An acute infectious disease caused by the RUBELLA VIRUS. The virus enters the respiratory tract via airborne droplet and spreads to the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM.
The type (and only) species of RUBIVIRUS causing acute infection in humans, primarily children and young adults. Humans are the only natural host. A live, attenuated vaccine is available for prophylaxis.
A live attenuated virus vaccine of duck embryo or human diploid cell tissue culture origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of nonpregnant adolescent and adult females of childbearing age who are unimmunized and do not have serum antibodies to rubella. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Transplacental infection of the fetus with rubella usually in the first trimester of pregnancy, as a consequence of maternal infection, resulting in various developmental abnormalities in the newborn infant. They include cardiac and ocular lesions, deafness, microcephaly, mental retardation, and generalized growth retardation. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A combined vaccine used to prevent MEASLES; MUMPS; and RUBELLA.
An acute infectious disease caused by RUBULAVIRUS, spread by direct contact, airborne droplet nuclei, fomites contaminated by infectious saliva, and perhaps urine, and usually seen in children under the age of 15, although adults may also be affected. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Serologic tests in which a known quantity of antigen is added to the serum prior to the addition of a red cell suspension. Reaction result is expressed as the smallest amount of antigen which causes complete inhibition of hemagglutination.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Vaccines used to prevent infection by MUMPS VIRUS. Best known is the live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had mumps or been immunized with live mumps vaccine. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine.
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by MORBILLIVIRUS, common among children but also seen in the nonimmune of any age, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and multiplies in the epithelial cells, spreading throughout the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM.
The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.
Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.
A plant genus of the family CRUCIFERAE.
A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.
A live attenuated virus vaccine of chick embryo origin, used for routine immunization of children and for immunization of adolescents and adults who have not had measles or been immunized with live measles vaccine and have no serum antibodies against measles. Children are usually immunized with measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccine. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Administration of a vaccine to large populations in order to elicit IMMUNITY.
The type species of RUBULAVIRUS that causes an acute infectious disease in humans, affecting mainly children. Transmission occurs by droplet infection.
EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.
Two or more vaccines in a single dosage form.
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The type species of MORBILLIVIRUS and the cause of the highly infectious human disease MEASLES, which affects mostly children.
Organized services to administer immunization procedures in the prevention of various diseases. The programs are made available over a wide range of sites: schools, hospitals, public health agencies, voluntary health agencies, etc. They are administered to an equally wide range of population groups or on various administrative levels: community, municipal, state, national, international.
Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.
The general name for NORTH AMERICA; CENTRAL AMERICA; and SOUTH AMERICA unspecified or combined.
Programs of surveillance designed to prevent the transmission of disease by any means from person to person or from animal to man.
A live, attenuated varicella virus vaccine used for immunization against chickenpox. It is recommended for children between the ages of 12 months and 13 years.
Schedule giving optimum times usually for primary and/or secondary immunization.

Abnormal responses to rubella infection. (1/669)

Two cases of rubella are described which caused initial problems in laboratory diagnosis due to abnormal features in the immune response. One patient presented with thrombocytopenic purpura and associated circulating immune complexes. The other patient, who was in early pregnancy, had an unusually prolonged rash and a delayed humoral immune response. The possible reasons for the difficulties in serological confirmation are discussed.  (+info)

Staphylococcal protein A; its preparation and an application to rubella serology. (2/669)

Good yields of staphylococcal protein A are obtained by growing the staphylococcus Cowan type 1 on cellophane agar. The activity of these preparations in removing immunoglobulin G (IgG) from human serum can be readily measured by the Mancini radial-diffusion technique and the correct in-use dilution determined. Treatment with protein A of sera from women with a history of rubella may help in the identification of those having specific antibody in the IgM and IgA fractions. This relatively simple procedure may have worthwhile application in the diagnosis of rubella.  (+info)

A model-based evaluation of the national immunization programme against rubella infection and congenital rubella syndrome in The Netherlands. (3/669)

In order to improve the prevention of cases of congenital rubella syndrome in The Netherlands, in 1987 the selective vaccination strategy against rubella infection in girls was replaced by mass vaccination. This decision was supported by mathematical model analyses carried out by Van Druten and De Boo. In order to compare the predicted impact of the rubella vaccination programme with the current available data in more detail, a similar model was built. Although the model predicts elimination of the rubella virus, data show that virus circulation is still present at a higher level than expected by the model. Simulation studies indicate that import of infection and a lower vaccine effectiveness, related to possible asymptomatic reinfection of vaccinated people, could be sources contributing to the present virus circulation. Even though the number of infections is much higher than the number of reported cases of disease, limited serosurveillance data and case notification data show that females of childbearing age are well protected by immunization.  (+info)

Rubella immunisation and contraception--a case for re-examining the policy of the Department of Health and Social Security. (4/669)

Now that immunisation against rubella is available, it would at first sight seem reasonable to identify all potential mothers susceptible to this disease and immunise them. Preliminary screening, however, carried out in order to restrict vaccination to seronegative subjects, not only serves no useful purpose, but is counter-productive.  (+info)

Candidate viral diseases for elimination or eradication. (5/669)

This article discusses the possibilities for elimination or eradication of four viral diseases--measles, hepatitis B, rubella and yellow fever.  (+info)

A modified rubella HI test using prestandardized reagents. (6/669)

A modified haemagglutination inhibition test for rubella antibodies using prestandardized freeze-dried reagents was compared to a "standard" method. Tests of 707 serum samples showed that the modified test was sensitive and reliable by both macrotitration and microtitration techniques. The minor disadvantages of some reduction in antibody level when rubella sera were tested within one week of the rash and of spontaneous sheep erythrocyte agglutination in 0-7% of sera were out-weighed by the increased speed of the new test and the fact that it was carried out at room temperature.  (+info)

The ocular manifestations of congenital infection: a study of the early effect and long-term outcome of maternally transmitted rubella and toxoplasmosis. (7/669)

PURPOSE: To study the spectrum of adverse ocular effects which result from maternally transmitted rubella and toxoplasma infection; further, to record the long-term visual and neurodevelopmental outcomes of these 2 major causes of fetal infection. STUDY DESIGN AND PATIENTS: A series of 55 patients with congenital infection have been studied prospectively on a long-term basis. The study group included a cohort of 34 cases with congenital rubella syndrome demonstrated by virus isolation, and 21 cases with a clinical diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis and serologic confirmation. All patients had specific disease-related ocular defects. Rubella patients were first identified during or following the last major rubella epidemic in 1963-1964, and some have been followed serially since that time. A separate study group of representative toxoplasmosis patients presented for examination and diagnosis at varying time periods between 1967 and 1991. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS: This study confirms that a broad spectrum of fetal injury may result from intrauterine infection and that both persistent and delayed-onset effects may continue or occur as late as 30 years after original infection. Many factors contribute to the varied outcome of prenatal infection, the 2 most important being the presence of maternal immunity during early gestation and the stage of gestation during which fetal exposure occurs in a nonimmune mother. RUBELLA: As a criteria of inclusion, all 34 rubella patients in this study exhibited one or more ocular defects at the time of birth or in the immediate neonatal period. Cataracts were present in 29 (85%) of the 34, of which 21 (63%) were bilateral. Microphthalmia, the next most frequent defect, was present in 28 (82%) of the 34 infants and was bilateral in 22 (65%). Glaucoma was recorded in 11 cases (29%) and presented either as a transient occurrence with early cloudy cornea in microphthalmic eyes (4 patients), as the infantile type with progressive buphthalmos (1 patient), or as a later-onset, aphakic glaucoma many months or years following cataract aspiration in 11 eyes of 6 patients. Rubella retinopathy was present in the majority of patients, although an accurate estimate of its incidence or laterality was not possible because of the frequency of cataracts and nystagmus and the difficulty in obtaining adequate fundus examination. TOXOPLASMOSIS: Twenty-one patients with congenital toxoplasmosis have been examined and followed for varying time periods, 7 for 20 years or more. The major reason for initial examination was parental awareness of an ocular deviation. Twelve children (57%) presented between the ages of 3 months and 4 years with an initial diagnosis of strabismus, 9 of whom had minor complaints or were diagnosed as part of routine examinations. All cases in this study have had evidence of retinochoroiditis, the primary ocular pathology of congenital toxoplasmosis. Two patients had chronic and recurrent inflammation with progressive vitreal traction bands, retinal detachments, and bilateral blindness. Macular lesions were always associated with central vision loss; however, over a period of years visual acuity gradually improved in several patients. Individuals with more severe ocular involvement were also afflicted with the most extensive central nervous system deficits, which occurred following exposure during the earliest weeks of gestation. CONCLUSIONS: Although congenital infection due to rubella virus has been almost completely eradicated in the United States, the long-term survivors from the prevaccination period continue to experience major complications from their early ocular and cerebral defects. They may be afflicted by the persistence of virus in their affected organs and the development of late manifestations of their congenital infection. Congenital toxoplasmosis continues to be the source of major defects for 3,000 to 4,100 infants in the United States each year; the spectrum of defects is wide and may vary from blindness and severe mental retardation to minor retinochoroidal lesions of little consequence. Effective solutions for either the prevention or treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis have not been developed in this country but are under intensive and continuing investigation.  (+info)

Involvement of a p53-dependent pathway in rubella virus-induced apoptosis. (8/669)

In light of the important role of apoptotic cell death in the pathogenesis of several viral infections, we asked whether the cytopathogenicity evoked by rubella virus (RV) might also involve apoptotic mechanisms. The To-336 strain of RV induced apoptosis in Vero and RK-13 cells, but not in fibroblast cell lines. UV-inactivated RV virions did not elicit the apoptotic response, indicating that productive infection is required for the induction of cell death. Both p53 and p21 protein levels were highly elevated in RV-infected Vero cells. The level of p21 mRNA was increased, while expression of the p53 gene was unaffected by RV infection. A dominant-negative p53 mutant (p53(W248)) conferred partial protection from RV-induced apoptosis. These data implicate a p53-dependent apoptotic pathway in the cytopathogenicity of RV, thereby suggesting a mechanism by which RV exerts its teratogenic effects.  (+info)

Rubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection that primarily affects the skin and lymphatic system. It is caused by the rubella virus. The disease is typically mild with symptoms such as low-grade fever, sore throat, swollen glands (especially around the ears and back of the neck), and a rash that starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body.

Rubella is preventable through vaccination, and it's part of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine. It's crucial to get vaccinated against rubella because if a pregnant woman gets infected with the virus, it can cause serious birth defects in her unborn baby, including hearing impairment, eye abnormalities, heart problems, and developmental delays. This condition is called congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).

It's worth noting that rubella has been largely eliminated from many parts of the world due to widespread vaccination programs, but it still remains a public health concern in areas with low vaccination rates or where access to healthcare is limited.

Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus, within the family Togaviridae. It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that causes the disease rubella (German measles) in humans. The virus is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets and has an incubation period of 12-23 days.

Rubella virus infection during pregnancy, particularly during the first trimester, can lead to serious birth defects known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the developing fetus. The symptoms of CRS may include hearing impairment, eye abnormalities, heart defects, and developmental delays.

The virus was eradicated from the Americas in 2015 due to widespread vaccination programs. However, it still circulates in other parts of the world, and travelers can bring the virus back to regions where it has been eliminated. Therefore, maintaining high vaccination rates is crucial for preventing the spread of rubella and protecting vulnerable populations from CRS.

Rubella vaccine is a preventive measure used to immunize individuals against rubella, also known as German measles. It contains inactivated or weakened forms of the rubella virus that stimulate an immune response when introduced into the body. The two types of rubella vaccines available are:

1. Live Attenuated Rubella Vaccine (RAV): This vaccine contains a weakened form of the rubella virus, which triggers an immune response without causing the disease. It is the most commonly used rubella vaccine and is often combined with measles and mumps vaccines to create the Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) or Measles-Mumps-Rubella-Varicella (MMRV) vaccines.

2. Inactivated Rubella Vaccine: This vaccine contains a killed rubella virus, which is less commonly used but can still provide immunity against the disease.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that children receive one dose of MMR vaccine at 12-15 months of age and another dose at 4-6 years of age. This schedule ensures optimal protection against rubella and other diseases included in the vaccines.

It is important to note that pregnant women should not receive the rubella vaccine, as it can potentially harm the developing fetus. Women who are planning to become pregnant should ensure they have had their rubella immunization before conceiving.

Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) is a collection of severe birth defects that occur when a woman contracts rubella (German measles) during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester. The virus can cause damage to the developing fetus's heart, brain, eyes, and ears, leading to a range of symptoms known as CRS. These may include:

1. Cardiac defects: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), pulmonary stenosis, and ventricular septal defects are common.
2. Cataracts or congenital glaucoma.
3. Deafness, which can be unilateral or bilateral.
4. Developmental delay and intellectual disability.
5. Microcephaly (small head size).
6. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leading to low birth weight.
7. Hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen).
8. Jaundice.
9. Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count).
10. Skin rash or pigmentary changes.

Prevention is crucial, as there is no cure for CRS once it has developed. The MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine effectively prevents rubella infection and subsequent CRS.

The Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine is a combination immunization that protects against three infectious diseases: measles, mumps, and rubella. It contains live attenuated viruses of each disease, which stimulate an immune response in the body similar to that produced by natural infection but do not cause the diseases themselves.

The MMR vaccine is typically given in two doses, the first at 12-15 months of age and the second at 4-6 years of age. It is highly effective in preventing these diseases, with over 90% effectiveness reported after a single dose and near 100% effectiveness after the second dose.

Measles is a highly contagious viral disease that can cause fever, rash, cough, runny nose, and red, watery eyes. It can also lead to serious complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and even death.

Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands, causing swelling and tenderness in the cheeks and jaw. It can also cause fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. Mumps can lead to serious complications such as deafness, meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), and inflammation of the testicles or ovaries.

Rubella, also known as German measles, is a viral infection that typically causes a mild fever, rash, and swollen lymph nodes. However, if a pregnant woman becomes infected with rubella, it can cause serious birth defects such as hearing impairment, heart defects, and developmental delays in the fetus.

The MMR vaccine is an important tool in preventing these diseases and protecting public health.

Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects the parotid salivary glands, causing them to swell and become painful. The medical definition of mumps is: "An acute infectious disease, caused by the mumps virus, characterized by painful enlargement of one or more of the salivary glands, especially the parotids."

The infection spreads easily through respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person's saliva. Symptoms typically appear 16-18 days after exposure and include fever, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, and swollen, tender salivary glands. Complications of mumps are rare but can be serious and include meningitis, encephalitis, deafness, and inflammation of the reproductive organs in males.

Prevention is through vaccination with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is part of routine childhood immunization schedules in many countries.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests are a type of serological assay used in medical laboratories to detect and measure the amount of antibodies present in a patient's serum. These tests are commonly used to diagnose viral infections, such as influenza or HIV, by identifying the presence of antibodies that bind to specific viral antigens and prevent hemagglutination (the agglutination or clumping together of red blood cells).

In an HI test, a small amount of the patient's serum is mixed with a known quantity of the viral antigen, which has been treated to attach to red blood cells. If the patient's serum contains antibodies that bind to the viral antigen, they will prevent the antigen from attaching to the red blood cells and inhibit hemagglutination. The degree of hemagglutination inhibition can be measured and used to estimate the amount of antibody present in the patient's serum.

HI tests are relatively simple and inexpensive to perform, but they have some limitations. For example, they may not detect early-stage infections before the body has had a chance to produce antibodies, and they may not be able to distinguish between different strains of the same virus. Nonetheless, HI tests remain an important tool for diagnosing viral infections and monitoring immune responses to vaccination or infection.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

The Mumps Vaccine is a biological preparation intended to induce immunity against mumps, a contagious viral infection that primarily affects the salivary glands. The vaccine contains live attenuated (weakened) mumps virus, which stimulates the immune system to develop a protective response without causing the disease.

There are two types of mumps vaccines available:

1. The Jeryl Lynn strain is used in the United States and is part of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine and the Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella (MMRV) vaccine. This strain is derived from a clinical isolate obtained from the throat washings of a child with mumps in 1963.
2. The Urabe AM9 strain was used in some countries but has been discontinued in many places due to an increased risk of meningitis as a rare complication.

The MMR vaccine is typically given to children at 12-15 months of age and again at 4-6 years of age, providing long-lasting immunity against mumps in most individuals. The vaccine has significantly reduced the incidence of mumps and its complications worldwide.

Measles, also known as rubeola, is a highly infectious viral disease that primarily affects the respiratory system. It is caused by the measles virus, which belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and the genus Morbillivirus. The virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or through airborne droplets released during coughing and sneezing.

The classic symptoms of measles include:

1. Fever: A high fever (often greater than 104°F or 40°C) usually appears before the onset of the rash, lasting for about 4-7 days.
2. Cough: A persistent cough is common and may become severe.
3. Runny nose: A runny or blocked nose is often present during the early stages of the illness.
4. Red eyes (conjunctivitis): Inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelids and the white part of the eye, can cause redness and irritation.
5. Koplik's spots: These are small, irregular, bluish-white spots with a red base that appear on the inside lining of the cheeks, usually 1-2 days before the rash appears. They are considered pathognomonic for measles, meaning their presence confirms the diagnosis.
6. Rash: The characteristic measles rash typically starts on the face and behind the ears, then spreads downward to the neck, trunk, arms, and legs. It consists of flat red spots that may merge together, forming irregular patches. The rash usually lasts for 5-7 days before fading.

Complications from measles can be severe and include pneumonia, encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), and ear infections. In rare cases, measles can lead to serious long-term complications or even death, particularly in young children, pregnant women, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

Vaccination is an effective way to prevent measles. The measles vaccine is typically administered as part of the Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine, which provides immunity against all three diseases.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way to protect people against harmful diseases, before they come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build protection to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.

A vaccination usually contains a small, harmless piece of a virus or bacteria (or toxins produced by these germs) that has been made inactive or weakened so it won't cause the disease itself. This piece of the germ is known as an antigen. When the vaccine is introduced into the body, the immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign and produces antibodies to fight it.

If a person then comes into contact with the actual disease-causing germ, their immune system will recognize it and immediately produce antibodies to destroy it. The person is therefore protected against that disease. This is known as active immunity.

Vaccinations are important for both individual and public health. They prevent the spread of contagious diseases and protect vulnerable members of the population, such as young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems who cannot be vaccinated or for whom vaccination is not effective.

"Capsella" is the name of a genus of plants in the family Brassicaceae, also known as the mustard family. The most common species in this genus is "Capsella bursa-pastoris," which is commonly known as shepherd's purse. This plant is native to Europe and Asia, but it has been introduced widely throughout the world and can now be found growing in many different regions.

Shepherd's purse is a small annual herb that typically grows to a height of about 20-40 centimeters (8-16 inches). It has narrow, lobed leaves and small white flowers that bloom in the spring and summer. The fruit of the plant is a small, heart-shaped pod that contains several tiny seeds.

Shepherd's purse has been used traditionally in folk medicine as a treatment for various ailments, including wounds, bleeding, and urinary tract infections. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support these uses, and it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before using any herbal remedies.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.

IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.

In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.

A measles vaccine is a biological preparation that induces immunity against the measles virus. It contains an attenuated (weakened) strain of the measles virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies that protect against future infection with the wild-type (disease-causing) virus. Measles vaccines are typically administered in combination with vaccines against mumps and rubella (German measles), forming the MMR vaccine.

The measles vaccine is highly effective, with one or two doses providing immunity in over 95% of people who receive it. It is usually given to children as part of routine childhood immunization programs, with the first dose administered at 12-15 months of age and the second dose at 4-6 years of age.

Measles vaccination has led to a dramatic reduction in the incidence of measles worldwide and is considered one of the greatest public health achievements of the past century. However, despite widespread availability of the vaccine, measles remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in some parts of the world, particularly in areas with low vaccination coverage or where access to healthcare is limited.

Mass vaccination is a coordinated effort to administer vaccine doses to a large portion of a population in a short amount of time. This strategy is often used during outbreaks of infectious diseases, such as influenza or measles, to quickly build up community immunity (herd immunity) and reduce the spread of the disease. Mass vaccination campaigns can also be implemented as part of public health initiatives to control or eliminate vaccine-preventable diseases in a population. These campaigns typically involve mobilizing healthcare workers, volunteers, and resources to reach and vaccinate as many people as possible, often through mobile clinics, community centers, and other accessible locations.

The Mumps virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family and Rubulavirus genus. It is the causative agent of mumps, an acute infectious disease characterized by painful swelling of the salivary glands, particularly the parotid glands.

The Mumps virus has a spherical or pleomorphic shape with a diameter of approximately 150-250 nanometers. It is surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane derived from the host cell, which contains viral glycoproteins that facilitate attachment and entry into host cells.

The M protein, located beneath the envelope, plays a crucial role in virus assembly and budding. The genome of the Mumps virus consists of eight genes encoding nine proteins, including two major structural proteins (nucleocapsid protein and matrix protein) and several non-structural proteins involved in viral replication and pathogenesis.

Transmission of the Mumps virus occurs through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected saliva. After infection, the incubation period ranges from 12 to 25 days, followed by a prodromal phase characterized by fever, headache, malaise, and muscle pain. The characteristic swelling of the parotid glands usually appears 1-3 days after the onset of symptoms.

Complications of mumps can include meningitis, encephalitis, orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis, and deafness. Prevention relies on vaccination with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, which is highly effective in preventing mumps and its complications.

Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.

Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.

These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Combined vaccines are defined in medical terms as vaccines that contain two or more antigens from different diseases, which are given to provide protection against multiple diseases at the same time. This approach reduces the number of injections required and simplifies the immunization schedule, especially during early childhood. Examples of combined vaccines include:

1. DTaP-Hib-IPV (e.g., Pentacel): A vaccine that combines diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease, and poliovirus components in one injection to protect against these five diseases.
2. MMRV (e.g., ProQuad): A vaccine that combines measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) antigens in a single injection to provide immunity against all four diseases.
3. HepA-HepB (e.g., Twinrix): A vaccine that combines hepatitis A and hepatitis B antigens in one injection, providing protection against both types of hepatitis.
4. MenACWY-TT (e.g., MenQuadfi): A vaccine that combines four serogroups of meningococcal bacteria (A, C, W, Y) with tetanus toxoid as a carrier protein in one injection for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by these serogroups.
5. PCV13-PPSV23 (e.g., Vaxneuvance): A vaccine that combines 13 pneumococcal serotypes with PPSV23, providing protection against a broader range of pneumococcal diseases in adults aged 18 years and older.

Combined vaccines have been thoroughly tested for safety and efficacy to ensure they provide a strong immune response and an acceptable safety profile. They are essential tools in preventing various infectious diseases and improving overall public health.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Measles virus is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. It is the causative agent of measles, a highly contagious infectious disease characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, and a red, blotchy rash. The virus primarily infects the respiratory tract and then spreads throughout the body via the bloodstream.

The genome of the measles virus is approximately 16 kilobases in length and encodes for eight proteins: nucleocapsid (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), hemagglutinin (H), large protein (L), and two non-structural proteins, V and C. The H protein is responsible for binding to the host cell receptor CD150 (SLAM) and mediating viral entry, while the F protein facilitates fusion of the viral and host cell membranes.

Measles virus is transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact with infected individuals. The virus can remain airborne for up to two hours in a closed space, making it highly contagious. Measles is preventable through vaccination, which has led to significant reductions in the incidence of the disease worldwide.

Immunization programs, also known as vaccination programs, are organized efforts to administer vaccines to populations or communities in order to protect individuals from vaccine-preventable diseases. These programs are typically implemented by public health agencies and involve the planning, coordination, and delivery of immunizations to ensure that a high percentage of people are protected against specific infectious diseases.

Immunization programs may target specific age groups, such as infants and young children, or populations at higher risk of certain diseases, such as travelers, healthcare workers, or individuals with weakened immune systems. The goals of immunization programs include controlling and eliminating vaccine-preventable diseases, reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases, and protecting vulnerable populations from outbreaks and epidemics.

Immunization programs may be delivered through a variety of settings, including healthcare facilities, schools, community centers, and mobile clinics. They often involve partnerships between government agencies, healthcare providers, non-governmental organizations, and communities to ensure that vaccines are accessible, affordable, and acceptable to the populations they serve. Effective immunization programs require strong leadership, adequate funding, robust data systems, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation to assess their impact and identify areas for improvement.

Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.

The "Americas" is a term used to refer to the combined landmasses of North America and South America, which are separated by the Isthmus of Panama. The Americas also include numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. This region is home to a diverse range of cultures, ecosystems, and historical sites. It is named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who was one of the first Europeans to explore and map parts of South America in the late 15th century.

Communicable disease control is a branch of public health that focuses on preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases within a population. The goal is to reduce the incidence and prevalence of communicable diseases through various strategies, such as:

1. Surveillance: Monitoring and tracking the occurrence of communicable diseases in a population to identify trends, outbreaks, and high-risk areas.
2. Prevention: Implementing measures to prevent the transmission of infectious agents, such as vaccination programs, education campaigns, and environmental interventions (e.g., water treatment, food safety).
3. Case management: Identifying, diagnosing, and treating cases of communicable diseases to reduce their duration and severity, as well as to prevent further spread.
4. Contact tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who have been in close contact with infected persons to detect and prevent secondary cases.
5. Outbreak response: Coordinating a rapid and effective response to disease outbreaks, including the implementation of control measures, communication with affected communities, and evaluation of interventions.
6. Collaboration: Working closely with healthcare providers, laboratories, policymakers, and other stakeholders to ensure a coordinated and comprehensive approach to communicable disease control.
7. Research: Conducting research to better understand the epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and prevention strategies for communicable diseases.

Effective communicable disease control requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines expertise in medicine, epidemiology, microbiology, public health, social sciences, and healthcare management.

The chickenpox vaccine, also known as varicella vaccine, is a preventive measure against the highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. The vaccine contains a live but weakened form of the virus, which stimulates the immune system to produce a response without causing the disease itself.

The chickenpox vaccine is typically given in two doses, with the first dose administered between 12 and 15 months of age and the second dose between 4 and 6 years of age. In some cases, the vaccine may be given to older children, adolescents, or adults who have not previously been vaccinated or who have never had chickenpox.

The chickenpox vaccine is highly effective at preventing severe cases of the disease and reducing the risk of complications such as bacterial infections, pneumonia, and encephalitis. It is also effective at preventing transmission of the virus to others.

Like any vaccine, the chickenpox vaccine can cause mild side effects such as soreness at the injection site, fever, or a mild rash. However, these side effects are generally mild and short-lived. Serious side effects are rare but may include allergic reactions or severe immune responses.

Overall, the chickenpox vaccine is a safe and effective way to prevent this common childhood disease and its potential complications.

An immunization schedule is a series of planned dates when a person, usually a child, should receive specific vaccines in order to be fully protected against certain preventable diseases. The schedule is developed based on scientific research and recommendations from health organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

The immunization schedule outlines which vaccines are recommended, the number of doses required, the age at which each dose should be given, and the minimum amount of time that must pass between doses. The schedule may vary depending on factors such as the individual's age, health status, and travel plans.

Immunization schedules are important for ensuring that individuals receive timely protection against vaccine-preventable diseases, and for maintaining high levels of immunity in populations, which helps to prevent the spread of disease. It is important to follow the recommended immunization schedule as closely as possible to ensure optimal protection.

... can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the newborn, this being the most severe sequela of rubella. The syndrome (CRS ... Rubella DermNet viral/rubella Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). "Ch. 19: Rubella". In Atkinson W, Wolfe S, ... "Control of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in developing countries, Part 2: Vaccination against rubella". ... Rubella is still common in some regions of the world and Susan E. Reef, team lead for rubella at the CDC's global immunization ...
... is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. It is a host species ... "Bacidia rubella". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 17 July 2022. Hawksworth, D.L. (1975). "Notes on British ...
... is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1866. It is found on Cuba. ... Savela, Markku (August 9, 2015). "Burtia rubella Grote, 1866". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved November 2, ...
... is a species of minute land snail with an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk or micromollusks in the ... Rundell, R.J. (2020). "Palaina rubella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T15902A176837640. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK. ...
The fruit attracts wildlife such as birds[citation needed]. Callicarpa rubella picture Callicarpa rubella info v t e (Articles ... Callicarpa rubella is a species of beautyberry native to Southeast Asia. It is a shrub that produces pink or purple flowers ...
651 Rubella Ballet at the BBC's Keeping it Peel site Strong, Martin C. (2003) "Rubella Ballet", in The Great Indie Discography ... Rubella Ballet toured extensively with Poison Girls and Crass, and recorded two John Peel sessions for BBC Radio. In 1984, they ... Rubella Ballet are an English gothic anarcho-punk band formed in 1979, who released several albums before splitting up in 1991 ... Rubella Ballet look awful!" Gimarc, George (2005) Punk Diary: The Ultimate Trainspotter's Guide to Underground Rock 1970-1982, ...
... is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Marginellidae, the margin snails. ... Subspecies Volvarina rubella navicella (Reeve, 1865): synonym of Volvarina taeniata (G. B. Sowerby II, 1846) The length of the ... Volvarina rubella (C. B. Adams, 1845). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/ ...
... is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1881. It is known ... BioLib.cz - Phaea rubella. Retrieved on 8 September 2014. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is ...
R. rubella can be found in Atlantic waters, ranging from the coast of North Carolina south to Brazil.; in the Caribbean Sea and ... Rubellatoma rubella, common name the reddish mangelia, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family ... "Rubellatoma rubella". Gastropods.com. Retrieved 16 January 2019. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is ... Rubellatoma rubella (Kurtz & Stimpson, 1851). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 11 August 2011. Tunnell, ...
"Silene rubella L. - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2021-09-23. "Silene rubella L. subsp. segetalis (Dufour) Nyman". ... Silene rubella is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. In Italy the species goes by the common name ... "Silene rubella L. , Plants of the World Online , Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2021-09-23. Zahran, M. A ...
... , the pine shoot moth, is a species of snout moth in the genus Dioryctria. It was described by George Hampson ... "Forecast Methods of Dioryctria rubella and Conogethes punctiferalis". Mt.china-papers.com. May 8, 2011. Archived from the ... "The pine shoot moths, Dioryctria rubella Hamps. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Petrova cristata Wals. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae ...
... is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1892. Bezark, Larry G. A ...
... is a moth in the family Oecophoridae. It was described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1938. It is found in ...
Rubella may also refer to: Rubella virus, the pathogenic agent of rubella Rubella vaccine, a vaccine against rubella Rubella ... Rubella is an infection caused by rubella virus. ... page lists articles associated with the title Rubella. If an ... Ballet, an English anarcho-punk band All pages with titles containing Rubella This disambiguation ...
... is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae known by several common names, including ... USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Minuartia rubella". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data ... 2001 onwards). Caryophyllaceae of the Canadian Archipelago: Minuartia rubella Archived 2005-02-12 at the Wayback Machine Flora ... of North America Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minuartia rubella. Jepson Manual Treatment Photo gallery v t e ( ...
... (called, along with some other species in the genus Shorea, light red meranti) is a species of tree in the ... Julia, S.; Pereira, J.T.; Oldfield, S.; Ling, C.Y.; Randi, A.; Linsky, J.; Tsen, S. (2019). "Shorea rubella". IUCN Red List of ...
... is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Melieria of the family Ulidiidae. "ITIS Standard ... rubella "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-03-27. Retrieved 2014-04-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy ...
Jepson Manual Treatment - Mimulus rubellus USDA Plants Profile: Mimulus rubellus Mimulus rubellus - Photo gallery (CS1: long ... Erythranthe rubellus is an annual herb growing 2 to 32 centimeters tall with a very slender, red stem. The oppositely arranged ... Erythranthe rubella is a species of monkeyflower known by the common name little redstem monkeyflower. It was formerly known as ... Mimulus rubellus. It is native to western North America, including the southwestern United States to Wyoming and Texas, and ...
... is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Blanchard in 1852. It is found in Chile. Beccaloni ...
... is a species of flowering plant in the genus Tillandsia. This species is native to Bolivia, Peru, and ...
... , or red-tailed small-nomia, is a species of bee in the genus Lipotriches, of the family Halictidae. It is ...
... is a species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae. It is endemic to southern Chile, distributed between the ... "Viola rubella". iNaturalist. Retrieved 16 October 2023. Rodriguez, Roberto; Marticorena, Clodomiro; Alarcón, Diego; Baeza, ...
R. rubella was originally described from Rumex aquaticus in Germany; it has a wide geographic range on Rumex species. It is ... Ramularia rubella is a plant pathogen in Ascomycota that infects Rumex species. Infection produces reddish spots on leaves. The ...
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pasiphila rubella. Wikispecies has information related to Pasiphila rubella. v t e ( ... Pasiphila rubella is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is endemic to New Zealand. The larvae feed on the flowers of Hebe ... "Pasiphila rubella (Philpott 1915)". Home of Ichneumonoidea. Taxapad. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 13 ...
... , the pink shepherd's-purse, is a plant species in the genus Capsella, a very close relative of Arabidopsis ... Capsella rubella is used as a model plant to study the evolution of self-incompatibility into self-compatibility in plant ... It has a very similar appearance to Capsella bursa-pastoris, but C. rubella has a diploid genome, whereas C. bursa-pastoris is ... "Recent speciation of Capsella rubella from Capsella grandiflora, associated with loss of self-incompatibility and an extreme ...
Rubella virus vaccine on MedicineNet Rubella on vaccines.gov Rubella Vaccine at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical ... Rubella vaccine is a vaccine used to prevent rubella. Effectiveness begins about two weeks after a single dose and around 95% ... By introducing rubella containing vaccines, rubella has been eradicated in 81 nations, as of mid-2020. The World Health ... This vaccine made use of the HPV77 rubella strain and was produced in duck embryo cells. This version of the rubella vaccine ...
... (RuV) is the pathogenic agent of the disease rubella, transmitted only between humans via the respiratory route, ... Rubella virus, scientific name Rubivirus rubellae, is a member of the genus Rubivirus and belongs to the family of ... Rubella virus (Rubivirus rubellae) is assigned to the Rubivirus genus. Until 2018, Rubiviruses were classified as part of the ... In the rubella genome these occur in the opposite orientation to that found in the alphaviruses indicating that a genome ...
Detection of the rubella virus via RT-PCR Detection of rubella-specific IgM antibody Detection of infant rubella-specific IgG ... Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) occurs when an unborn baby is infected with the rubella virus (German measles) via maternal- ... With the introduction of the rubella vaccine in 1969, the number of cases of rubella in the United States has decreased 99%, ... Maintaining rubella outbreak control via vaccination is essential in preventing congenital rubella infection and congenital ...
... (MRI), launched in 2001, is a long-term commitment and partnership among leaders in public health ...
... (PRP) is a neurological disorder which may occur in a child with congenital rubella. It is ... Late onset after congenital rubella". N. Engl. J. Med. 292 (19): 990-3. doi:10.1056/NEJM197505082921902. PMID 1117960. "Rubella ... It develops 6 months to 4 years after the primary rubella infection, which in most cases is a congenital rubella. In children ... Rubella virus cannot usually be recovered by viral culture or immunohistologic testing.[citation needed] Although no specific ...
Rubella is a nationally notifiable disease in the United States.. Treatment. Treatment of rubella involves supportive care. ... Lanzieri T, Haber P, Icenogle JP, Patel M. Rubella. In: Rubella. In: Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S, ... Progress toward rubella and congenital rubella syndrome control and elimination-worldwide, 2000-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep ... Available from: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/rubella.html.. Reef SE, Plotkin SA. Rubella vaccines. In: Plotkin SA, ...
Rubella, causes fever, sore throat, rash, headache, and red, itchy eyes. If a woman gets rubella while she is pregnant, she ... The Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine is very safe, and it is effective at preventing measles, mumps, and rubella. Vaccines ... Joint pain is associated with the rubella portion of MMR vaccine among people who do not have immunity to rubella. Joint pain ... Rubella vaccine trials in adults and children. Comparison of three attenuated vaccines. Am J Dis Child. 1969 Aug;118(2):237-43. ...
Health Information on Rubella: MedlinePlus Multiple Languages Collection ... Rubella: MedlinePlus Health Topic - English Rubéola: Tema de salud de MedlinePlus - español (Spanish) ... Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) -- MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) Vaccine: What You Need to Know - ภาษาไทย (Thai) PDF ... Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) -- MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) Vaccine: What You Need to Know - 日本語 (Japanese) PDF ...
The name rubella is derived from a Latin term meaning ... Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome are caused by rubella ... Table 1. Reported Cases of Rubella, Deaths From Rubella, and Number of Cases of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the United ... Table 1. Reported Cases of Rubella, Deaths From Rubella, and Number of Cases of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the United ... Table 1. Reported Cases of Rubella, Deaths From Rubella, and Number of Cases of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the United ...
Rubella and congenital rubella--United States, 1983. MMWR 1984;33:237-42,247.. Chappell JA, Taylor MA. Implications of rubella ... The vaccine is produced in monovalent form (rubella only) and in combinations: measles-rubella (MR), rubella-mumps, and measles ... Persons without evidence of rubella immunity who travel abroad should be protected against rubella, since rubella is endemic ... Official name: Rubella Virus Vaccine, Live.. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. Baba K, Yabuuchi H, Okuni H, et al. Rubella epidemic in an ...
Rubella can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the newborn, this being the most severe sequela of rubella. The syndrome (CRS ... Rubella DermNet viral/rubella Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). "Ch. 19: Rubella". In Atkinson W, Wolfe S, ... "Control of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in developing countries, Part 2: Vaccination against rubella". ... Rubella is still common in some regions of the world and Susan E. Reef, team lead for rubella at the CDCs global immunization ...
LBDRUIU - Rubella international units. Variable Name: LBDRUIU. SAS Label: Rubella international units. English Text: Rubella ... LBDRUIU (Rubella_Units) = ((65.93928)x((Rubella_Index))x(0.177)))+1.28060 The Rubella index is calculated by subtracting the ... Rubella Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is the term used to describe the serious birth defects that occur among infants born ... LBDRUIU - Rubella International Units Rubella antibody data are reported both as an optical density index that is converted to ...
Total rubella. Reported cases by country Also available:. *Reported cases by WHO region ...
Rubella Chapter of Pinkbook: (Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases) ... Rubella vaccine is available as measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR [MMR-II]) and measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella ... Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS). Prevention of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is the main objective of rubella vaccination ... A search for persistent rubella virus infection in persons with chronic symptoms after rubella and rubella immunization and in ...
Rubella - Raising our voices to improve health around the world. ... Rubella. Tags congenital rubella syndrome, CRS, Global Vaccine ... Rubella and CRS Elimination: A Race Worth Winning. AEFI Management Kit. Photo credit: Rania Tohme/CDC More than 100,000 ... by Susan Reef, MD, MPH, Medical Epidemiologist and Rubella Team Lead, Global Immunization Division & Gavin Grant, MD, MPH, ... Categories Archive, congenital rubella syndrome, CRS, Global Vaccine Action Plan, ...
Enable Javascript support in the browser ...
Rubella can have serious consequences for pregnant women and their children. For $1, a child in a low-income country can be ... Join the National Youth Council, Program Manager at the Measles & Rubella Partnership at American Red Cross National ... For $2, a child can be protected against both measles and rubella. ... Headquarters, and Red Cross Chapter Leaders from across the country for our Measles & Rubella Partnership 101: National Youth ...
... measles and rubella viruses, including information on symptoms, vaccination and treatment. ... 20, 2020 The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine has been theorized to provide protection against COVID-19. In a new study, ... The paper explores the feasibility of eliminating measles and rubella using predominant vaccination ... ...
Rubella is contagious infectious disease caused by the rubella virus. The infection is usually mild sub-clinical. Possible ... Global Measles and Rubella Strategic Plan 2012-2020, May 2012. [pdf 1.3 Mb] ... Measles Elimination and Prevention of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Plan of action 2006-2010 ...
Can my child have single measles, mumps or rubella vaccines? Single vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella are not available ... Rubella vaccine side effects. Around 1 to 3 weeks after the injection, some adult women experience painful, stiff or swollen ... Some private clinics in the UK offer single vaccines against measles, mumps and rubella, but these vaccines are unlicensed. ... However, the risk of developing ITP from measles or rubella infection is far greater than from having the vaccine. ...
Rubella, also called German measles, is a contagious infection caused by a virus. It usually causes a mild illness with a fine ... Rubella is a mild illness in adults. But if a person gets rubella during pregnancy, the baby is at risk for birth defects, such ... Rubella is not common in Canada because most children are vaccinated (immunized) against it. Most people who get rubella are ... Rubella, also called German measles, is a contagious infection caused by a virus. It usually causes a mild illness with a fine ...
Eliminating rubella is within reach, researchers say, but measles is less likely. ... The study, which is slated for publication in the October 1 issue, explored the likelihood of eliminating measles and rubella, ... So far, measles has been eliminated in 81 countries and rubella in 93. But factors such as antivaccination sentiment and ... Cite this: Can We Eliminate Measles and Rubella Worldwide? - Medscape - Sep 21, 2022. ...
vaccine, rubella. Physical Description. rubella virus vaccine, 1000 tcid(50) (drug ingredient). Measurements. overall, carton: ... Antibody Initiative: Measles, Mumps, and Rubella. National Museum of American History. Record ID. nmah_1292918. Metadata Usage ...
A simple blood test can show if youve had rubella (German measles) recently or if youre immune to it. Find out more about ... A rubella blood test checks to see if you have antibodies to the rubella virus. Antibodies are proteins your immune system ... CDC: "Rubella (German Measles) Vaccination," "Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know," " ... Rubella, also called German measles or 3-day measles, isnt a problem for most people. It causes a mild fever and rash that go ...
Rubella infection, or German measles, usually is a mild disease in kids that can be prevented with vaccination. Its primary ... What Is Rubella?. Rubella is an infection that mostly affects the skin and lymph nodes. In kids, rubella - commonly called ... Rubella is caused by the rubella (roo-BELL-uh) virus (not the same virus that causes measles). It spreads when people breathe ... Many people with rubella have few or no symptoms.. The rubella rash usually lasts 3 days. Lymph nodes may be swollen for a week ...
Adina rubella is a deciduous Shrub growing to 1.8 m (6ft). The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs). ... Adina rubella is a deciduous Shrub growing to 1.8 m (6ft). The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs). ...
Rubella. Rubella, also called German measles, is a contagious viral infection caused by rubella virus. Humans are the only ... Symptoms of rubella are often mild, and up to 50% of infections may be subclinical or inapparent. Rubella usually presents as a ... Measles-Mumps-Rubella MMR Vaccine Resource Center. Frequently Asked Questions about the current measles outbreak and MMR ... Complications of rubella are not common, and generally occur more often in adults than in children. Arthralgia or arthritis may ...
Litoria rubella (Gray, 1842) Desert Tree Frog. family: Hylidae. subfamily: Pelodryadinae. genus: Litoria. ... Species Account Citation: AmphibiaWeb 2008 Litoria rubella: Desert Tree Frog ,https://amphibiaweb.org/species/1304, University ...
The name rubella is derived from a Latin term meaning ... Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome are caused by rubella ... Table 1. Reported Cases of Rubella, Deaths From Rubella, and Number of Cases of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the United ... Table 1. Reported Cases of Rubella, Deaths From Rubella, and Number of Cases of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the United ... Table 1. Reported Cases of Rubella, Deaths From Rubella, and Number of Cases of Congenital Rubella Syndrome in the United ...
Factors affecting uptake of measles, mumps, and rubella immunisation. British Medical Journal 1993; 307 :168 doi:10.1136/bmj. ... Factors affecting uptake of measles, mumps, and rubella immunisation.. British Medical Journal 1993; 307 doi: https://doi.org/ ...
If contracted during the first trimester, it can affect the pregnancy and lead to congenital rubella syndrome at birth. ... Rubella (German measles) is usually a mild self-limiting disease with few complications. ... 37.1.1 Rubella infection and immunity in Australia. *Diagnoses of rubella: In 2014, there were 17 diagnoses of rubella (0.1 per ... 37.2 Testing for rubella non-immunity. The NICE guidelines reviewed the evidence on rubella testing in pregnancy and found:. * ...
Free Music Archive artist page of Measles Mumps Rubella ... Measles Mumps Rubella MMR began in DC in 2001, and has one by ... Measles Mumps Rubella - hollow body 02_Pit Malone - leash me 03_Arrogalla... ...
Rubella is now rare because of widespread compliance with childhood immunization programs. The disease is usually a benign and ... Global rubella vaccine coverage was reported to be 70% in 2020. [1] About 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome are ... The rubella vaccination is given to only about half the worlds population. Congenital rubella syndrome remains a major problem ... Elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome--United States, 1969-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 Mar 25. 54(11 ...
Mumps and Rubella (MMR) Vaccines Market Opportunity Analysis, 2026 ? 2026 - published on openPR.com ... In March 2107, GSKs measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine for indication of measles, mumps, and rubella prophylaxis was in phase ... mumps and rubella vaccines are major factors negatively affecting growth of the market.. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine ... Measles, mumps, and rubella are the three common contagious airborne diseases that are highly caused by virus transmitted by ...
IgG antibodies to rubella virus were determined in 9,046 women giving birth between 1 August 1990 and 30 September 1991 in 23 ... A seroepidemiological study was carried out in Switzerland to define the population susceptible to rubella among women of ... Seroprevalence of rubella among women of childbearing age in Switzerland Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995 Aug;14(8):691-6. ... Anti-rubella IgG was measured by an automated enzyme-linked fluorescent assay for use with a commercial system (Vidas Rub IgG, ...
  • Rubella, also called German measles, is a contagious infection caused by a virus. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Rubella , also called German measles or 3-day measles , isn't a problem for most people. (webmd.com)
  • In kids, rubella - commonly called German measles or 3-day measles - is usually a mild illness. (kidshealth.org)
  • Rubella is also called German measles, or three-day measles. (wisconsin.gov)
  • Transmission from mother to fetus also can occur, with the highest risk for congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) if infection occurs in the first trimester. (cdc.gov)
  • Fortunately, because of the successful immunization program initiated in the United States in 1969, rubella infection and congenital rubella syndrome rarely are seen today. (medscape.com)
  • Fetal infection occurs transplacentally during the maternal viremic phase, but the mechanisms by which rubella virus causes fetal damage are poorly understood. (medscape.com)
  • By far the most important consequences of rubella are the abortions, miscarriages, stillbirths, and fetal anomalies that result from rubella infection in early pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. (cdc.gov)
  • Preventing fetal infection and consequent congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is the objective of rubella immunization programs. (cdc.gov)
  • Although CRS has been estimated to occur among 20%-25% or more of infants born to women who acquire rubella during the first trimester, the actual risk of infection and subsequent defects may be considerably higher. (cdc.gov)
  • Inapparent maternal rubella infection can also result in malformations. (cdc.gov)
  • Because many rash illnesses may mimic rubella infection, and because many rubella infections are unrecognized, the only reliable evidence of immunity to rubella is the presence of specific antibody. (cdc.gov)
  • Rubella, also known as German measles or three-day measles, is an infection caused by the rubella virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Infection during early pregnancy may result in a miscarriage or a child born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). (wikipedia.org)
  • Rubella is a common infection in many areas of the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the primary symptom of rubella virus infection is the appearance of a rash (exanthem) on the face which spreads to the trunk and limbs and usually fades after three days, which is why it is often referred to as three-day measles. (wikipedia.org)
  • In older children and adults, additional symptoms may be present, including[citation needed] Swollen glands Coryza (cold-like symptoms) Aching joints (especially in young females) Severe complications of rubella include: Brain inflammation (encephalitis) Low platelet count Ear infection Coryza in rubella may convert to pneumonia, either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia, and bronchitis (either viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis). (wikipedia.org)
  • The syndrome (CRS) follows intrauterine infection by the rubella virus and comprises cardiac, cerebral, ophthalmic, and auditory defects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Following a widespread epidemic of rubella infection in 1940, Norman Gregg, an Australian ophthalmologist, reported in 1941 the occurrence of congenital cataracts among infants born following maternal rubella. (cdc.gov)
  • That means you have rubella antibodies in your blood and are immune to future infection. (webmd.com)
  • Rubella is an infection that mostly affects the skin and lymph nodes. (kidshealth.org)
  • Rubella infection may begin with 1-2 days of mild fever (99°-100°F, 37.2°-37.8°C) and swollen, tender lymph nodes, usually in the back of the neck or behind the ears. (kidshealth.org)
  • Instead, it aims to identify women who are non-immune, so that they can be vaccinated after the birth and future pregnancies are protected against rubella infection and its consequences. (health.gov.au)
  • Preventing congenital infection relies on maintaining high levels of immunity to rubella in the general population. (health.gov.au)
  • There is no treatment to prevent or reduce mother-to-child transmission of rubella once infection has been detected in pregnancy. (health.gov.au)
  • Rubella is a viral infection. (wisconsin.gov)
  • Does past infection with rubella make a person immune? (deafblind.co.uk)
  • Rubella infection is dangerous because of its ability to damage an unborn baby. (deafblind.co.uk)
  • Rubella, also known as the German measles, is an infection in which there is a rash on the skin. (limamemorial.org)
  • Children and adults who were never vaccinated against rubella may still get this infection. (limamemorial.org)
  • Rubella is most often a mild infection. (limamemorial.org)
  • Maternal infection with rubella early in pregnancy can result in severe consequences on the fetus, which include spontaneous abortion , stillbirth , IUGR , and congenital rubella syndrome. (wikidoc.org)
  • It is presumably due to persistence or reactivation of rubella virus infection. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Objectives: To evaluate the impact of latent EBV and CMV infection on rubella- and measles-specific antibody responses as well as on the B-cell compartment in a prospective birth cohort followed during the first 10 years of life. (lu.se)
  • Rubella is a contagious viral infection that typically causes in children mild symptoms, such as joint pain and a rash. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rubella in Newborns Rubella is a typically mild childhood viral infection that may, however, have devastating consequences for infants infected before birth. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rubella is a typically mild childhood infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Symptoms Rubella is a typically mild childhood viral infection that may, however, have devastating consequences for infants infected before birth. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Symptoms of rubella begin about 14 to 21 days after infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rubella typically has mild symptoms, but if it is contracted by a pregnant woman, the infection can have severe effects on the unborn child. (asiatimes.com)
  • Progress toward elimination of measles and prevention of congenital rubella infection--European region, 1990-2004. (medscape.com)
  • The few cases of rubella recorded in recent years involve susceptible individuals who have not been immunized with rubella vaccine and do not have a history of previous rubella infection. (medscape.com)
  • Unless contraindicated, vaccinate all travelers aged ≥12 months who do not have acceptable evidence of immunity to rubella (documented by ≥1 dose of rubella-containing vaccine on or after the first birthday, laboratory evidence of immunity, or birth before 1957) with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Advise pregnant people who do not have acceptable evidence of rubella immunity to avoid travel to countries where rubella is endemic or to areas with known rubella outbreaks, especially during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
  • Ensure that all people of childbearing age and recent immigrants are up to date on immunization against rubella or have evidence of immunity to rubella, because these groups are at the greatest risk for maternal-fetal transmission of rubella virus, which can result in CRS. (cdc.gov)
  • These revised Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIP) recommendations for the prevention of rubella update the previous recommendations (MMWR 1981;30:37-42, 47) to include current information about vaccine effectiveness, duration of immunity, vaccination in pregnancy, and progress in controlling congenital rubella syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • A single rubella vaccination, usually given as measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, is thought to confer lifelong immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • Population-based rubella seroprevalence studies will provide valuable information about specific groups that lack rubella immunity and therefore could be targeted for immunization. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore serologic testing of NHANES participants will be conducted to document the level of immunity to rubella by race and ethnicity and allow comparison data from NHANES III. (cdc.gov)
  • A person can develop immunity to rubella by having the disease or being vaccinated. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Routinely offer and recommend testing for rubella immunity at the first antenatal visit to identify women at risk of contracting rubella and enable postnatal vaccination to protect future pregnancies. (health.gov.au)
  • Therefore, women of childbearing age should have their immunity determined and receive rubella vaccine if needed. (deafblind.co.uk)
  • Almost everyone who receives the vaccine has immunity to rubella. (limamemorial.org)
  • Immunity means that your body has built a defense to the rubella virus. (limamemorial.org)
  • Women of childbearing age most often have a blood test to see if they have immunity to rubella. (limamemorial.org)
  • A person who has had rubella develops immunity and usually cannot contract it again. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Since the licensing of the live attenuated rubella vaccine in the United States in 1969, a substantial increase has been noted in the vaccination coverage among school-aged children and the population immunity. (medscape.com)
  • Rubella usually presents with generalized lymphadenopathy, slight or no fever, and a mild, nonspecific, maculopapular, generalized rash that lasts up to 3 days. (cdc.gov)
  • Many rubella infections are not recognized because the rash resembles many other rash illnesses. (cdc.gov)
  • Rubella is a common childhood rash disease. (cdc.gov)
  • The most common--post-auricular and suboccipital lymphadenopathy, arthralgia, transient erythematous rash, and low fever--may not be recognized as rubella. (cdc.gov)
  • The swollen glands or lymph nodes can persist for up to a week and the fever rarely rises above 38 °C (100.4 °F). The rash of rubella is typically pink or light red. (wikipedia.org)
  • In children, rubella normally causes symptoms that last two days and include: Rash begins on the face which spreads to the rest of the body. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rubella rash is maculopapular and occurs 14 to 17 days after exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • The rubella rash is often the first sign of illness that a parent notices. (kidshealth.org)
  • The rubella rash usually lasts 3 days. (kidshealth.org)
  • People who have rubella are most contagious from 1 week before to 1 week after the rash appears. (kidshealth.org)
  • In younger children rubella usually starts with a rash on the face and neck. (wisconsin.gov)
  • Rubella is a viral disease characterized by slight fever, rash and swollen glands. (deafblind.co.uk)
  • As many as half of all rubella cases occur without a rash. (deafblind.co.uk)
  • Rubella may be transmitted from seven days before to seven days after rash onset. (deafblind.co.uk)
  • Because rubella looks like many other rash illnesses, it can only be diagnosed with laboratory testing. (mn.us)
  • A person with rubella can spread it to others from 7 days before until 7 days after the rash appears. (mn.us)
  • A person with rubella may spread the disease to others from 1 week before the rash begins, until 1 to 2 weeks after the rash disappears. (limamemorial.org)
  • Number of cases of measles (n=195) and rubella (n=0), by week of rash onset, as reported to the Canadian Measles/ Rubella Surveillance System (CMRSS) and Measles and Rubella Surveillance system (MARS), for the period ending October 24, 2015. (canada.ca)
  • FIGURE 1: Number of cases of measles (n=45) and rubella (n=0), by week of rash onset, as reported to the Canadian Measles/ Rubella Surveillance System (CMRSS) and Measles and Rubella Surveillance System (MARS), for the period ending December 30, 2017. (canada.ca)
  • Rubella ( also known as German measles) is a mild disease that causes fever and rash in both children and adults. (fhi.no)
  • Rubella, or the German measles, is an airborne disease that causes a low-grade fever, a sore throat and a rash that spreads over the body. (wcrz.com)
  • Rubella is contagious infectious disease caused by the rubella virus. (who.int)
  • Thanks to immunization, there are far fewer cases of rubella and congenital rubella. (kidshealth.org)
  • Widespread immunization is the key to preventing the spread of the virus and protecting babies from the serious health problems of congenital rubella syndrome. (kidshealth.org)
  • Children usually get the vaccine at 12-15 months of age as part of the scheduled measles- mumps -rubella (MMR) immunization or measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine (MMRV). (kidshealth.org)
  • If you are thinking about becoming pregnant, make sure that you're immune to rubella through a blood test or proof of immunization. (kidshealth.org)
  • Rubella is now rare because of widespread compliance with childhood immunization programs. (medscape.com)
  • From 2000 to 2012, rising numbers of WHO member states began using rubella-containing vaccines (RCVs) in their immunization program and began reporting rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) surveillance data. (medscape.com)
  • Maintaining high levels of rubella immunization in the community is critical to controlling the spread. (deafblind.co.uk)
  • Australia says it will provide responsive support to the Solomon Islands Government through the Ministry of Health and Medical Services (MHMS) to roll out a nationwide Measles and Rubella Supplementary Immunization Activity. (solomontimes.com)
  • These data represent administrative and official Rubella vaccination coverage reported annually through the WHO/UNICEF Joint Reporting Form on Immunization (JRF). (who.int)
  • Use of combination measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). (medscape.com)
  • The best way to prevent rubella is to get the vaccine. (wisconsin.gov)
  • What can be done to prevent rubella? (mn.us)
  • There is a safe and effective vaccine to prevent rubella. (limamemorial.org)
  • Routine vaccination can prevent rubella. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Routine vaccination can prevent rubella and many viral infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The fetal defects observed in congenital rubella syndrome are likely secondary to vasculitis resulting in tissue necrosis without inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome are caused by rubella virus. (medscape.com)
  • While there are no basic changes in approach, the available epidemiologic data indicate that the elimination of congenital rubella syndrome can be achieved and even hastened by focusing particular attention on more effective delivery of vaccine to older individuals--particularly women of childbearing age. (cdc.gov)
  • Each year about 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rubella can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the newborn, this being the most severe sequela of rubella. (wikipedia.org)
  • Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) is the term used to describe the serious birth defects that occur among infants born to women infected with rubella while pregnant. (cdc.gov)
  • Photo credit: Rania Tohme/CDC More than 100,000 children worldwide are born with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) every year to mothers infected with the rubella virus. (cdc.gov)
  • This was the first published recognition of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). (cdc.gov)
  • Before the rubella vaccine , epidemics happened every 6-9 years, usually among kids 5 to 9 years old, along with many cases of congenital rubella. (kidshealth.org)
  • Babies born with congenital rubella syndrome are at risk for serious problems with their growth, thinking, heart and eyes, hearing, and liver, spleen , and bone marrow. (kidshealth.org)
  • Congenital rubella syndrome is associated with clinically significant congenital malformations. (medscape.com)
  • In the last decade, the rate has been less than 10 cases of congenital rubella syndrome per year. (medscape.com)
  • Congenital rubella syndrome remains a major problem in some areas. (medscape.com)
  • In Russia, for instance, congenital rubella syndrome causes 15% of all birth defects. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] About 100,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome are estimated to occur each year in low- and middle-income countries. (medscape.com)
  • If contracted during the first trimester, it can affect the pregnancy and lead to congenital rubella syndrome at birth. (health.gov.au)
  • The lack of association between inadvertent vaccination in pregnancy and congenital rubella syndrome has been substantiated in subsequent prospective cohort studies Bar-Oz et al 2004, Hamkar et al 2006, Badilla et al 2007, with no cases reported. (health.gov.au)
  • A fetus has a 90% chance of being born with congenital rubella syndrome if a woman catches rubella in early pregnancy. (wisconsin.gov)
  • Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) occurs among at least 25 percent of infants born to women who have had rubella during the first trimester of pregnancy. (deafblind.co.uk)
  • If a pregnant woman who is not immune to rubella is infected before the 21st week of pregnancy, the baby may develop congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), which can cause serious health problems, including stillbirth, miscarriage, premature delivery, deafness, mental retardation, bone changes, and liver and spleen damage. (mn.us)
  • Congenital rubella is when a pregnant woman with rubella passes it to the baby that is still in her womb. (limamemorial.org)
  • Congenital rubella is a condition that occurs in an infant whose mother is infected with the virus that causes German measles. (limamemorial.org)
  • Defects that occur with congenital rubella syndrome can be treated. (limamemorial.org)
  • Congenital rubella syndrome can cause serious birth defects and the prognosis depends on the severity of the problem. (wikidoc.org)
  • If malformations associated with congenital rubella syndrome are not addressed, infants may end-up blind , deaf , and with severe mental deficits . (wikidoc.org)
  • [7] Complications of congenital rubella syndrome itself include several birth defects, which can result in early and late complications. (wikidoc.org)
  • The prognosis of congenital rubella syndrome depends on the severity of cardiac and neurological malformations . (wikidoc.org)
  • Progressive rubella panencephalitis is a neurologic disorder occurring in children with congenital rubella. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Some children with congenital rubella syndrome (eg, with deafness, cataracts, microcephaly, and intellectual disability) develop neurologic deficits in early adolescence. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The diagnosis of progressive rubella panencephalitis is considered when a child with congenital rubella develops progressive spasticity, ataxia, mental deterioration, and seizures. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome control and elimination - global progress, 2000-2012. (medscape.com)
  • Prevention of congenital rubella and congenital varicella in Europe. (medscape.com)
  • Bullens D, Smets K, Vanhaesebrouck P. Congenital rubella syndrome after maternal reinfection. (medscape.com)
  • Elimination of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome--United States, 1969-2004. (medscape.com)
  • This explains the decreased number of outbreaks of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome reported in the recent years. (medscape.com)
  • During the 1962-1965 worldwide epidemic, an estimated 12.5 million rubella cases occurred in the United States, resulting in 20,000 cases of congenital rubella syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • As a result of the progress made in vaccination against rubella, a remarkable drop has occurred in the number of cases of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • For instance, in 1969, a total of 57,686 cases of rubella and 31 cases of congenital rubella syndrome were recorded. (medscape.com)
  • Rubella, also known as German measles, is not life-threatening for children but is dangerous for pregnant women. (solomontimes.com)
  • The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services has put out a warning about possible exposure to rubella, otherwise known as German measles, from the North American International Auto Show in Detroit last month. (wcrz.com)
  • The first rubella vaccines were licensed in 1969. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC: "Rubella (German Measles) Vaccination," "Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know," "Recommended Vaccines for Healthcare Workers. (webmd.com)
  • These measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines are administered by subcutaneous injection to children as well as adults. (openpr.com)
  • Currently, few vaccines available in the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine market are sold under the trade name of M-M-R II, ProQuad, and Attenuvax by Merck Co. Inc. (openpr.com)
  • Key manufacturers in the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine market are focusing on launching new vaccines, in order to enhance their share in the market. (openpr.com)
  • Priorix and Priorix Tetra Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine of GSK are expected to lose their patents in 2019 in the U.S. Some small players such as Daiichi Sankyo and Takeda are focusing on launching vaccines for MMR in regional markets. (openpr.com)
  • Methods: IgG titers against rubella and measles vaccines were measured in plasma obtained from the same donors at 2, 5, and. (lu.se)
  • If a woman gets rubella while she is pregnant, she could have a miscarriage, or her baby could be born with serious birth defects. (cdc.gov)
  • But if a person gets rubella during pregnancy, the baby is at risk for birth defects, such as heart defects, deafness, and cataracts. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Control of the spread of rubella is needed primarily to prevent the birth defects caused by CRS. (deafblind.co.uk)
  • Widespread vaccination against rubella is critical to controlling the spread of the disease and preventing birth defects caused by CRS. (mn.us)
  • At a press conference in Honiara, Under Secretary Health Improvement Dr Cedric Alependava said being infected with rubella could result in birth defects and even death for a pregnant woman's unborn child. (solomontimes.com)
  • Rubella can cause death of a fetus or severe birth defects if the mother becomes infected during early pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Nonetheless, some young adult women have never had rubella or rubella vaccination and are thus at risk of having children with serious birth defects if they become infected during early pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, when rubella infects a pregnant woman during the first half of her pregnancy, there is danger of fetal death or birth defects affecting primarily the eyes, ears, heart, and brain. (who.int)
  • Rare cases of rubella encephalitis have also been described in children. (medscape.com)
  • Rubella testing in pregnancy does not attempt to identify current affected pregnancies. (health.gov.au)
  • Rubella vaccination is contraindicated in pregnancy. (health.gov.au)
  • no association between congenital infections and inadvertent rubella vaccination in pregnancy CDC 2001. (health.gov.au)
  • Inform women who have been vaccinated against rubella before they were aware of the pregnancy that the baby is highly unlikely to have been affected by the vaccine. (health.gov.au)
  • Rubella has symptoms similar to those of flu. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other symptoms of rubella include conjunctivitis, testalgia, or orchitis. (cdc.gov)
  • What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Rubella? (kidshealth.org)
  • Many people with rubella have few or no symptoms. (kidshealth.org)
  • Rubella is a mild illness which may present few or no symptoms. (deafblind.co.uk)
  • Rubella symptoms can include joint pain, especially among adult females. (mn.us)
  • Up to half of all persons infected with rubella do not have symptoms. (mn.us)
  • Dr Alependava says that the signs and symptoms of rubella are often so mild that they are difficult to notice, especially in children. (solomontimes.com)
  • Treatment of rubella is aimed at relieving the symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rubella symptoms differ somewhat between children and adults. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In children, rubella usually causes mild or no noticeable symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • All were confirmed as symptoms of German measles, which is also known as rubella. (asiatimes.com)
  • Together with clinical symptoms and his travel history, it was categorized as an imported case, since the rubella virus has an incubation period of two to three weeks. (asiatimes.com)
  • No one with whom the man made contact between March 27 and April 10 has reported illness or shown any symptoms of rubella. (asiatimes.com)
  • The measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccine also protects against these diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Children of the same age who get the combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella (MMRV) vaccine as their first vaccine against these diseases are twice as likely to have a febrile seizure during the same time period. (cdc.gov)
  • Most kids get vaccinated for it with the MMR ( measles - mumps -rubella) or MMRV (which also includes chickenpox ) shots. (webmd.com)
  • All content below is taken in its entirety from the CDC MMRV (Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Varicella) Vaccine Information Statement (VIS): www. (limamemorial.org)
  • O'Leary ST, Suh CA, Marin M. Febrile seizures and measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine: what do primary care physicians think? (medscape.com)
  • Huang LM, Lee BW, Chan PC, Povey M, Henry O. Immunogenicity and safety of combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine using new measles and rubella working seeds in healthy children in Taiwan and Singapore: A phase II, randomized, double-blind trial. (medscape.com)
  • A rubella blood test checks to see if you have antibodies to the rubella virus. (webmd.com)
  • Mayo Medical Laboratories: "Test ID: RBPG - Rubella Antibodies, IgG, Serum. (webmd.com)
  • IgG antibodies to rubella virus were determined in 9,046 women giving birth between 1 August 1990 and 30 September 1991 in 23 of 26 Swiss cantons. (nih.gov)
  • Detection of serum antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella after primary measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination in children. (medscape.com)
  • In recent years, an increasing proportion of rubella cases have been reported among adults, and outbreaks have occurred among persons of Hispanic ethnicity. (cdc.gov)
  • Most people who get rubella are young adults who have not been vaccinated. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Rubella is a mild illness in adults. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Children who have rubella usually recover within 1 week, but adults may take longer. (kidshealth.org)
  • Most rubella infections today are in young, non-immunized adults rather than in kids. (kidshealth.org)
  • In fact, experts say that about 10% of young adults are not vaccinated against rubella, which could be dangerous for any children they might have someday. (kidshealth.org)
  • Some adults with rubella, especially women, get sore or swollen joints. (mn.us)
  • Nov. 20, 2020 The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine has been theorized to provide protection against COVID-19. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Playlist NartraradioRoma: 01_Measles Mumps Rubella - hollow body 02_Pit Malone - leash me 03_Arrogalla. (freemusicarchive.org)
  • Rubella vaccine is contained in the MMR vaccine (Measles, Mumps, Rubella). (mn.us)
  • Because the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is given to most children, rubella is much less common now. (limamemorial.org)
  • Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combination vaccine and the risk of febrile seizures. (medscape.com)
  • Hviid A. Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella combination vaccine increases risk of febrile seizure. (medscape.com)
  • The name rubella is derived from a Latin term meaning "little red. (medscape.com)
  • The average incubation period of rubella is 14 days, with a range of 12 to 23 days. (cdc.gov)
  • Rubella usually is mild in kids, who often can be cared for at home. (kidshealth.org)
  • Rubella (German measles) is usually a mild self-limiting disease with few complications. (health.gov.au)
  • In 2004, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that, since 2001, fewer than 25 cases of rubella have occurred each year in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • Title : Rubella Corporate Authors(s) : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Global Health Odyssey Museum. (cdc.gov)
  • An independent panel convened by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2004 found that about 91% of the US population is immune to rubella. (medscape.com)
  • During 2016-2019, a median of 5 (range, 1-7) imported rubella cases were reported annually in the United States, and 8 CRS cases were reported during the same period. (cdc.gov)
  • Measles, mumps, and rubella are infections that can lead to serious illness. (kidshealth.org)
  • The year-to-date total is 195 cases of measles and 0 case of rubella for 2015. (canada.ca)
  • Rubella can be spread when a person with rubella coughs or sneezes near you, or if you touch fluids from the mouth or nose of a person with rubella and then touch your eyes, nose, or mouth. (mn.us)
  • Rates of diagnosis of rubella were low and fairly consistent across jurisdictions in 2014, ranging from no reported diagnoses in the Australian Capital Territory, Northern Territory and Tasmania to 0.1 per 100,000 population in Queensland, Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and Western Australia NNDSS 2016. (health.gov.au)
  • Before the rubella vaccination became available in 1969, epidemics occurred every 6-9 years and pandemics every 10-20 years. (medscape.com)
  • People who are not immune to rubella should be vaccinated before becoming pregnant. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • If your rubella titer is 80, then you are immune to rubella. (ndtv.com)
  • Rubella vaccine is not indicated if you are already immune. (ndtv.com)
  • Rubella is a spherical, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family Matonaviridae , genus Rubivirus . (cdc.gov)
  • Rubella virus is transmitted through person-to-person contact or droplets shed from the respiratory secretions of infected people. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2015, the World Health Organization Region of the Americas became the first in the world to be declared free of endemic rubella virus transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • In the United States, endemic rubella virus transmission was interrupted in 2001 and elimination verified in 2004, but imported cases of rubella and CRS continue to occur. (cdc.gov)
  • It is caused by rubella virus, which is a member of the Rubivirus genus of the family Togaviridae. (medscape.com)
  • The usual portal of entry of rubella virus is the respiratory epithelium of the nasopharynx. (medscape.com)
  • Only one antigenic type of rubella virus is available, and humans are the only natural hosts. (medscape.com)
  • These 2 envelope proteins comprise the spiked 5-nm to 6-nm surface projections that are observed on the outer membrane of rubella virus and are important for the virulence of the virus. (medscape.com)
  • Rubella virus was first isolated in 1962 by two independent groups, Paul D. Parkman and colleagues and Thomas H. Weller and Franklin A. Neva. (cdc.gov)
  • Rubella virus is the sole member of the genus Rubivirus, in the family Matonaviridae. (cdc.gov)
  • But since rubella isn't a common illness, the test may be a "false-positive" -- you might be infected with a different virus or the test is reacting to other proteins in your blood instead. (webmd.com)
  • Rubella is caused by the rubella (roo-BELL-uh) virus ( not the same virus that causes measles ). (kidshealth.org)
  • [ 2 ] The live-attenuated virus vaccine has decreased the incidence of rubella significantly, thereby decreasing congenital disease. (medscape.com)
  • Measles, mumps, and rubella are the three common contagious airborne diseases that are highly caused by virus transmitted by sneezing and coughing of the infected person, which could lead to serious complications or death among children. (openpr.com)
  • However, rubella is caused by a different virus than measles. (wisconsin.gov)
  • Rubella is caused by a virus that is spread through the air or by close contact. (limamemorial.org)
  • Rubella virus usually cannot be recovered by viral culture or immunohistologic testing. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Rubella is caused by a virus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rubella is spread mainly by breathing in small virus-containing droplets of moisture that have been coughed into the air by an infected person. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The region of the rubella virus nonstructural open reading frame that contains the papain-like cysteine protease domain and its cleavage site was expressed with a Sindbis virus vector. (caltech.edu)
  • A 38-year-old Indonesian migrant worker in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, was confirmed on Monday to be infected by the rubella virus after he returned from a visit to his home country, making him the first imported case of German measles in Taiwan this year. (asiatimes.com)
  • Can We Eliminate Measles and Rubella Worldwide? (medscape.com)
  • Complications of rubella are rare. (cdc.gov)
  • Similarly, in 2017, the Government of India launches Pan-India Measles-Rubella vaccination campaign, under which children ages from 9 months to 15 years are vaccinated to reduce the incidence of these disease in children. (openpr.com)
  • According to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 2017, measles and rubella have been eliminated from the Americas region, however, the challenge lies in preventing the outbreak. (openpr.com)
  • In March 2107, GSK's measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine for indication of measles, mumps, and rubella prophylaxis was in phase III trial, which is expected to commercialize in the forecast period of 2017 to 2025. (openpr.com)
  • In Canada, no new cases of measles or rubella were reported in week 52, 2017. (canada.ca)
  • A total of 45 cases of measles and no cases of rubella have been reported in Canada in 2017. (canada.ca)
  • Rubella was initially considered to be a variant of measles or scarlet fever. (cdc.gov)
  • As the incidence of rubella declines, serologic confirmation of cases becomes more important. (cdc.gov)
  • In 1977-1981, 20,395 cases of rubella were reported in the United States. (medscape.com)
  • A total of 94,030 rubella cases were reported to WHO in 2012 from 174 member states, an 86% decrease from the 670,894 cases reported in 2000 from 102 member states. (medscape.com)
  • Health care providers must report cases of rubella. (wisconsin.gov)
  • A total of 195 cases of measles, and 0 cases of rubella have been reported in Canada for 2015. (canada.ca)
  • Figure 2: Distribution of confirmed measles and rubella cases by health region. (canada.ca)
  • No Data' is indicated for jurisdictions that do report cases of measles or rubella to the Public Health Agency of Canada, but do not include the public health region variable. (canada.ca)
  • Health authorities have today announced six confirmed cases of rubella all aged between 6 and 15 years old. (solomontimes.com)
  • There are no reported active cases of rubella in Canada (Figure not shown). (canada.ca)
  • Since 2004 in the United States, all cases of rubella have been imported by people traveling from areas where rubella is more common and acquiring rubella while abroad before returning to the United States. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Number of rubella cases per year. (medscape.com)
  • CSF total protein and globulin and rubella antibody titers in CSF and serum are elevated. (merckmanuals.com)
  • According to CDC, two doses of measles, mumps and rubella vaccine are 97% effective against measles and 88% effective against mumps. (openpr.com)
  • If a pregnant woman contracts rubella, the disease can lead to serious injury to the unborn baby. (fhi.no)
  • 80-90% of mothers who contract rubella within the critical first trimester have either a miscarriage or a stillborn baby. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rubella vaccine protects people from the disease. (kidshealth.org)
  • The MMR vaccine protects against measles , mumps , and rubella (German measles) . (kidshealth.org)
  • However, as with other viral diseases, reexposure to natural rubella occasionally leads to reinfection without clinical illness or detectable viremia. (cdc.gov)
  • Lead author Amy Winter, PhD , assistant professor of epidemiology and biostatistics, University of Georgia College of Public Health, Athens, told Medscape Medical News that "under the intensified investment scenario, rubella elimination is likely to be achieved in all 93 countries that were modeled [but] measles elimination is likely in some but not all countries. (medscape.com)
  • In the interim, rubella elimination looks promising. (medscape.com)
  • In 2014, there were 17 diagnoses of rubella (0.1 per 100,000 population) NNDSS 2016. (health.gov.au)
  • Diagnosis is based on serologic demonstration of specific rubella IgM or significant increase in rubella IgG in acute- and convalescent-phase specimens. (cdc.gov)
  • Rubella can have serious consequences for pregnant women and their children. (redcross.org)
  • Rubella is not common in Canada because most children are vaccinated (immunized) against it. (healthlinkbc.ca)
  • Most healthy children and adult males recover from rubella without any problems. (mn.us)
  • The rubella vaccine is recommended for all children. (limamemorial.org)
  • Children are offered the MMR vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella at the age of 15 months and in 6th grade (approximately 11 years). (fhi.no)
  • Rubella is also a contagious viral disease, but milder than measles. (who.int)