Rinderpest
Rinderpest virus
Morbillivirus
Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus
Morbillivirus Infections
Paramyxoviridae
Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants
Vaccines, Marker
Biohazard Release
Viral Vaccines
Somalia
Cattle
Nucleocapsid Proteins
Vero Cells
Cattle Diseases
Goats
Distemper Virus, Canine
Deltapapillomavirus
Disease Eradication
Viral Fusion Proteins
Development of a genetically marked recombinant rinderpest vaccine expressing green fluorescent protein. (1/52)
In order to effectively control and eliminate rinderpest, a method is required to allow serological differentiation between animals that have been vaccinated and those which have recovered from natural infection. One way of doing this would be to engineer the normal vaccine to produce a genetically marked rinderpest virus (RPV) vaccine. We constructed two modified cDNA clones of the RPV RBOK vaccine strain with the coding sequence of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene inserted as a potential genetic marker. RPVINS-GFP virus was designed to produce independent and high level expression of GFP inside infected cells, whilst the GFP expressed by RPVSIG-GFP virus was designed to be efficiently secreted. Infectious recombinant virus was rescued in cell culture from both constructs. The effectiveness of these viruses in stimulating protective immunity and antibody responses to the marker protein was tested by vaccination of cattle and goats. All of the vaccinated animals were completely protected when challenged with virulent virus: RPV in cattle or peste-des-petits ruminants virus in the goats. ELISA showed that all of the animals produced good levels of anti-RPV antibodies. Three of the four cattle and the two goats vaccinated with RPVSIG-GFP produced detectable levels of anti-GFP antibodies. In contrast, no anti-GFP antibodies were produced in the four cattle and two goats vaccinated with RPVINS-GFP. Therefore, secretion of the GFP marker protein was absolutely required to elicit an effective humoral antibody response to the marker protein. (+info)Long-term protective immunity to rinderpest in cattle following a single vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the virus haemagglutinin protein. (2/52)
A recombinant vaccine, produced by using a highly attenuated smallpox vaccine (LC16mO) as a vector and which expresses the rinderpest virus (RPV) haemagglutinin protein, has been developed. The properties of this vaccine, including its heat stability, efficacy in short-term trials, safety and genetic stability, have been confirmed in an earlier report. In the present study, the duration of the protective immunity generated by the vaccine in cattle was examined for up to 3 years following the administration of a single vaccination dose of 10(8) p.f.u. The vaccinated cattle were kept for 2 (group I) or 3 years (group II) and then challenged with a highly virulent strain of RPV. Four of five vaccinated cattle in group I and all six cattle in group II survived the challenge, some showing solid immunity without any clinical signs of rinderpest. Neutralizing antibodies were maintained at a significant level for up to 3 years and they increased rapidly following challenge. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to RPV were examined in group II cattle and were observed in four of the six vaccinated cattle in this group. The long-lasting protective immunity, in addition to the other properties confirmed previously, indicate the practical usefulness of this vaccine for field use. (+info)Vaccination of cattle with attenuated rinderpest virus stimulates CD4(+) T cell responses with broad viral antigen specificity. (3/52)
The immune responses of cattle inoculated with either a virulent or an attenuated vaccine strain of rinderpest virus (RPV) were examined by measuring the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to whole RPV antigen preparations and to individual RPV major structural proteins expressed using recombinant adenoviruses. Responses to the T cell mitogen concanavalin A (ConA) were also measured as a control to monitor non-specific effects of infection with RPV on T cell responses. Infection with the vaccine strain of RPV was found to induce a strong CD4(+) T cell response. A specific response was detected to all RPV proteins tested, namely the haemagglutinin (H), fusion (F), nucleocapsid (N) and matrix (M) proteins, in animals vaccinated with the attenuated strain of the virus. No one protein was found to be dominant with respect to the induction of T cell proliferative responses. As expected, vaccination of cattle with an unrelated virus vaccine, a capripox vaccine, failed to produce a response to RPV antigens. While profound suppression of T cell responses was observed following infection with the virulent strain of RPV, no evidence of impairment of T cell responsiveness was observed following RPV vaccination, or on subsequent challenge of vaccinated animals with virulent virus. (+info)Recombinant rinderpest vaccines expressing membrane-anchored proteins as genetic markers: evidence of exclusion of marker protein from the virus envelope. (4/52)
Rinderpest virus (RPV) causes a severe disease of cattle resulting in serious economic losses in parts of the developing world. Effective control and elimination of this disease require a genetically marked rinderpest vaccine that allows serological differentiation between animals that have been vaccinated against rinderpest and those which have recovered from natural infection. We have constructed two modified cDNA clones of the vaccine strain RNA genome of the virus, with the coding sequence of either a receptor site mutant form of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene or a membrane-anchored form of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene (ANC-GFP), inserted as a potential genetic marker. Infectious recombinant virus was rescued in cell culture from both constructs. The RPVINS-HA and RPVANC-GFP viruses were designed to express either the HA or ANC-GFP protein on the surface of virus-infected cells with the aim of stimulating a strong humoral antibody response to the marker protein. In vitro studies showed that the marker proteins were expressed on the surface of virus-infected cells, although to different extents, but neither was incorporated into the envelope of the virus particles. RPVINS-HA- or RPVANC-GFP-vaccinated cattle produced normal levels of humoral anti-RPV antibodies and significant levels of anti-HA or anti-GFP antibodies, respectively. Both viruses were effective in stimulating protective immunity against RPV and antibody responses to the marker protein in all animals when tested in a cattle vaccination trial. (+info)Identification of a cytotoxic T-cell epitope on the recombinant nucleocapsid proteins of Rinderpest and Peste des petits ruminants viruses presented as assembled nucleocapsids. (5/52)
The nucleocapsid protein (N) of morbilliviruses is not only a major structural protein but also the most abundant protein made in infected cells. We overexpressed the N proteins of Rinderpest virus and Peste des petits ruminants virus in E. coli, which assemble into nucleocapsids in the absence of viral RNA that resemble nucleocapsids made in the virus-infected cells. Employing these assembled structures resembling subviral particles, we studied the induction of both the antibody response and the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response in a murine model (BALB/c). A single dose of the purified recombinant nucleocapsids of both viruses in the absence of an adjuvant induces a strong CTL response. The CTLs generated are antigen specific and cross-reactive with respect to each virus and, furthermore, this CTL response is MHC class I restricted. Based on the prediction for H-2(d)-restricted T-cell motifs we tested the lysis of transfected P815 (H-2(d)) cells expressing a nine amino acid potential CTL epitope, by splenic T cells in vitro restimulated with bacterially expressed RPV or PPRV N proteins. We extended our study to the bovine system both to analyze the immunogenicity of these recombinant proteins in the natural hosts and to show that PBMC from cattle vaccinated with Rinderpest vaccine proliferate in vitro, in response to restimulation with soluble nucleocapsid proteins. Furthermore, the murine CTL epitope functions in the bovine system as a cytotoxic T-cell epitope. This sequence, which is conserved in the N proteins of morbilliviruses, conforms well to the predicted algorithm for some of the most common BoLA CTL antigenic peptides. (+info)Molecular properties of the matrixprotein(M) gene of the lapinized rinderpest virus. (6/52)
The nucleotide sequence of the matrixprotein (M) gene of the lapinized rinderpest virus (RPV-L) was determined. The full-length cDNA of the RPV-L M gene is composed of 1460 base pairs and is supposed to contain an open reading frame of 1005 nucleotides encoding on M protein of 335 amino acids. The homology of the predicted amino acid among congeneric morbilliviruses such as RPV Kabete 'O' strain (wild strain of RPV), RPV RBOK strain (vaccine strain of RPV for cattle), measles virus (MV), and canine distemper virus (CDV), is approximately 94%, 93%, 87% and 77%, respectively. In the present study, all coding regions of the RPV-L strain have been determined. (+info)Long-term sterilizing immunity to rinderpest in cattle vaccinated with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing high levels of the fusion and hemagglutinin glycoproteins. (7/52)
Rinderpest is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of ruminants, often resulting in greater than 90% mortality. We have constructed a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine (v2RVFH) that expresses both the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (H) genes of rinderpest virus (RPV) under strong synthetic vaccinia virus promoters. v2RVFH-infected cells express high levels of the F and H glycoproteins and show extensive syncytium formation. Cattle vaccinated intramuscularly with as little as 10(3) PFU of v2RVFH and challenged 1 month later with a lethal dose of RPV were completely protected from clinical disease; the 50% protective dose was determined to be 10(2) PFU. Animals vaccinated with v2RVFH did not develop pock lesions and did not transmit the recombinant vaccinia virus to contact animals. Intramuscular vaccination of cattle with 10(8) PFU of v2RVFH provided long-term sterilizing immunity against rinderpest. In addition to being highly safe and efficacious, v2RVFH is a heat-stable, inexpensive, and easily administered vaccine that allows the serological differentiation between vaccinated and naturally infected animals. Consequently, mass vaccination of cattle with v2RVFH could eradicate rinderpest. (+info)Identification of immunodominant neutralizing epitopes on the hemagglutinin protein of rinderpest virus. (8/52)
The immunodominant epitopes on the hemagglutinin protein of rinderpest virus (RPV-H) were determined by analyzing selected monoclonal antibody (MAb)-resistant mutants and estimating the level of antibody against each epitope in five RPV-infected rabbits with the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Six neutralizing epitopes were identified, at residues 474 (epitope A), 243 (B), 548 to 551 (D), 587 to 592 (E), 310 to 313 (G), and 383 to 387 (H), from the data on the amino acid substitutions of hemagglutinin protein of MAb-resistant mutants and the reactivities of MAbs against RPV-H to the other morbilliviruses. The epitopes identified in this study are all positioned on the loop of the propeller-like structure in a hypothetical three-dimensional model of RPV-H (J. P. M. Langedijk et al., J. Virol. 71:6155-6167, 1997). Polyclonal sera obtained from five rabbits infected experimentally with RPV were examined by c-ELISA using a biotinylated MAb against each epitope as a competitor. Although these rabbit sera hardly blocked binding of each MAb to epitopes A and B, they moderately blocked binding of each MAb to epitopes G and D and strongly blocked binding of each MAb to epitopes E and H. These results suggest that epitopes at residues 383 to 387 and 587 to 592 may be immunodominant in humoral immunity to RPV infection. (+info)Rinderpest is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects cattle and buffalo, although it can also infect other species such as sheep, goats, and deer. The virus responsible for rinderpest is a member of the Morbillivirus genus, which includes measles in humans and canine distemper in dogs.
The term "Rinderpest" comes from the German word "Rind," meaning cattle, and "Pest," meaning plague or pestilence. Historically, rinderpest has had devastating effects on livestock populations, causing significant economic losses and threatening food security in many parts of the world.
The disease is characterized by fever, oral lesions, diarrhea, and rapid weight loss, often leading to death within a week of infection. Transmission typically occurs through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions, such as nasal discharge, saliva, or feces. The virus can also be spread via contaminated feed, water, and fomites (inanimate objects).
In 2011, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations declared rinderpest eradicated, making it the first viral disease to be eliminated through human efforts. This achievement was largely due to extensive vaccination campaigns, improved surveillance, and strict quarantine measures. However, maintaining vigilance against potential re-emergence remains crucial, as the virus still exists in some laboratory collections.
Rinderpest virus (RPV) is a species in the genus Morbillivirus and family Paramyxoviridae. It is an enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes the highly contagious and often fatal disease called rinderpest in cattle, buffalo, and other even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls), including sheep, goats, and members of the deer family.
Historically, rinderpest has had devastating effects on livestock populations and has significantly impacted agricultural economies worldwide. The virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions and excretions. It mainly affects the respiratory and digestive systems of the host, causing symptoms such as fever, mouth sores, diarrhea, and severe weight loss.
Rinderpest was declared eradicated by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) in 2011, following a global effort to vaccinate animals and control the spread of the virus. It is one of only two viral diseases (the other being smallpox) that have been successfully eradicated through human intervention.
Morbillivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales. It includes several important human and animal pathogens that cause diseases with significant morbidity and mortality. The most well-known member of this genus is Measles virus (MV), which causes measles in humans, a highly contagious disease characterized by fever, rash, cough, and conjunctivitis.
Other important Morbilliviruses include:
* Rinderpest virus (RPV): This virus caused rinderpest, a severe disease in cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals, which was eradicated in 2011 through a global vaccination campaign.
* Canine Distemper Virus (CDV): A pathogen that affects dogs, wild canids, and several other mammalian species, causing a systemic disease with respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms.
* Phocine Distemper Virus (PDV) and Porpoise Morbillivirus (PMV): These viruses affect marine mammals, such as seals and porpoises, causing mass mortality events in their populations.
Morbilliviruses are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome size of approximately 15-16 kilobases. They have a pleomorphic shape and can vary in diameter from 150 to 750 nanometers. The viral envelope contains two glycoproteins: the hemagglutinin (H) protein, which mediates attachment to host cells, and the fusion (F) protein, which facilitates membrane fusion and viral entry.
Transmission of Morbilliviruses typically occurs through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected individuals or animals. The viruses can cause acute infections with high fatality rates, particularly in naïve populations that lack immunity due to insufficient vaccination coverage or the absence of previous exposure.
In summary, Morbillivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae that includes several important human and animal pathogens causing acute respiratory infections with high fatality rates. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets or direct contact, and vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing outbreaks and controlling disease spread.
Peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR) virus is a negative-stranded, enveloped RNA virus that belongs to the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. It is the causative agent of Peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR), also known as sheep and goat plague, which is a highly contagious disease affecting small ruminants such as sheep and goats. The virus is closely related to the rinderpest virus, which was declared eradicated in 2011.
The PPR virus primarily targets the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems of infected animals, causing symptoms such as fever, nasal discharge, coughing, diarrhea, and mouth ulcers. The disease can be severe and often results in high mortality rates, particularly in young animals.
PPR is a significant threat to food security and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in many parts of the world, particularly in Africa and Asia. Vaccination programs have been implemented to control the spread of the virus and reduce its impact on susceptible populations.
Morbillivirus infections refer to a group of viral illnesses caused by members of the Morbillivirus genus, which is part of the Paramyxoviridae family. The most well-known morbillivirus infection is measles, a highly contagious disease that primarily affects humans. Other examples of morbillivirus infections include:
1. Canine distemper: A viral illness that affects dogs and other animals such as raccoons, ferrets, and skunks. It can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms.
2. Phocine distemper: A viral disease primarily affecting seals, particularly the harbor seal population in Europe. It can lead to severe respiratory and neurological issues.
3. Rinderpest: A highly contagious and fatal disease that affects cattle, buffalo, and other even-toed ungulates (hoofed mammals). This disease has been eradicated globally through vaccination programs.
4. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR): Also known as sheep and goat plague, this morbillivirus infection affects small ruminants such as sheep and goats. It can cause severe respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive symptoms.
5. Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) infections: These affect various species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises, causing respiratory, neurological, and immunological issues.
Morbillivirus infections are typically spread through direct contact with infected individuals or their bodily fluids. Vaccination programs have been successful in controlling and eradicating some of these diseases, such as rinderpest and measles.
Paramyxoviridae is a family of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that include several medically important pathogens. These viruses are characterized by their enveloped particles and helical symmetry. The paramyxoviruses can cause respiratory infections, neurological disorders, and other systemic diseases in humans, animals, and birds.
Some notable members of the Paramyxoviridae family include:
* Human respirovirus (also known as human parainfluenza virus): causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children and adults.
* Human orthopneumovirus (also known as respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV): a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children.
* Measles morbillivirus: causes measles, a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, rash, and cough.
* Mumps virus: causes mumps, an acute infectious disease that primarily affects the salivary glands.
* Hendra virus and Nipah virus: zoonotic paramyxoviruses that can cause severe respiratory and neurological disease in humans and animals.
Effective vaccines are available for some paramyxoviruses, such as measles and mumps, but there are currently no approved vaccines for others, such as RSV and Nipah virus. Antiviral therapies are also limited, with only a few options available for the treatment of severe paramyxovirus infections.
Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and devastating disease in sheep and goats, caused by the PPR virus, which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Morbillivirus. It is also known as "sheep and goat plague" or "small ruminant morbillivirus."
The disease is characterized by fever, respiratory signs (such as coughing, nasal discharge, and difficulty breathing), and severe diarrhea, which can lead to rapid weight loss and death in infected animals. The mortality rate in naive populations can reach up to 90%. PPR is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions and excretions, as well as through aerosols.
PPR is endemic in many parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, causing significant economic losses to small ruminant farmers and threatening food security in affected regions. The disease has been targeted for global eradication by 2030, under the joint efforts of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).
A marker vaccine, also known as a "test vaccine" or "immunization tag," is a type of vaccine that not only provides immunity against a particular disease but also contains an antigen that can be detected in bodily fluids (such as blood) after vaccination. This allows for the confirmation of a successful vaccination and the development of immune response in an individual.
Marker vaccines are particularly useful in situations where it is essential to confirm whether a person has been vaccinated or not, such as in disease eradication programs, public health monitoring, or in cases where vaccine-induced immunity needs to be distinguished from natural immunity (due to previous infection). The marker component of the vaccine can be detected through various methods like serological assays or molecular techniques.
An example of a marker vaccine is the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), which contains live attenuated polioviruses. After vaccination, the shedding of the weakened viruses in the stool can be detected and used to monitor the effectiveness of immunization campaigns aimed at eradicating polio globally.
A biohazard release refers to the uncontrolled or accidental escape, spill, or dissemination of biological agents or infectious materials that can pose a risk to the health and safety of living organisms, particularly humans. These biological agents may include pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or other microorganisms that can cause disease or infection.
Biohazard releases can occur in various settings, such as hospitals, laboratories, research facilities, or industrial environments where biological materials are handled or stored. Examples of biohazard release incidents include accidental needle sticks, spills of infectious cultures, or breaches in containment systems designed to isolate dangerous pathogens.
In the event of a biohazard release, it is essential to follow established protocols and guidelines for containment, decontamination, and disposal to minimize the risk of exposure and prevent further spread of infectious materials. These measures typically involve the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, gowns, masks, or respirators, to protect against infection, as well as specialized disinfection procedures to eliminate any residual contamination.
Hemagglutinins are glycoprotein spikes found on the surface of influenza viruses. They play a crucial role in the viral infection process by binding to sialic acid receptors on host cells, primarily in the respiratory tract. After attachment, hemagglutinins mediate the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, allowing the viral genome to enter the host cell and initiate replication.
There are 18 different subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1-H18) identified in influenza A viruses, which naturally infect various animal species, including birds, pigs, and humans. The specificity of hemagglutinins for particular sialic acid receptors can influence host range and tissue tropism, contributing to the zoonotic potential of certain influenza A virus subtypes.
Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays are commonly used in virology and epidemiology to measure the antibody response to influenza viruses and determine vaccine effectiveness. In these assays, hemagglutinins bind to red blood cells coated with sialic acid receptors, forming a diffuse mat of cells that can be observed visually. The addition of specific antisera containing antibodies against the hemagglutinin prevents this binding and results in the formation of discrete buttons of red blood cells, indicating a positive HI titer and the presence of neutralizing antibodies.
A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.
Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.
It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Somalia" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the Horn of Africa. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you.
"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.
Nucleocapsid proteins are structural proteins that are associated with the viral genome in many viruses. They play a crucial role in the formation and stability of the viral particle, also known as the virion. In particular, nucleocapsid proteins bind to the viral RNA or DNA genome and help to protect it from degradation by host cell enzymes. They also participate in the assembly and disassembly of the virion during the viral replication cycle.
In some viruses, such as coronaviruses, the nucleocapsid protein is also involved in regulating the transcription and replication of the viral genome. The nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2, for example, has been shown to interact with host cell proteins that are involved in the regulation of gene expression, which may contribute to the virus's ability to manipulate the host cell environment and evade the immune response.
Overall, nucleocapsid proteins are important components of many viruses and are often targeted by antiviral therapies due to their essential role in the viral replication cycle.
I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Goat diseases" refers to illnesses that affect goats specifically. It does not mean diseases that are caused by goats or related to them in some way. Here are some examples of goat diseases:
1. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE): A viral disease that affects goats, causing arthritis, pneumonia, and sometimes encephalitis.
2. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A bacterial disease that causes abscesses in the lymph nodes of goats.
3. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP): A contagious respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma bacteria.
4. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
5. Pasteurellosis: A bacterial disease that can cause pneumonia, septicemia, and other infections in goats.
6. Salmonellosis: A bacterial disease caused by Salmonella bacteria, which can cause diarrhea, fever, and septicemia in goats.
7. Soremouth (Orf): A viral disease that causes sores and scabs around the mouth and nose of goats.
These are just a few examples of diseases that can affect goats. If you have any specific questions about goat health or diseases, I would recommend consulting with a veterinarian who specializes in small ruminants.
Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.
Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.
It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.
Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:
1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.
It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "goats" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a common noun referring to the domesticated animal species Capra aegagrus hircus. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or term, please provide that and I would be happy to help.
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and causes a contagious and serious disease in dogs and other animals. The virus primarily affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems of infected animals.
The symptoms of canine distemper can vary widely depending on the age and immune status of the animal, as well as the strain of the virus. Initial signs may include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and discharge from the eyes and nose. As the disease progresses, affected animals may develop vomiting, diarrhea, pneumonia, and neurological symptoms such as seizures, muscle twitching, and paralysis.
Canine distemper is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with infected animals or their respiratory secretions. The virus can also be transmitted through contaminated objects such as food bowls, water dishes, and bedding.
Prevention of canine distemper is achieved through vaccination, which is recommended for all dogs as a core vaccine. It is important to keep dogs up-to-date on their vaccinations and to avoid contact with unfamiliar or unvaccinated animals. There is no specific treatment for canine distemper, and therapy is generally supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and preventing complications.
Delta papillomaviruses, also known as delta-like papillomaviruses or beta-papillomaviruses, are a subgroup of the Papillomaviridae family of viruses. These viruses are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other animals. Delta papillomaviruses have been associated with benign skin growths called warts, as well as with some types of cancer, including cervical cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. However, more research is needed to fully understand the role that these viruses play in the development of these diseases.
Disease eradication is the complete and permanent elimination of a specific disease from all humans or animals worldwide. This is achieved through various methods, including vaccination programs, improved sanitation, and public health measures. The disease is no longer present in any form, and there is no risk of it re-emerging. Smallpox is the only human disease to have been successfully eradicated so far. Efforts are currently underway to eradicate polio, with significant progress made but still ongoing.
Viral fusion proteins are specialized surface proteins found on the envelope of enveloped viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the viral infection process by mediating the fusion of the viral membrane with the target cell membrane, allowing the viral genetic material to enter the host cell and initiate replication.
The fusion protein is often synthesized as an inactive precursor, which undergoes a series of conformational changes upon interaction with specific receptors on the host cell surface. This results in the exposure of hydrophobic fusion peptides or domains that insert into the target cell membrane, bringing the two membranes into close proximity and facilitating their merger.
A well-known example of a viral fusion protein is the gp120/gp41 complex found on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The gp120 subunit binds to CD4 receptors and chemokine coreceptors on the host cell surface, triggering conformational changes in the gp41 subunit that expose the fusion peptide and enable membrane fusion. Understanding the structure and function of viral fusion proteins is important for developing antiviral strategies and vaccines.
I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:
1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.
Rinderpest
Ovine rinderpest
1890s African rinderpest epizootic
Maasai people
Severus Sanctus Endelechius
Robert Norman Bland
Eradication of infectious diseases
Polio
Foreign animal disease
Viral evolution
Deaths in February 2010
History of smallpox
Murrain
Jean Danysz (biologist)
Karl Nikolaus Lang
Gjenvick-Gjønvik Archives
1865 in the United Kingdom
Mutterschied
Ministry of Agriculture and Food (Soviet Union)
World Organisation for Animal Health
2011
John Dalrymple Edgar Holmes
Nyala
Polio eradication
Klerksdorp
Wilberforce Juta
Carlo Francesco Cogrossi
Giraffe
2010 in science
Walter Plowright
Rinderpest - Wikipedia
RIP rinderpest - Diplo
IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF MEASLES, DISTEMPER, AND RINDERPEST VIRUSES
Quantifying the Benefits of Rinderpest Eradication | The Dairy Site
Ovine Rinderpest Outbreak in Europe: Wait, Wasn't That Eradicated? | American Council on Science and Health
Rinderpest | ari.info | ari.info
AN AU IBAR DOCUMENTARY ON COMMEMORATION OF RINDERPEST ERADICATION IN KENYA | The African Union - Interafrican Bureau for Animal...
Rinderpest - WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health
Risk of rinderpest virus re-introduction 10-years post-eradication - CityU Scholars | A Research Hub of Excellence
Rinderpest Archives - PDFLibrary
Feature: Eradicating Rinderpest | Bluesci
Publications advanced search | IAEA
Top 10 Infectious Diseases Man Has Triumphed Over - Listverse
Rinderpest und Fragen zum Auftreten von Texasfieber [in Ägypten]
Newsworthy: Ruminant Epidemics, Rinderpest and Goat Plague - Fur, Farm, and Fork
Dual Use Research of Concern and Bird Flu: Questions & Answers | Avian Influenza (Flu)
Susannah F. Locke | Popular Science
The National Veterinary Institute of Ethiopia is set to produce Rinderpest Vaccine - National Veterinary Institute
Quoth an antivaxer: Vaccines are making dogs autistic! | ScienceBlogs
Quoth an antivaxer: Vaccines are making dogs autistic! | ScienceBlogs
Ten years on, Rinderpest eradication highlights the value of vaccines - WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health
Category:Boers - Wikimedia Commons
The collectible you are looking for is on Delcampe
Ulysses - James Joyce - Google B cker
Skepchick Quickies, 6.6 - Skepchick
Occupational Health Program: Appendix 2 | Compliance | Federal Select Agent Program
35) Page 24 - Medicine - Veterinary | Civil Veterinary Departments | Annual administration report of the Civil Veterinary...
Eradication16
- After a global eradication campaign starting in the mid-20th century, the last confirmed case of rinderpest was diagnosed in 2001. (wikipedia.org)
- On 14 October 2010, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) announced that field activities in the decades-long, worldwide campaign to eradicate the disease were ending, paving the way for a formal declaration in June 2011 of the global eradication of rinderpest. (wikipedia.org)
- The concerted global effort to overcome rinderpest dates back many decades, and was brought to a successful conclusion by the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme led by FAO in Africa, the Middle East and Asia. (thedairysite.com)
- Far from seeing eradication as the end of the story, FAO views it as the beginning of an opportunity to conquer other devastating veterinary diseases, using the lessons learned from rinderpest. (thedairysite.com)
- Household income across Ethiopia rose by €38.1 million as a result of rinderpest control and eradication. (thedairysite.com)
- In total, FAO estimates that eradication of rinderpest has meant some USD 920 million in annual economic benefits in Africa alone. (thedairysite.com)
- In 2011, the global public health community declared the eradication of rinderpest, a severe viral disease of cattle. (acsh.org)
- The authors of the article go on to call for a global program for the eradication of ovine rinderpest. (acsh.org)
- This year the eradication of rinderpest, or cattle plague as it is also known, will be officially declared making it only the second disease in history to be systematically eliminated by human intervention. (srcf.net)
- Rinderpest has been a significant catalyst for the birth and development of modern veterinary science and its eradication is a monumental victory for the discipline. (srcf.net)
- Now that the attempted eradication of Rinderpest was successful, veterinary experts are recommending that the next target be "goat plague. (furfarmandfork.com)
- Some of the economic returns associated with the eradication of Rinderpest are pretty amazing, so it seems like PPR would be a reasonable next step. (furfarmandfork.com)
- The global eradication of Rinderpest gives reason to be optimistic when it comes to fighting infectious animal diseases. (woah.org)
- Decades of concerted efforts from governments and local organizations supported by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), along with other partners, resulted in the eradication of Rinderpest through mass vaccination campaigns of cattle. (woah.org)
- Beyond the remarkable achievement of global Rinderpest eradication itself, what was learnt will benefit generations to come. (woah.org)
- To this date, Rinderpest eradication remains an unprecedented milestone in the history of animal health. (woah.org)
Outbreak6
- Countries (n = 39) in which vaccine production and research activities have not been recently conducted, but which have a recent rinderpest history (rinderpest outbreak since 1983 and/or vaccination since 1998). (cdc.gov)
- Ovine Rinderpest Outbreak in Europe: Wait, Wasn't That Eradicated? (acsh.org)
- However, today, Bulgaria has announced an outbreak of ovine rinderpest . (acsh.org)
- However, it was after the 1920 outbreak of Rinderpest in Belgium that joint action to address the global concern received new impetus. (woah.org)
- Due to the high mortality rate, famine often followed a rinderpest outbreak as people were dependent on their cattle for food, transport and skins. (srcf.net)
- In the 18th century Giovanni Maria Lancisi, the physician of Pope Clement XI, was instructed to deal with a rinderpest outbreak that had killed over 26,000 papal cattle. (srcf.net)
20011
- The last confirmed case of Rinderpest occurred in Kenya in 2001, and it was declared eradicated by the World Health Organization in 2011. (everything-everywhere.com)
Epidemics2
- Europe was ravaged in the XVIII th century by rinderpest epidemics. (diplomacy.edu)
- These cattle crossbred with the local African taurine, an ongoing process which might have accelerated following the rinderpest epidemics of the late 19th century 1 . (nature.com)
Africa13
- By around 3,000 BC, a cattle plague had reached Egypt, and rinderpest later spread throughout the remainder of Africa, following European colonization. (wikipedia.org)
- I first came across the economic and societal role of rinderpest when doing land use research in Eastern Africa long time ago. (diplomacy.edu)
- I may have been wrong - now rinderpest is gone, and so are other dismal diseases of Africa (like the Guinea worm [4] ). (diplomacy.edu)
- According to the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), ovine rinderpest was first discovered in 1942 in West Africa. (acsh.org)
- These developments were crucial in providing vaccine to eliminate rinderpest in its final strongholds in rural Africa.This was later improved further by using a weakened, or attenuated, virus. (animalresearch.info)
- Rinderpest has been a scourge throughout Asia, Africa and Europe, and has often been spread by trade and war. (srcf.net)
- Thousands of veterinarians across Europe, Asia, and Africa participated in vaccinating cattle and finally succeeded in wiping out rinderpest in 2011. (listverse.com)
- Rinderpest (RP) is highly infectious and fatal disease of Cattle that caused significant economic catastrophes in Africa. (com.et)
- For the purpose of replenishing RP vaccine reserve for Africa that is required in case of possible resurgence of the disease, the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) selected NVI to produce the vaccine and the African Union PanAfrican Veterinary Vaccine Quality Control Center (AU-PANVAC) as Rinderpest Vaccine Holding Facility (RHF). (com.et)
- For centuries, Rinderpest outbreaks caused the death of millions of cattle, buffalo, yak and wild animals across Africa, Asia and Europe. (woah.org)
- Similarly, in Africa, the first veterinary school was founded in Egypt in 1827 to control Rinderpest. (woah.org)
- In Asia, the Indian Veterinary Research Institute was established in 1913 to develop a Rinderpest vaccine, while in Africa, the Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre of the African Union (AU-PANVAC) began operating in 1986. (woah.org)
- Rinderpest is a devastating disease of cattle that, until recently caused serious economic hardship to various parts of the world, especially in Africa. (usda.gov)
Viruses2
- The rinderpest virus (RPV) is closely related to the measles and canine distemper viruses. (wikipedia.org)
- When assessing the total number of countries holding rinderpest viruses, simulations were performed to estimate the status of countries for which no information was available. (cdc.gov)
Officially eradicated2
- Although Rinderpest has been officially eradicated since 2011, the box is not closed yet as laboratories continue harbouring the costly virus and researchers hope to learn more about the disease. (thedairysite.com)
- June 28 - The deadly cattle plague rinderpest is officially eradicated from the world. (pajiba.com)
Diseases2
- This underlines the importance of supporting programmes that aim to avert the return of the rinderpest pathogen, as well as those focusing on improved disease management and prevention of other diseases affecting the world's livestock, biodiversity and food and nutritional security. (thedairysite.com)
- Diseases remarks ' that serum treatment for Rinderpest has become very popular in Mysore State and that my experience in the work for 6 months shows that the results have been very favourable. (nls.uk)
Measles5
- The measles virus possibly emerged from rinderpest as a zoonotic disease around 600 BC, a period that coincides with the rise of large human settlements. (wikipedia.org)
- Measles virus evolved from the then-widespread rinderpest virus most probably between the 11th and 12th centuries. (wikipedia.org)
- In 2020 research on the measles virus has suggested a modified understanding of the evolution of rinderpest. (wikipedia.org)
- Work on preserved older samples of measles (1912 and following) have been tested in various ways to determine the likely trajectory of the measles virus' divergence from rinderpest. (wikipedia.org)
- With livestock domestication rinderpest jumped to humans - molecular studies indicate measles as its close relative. (diplomacy.edu)
Vaccine2
- It is possible because a vaccine exists , and we know that the cattle version of rinderpest has already been eradicated. (acsh.org)
- A team of experts designated by WOAH made site inspection of NVI's Rinderpest vaccine production facility from Oct 18-21, 2022 to ensure its compliance with the set standards as regards to GMP, Biosafety and Biosecurity. (com.et)
Virus19
- In June 2019 the UK destroyed its stocks of rinderpest virus, held at the Pirbright Institute in Surrey, which were most of the world's retained samples. (wikipedia.org)
- Among them, ni countries were surveyed, of which yi were found to hold rinderpest virus-containing material. (cdc.gov)
- The probability distribution of the total number of countries holding rinderpest virus- containing material in the world, Y , was assessed through simulations. (cdc.gov)
- The virus of rinderpest was endemic in cattle and related species, including many wild ungulates. (diplomacy.edu)
- Rinderpest virus was arguably the first weapon used in what is now called "bioterrorism. (thedairysite.com)
- Although rinderpest has been eradicated from fields and pastures, virus samples remain quite alive in the dozens of laboratories that participated in the control campaign. (thedairysite.com)
- Thankfully, the type of virus that causes rinderpest in cattle is still gone. (acsh.org)
- But there is another type of rinderpest virus that causes disease in sheep and goats. (acsh.org)
- Rinderpest virus infects cattle with an 80-90% mortality rate ANCHOR and symptoms include fever, discharge from nose and eyes, ulceration, diarrhoea and dehydration. (animalresearch.info)
- Much of the success of the vaccination campaign was due to technologies developed to detect the presence of the rinderpest virus in populations and to differentiate between strains. (animalresearch.info)
- ANCHOR In addition, genetic sequencing of virus samples allowed researchers to identify routes of transmission of rinderpest between regions and discover new sources of the disease. (animalresearch.info)
- With a 100% death rate in some herds, the Rinderpest virus can be rapidly transmitted among cloven-hoofed animals (mainly cattle and buffalo). (woah.org)
- Strict control of animal movement during outbreaks was important for reducing the threat of rinderpest across Europe, but it was the development of vaccines that set the wheels in motion for removing the virus globally. (srcf.net)
- These were developed by serially growing the rinderpest virus in live animals such as goats, rabbits or pigs that could propagate the virus but did not develop the disease. (srcf.net)
- Also, the high death rate meant that wild animals (such as buffalo or giraffes) with rinderpest were wiped out before they could pass the virus to domestic cattle. (listverse.com)
- Pest de Petits Ruminants or "goat plague" is a viral infection related to rinderpest that affects sheep, goats, and deer (important as vectors for the virus). (furfarmandfork.com)
- Two distinct conformations of a rinderpest virus epitope presented by bovine major histocompatibility complex class I N*01801: a host strategy to present featured peptides. (expasy.org)
- Here we report the development and validation in the laboratory of a highly sensitive detection test for Rinderpest virus (RPV), based on a real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR). (usda.gov)
- A highly sensitive detection test for Rinderpest virus (RPV), based on a real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PR) system, was developed. (usda.gov)
Vaccines2
Veterinary1
- Today, thanks to the efforts of FAO along with a host of other international organizations and national veterinary services, rinderpest has been wiped from the face of the earth. (thedairysite.com)
Declared eradicated1
- Even though the disease has been declared eradicated, samples of rinderpest are still stored in dozens of laboratories. (animalresearch.info)
Infectious1
- Rinderpest (from the German for cattle plague) is an infectious disease that has killed hundreds of millions of cattle over hundreds of years, often causing famine. (animalresearch.info)
Pathogen1
- Unlike many of our pathogenic foes, such as AIDS, tuberculosis and cholera, rinderpest does not often hit the headlines, but this pathogen has had an astonishing influence on humankind, and a huge effort has been spent combating it. (srcf.net)
Pastoralists1
- During the 1890s, drought and cattle disease (particularly rinderpest) impoverished pastoralists, while competition increased for Black land and labour. (britannica.com)
Herds1
- Folklore maintains that Genghis Khan sent rinderpest-infected cattle into the herds of his enemies to wipe out their food supply, making them easier to conquer, write the media team at the World Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). (thedairysite.com)
Pandemic1
- In 1893 the explorer Fredrick Lugard observed the scale of the rinderpest pandemic in Maasailand. (srcf.net)
Populations1
- The first animal disease to have been eradicated, Rinderpest is highly contagious and has a long history of loss in animal populations and economic disruption. (woah.org)
Famine1
- A combination of smallpox and famine due to rinderpest brought about a huge reduction in the population of native Africans. (srcf.net)
Smallpox3
- In June 2011, the United Nations FAO confirmed the disease was eradicated, making rinderpest only the second disease in history to be fully wiped out (outside laboratory stocks), following smallpox. (wikipedia.org)
- On 8 August 2011, the United Nations held a ceremony declaring the disease eradicated, making rinderpest only the second disease in history to be fully wiped out, following smallpox [1] . (diplomacy.edu)
- Rinderpest isn't as well known as smallpox, mainly because it doesn't infect humans. (everything-everywhere.com)
Serum1
- Rinderpest Anti-Serum. (nls.uk)
Contagious1
- Rinderpest is a highly contagious disease that had been known since humans initiated the domestication of livestock. (woah.org)
United Nations1
- It was apparently a big deal when the United Nations announced that Rinderpest was eradicated just a few months ago. (furfarmandfork.com)
Plague2
- Introduction Rinderpest Rinderpest (also cattle plague or steppe murrain) was. (pdflibrary.net)
- Rinderpest (aka "cattle plague") did not infect humans but was still devastating. (listverse.com)
Egypt2
- Rinderpest is thought to have been one of the biblical plagues of Egypt. (diplomacy.edu)
- Rinderpest has haunted human civilisations for millennia, with the earliest historical reference dating back to around 3000 BC in Egypt. (srcf.net)
Species1
- In other species, rinderpest may show milder clinical signs. (woah.org)
Specialists1
- The school was established in 1762 and specialists were trained to combat threats such as rinderpest. (srcf.net)
Animal3
- An animal infected by rinderpest undergoes an incubation period of 3-15 days. (wikipedia.org)
- Any animal that survived the disease would never get rinderpest again. (listverse.com)
- US - The US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is proposing to amend the regulations governing the importation of certain animals and animal products by adding the Brazilian State of Santa Catarina to the list of regions recognised as free of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), rinderpest, swine vesicular disease (SVD), classical swine fever (CSF) and African swine fever (ASF). (thepigsite.com)
Spread1
- Reports point to the origins of Rinderpest in Central Asia and its rapid spread to the rest of the continent and across Europe, following trade and migration routes. (woah.org)
Asia1
- Rinderpest is believed to have originated in Asia, later spreading through the transport of cattle. (wikipedia.org)
Century1
- In the 4th century, Roman writer Severus Sanctus Endelechius described rinderpest in his book, On the Deaths of Cattle. (wikipedia.org)
Brought1
- Rinderpest was brought to the continent by cattle imported from either Yemen or India to feed the Italian army based there. (srcf.net)