankles to the trunk.
2. Epidemic Typhus: Caused by Rickettsia prowazekii and transmitted to humans through the feces of infected lice. The disease is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and a rash that starts on the chest and spreads to the rest of the body.
3. Murine Typhus: Caused by Rickettsia typhi and transmitted to humans through the feces of infected fleas. The disease is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and a rash that starts on the trunk and spreads to the limbs.
4. Scrub Typhus: Caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted to humans through the bite of infected chiggers. The disease is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and a rash that starts on the trunk and spreads to the limbs.
5. Rickettsialpox: Caused by Rickettsia akari and transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mites. The disease is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and a rash that starts as papules and becomes vesicular.
These infections are treated with antibiotics such as doxycycline or chloramphenicol. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent severe complications and death.
A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a document that contains information on the properties of a hazardous chemical, its potential hazards, safe handling and storage procedures, emergency response measures, and disposal considerations. It is used to communicate important safety information about chemicals used in the workplace to employees, employers, and emergency responders. MSDSs are typically prepared by the manufacturer or importer of a chemical and are required by regulations in many countries, including the United States under the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard.
Hazardous substances, in a medical context, refer to agents that pose a risk to the health of living organisms. These can include chemicals, biological agents (such as bacteria or viruses), and physical hazards (like radiation). Exposure to these substances can lead to a range of adverse health effects, from acute symptoms like irritation and poisoning to chronic conditions such as cancer, neurological disorders, or genetic mutations.
The classification and regulation of hazardous substances are often based on their potential for harm, the severity of the associated health risks, and the conditions under which they become dangerous. These assessments help inform safety measures, exposure limits, and handling procedures to minimize risks in occupational, environmental, and healthcare settings.
Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection
Rickettsia helvetica
Torix (annelid)
Oxytetracycline
Ixodes holocyclus
Dog health
North Asian tick typhus
Pacific Coast tick fever
Ceratothoa oestroides
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
List of traditional Chinese medicines
Rickettsia felis
Anaplasma bovis
Liposcelis
African tick bite fever
Didier Raoult
Tick-borne lymphadenopathy
Nanophyetus
Rickettsia australis
Arsenophonus nasoniae
Bartonella
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Inflammation
Spinturnix
Tick-borne disease
Queensland tick typhus
Rickettsia
Human Genome Sequencing Center
Haemaphysalis longicornis
Tetracycline antibiotics
Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection - Wikipedia
Rickettsia Infections - Ontology Browser - Rat Genome Database
Notes from the Field: Rickettsia parkeri Rickettsiosis - Georgia, 2012-2014 | MMWR
Dual infection with Ehrlichia chaffeensis and a spotted fever group rickettsia: a case report.
Orientia, rickettsia, and leptospira pathogens as causes of CNS infections in Laos: a prospective study - Nuffield Department...
Fatal Rickettsia conorii subsp. israelensis infection, Israel<...
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Deadly scrub typhus bacteria confirmed in South America | University of Oxford
University of Glasgow - Schools - School of Infection & Immunity - Staff A-Z - Professor Margaret J Hosie
Historical Review: Rickettsial Diseases and Their Impact on U.S. Military Forces | Health.mil
Historical Review: Rickettsial Diseases and Their Impact on U.S. Military Forces | Health.mil
Artikelen Infectieziekten 2011 | RIVM
Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances - Rickettsia rickettsii - Canada.ca
Gloria Pryhuber, M.D. | UR Medicine
Inheritance through the cytoplasm | Heredity
A Deep Look Beyond Lyme - BetterHealthGuy.com
Claim: Climate is causing a Rapid Rise in Lyme Disease Infections • Watts Up With That?
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Spotted fever group rickettsiae3
- or = 64 suggest exposure to or infection with R Conorii or antigenically related spotted fever group rickettsiae). (pediatriconcall.com)
- IHC evidence of spotted fever group rickettsiae was found in the eschar biopsy specimens in all five cases. (cdc.gov)
- Dermacentor marginatus and Spotted Fever Group rickettsiae in Tuscany. (unito.it)
Conorii9
- Seroepidemiological study of Rickettsia felis, Rickettsia typhi, and Rickettsia conorii infection among the population of southern Spain. (cdc.gov)
- We found that most patients with antibodies against both R. conorii and R. typhi had serologic evidence of R. felis infection. (nih.gov)
- Pictures of immunofluorescence assay performed on serum specimens with proven Rickettsia conorii (A), R . felis (B), or R . typhi (C) infection showing cross-reactive antibodies. (nih.gov)
- Patil H B, Shahapur P, Bidari L H. Myocarditis and Rickettsia Conorii Infection. (pediatriconcall.com)
- Myocarditis and pericarditis are rare complications of human rickettsiosis, usually seen in the setting of an acute disseminated infection of rickettsia rickettsii and conorii. (pediatriconcall.com)
- We from a developing country report a rare case of rickettsia conorii myocarditis, its serological diagnosis and management. (pediatriconcall.com)
- Rickettsiosis is acute febrile, arthropod-borne diseases caused by obligate intracellular bacteria, and are classified into three major bio-groups: (1) Scrub typhus -caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, widely endemic in Asia, (2) Spotted fever- caused by R. rickettsii, R. conorii, R. africae, and R. japonica, and (3) Murine/Epidemic typhus-caused by Rickettsia typhi and R. prowazekii. (pediatriconcall.com)
- Serological tests (complement fixation, microagglutination and/or micro immunofluorescence) indicated that the newly described Rickettsia belongs to the spotted fever group but differs from R. rickettsii, R. akari, and R. conorii. (duke.edu)
- 12. Posterior segment manifestations of Rickettsia conorii infection. (nih.gov)
Typhi5
- 12. Nogueras MM, Cardeñosa N, Sanfeliu I, Muñoz T, Font B, Segura F. Serological evidence of infection with Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis among the human population of Catalonia, in the northeast of Spain. (cdc.gov)
- Serological evidence of infection with Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis among the human population of Catalonia, in the northeast of Spain. (nih.gov)
- Over 90% of human flea-borne rickettsioses cases in California are reported from suburban communities of Los Angeles and Orange counties and are presumed to be associated with either Rickettsia typhi or Rickettsia felis infection. (bioone.org)
- Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché) is considered the principal vector for both rickettsiae, and R. felis has largely replaced R. typhi as the presumptive etiologic agent based on the widespread incidence of R. felis in cat flea populations. (bioone.org)
- Evidence of only limited numbers of R. typhi -infected cat fleas in the environment may indicate a very rare infection and explain why so few cases of flea-borne rickettsioses are reported each year in southern California relative to the population. (bioone.org)
Fever19
- Rickettsial infections and fever, Vientiane, Laos. (cdc.gov)
- These infections are endemic, some of them are emerging, and they are important cause of fever in certain populations and travelers. (pediatriconcall.com)
- Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) caused by SFTSV infection is transmitted by ticks. (biomedcentral.com)
- Serological assays currently used to diagnose spotted fever group rickettsial infections lack species-specificity, and there is considerable cross-reactivity among pathogens. (cdc.gov)
- [ 20 ] In the presence of compatible illness in the context of mite exposure, perform serologic tests for antibodies to the spotted-fever group of rickettsiae. (medscape.com)
- Parola P. Rickettsia felis: from a rare disease in the USA to a common cause of fever in sub-Saharan Africa. (medscape.com)
- Scholars@Duke publication: Rhipicephalus sanguineus: vector of a new spotted fever group rickettsia in the United States. (duke.edu)
- A rickettsia related to but distinct from the spotted fever agent, Rickettsia rickettsii, has been detected in 167 (18.9%) of 884 Rhipicephalus sanguineus taken off dogs in central and northern Mississippi. (duke.edu)
- 7 cases were reported as acute Q fever and 8 as seropositive for past infection. (who.int)
- For some organisms (eg, R. rickettsii and other spotted fever rickettsia, and R. akari , R. felis , and Orientia ), the vector is also the reservoir and the geographic distribution of these rickettsia is determined by that of the infected arthropod. (msdmanuals.com)
- Regional lymphadenopathy is common with infection by Orientia species or members of the spotted fever group (except for R. rickettsii ). (msdmanuals.com)
- 5 ] have reported the presence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus infection in human and domestic animals from various parts of India. (hindawi.com)
- We've identified several projects, including vaccine development to control canine infections with Ehrlichia species, Anaplasma species infections in dogs, and Rickettsia , the Rocky Mountain spotted fever disease agent, also in dogs," said Roman Ganta, Ph.D., professor of diagnostic medicine and pathobiology, and center director. (veterinarypracticenews.com)
- Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by the organism Rickettsia rickettsii and is transmitted by a tick bite. (medlineplus.gov)
- Background: Spotted fever rickettsiosis is caused by a group of closely related bacteria that includes Rickettsia rickettsii , the etiological agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. (nih.gov)
- Since 1982, more than 30 emerging tick-borne disease agents have been identified from at least 28 tick species, causing a variety of human infections including rickettsioses, Q fever and borrelioses. (biomedcentral.com)
- Four controls had low levels of antibodies against spotted fever group rickettsia, and only one had a low-level response to typhus group rickettsia. (who.int)
- Rickettsial infections classically present as an the cases suggested that rickettsial or related infections undifferentiated fever syndrome. (who.int)
- Spotted fever (SF) is an infection caused by gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria of the genus Rickettsia . (biomedcentral.com)
Species13
- These specimens were tested by immunohistochemical (IHC) stains, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays, or cell culture isolation to determine if there was evidence of infection with a Rickettsia species ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- Rodents are important hosts of several Bartonella and Rickettsia species and some of these pathogens are characterised as human pathogens in Europe. (researchsquare.com)
- The molecular characterisation of the Bartonella strains was based on sequence analysis of partial rpoB and ITS genes, and of the Rickettsia species on sequence analysis of the gltA gene. (researchsquare.com)
- They are caused by bacterial species of the genus Rickettsia and the closely related, but genetically distinct, genus Orientia . (health.mil)
- Species classified within the genus Rickettsia are generally divided into 4 groups (i.e., clades). (health.mil)
- however, for the purposes of this review, infections caused by these species are not discussed further in this article (Table). (health.mil)
- 7 Understanding of the epidemiology of rickettsial diseases continues to evolve as new information accumulates about the expanding geographic distribution of the causative pathogens, 8 the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains,9 and the discovery of new species in the genera Rickettsia and Orientia . (health.mil)
- Rickettsia , Orientia , Ehrlichia , Anaplasma , and Coxiella species were once thought to belong to the same family but now, based on genetic analysis, are considered distinct entities. (msdmanuals.com)
- As infection a single pathogen species or genotype is rare, we are also interested in determining the complicating influence of co-infecting or resident microbiota, via intraspecific or interspecific competition, on pathogen establishment, maintenance and transmission from the tick vector. (k-state.edu)
- Molecular screening of ticks for pathogens included RT-qPCR for the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), qPCR for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, PCR for Babesia species and Rickettsia species, and nested PCR for Borrelia species. (springer.com)
- M marinum is a slow-growing species that resides in both freshwater and saltwater environments, with optimal growth at 30-32°C. It is carried by many fish species and can result in human infection via inoculation of the skin by a fish bite, exposure of an open wound to contaminated water, contact with an aquarium, or contact with marine animals such as fish or turtles. (medscape.com)
- It is used to treat infections caused by susceptible gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, in addition to infections caused by susceptible Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and Mycoplasma species. (medscape.com)
- Some members of the genus Rickettsia are responsible for the most severe bacterial diseases of humans and two notoriously virulent species are classified as select agents with potential use as bioweapons. (louisville.edu)
Felis infection6
- 10. Richter J, Fournier PE, Petridou J, Häussinger D, Raoult D. Rickettsia felis infection acquired in Europe and documented by polymerase chain reaction. (cdc.gov)
- Rickettsia felis infection from southern Europe (Spain) diagnosed by PCR. (cdc.gov)
- Rickettsia felis infection, Canary Islands, Spain. (cdc.gov)
- Although no direct or indirect evidence of R. felis infection was obtained for the man, the simultaneous occurrence of symptoms similar to those observed in his wife strongly suggests infection with the same microorganism. (medscape.com)
- Our report describes the first PCR-confirmed case of human R. felis infection in Europe and supports the concept that R. felis may be widely distributed in the Old World and should be considered in the diagnosis of typhuslike illnesses, especially following a flea bite. (medscape.com)
- Cite this: Rickettsia felis Infection Acquired in Europe and Documented by Polymerase Chain Reaction - Medscape - Feb 01, 2002. (medscape.com)
Pathogens8
- The Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum , is a vector of several tick-borne pathogens, including Rickettsia parkeri . (nih.gov)
- The presence of Bartonella and Rickettsia pathogens in lice samples was screened by real-time PCR, targeting ssrA and gltA genes respectively. (researchsquare.com)
- The ancestral group includes the tick-borne agents Rickettsia bellii and R. canadensis but does not contain pathogens that cause human disease. (health.mil)
- Co-detection of pathogens was observed in 26.6% and 54.8% of positive I. ricinus adults and nymph pools, respectively, while one D. reticulatus tested positive for A. phagocytophilum and Rickettsia spp. (springer.com)
- Molecular diagnostics of tick-borne pathogens infections generates a lot of problems like the choice of molecular methods and molecular markers for the detection of bacterial genomic DNA, but play an important role in the diagnosis of infections. (aaem.pl)
- Protecting human and companion animal health from vector-borne infections requires controlling vector populations, containing development of novel, practicable strategies that will limit vectors and transmission of vector-borne disease pathogens. (aaem.pl)
- My laboratory studies the bacterial pathogens Salmonella and Rickettsia . (louisville.edu)
- Rickettsial infections occur worldwide and Rickettsia are important emerging or reemerging pathogens and have the potential to be used as weapons of bioterrorism. (louisville.edu)
Ticks7
- This finding highlighted the importance of considering SFGR infection, as well as a SFSTV and SFGR co-infection for the differential diagnosis of patients bitten by ticks in SFTSV-endemic areas. (biomedcentral.com)
- The most common co-infection in I. ricinus adults was Babesia microti and Borrelia afzelii (12.3% of positive ticks). (springer.com)
- 2. Ticks carry other infections besides Lyme disease. (elitedaily.com)
- Typhus, according to HealthLine.com, is "caused by an infection with the Rickettsia bacteria," which is transmitted by fleas, ticks, lice and mites. (103kkcn.com)
- Aside from transmitting disease agents, ticks themselves can lead to a variety of indirect veterinary and medical morbidity including toxicosis, paralysis, anemia, wounds susceptible to bacterial or screwworm fly infections, damages to hides and even death [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Ded-i-cat-ed to the study of ani-mal dis-eases, Plum Island appears to have been the site of exper-i-ments with dis-ease-infect-ed ticks con-duct-ed by Nazi sci-en-tists brought into the Unit-ed States under Project Paper-clip. (spitfirelist.com)
- We also used these data to explore the evolutionary relationship between ticks and their associated bacteria, revealing a pattern of long-term co-divergence relationship between ticks and Rickettsia and Coxiella bacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
Bacteria4
- Evolution and diversity of Rickettsia bacteria. (medscape.com)
- The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Bartonella and Rickettsia bacteria in lice collected from rodents in Slovakia. (researchsquare.com)
- To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of tetracycline hydrochloride and other antibacterial drugs, tetracycline hydrochloride should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. (nih.gov)
- The Rickettsia and Orientia genera both encompass a large group of obligate intracellular, gram-negative bacteria. (health.mil)
Genus1
- Infections by the genus RICKETTSIA . (bvsalud.org)
Rickettsiosis2
Clinical10
- Distribution of clinical findings of Rickettsia felis infections and of reported potential vectors infected with R. felis . (cdc.gov)
- The clinical presentation may be atypical in co-infection with SFTSV and SFGR. (biomedcentral.com)
- Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is a clinical syndrome caused by a primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, which is common in young immune competent adults. (biomedcentral.com)
- Similar clinical presentations that are not attributed to EBV infections are referred to as "mononucleosis-like illnesses" (MLIs) [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Clinical guidelines should be revised so that local clinicians can diagnose rickettsial infections and provide appropriate drug treatment. (johnshopkins.edu)
- While in vitro studies have demonstrated the susceptibility of most strains of the following microorganisms, clinical efficacy for infections other than those included in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section has not been documented. (nih.gov)
- The infection was treated rapidly and successfully with tetracyclines, so clinical diagnosis of rickettsial or ehrlichial infection was considered. (who.int)
- Based on the typical clinical features, differential diagnosis for infection by Zika virus is widespread. (bvsalud.org)
- A revised clinical case definition for rickettsial infections and treatment guidelines were developed and shared with provincial health staff for better surveillance and response to future outbreaks of a similar kind. (who.int)
- Finding of an eschar on examination of some of infections was defined as an inpatient in the study a Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. (who.int)
Rickettsii infection3
- Rickettsia rickettsii infection of cultured human endothelial cells induces NF-kappaB activation. (rochester.edu)
- Rickettsia rickettsii Infection). (internalmedicineforvettechs.com)
- The simultaneous onset of symptoms in the affected population group is extremely unusual [1,5], but it should not dissuade the clinician from considering the possibility of Rickettsia rickettsii infection. (bvsalud.org)
Borrelia2
- Geographical distribution and prevalence of selected Borrelia, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia infections in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in New Jersey. (medscape.com)
- Infection by Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and Rickettsia spp. (unito.it)
Bartonella3
- Background: We conducted a study to identify Rickettsia, Coxiella, Leptospira, Bartonella, and Chikungunya virus infections among febrile patients presenting at hospitals in Bangladesh. (johnshopkins.edu)
- Evidence of rodent-associated Bartonella and Rickettsia infections among intravenous drug users from Central and East Harlem, New York City. (medscape.com)
- Small rodents represent an important group of potential reservoirs for many Bartonella infections. (researchsquare.com)
Serologic4
- We report, for the first time, serologic evidence of Rickettsia felis and R. aeschlimannii infections acquired in Tunisia from 1998 to 2003. (nih.gov)
- In this study, serologic techniques discriminated among several rickettsiae for the woman but not her husband. (medscape.com)
- Serologic evidence of a Rickettsia akari-like infection among wild-caught rodents in Orange County and humans in Los Angeles County, California. (medscape.com)
- Serologic evidence of rickettsialpox (Rickettsia akari) infection among intravenous drug users in inner-city Baltimore, Maryland. (medscape.com)
Assay1
- Serum samples from the subjects were tested for rickettsial infections using indirect micro-immunofluorescence assay. (who.int)
Evidence2
- There is strong evidence of a possible association of infection by Zika virus in pregnant women in Brazil and the occurrence of microcephaly in newborn infants. (bvsalud.org)
- We have uncovered evidence however, indicating that Salmonella can actively parasitize reverse transmigration to expedite bacterial colonization of internal organs, creating a much more serious, systemic infection. (louisville.edu)
Akari1
- Rickettsia Akari (Rickettsialpox). (medscape.com)
Amblyomma1
- Comparative vertical transmission of Rickettsia by Dermacentor variabilis and Amblyomma maculatum. (nih.gov)
Vectors1
- Further studies should be conducted to identify the vectors of this rickettsia in Europe. (medscape.com)
Aeschlimannii1
- Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection is a condition characterized by a rash of maculopapules. (wikipedia.org)
Diseases3
- Rickettsial diseases are vector-borne bacterial infections that cause acute febrile illness throughout the world. (health.mil)
- Rickettsial and related diseases must be differentiated from other acute infections, primarily meningococcemia, rubeola, and rubella. (msdmanuals.com)
- Most are unaware there are other tick-transmitted diseases (also called co-infections) besides Lyme disease that exist. (elitedaily.com)
Conclusions1
- Conclusions: Rickettsial infections are frequent yet under-recognized cause of febrile illness in Bangladesh. (johnshopkins.edu)
Rash1
- It is a serious infection that produces a classical rash in about 90% of infected individuals. (medlineplus.gov)
Acute febrile1
- The results suggest that rickettsial infections are more common than currently recognized as a cause of an acute febrile illness. (who.int)
Chlamydia1
- Uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infections with chlamydia trachomatis: 500 mg qid PO for at least 7 days. (rnpedia.com)
Dogs3
- Contact with fleas carried by their dogs would account for the simultaneous infection, as R. felis has been identified in C. felis fleas collected from a dog [ 13 ] . (medscape.com)
- A serosurvey was conducted to determine rickettsial infection rates in dogs from two distinct areas in Indiana. (bsu.edu)
- Dogs in southwestern Indiana were found to have significantly higher rickettsial infection rather than those in east central Indiana. (bsu.edu)
Dermacentor1
- Detection of Rickettsia montanensis in Dermacentor variabilis in Northern Wisconsin. (nih.gov)
Humans3
- A flea-associated Rickettsia pathogenic for humans. (cdc.gov)
- 1] M marinum is the most common atypical Mycobacterium to cause infection in humans. (medscape.com)
- When endotherms, such as humans, are infected the infection favors the cooler extremities more than central sites. (medscape.com)
Human3
- Results from this study indicate an association between canine and human rickettsial infections. (bsu.edu)
- What proteins does Rickettsia inject directly into human cells and what do they do? (louisville.edu)
- Conclusion: After 36 years of epidemiological silence, we identified human cases of Mansonella ozzardi infection in Panama. (bvsalud.org)
Eschar1
- Rickettsiae multiply at the site of arthropod attachment and often produce a local lesion (eschar). (msdmanuals.com)
Pathogenic1
- Host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are crucial for sensing pathogenic microorganisms, initiating innate responses, and modulating pathogen specific adaptive immunity during infection. (zoonoses-journal.org)
Antibodies1
- 2013. Serum antibodies from a subset of horses positive for Babesia caballi by competitive ELISA demonstrate a protein recognition pattern not consistent with infection. (k-state.edu)
Pathogen4
- My laboratory studies determinants of tick-borne pathogen infection in the tick vector. (k-state.edu)
- Additionally, from the perspective of the tick, we are interested in understanding the molecular and physiological response of the tick during pathogen infection and ultimately how this response affects pathogen transmission. (k-state.edu)
- Are the genetic determinants of pathogen fitness important during infection of the mammalian host similarly important during infection of the tick vector? (k-state.edu)
- The detailed data of the infection levels at each location could be useful in assessing the risk of pathogen acquisition following a tick bite. (springer.com)
