A viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals caused by MORBILLIVIRUS. It may be acute, subacute, or chronic with the major lesions characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the entire digestive tract. The disease was declared successfully eradicated worldwide in 2010.
A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing cattle plague, a disease with high mortality. Sheep, goats, pigs, and other animals of the order Artiodactyla can also be infected.
A genus of the family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE (subfamily PARAMYXOVIRINAE) where the virions of most members have hemagglutinin but not neuraminidase activity. All members produce both cytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies. MEASLES VIRUS is the type species.
A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing a severe, often fatal enteritis and pneumonia (PESTE-DES-PETITS-RUMINANTS) in sheep and goats.
Infections with viruses of the genus MORBILLIVIRUS, family PARAMYXOVIRIDAE. Infections mainly cause acute disease in their hosts, although in some cases infection is persistent and leads to degenerative conditions.
A family of spherical viruses, of the order MONONEGAVIRALES, somewhat larger than the orthomyxoviruses, and containing single-stranded RNA. Subfamilies include PARAMYXOVIRINAE and PNEUMOVIRINAE.
A highly fatal contagious disease of goats and sheep caused by PESTE-DES-PETITS-RUMINANTS VIRUS. The disease may be acute or subacute and is characterized by stomatitis, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, and pneumonia.
Vaccines used in conjunction with diagnostic tests to differentiate vaccinated animals from carrier animals. Marker vaccines can be either a subunit or a gene-deleted vaccine.
Uncontrolled release of biological material from its containment. This either threatens to, or does, cause exposure to a biological hazard. Such an incident may occur accidentally or deliberately.
Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES.
Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.
Somalia is located on the east coast of Africa on and north of the Equator and, with Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, and Kenya, is often referred to as the Horn of Africa. It comprises Italy's former Trust Territory of Somalia and the former British Protectorate of Somaliland. The capital is Mogadishu.
Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.
Viral proteins found in either the NUCLEOCAPSID or the viral core (VIRAL CORE PROTEINS).
Diseases of the domestic or wild goat of the genus Capra.
A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.
Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.
Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned RUMINANTS of the genus Capra, in the family Bovidae, closely related to the SHEEP.
A species of MORBILLIVIRUS causing distemper in dogs, wolves, foxes, raccoons, and ferrets. Pinnipeds have also been known to contract Canine distemper virus from contact with domestic dogs.
A genus of DNA viruses in the family PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE causing fibropapillomas in their respective ungulate hosts. Species infected include cattle, European elk, deer, and sheep.
Termination of all transmission of infection by global extermination of the infectious agent through surveillance and containment (From Porta, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 5th ed).
Proteins, usually glycoproteins, found in the viral envelopes of a variety of viruses. They promote cell membrane fusion and thereby may function in the uptake of the virus by cells.
Diseases of domestic and mountain sheep of the genus Ovis.

Development of a genetically marked recombinant rinderpest vaccine expressing green fluorescent protein. (1/52)

In order to effectively control and eliminate rinderpest, a method is required to allow serological differentiation between animals that have been vaccinated and those which have recovered from natural infection. One way of doing this would be to engineer the normal vaccine to produce a genetically marked rinderpest virus (RPV) vaccine. We constructed two modified cDNA clones of the RPV RBOK vaccine strain with the coding sequence of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene inserted as a potential genetic marker. RPVINS-GFP virus was designed to produce independent and high level expression of GFP inside infected cells, whilst the GFP expressed by RPVSIG-GFP virus was designed to be efficiently secreted. Infectious recombinant virus was rescued in cell culture from both constructs. The effectiveness of these viruses in stimulating protective immunity and antibody responses to the marker protein was tested by vaccination of cattle and goats. All of the vaccinated animals were completely protected when challenged with virulent virus: RPV in cattle or peste-des-petits ruminants virus in the goats. ELISA showed that all of the animals produced good levels of anti-RPV antibodies. Three of the four cattle and the two goats vaccinated with RPVSIG-GFP produced detectable levels of anti-GFP antibodies. In contrast, no anti-GFP antibodies were produced in the four cattle and two goats vaccinated with RPVINS-GFP. Therefore, secretion of the GFP marker protein was absolutely required to elicit an effective humoral antibody response to the marker protein.  (+info)

Long-term protective immunity to rinderpest in cattle following a single vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the virus haemagglutinin protein. (2/52)

A recombinant vaccine, produced by using a highly attenuated smallpox vaccine (LC16mO) as a vector and which expresses the rinderpest virus (RPV) haemagglutinin protein, has been developed. The properties of this vaccine, including its heat stability, efficacy in short-term trials, safety and genetic stability, have been confirmed in an earlier report. In the present study, the duration of the protective immunity generated by the vaccine in cattle was examined for up to 3 years following the administration of a single vaccination dose of 10(8) p.f.u. The vaccinated cattle were kept for 2 (group I) or 3 years (group II) and then challenged with a highly virulent strain of RPV. Four of five vaccinated cattle in group I and all six cattle in group II survived the challenge, some showing solid immunity without any clinical signs of rinderpest. Neutralizing antibodies were maintained at a significant level for up to 3 years and they increased rapidly following challenge. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to RPV were examined in group II cattle and were observed in four of the six vaccinated cattle in this group. The long-lasting protective immunity, in addition to the other properties confirmed previously, indicate the practical usefulness of this vaccine for field use.  (+info)

Vaccination of cattle with attenuated rinderpest virus stimulates CD4(+) T cell responses with broad viral antigen specificity. (3/52)

The immune responses of cattle inoculated with either a virulent or an attenuated vaccine strain of rinderpest virus (RPV) were examined by measuring the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to whole RPV antigen preparations and to individual RPV major structural proteins expressed using recombinant adenoviruses. Responses to the T cell mitogen concanavalin A (ConA) were also measured as a control to monitor non-specific effects of infection with RPV on T cell responses. Infection with the vaccine strain of RPV was found to induce a strong CD4(+) T cell response. A specific response was detected to all RPV proteins tested, namely the haemagglutinin (H), fusion (F), nucleocapsid (N) and matrix (M) proteins, in animals vaccinated with the attenuated strain of the virus. No one protein was found to be dominant with respect to the induction of T cell proliferative responses. As expected, vaccination of cattle with an unrelated virus vaccine, a capripox vaccine, failed to produce a response to RPV antigens. While profound suppression of T cell responses was observed following infection with the virulent strain of RPV, no evidence of impairment of T cell responsiveness was observed following RPV vaccination, or on subsequent challenge of vaccinated animals with virulent virus.  (+info)

Recombinant rinderpest vaccines expressing membrane-anchored proteins as genetic markers: evidence of exclusion of marker protein from the virus envelope. (4/52)

Rinderpest virus (RPV) causes a severe disease of cattle resulting in serious economic losses in parts of the developing world. Effective control and elimination of this disease require a genetically marked rinderpest vaccine that allows serological differentiation between animals that have been vaccinated against rinderpest and those which have recovered from natural infection. We have constructed two modified cDNA clones of the vaccine strain RNA genome of the virus, with the coding sequence of either a receptor site mutant form of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene or a membrane-anchored form of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene (ANC-GFP), inserted as a potential genetic marker. Infectious recombinant virus was rescued in cell culture from both constructs. The RPVINS-HA and RPVANC-GFP viruses were designed to express either the HA or ANC-GFP protein on the surface of virus-infected cells with the aim of stimulating a strong humoral antibody response to the marker protein. In vitro studies showed that the marker proteins were expressed on the surface of virus-infected cells, although to different extents, but neither was incorporated into the envelope of the virus particles. RPVINS-HA- or RPVANC-GFP-vaccinated cattle produced normal levels of humoral anti-RPV antibodies and significant levels of anti-HA or anti-GFP antibodies, respectively. Both viruses were effective in stimulating protective immunity against RPV and antibody responses to the marker protein in all animals when tested in a cattle vaccination trial.  (+info)

Identification of a cytotoxic T-cell epitope on the recombinant nucleocapsid proteins of Rinderpest and Peste des petits ruminants viruses presented as assembled nucleocapsids. (5/52)

The nucleocapsid protein (N) of morbilliviruses is not only a major structural protein but also the most abundant protein made in infected cells. We overexpressed the N proteins of Rinderpest virus and Peste des petits ruminants virus in E. coli, which assemble into nucleocapsids in the absence of viral RNA that resemble nucleocapsids made in the virus-infected cells. Employing these assembled structures resembling subviral particles, we studied the induction of both the antibody response and the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response in a murine model (BALB/c). A single dose of the purified recombinant nucleocapsids of both viruses in the absence of an adjuvant induces a strong CTL response. The CTLs generated are antigen specific and cross-reactive with respect to each virus and, furthermore, this CTL response is MHC class I restricted. Based on the prediction for H-2(d)-restricted T-cell motifs we tested the lysis of transfected P815 (H-2(d)) cells expressing a nine amino acid potential CTL epitope, by splenic T cells in vitro restimulated with bacterially expressed RPV or PPRV N proteins. We extended our study to the bovine system both to analyze the immunogenicity of these recombinant proteins in the natural hosts and to show that PBMC from cattle vaccinated with Rinderpest vaccine proliferate in vitro, in response to restimulation with soluble nucleocapsid proteins. Furthermore, the murine CTL epitope functions in the bovine system as a cytotoxic T-cell epitope. This sequence, which is conserved in the N proteins of morbilliviruses, conforms well to the predicted algorithm for some of the most common BoLA CTL antigenic peptides.  (+info)

Molecular properties of the matrixprotein(M) gene of the lapinized rinderpest virus. (6/52)

The nucleotide sequence of the matrixprotein (M) gene of the lapinized rinderpest virus (RPV-L) was determined. The full-length cDNA of the RPV-L M gene is composed of 1460 base pairs and is supposed to contain an open reading frame of 1005 nucleotides encoding on M protein of 335 amino acids. The homology of the predicted amino acid among congeneric morbilliviruses such as RPV Kabete 'O' strain (wild strain of RPV), RPV RBOK strain (vaccine strain of RPV for cattle), measles virus (MV), and canine distemper virus (CDV), is approximately 94%, 93%, 87% and 77%, respectively. In the present study, all coding regions of the RPV-L strain have been determined.  (+info)

Long-term sterilizing immunity to rinderpest in cattle vaccinated with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing high levels of the fusion and hemagglutinin glycoproteins. (7/52)

Rinderpest is an acute and highly contagious viral disease of ruminants, often resulting in greater than 90% mortality. We have constructed a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine (v2RVFH) that expresses both the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (H) genes of rinderpest virus (RPV) under strong synthetic vaccinia virus promoters. v2RVFH-infected cells express high levels of the F and H glycoproteins and show extensive syncytium formation. Cattle vaccinated intramuscularly with as little as 10(3) PFU of v2RVFH and challenged 1 month later with a lethal dose of RPV were completely protected from clinical disease; the 50% protective dose was determined to be 10(2) PFU. Animals vaccinated with v2RVFH did not develop pock lesions and did not transmit the recombinant vaccinia virus to contact animals. Intramuscular vaccination of cattle with 10(8) PFU of v2RVFH provided long-term sterilizing immunity against rinderpest. In addition to being highly safe and efficacious, v2RVFH is a heat-stable, inexpensive, and easily administered vaccine that allows the serological differentiation between vaccinated and naturally infected animals. Consequently, mass vaccination of cattle with v2RVFH could eradicate rinderpest.  (+info)

Identification of immunodominant neutralizing epitopes on the hemagglutinin protein of rinderpest virus. (8/52)

The immunodominant epitopes on the hemagglutinin protein of rinderpest virus (RPV-H) were determined by analyzing selected monoclonal antibody (MAb)-resistant mutants and estimating the level of antibody against each epitope in five RPV-infected rabbits with the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA). Six neutralizing epitopes were identified, at residues 474 (epitope A), 243 (B), 548 to 551 (D), 587 to 592 (E), 310 to 313 (G), and 383 to 387 (H), from the data on the amino acid substitutions of hemagglutinin protein of MAb-resistant mutants and the reactivities of MAbs against RPV-H to the other morbilliviruses. The epitopes identified in this study are all positioned on the loop of the propeller-like structure in a hypothetical three-dimensional model of RPV-H (J. P. M. Langedijk et al., J. Virol. 71:6155-6167, 1997). Polyclonal sera obtained from five rabbits infected experimentally with RPV were examined by c-ELISA using a biotinylated MAb against each epitope as a competitor. Although these rabbit sera hardly blocked binding of each MAb to epitopes A and B, they moderately blocked binding of each MAb to epitopes G and D and strongly blocked binding of each MAb to epitopes E and H. These results suggest that epitopes at residues 383 to 387 and 587 to 592 may be immunodominant in humoral immunity to RPV infection.  (+info)

Rinderpest is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects cattle and buffalo, although it can also infect other species such as sheep, goats, and deer. The virus responsible for rinderpest is a member of the Morbillivirus genus, which includes measles in humans and canine distemper in dogs.

The term "Rinderpest" comes from the German word "Rind," meaning cattle, and "Pest," meaning plague or pestilence. Historically, rinderpest has had devastating effects on livestock populations, causing significant economic losses and threatening food security in many parts of the world.

The disease is characterized by fever, oral lesions, diarrhea, and rapid weight loss, often leading to death within a week of infection. Transmission typically occurs through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions, such as nasal discharge, saliva, or feces. The virus can also be spread via contaminated feed, water, and fomites (inanimate objects).

In 2011, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations declared rinderpest eradicated, making it the first viral disease to be eliminated through human efforts. This achievement was largely due to extensive vaccination campaigns, improved surveillance, and strict quarantine measures. However, maintaining vigilance against potential re-emergence remains crucial, as the virus still exists in some laboratory collections.

Rinderpest virus (RPV) is a species in the genus Morbillivirus and family Paramyxoviridae. It is an enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes the highly contagious and often fatal disease called rinderpest in cattle, buffalo, and other even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls), including sheep, goats, and members of the deer family.

Historically, rinderpest has had devastating effects on livestock populations and has significantly impacted agricultural economies worldwide. The virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions and excretions. It mainly affects the respiratory and digestive systems of the host, causing symptoms such as fever, mouth sores, diarrhea, and severe weight loss.

Rinderpest was declared eradicated by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) in 2011, following a global effort to vaccinate animals and control the spread of the virus. It is one of only two viral diseases (the other being smallpox) that have been successfully eradicated through human intervention.

Morbillivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae, order Mononegavirales. It includes several important human and animal pathogens that cause diseases with significant morbidity and mortality. The most well-known member of this genus is Measles virus (MV), which causes measles in humans, a highly contagious disease characterized by fever, rash, cough, and conjunctivitis.

Other important Morbilliviruses include:

* Rinderpest virus (RPV): This virus caused rinderpest, a severe disease in cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals, which was eradicated in 2011 through a global vaccination campaign.
* Canine Distemper Virus (CDV): A pathogen that affects dogs, wild canids, and several other mammalian species, causing a systemic disease with respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms.
* Phocine Distemper Virus (PDV) and Porpoise Morbillivirus (PMV): These viruses affect marine mammals, such as seals and porpoises, causing mass mortality events in their populations.

Morbilliviruses are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome size of approximately 15-16 kilobases. They have a pleomorphic shape and can vary in diameter from 150 to 750 nanometers. The viral envelope contains two glycoproteins: the hemagglutinin (H) protein, which mediates attachment to host cells, and the fusion (F) protein, which facilitates membrane fusion and viral entry.

Transmission of Morbilliviruses typically occurs through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected individuals or animals. The viruses can cause acute infections with high fatality rates, particularly in naïve populations that lack immunity due to insufficient vaccination coverage or the absence of previous exposure.

In summary, Morbillivirus is a genus of viruses in the family Paramyxoviridae that includes several important human and animal pathogens causing acute respiratory infections with high fatality rates. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets or direct contact, and vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing outbreaks and controlling disease spread.

Peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR) virus is a negative-stranded, enveloped RNA virus that belongs to the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. It is the causative agent of Peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR), also known as sheep and goat plague, which is a highly contagious disease affecting small ruminants such as sheep and goats. The virus is closely related to the rinderpest virus, which was declared eradicated in 2011.

The PPR virus primarily targets the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems of infected animals, causing symptoms such as fever, nasal discharge, coughing, diarrhea, and mouth ulcers. The disease can be severe and often results in high mortality rates, particularly in young animals.

PPR is a significant threat to food security and the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in many parts of the world, particularly in Africa and Asia. Vaccination programs have been implemented to control the spread of the virus and reduce its impact on susceptible populations.

Morbillivirus infections refer to a group of viral illnesses caused by members of the Morbillivirus genus, which is part of the Paramyxoviridae family. The most well-known morbillivirus infection is measles, a highly contagious disease that primarily affects humans. Other examples of morbillivirus infections include:

1. Canine distemper: A viral illness that affects dogs and other animals such as raccoons, ferrets, and skunks. It can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological symptoms.
2. Phocine distemper: A viral disease primarily affecting seals, particularly the harbor seal population in Europe. It can lead to severe respiratory and neurological issues.
3. Rinderpest: A highly contagious and fatal disease that affects cattle, buffalo, and other even-toed ungulates (hoofed mammals). This disease has been eradicated globally through vaccination programs.
4. Peste des petits ruminants (PPR): Also known as sheep and goat plague, this morbillivirus infection affects small ruminants such as sheep and goats. It can cause severe respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive symptoms.
5. Cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV) infections: These affect various species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises, causing respiratory, neurological, and immunological issues.

Morbillivirus infections are typically spread through direct contact with infected individuals or their bodily fluids. Vaccination programs have been successful in controlling and eradicating some of these diseases, such as rinderpest and measles.

Paramyxoviridae is a family of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that include several medically important pathogens. These viruses are characterized by their enveloped particles and helical symmetry. The paramyxoviruses can cause respiratory infections, neurological disorders, and other systemic diseases in humans, animals, and birds.

Some notable members of the Paramyxoviridae family include:

* Human respirovirus (also known as human parainfluenza virus): causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections in children and adults.
* Human orthopneumovirus (also known as respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV): a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and young children.
* Measles morbillivirus: causes measles, a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, rash, and cough.
* Mumps virus: causes mumps, an acute infectious disease that primarily affects the salivary glands.
* Hendra virus and Nipah virus: zoonotic paramyxoviruses that can cause severe respiratory and neurological disease in humans and animals.

Effective vaccines are available for some paramyxoviruses, such as measles and mumps, but there are currently no approved vaccines for others, such as RSV and Nipah virus. Antiviral therapies are also limited, with only a few options available for the treatment of severe paramyxovirus infections.

Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and devastating disease in sheep and goats, caused by the PPR virus, which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Morbillivirus. It is also known as "sheep and goat plague" or "small ruminant morbillivirus."

The disease is characterized by fever, respiratory signs (such as coughing, nasal discharge, and difficulty breathing), and severe diarrhea, which can lead to rapid weight loss and death in infected animals. The mortality rate in naive populations can reach up to 90%. PPR is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions and excretions, as well as through aerosols.

PPR is endemic in many parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, causing significant economic losses to small ruminant farmers and threatening food security in affected regions. The disease has been targeted for global eradication by 2030, under the joint efforts of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH).

A marker vaccine, also known as a "test vaccine" or "immunization tag," is a type of vaccine that not only provides immunity against a particular disease but also contains an antigen that can be detected in bodily fluids (such as blood) after vaccination. This allows for the confirmation of a successful vaccination and the development of immune response in an individual.

Marker vaccines are particularly useful in situations where it is essential to confirm whether a person has been vaccinated or not, such as in disease eradication programs, public health monitoring, or in cases where vaccine-induced immunity needs to be distinguished from natural immunity (due to previous infection). The marker component of the vaccine can be detected through various methods like serological assays or molecular techniques.

An example of a marker vaccine is the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), which contains live attenuated polioviruses. After vaccination, the shedding of the weakened viruses in the stool can be detected and used to monitor the effectiveness of immunization campaigns aimed at eradicating polio globally.

A biohazard release refers to the uncontrolled or accidental escape, spill, or dissemination of biological agents or infectious materials that can pose a risk to the health and safety of living organisms, particularly humans. These biological agents may include pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or other microorganisms that can cause disease or infection.

Biohazard releases can occur in various settings, such as hospitals, laboratories, research facilities, or industrial environments where biological materials are handled or stored. Examples of biohazard release incidents include accidental needle sticks, spills of infectious cultures, or breaches in containment systems designed to isolate dangerous pathogens.

In the event of a biohazard release, it is essential to follow established protocols and guidelines for containment, decontamination, and disposal to minimize the risk of exposure and prevent further spread of infectious materials. These measures typically involve the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, gowns, masks, or respirators, to protect against infection, as well as specialized disinfection procedures to eliminate any residual contamination.

Hemagglutinins are glycoprotein spikes found on the surface of influenza viruses. They play a crucial role in the viral infection process by binding to sialic acid receptors on host cells, primarily in the respiratory tract. After attachment, hemagglutinins mediate the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes, allowing the viral genome to enter the host cell and initiate replication.

There are 18 different subtypes of hemagglutinin (H1-H18) identified in influenza A viruses, which naturally infect various animal species, including birds, pigs, and humans. The specificity of hemagglutinins for particular sialic acid receptors can influence host range and tissue tropism, contributing to the zoonotic potential of certain influenza A virus subtypes.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays are commonly used in virology and epidemiology to measure the antibody response to influenza viruses and determine vaccine effectiveness. In these assays, hemagglutinins bind to red blood cells coated with sialic acid receptors, forming a diffuse mat of cells that can be observed visually. The addition of specific antisera containing antibodies against the hemagglutinin prevents this binding and results in the formation of discrete buttons of red blood cells, indicating a positive HI titer and the presence of neutralizing antibodies.

A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.

Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.

It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Somalia" is not a medical term. It is a country located in the Horn of Africa. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer them for you.

"Cattle" is a term used in the agricultural and veterinary fields to refer to domesticated animals of the genus *Bos*, primarily *Bos taurus* (European cattle) and *Bos indicus* (Zebu). These animals are often raised for meat, milk, leather, and labor. They are also known as bovines or cows (for females), bulls (intact males), and steers/bullocks (castrated males). However, in a strict medical definition, "cattle" does not apply to humans or other animals.

Nucleocapsid proteins are structural proteins that are associated with the viral genome in many viruses. They play a crucial role in the formation and stability of the viral particle, also known as the virion. In particular, nucleocapsid proteins bind to the viral RNA or DNA genome and help to protect it from degradation by host cell enzymes. They also participate in the assembly and disassembly of the virion during the viral replication cycle.

In some viruses, such as coronaviruses, the nucleocapsid protein is also involved in regulating the transcription and replication of the viral genome. The nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2, for example, has been shown to interact with host cell proteins that are involved in the regulation of gene expression, which may contribute to the virus's ability to manipulate the host cell environment and evade the immune response.

Overall, nucleocapsid proteins are important components of many viruses and are often targeted by antiviral therapies due to their essential role in the viral replication cycle.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Goat diseases" refers to illnesses that affect goats specifically. It does not mean diseases that are caused by goats or related to them in some way. Here are some examples of goat diseases:

1. Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE): A viral disease that affects goats, causing arthritis, pneumonia, and sometimes encephalitis.
2. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A bacterial disease that causes abscesses in the lymph nodes of goats.
3. Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP): A contagious respiratory disease caused by mycoplasma bacteria.
4. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis.
5. Pasteurellosis: A bacterial disease that can cause pneumonia, septicemia, and other infections in goats.
6. Salmonellosis: A bacterial disease caused by Salmonella bacteria, which can cause diarrhea, fever, and septicemia in goats.
7. Soremouth (Orf): A viral disease that causes sores and scabs around the mouth and nose of goats.

These are just a few examples of diseases that can affect goats. If you have any specific questions about goat health or diseases, I would recommend consulting with a veterinarian who specializes in small ruminants.

Vero cells are a line of cultured kidney epithelial cells that were isolated from an African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the 1960s. They are named after the location where they were initially developed, the Vervet Research Institute in Japan.

Vero cells have the ability to divide indefinitely under certain laboratory conditions and are often used in scientific research, including virology, as a host cell for viruses to replicate. This allows researchers to study the characteristics of various viruses, such as their growth patterns and interactions with host cells. Vero cells are also used in the production of some vaccines, including those for rabies, polio, and Japanese encephalitis.

It is important to note that while Vero cells have been widely used in research and vaccine production, they can still have variations between different cell lines due to factors like passage number or culture conditions. Therefore, it's essential to specify the exact source and condition of Vero cells when reporting experimental results.

Cattle diseases are a range of health conditions that affect cattle, which include but are not limited to:

1. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD): Also known as "shipping fever," BRD is a common respiratory illness in feedlot cattle that can be caused by several viruses and bacteria.
2. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): A viral disease that can cause a variety of symptoms, including diarrhea, fever, and reproductive issues.
3. Johne's Disease: A chronic wasting disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It primarily affects the intestines and can cause severe diarrhea and weight loss.
4. Digital Dermatitis: Also known as "hairy heel warts," this is a highly contagious skin disease that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness and decreased productivity.
5. Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis (IBK): Also known as "pinkeye," IBK is a common and contagious eye infection in cattle that can cause blindness if left untreated.
6. Salmonella: A group of bacteria that can cause severe gastrointestinal illness in cattle, including diarrhea, dehydration, and septicemia.
7. Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease that can cause a wide range of symptoms in cattle, including abortion, stillbirths, and kidney damage.
8. Blackleg: A highly fatal bacterial disease that causes rapid death in young cattle. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei and vaccination is recommended for prevention.
9. Anthrax: A serious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Cattle can become infected by ingesting spores found in contaminated soil, feed or water.
10. Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD): A highly contagious viral disease that affects cloven-hooved animals, including cattle. It is characterized by fever and blisters on the feet, mouth, and teats. FMD is not a threat to human health but can have serious economic consequences for the livestock industry.

It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or controlled through good management practices, such as vaccination, biosecurity measures, and proper nutrition. Regular veterinary care and monitoring are also crucial for early detection and treatment of any potential health issues in your herd.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "goats" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is a common noun referring to the domesticated animal species Capra aegagrus hircus. If you have any questions about a specific medical condition or term, please provide that and I would be happy to help.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and causes a contagious and serious disease in dogs and other animals. The virus primarily affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems of infected animals.

The symptoms of canine distemper can vary widely depending on the age and immune status of the animal, as well as the strain of the virus. Initial signs may include fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and discharge from the eyes and nose. As the disease progresses, affected animals may develop vomiting, diarrhea, pneumonia, and neurological symptoms such as seizures, muscle twitching, and paralysis.

Canine distemper is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with infected animals or their respiratory secretions. The virus can also be transmitted through contaminated objects such as food bowls, water dishes, and bedding.

Prevention of canine distemper is achieved through vaccination, which is recommended for all dogs as a core vaccine. It is important to keep dogs up-to-date on their vaccinations and to avoid contact with unfamiliar or unvaccinated animals. There is no specific treatment for canine distemper, and therapy is generally supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and preventing complications.

Delta papillomaviruses, also known as delta-like papillomaviruses or beta-papillomaviruses, are a subgroup of the Papillomaviridae family of viruses. These viruses are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other animals. Delta papillomaviruses have been associated with benign skin growths called warts, as well as with some types of cancer, including cervical cancer and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. However, more research is needed to fully understand the role that these viruses play in the development of these diseases.

Disease eradication is the complete and permanent elimination of a specific disease from all humans or animals worldwide. This is achieved through various methods, including vaccination programs, improved sanitation, and public health measures. The disease is no longer present in any form, and there is no risk of it re-emerging. Smallpox is the only human disease to have been successfully eradicated so far. Efforts are currently underway to eradicate polio, with significant progress made but still ongoing.

Viral fusion proteins are specialized surface proteins found on the envelope of enveloped viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the viral infection process by mediating the fusion of the viral membrane with the target cell membrane, allowing the viral genetic material to enter the host cell and initiate replication.

The fusion protein is often synthesized as an inactive precursor, which undergoes a series of conformational changes upon interaction with specific receptors on the host cell surface. This results in the exposure of hydrophobic fusion peptides or domains that insert into the target cell membrane, bringing the two membranes into close proximity and facilitating their merger.

A well-known example of a viral fusion protein is the gp120/gp41 complex found on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The gp120 subunit binds to CD4 receptors and chemokine coreceptors on the host cell surface, triggering conformational changes in the gp41 subunit that expose the fusion peptide and enable membrane fusion. Understanding the structure and function of viral fusion proteins is important for developing antiviral strategies and vaccines.

I'm happy to help, but I want to clarify that the term "sheep diseases" refers to a wide range of health issues that can affect sheep populations. It's not a single medical condition with a specific definition. Here are some examples of common diseases that can affect sheep:

1. Ovine Johne's Disease (OJD): A chronic, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. It affects the intestines and can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
2. Footrot: A highly contagious bacterial infection that affects the feet of sheep, causing lameness, swelling, and pain. It's caused by the bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus.
3. Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL): A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It affects the lymph nodes and can cause abscesses, weight loss, and death.
4. Contagious Ecthyma (Orf): A highly contagious viral infection that affects the skin and mucous membranes of sheep, causing sores and lesions.
5. Mastitis: An inflammation of the mammary gland in sheep, usually caused by a bacterial infection. It can cause decreased milk production, fever, and loss of appetite.
6. Pneumonia: A respiratory infection that can affect sheep, causing coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever. It can be caused by various bacteria or viruses.
7. Enterotoxemia: A potentially fatal disease caused by the overproduction of toxins in the intestines of sheep, usually due to a bacterial infection with Clostridium perfringens.
8. Polioencephalomalacia (PEM): A neurological disorder that affects the brain of sheep, causing symptoms such as blindness, circling, and seizures. It's often caused by a thiamine deficiency or excessive sulfur intake.
9. Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can affect sheep, causing abortion, stillbirth, and neurological symptoms.
10. Blue tongue: A viral disease that affects sheep, causing fever, respiratory distress, and mouth ulcers. It's transmitted by insect vectors and is often associated with climate change.

The term Rinderpest is a German word meaning "cattle-plague". The rinderpest virus (RPV) is closely related to the measles and ... The rinderpest eradication effort is estimated to have cost $5 billion. Stocks of the rinderpest virus are still maintained by ... Rinderpest might also have increased dependence on horticulture among the Nuer. Rinderpest was eradicated from Japan in 1922, ... 2018), "Rinderpest and the Origins of International Cooperation for Disease Control", The Rinderpest Campaigns: A Virus, Its ...
... , also commonly known as peste des petits ruminants (PPR), is a contagious disease primarily affecting goats ... It is caused by small ruminants morbillivirus in the genus Morbillivirus, and is closely related to, among others, rinderpest ... It is considered feasible to eradicate ovine rinderpest in 15 years, starting in the year 2016. "ICTV Taxonomy history: Small ... "Rinderpest , animal disease". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2019-12-07. J. Berrada, Observations des premiers cas ...
In the 1890s, an epizootic of the rinderpest virus struck Africa, considered to be "the most devastating epidemic to hit ... ISBN 978-0-86977-887-6. Sunseri, Thaddeus (2018-04-26). "The African Rinderpest Panzootic, 1888-1897". Oxford Research ... The Rinderpest Epidemic in Late Nineteenth-Century Southern Africa". Past & Present. 138 (1): 112-143. doi:10.1093/past/138.1. ...
This period was marked by epidemics of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, rinderpest (see 1890s African rinderpest epizootic), ... "Rinderpest". Ntz.info. 14 February 1997. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2012. Faris, Stephan ... of cattle and half of wild animals perished from rinderpest. German doctors in the same area claimed that "every second" ...
"Rinderpest - an old and worldwide story: history to c. 1902". Rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants : virus plagues of ... It mentions a cattle plague, which has been identified as rinderpest. Another title is Carmen bucolicum de virtute signi crucis ... 1911). "Rinderpest" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 348. Pastoret, Paul-Pierre; ...
Rinderpest Compensation." The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884-1942) 14 Nov. 1900: 3. Print. "SIR JOHN ... Bland had ordered the slaughter of twenty-eight buffaloes and five cows in order to help check an outbreak of rinderpest that ... provided for no slaughter unless first examined by a qualified veterinary surgeon and pronounced to be infected with rinderpest ...
Following rinderpest, many experts believe that ovine rinderpest, or peste des petits ruminants (PPR), is the next disease ... It is caused by a virus of the genus Morbillivirus that is related to rinderpest, measles and canine distemper. Public upheaval ... Two infectious diseases have successfully been eradicated: smallpox in humans, and rinderpest in ruminants. There are four ... Normile, D. (21 March 2008). "Rinderpest: Driven to Extinction". Science. 319 (5870): 1606-1609. doi:10.1126/science.319.5870. ...
"No more deaths from rinderpest". OIE. 25 May 2011. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015 ... So far, the only diseases completely eradicated by humankind are smallpox, declared eradicated in 1980, and rinderpest, ...
27 June 2011). "Rinderpest, Scourge of Cattle, Is Vanquished". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 June 2011. "Overview of ... A recent successful example has been the global eradication of rinderpest in 2011. The FAO has animal health programs to ... Rinderpest is an extinct relative of the measles virus, that infected even-toed ungulates including domestic cattle, deer and ...
... rinderpest, which infected cattle and buffalo; and other viruses of seals, porpoises and dolphins. Although it is not possible ... Rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants: virus plagues of large and small ruminants. Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN ...
"Walter Plowright: developed vaccine against rinderpest". The Times. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. "Laura Spurr, ...
"The world is free of rinderpest". The Mail and Guardian. 2011-05-25. Littman, R. J.; Littman, M. L. (1973). "Galen and the ... Smallpox is one of two infectious diseases to have been eradicated, the other being rinderpest, which was declared eradicated ...
"The Murrain Now Known As Rinderpest". taa.org.uk. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2008. " ... such as rinderpest, erysipelas, foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, and streptococcus infections. Some of these livestock diseases ...
In 1898, he was working on rinderpest. In 1903, he worked on a way to control the vole plague in France. He was, in 1903, the ... "Note on the Prevention of Rinderpest". The Gundagai Independent and Pastoral, Agricultural & Mining Advocate. NSW. 12 October ...
He also studied rinderpest and ergotism. Lischer, Markus (2018). "Lang, Karl Niklaus". Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS). ...
McNeil Jr., Donald G. (27 June 2011). "Rinderpest, Scourge of Cattle, Is Vanquished". New York Times. Retrieved 2020-06-01. ...
Major outbreak of rinderpest in British cattle. Fisherman's Friend menthol remedy developed by pharmacist James Lofthouse of ...
In 1796, there was rinderpest in Mutterschied; it all but wiped the village's livestock out. At this time, Mutterschied had 197 ...
The anti-livestock pathogens included: rinderpest virus; foot-and-mouth disease virus; Bacillus anthracis (the causative agent ...
2018), "Rinderpest and the Origins of International Cooperation for Disease Control", The Rinderpest Campaigns: A Virus, Its ... The delegates were motivated by a rinderpest pandemic. In May 2003, the Office became the World Organisation for Animal Health ...
McNeil Jr, Donald G. (June 27, 2011). "Rinderpest, a Centuries-Old Animal Disease, Is Eradicated". The New York Times. "South ... June 28 - The Food and Agriculture Organization announces the eradication of the cattle plague rinderpest from the world. July ...
He worked on the production of veterinary vaccines especially for rinderpest. Holmes was born in 1867 to Reverend John Holmes ... His work in India included major studies on rinderpest. Holmes' writings included Veterinary Pharmacopoeia of Bazaar Drugs and ... Holmes, J.D.E. (1904). "Some diseases complicating rinderpest among cattle of India". Journal of Comparative Pathology and ...
Rinderpest outbreaks have also contributed in population loss. This species is currently of Least Concern, and the population ... The nyala was formerly affected by the disease rinderpest, although the viral disease is considered eradicated now. The nyala ...
Ghosh P (14 October 2010). "Rinderpest virus has been wiped out, scientists say". BBC News Online. Archived from the original ... with smallpox in humans and rinderpest in ruminants. Prevention of disease spread is accomplished by vaccination. There are two ...
However, due to the already mentioned slump in the gold mining industry, the further setback with rinderpest and the Second ... p. 47.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) "Rinderpest". Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2017-06-27. Retrieved ... but uncertainty created by the Jameson Raid of December 1895 as well as transport problems created by the rinderpest of 1896 ...
"Rinderpest: 70,000 Cattle Died in Gongola Since January" (PDF). Kaduna New Nigerian. 14 June 1983. Archived from the original ( ... In January 1983, the state was affected by an outbreak of rinderpest. Despite a massive vaccination program, Juta reported that ...
His suggestion was based on his examination of a rinderpest epidemic which he published in a letter Nuova idea del male ... Vallisneri however did not accept living microbes as a sole cause of the rinderpest and also suggested that there were ... Wilkinson, Lise (1984). "Rinderpest and mainstream infectious disease concepts in the eighteenth century". Medical History. 28 ...
They were victims of the (now eradicated) viral illness rinderpest. Giraffes can also suffer from a skin disorder, which comes ...
14 October - Rinderpest is announced as having been eradicated worldwide. (BBC) 20 October - Scientists announce the discovery ... 19 February - Walter Plowright (b. 1923), veterinary scientist, developed rinderpest vaccine. 21 February - Jacek Karpiński (b ...
... the key element in the quest to eliminate rinderpest. Rinderpest became the first animal disease to be eliminated worldwide. He ... producing lifelong immunity against rinderpest. Unlike its predecessors, tissue culture rinderpest vaccine (TCRV) could be used ... In addition to rinderpest, Plowright also contributed to the study of such viral animal diseases as African swine fever, ... Obituary FAO LA Times Plowright, W. (1984). "The duration of immunity in cattle following inoculation of rinderpest cell ...
The term Rinderpest is a German word meaning "cattle-plague". The rinderpest virus (RPV) is closely related to the measles and ... The rinderpest eradication effort is estimated to have cost $5 billion. Stocks of the rinderpest virus are still maintained by ... Rinderpest might also have increased dependence on horticulture among the Nuer. Rinderpest was eradicated from Japan in 1922, ... 2018), "Rinderpest and the Origins of International Cooperation for Disease Control", The Rinderpest Campaigns: A Virus, Its ...
... making rinderpest only the second disease in history to ... RIP rinderpest On 8 August 2011, the United Nations held a ... Rinderpest is thought to have been one of the biblical plagues of Egypt. Europe was ravaged in the XVIIIth century by ... Rinderpest wiped out the "African banking system" as well as the wildlife which could have provided relief. Needless to say, ... I may have been wrong - now rinderpest is gone, and so are other dismal diseases of Africa (like the Guinea worm[4]). As one ...
... Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1960 Aug;46(8):1119-23. doi ...
Although Rinderpest has been officially eradicated since 2011, the box is not closed yet as laboratories continue harbouring ... Rinderpest Research Can Continue in Bio-secure Laboratories. Although rinderpest has been eradicated from fields and pastures, ... Quantifying the Benefits of Rinderpest Eradication Although Rinderpest has been officially eradicated since 2011, the box is ... Rinderpest: Current State of Play. Today, thanks to the efforts of FAO along with a host of other international organizations ...
But today, Bulgaria says its dealing with an outbreak of ovine rinderpest. They are two different, but closely related, ... the global public health community declared the eradication of rinderpest, a severe viral disease of cattle. ... Thankfully, the type of virus that causes rinderpest in cattle is still gone. But there is another type of rinderpest virus ... Ovine rinderpest does not stop there, however. The journal Veterinary Record says the virus can also infect wildlife, such as ...
Rinderpest (from the German for cattle plague) is an infectious disease that has killed hundreds of millions of cattle over ... Rinderpest. Rinderpest (from the German for cattle plague) is an infectious disease that has killed hundreds of millions of ... is effective against rinderpest. If successful, this would encourage countries to relinquish their stocks of the rinderpest ... an international moratorium on all rinderpest research lifted and scientists are now able to conduct research on the rinderpest ...
AN AU IBAR DOCUMENTARY ON COMMEMORATION OF RINDERPEST ERADICATION IN KENYA Sep 30 ...
Rinderpest is considered the deadliest cattle disease in history. Gain access to resources and information on the eradicated ... The history of Rinderpest. Reports point to the origins of Rinderpest in Central Asia and its rapid spread to the rest of the ... Rinderpest: never turn back campaign. The purpose of the campaign Rinderpest: never turn back is to make sure that everyone ... Global Rinderpest Action Plan. The joint WOAH-FAO Global Rinderpest Action Plan (GRAP) lays out the roles and responsibilities ...
Risk of rinderpest virus re-introduction 10-years post-eradication. / Kim, Younjung; Jones, Bryony A.; Pfeiffer, Dirk U. et al ... Kim, Y., Jones, B. A., Pfeiffer, D. U., Marrana, M., Simmons, H. L., Budke, C. M., & Fournié, G. (2023). Risk of rinderpest ... Risk of rinderpest virus re-introduction 10-years post-eradication. Research output: Journal Publications and Reviews (RGC: 21 ... Risk of rinderpest virus re-introduction 10-years post-eradication. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2023 Apr;213:105867. Epub ...
Rinderpest: A disease of.... Economical Diseases February 11, 2017. Introduction Rinderpest Rinderpest (also cattle plague or ...
Rinderpest was brought to the continent by cattle imported from either Yemen or India to feed the Italian army based there. ... The Tissue Culture Rinderpest Vaccine (TCRV) was, for the first time, a safe method of providing life-long immunity after a ... Rinderpest has been a scourge throughout Asia, Africa and Europe, and has often been spread by trade and war. Notable pandemics ... Rinderpest has been a significant catalyst for the birth and development of modern veterinary science and its eradication is a ...
Performance Indicators for Rinderpest Surveillance. TECDOC Series - 1261. IAEA-TECDOC-1261 ¦ 92 pages ¦ ¦ € 15.00 ¦ Date ...
Rinderpest (aka "cattle plague") did not infect humans but was still devastating. In the 1890s, an outbreak killed 80-90 ... Any animal that survived the disease would never get rinderpest again. Also, the high death rate meant that wild animals (such ... and Africa participated in vaccinating cattle and finally succeeded in wiping out rinderpest in 2011. It is the second disease ... as buffalo or giraffes) with rinderpest were wiped out before they could pass the virus to domestic cattle. ...
The Robert Koch Institute is a Federal Institute. within the portfolio of the Federal Ministry of Health. ...
Newsworthy: Ruminant Epidemics, Rinderpest and Goat Plague. all, Animal Science Newsworthy: Ruminant Epidemics, Rinderpest and ... It was apparently a big deal when the United Nations announced that Rinderpest was eradicated just a few months ago. Rinderpest ... Some of the economic returns associated with the eradication of Rinderpest are pretty amazing, so it seems like PPR would be a ... Pest de Petits Ruminants or "goat plague" is a viral infection related to rinderpest that affects sheep, goats, and deer ( ...
Rinderpest virus,. *Toxin-producing strains of clostridium botulinum,. *Variola major (smallpox). *Variola minor viruses ( ...
Rinderpest, the Cattle-Killing Plague, to Become the Second Officially-Eradicated Scourge By Susannah F. Locke / Apr 7, 2011 ...
root October 31, 2022 Comments Off on The National Veterinary Institute of Ethiopia is set to produce Rinderpest Vaccine ... Rinderpest (RP) is highly infectious and fatal disease of Cattle that caused significant economic catastrophes in Africa. The ... A team of experts designated by WOAH made site inspection of NVIs Rinderpest vaccine production facility from Oct 18-21, 2022 ... The National Veterinary Institute of Ethiopia is set to produce Rinderpest Vaccine October 31, 2022 ...
And of course rinderpest is no longer seen on Earth because East African and Indian cattle have benefited from plumbing and ... Rinderpest - eradicated. Polio - now seen only where heavily armed religious fanatics prevent vaccination - what a coincidence ... better sanitation, which of course occurred just at the same time they were being massively poisoned with the rinderpest ...
And of course rinderpest is no longer seen on Earth because East African and Indian cattle have benefited from plumbing and ... Rinderpest - eradicated. Polio - now seen only where heavily armed religious fanatics prevent vaccination - what a coincidence ... better sanitation, which of course occurred just at the same time they were being massively poisoned with the rinderpest ...
Rinderpest vaccine reserves for global use provide a safety net and are a central element of the Global Rinderpest Action Plan ... The PPR virus belongs to the same family as the one responsible for Rinderpest. Hence, numerous lessons learnt from Rinderpest ... For centuries, Rinderpest outbreaks caused the death of millions of cattle, buffalo, yak and wild animals across Africa, Asia ... To this date, Rinderpest eradication remains an unprecedented milestone in the history of animal health. The only comparable ...
Rinderpest 1896-CN.jpg 749 × 499; 255 KB. * Rooiwal Potgieter.jpg 718 × 475; 96 KB. ...
Senegal 1968 Rinderpest, Epreuve de Luxe, Mint NH, Nature - Cattle. * ± $6.57 Fees according to conditions ...
Rinderpest .... Sida ... better . We have nothing in the house but backache pills . Allerta ! He drones bars of Ferrandos ...
Rinderpest, scourge of cattle, is vanquished: "The United Nations is officially declaring that for only the second time in ...
Rinderpest virus Pre-placement Examinations. Risk-based Respiratory Protection Program. Emergency Medical Evaluation. Post- ...
Rinderpest Anti-Serum.-During the past. year 1,907, 466 c.c. or 4, 82, 833 doses have been prepared as against. 1,779,876 c.c. ... Rinderpest has become very. popular in Mysore State and. that my experience in the. work for 6 months shows. that the results ... The preparation of the Rinderpest serum has been carried out under. full pressure throughout the year and I am convinced that ... The following shows the Anti-Rinderpest serum injections carried out. in the field collated from the respective returns ...
Recognizing the prime importance to the economy of countries in the Sahelian regions of the eradication of rinderpest and ... Being aware of the absolute character of the barrier erected by rinderpest between producer countries in the Sahelian regions ... Being convinced that the eradication of rinderpest in regions where transhumance is practiced can only be obtained by mass- ... Particular importance was attached to the control of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, rinderpest and trypanosomiasis in the ...

No FAQ available that match "rinderpest"

No images available that match "rinderpest"