Salicaceae
Casearia
Isolation and characterization of a new peroxiredoxin from poplar sieve tubes that uses either glutaredoxin or thioredoxin as a proton donor. (1/17)
A sequence coding for a peroxiredoxin (Prx) was isolated from a xylem/phloem cDNA library from Populus trichocarpa and subsequently inserted into an expression plasmid yielding the construction pET-Prx. The recombinant protein was produced in Escherichia coli cells and purified to homogeneity with a high yield. The poplar Prx is composed of 162 residues, a property that makes it the shortest plant Prx sequence isolated so far. It was shown that the protein is monomeric and possesses two conserved cysteines (Cys). The Prx degrades hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides in the presence of an exogenous proton donor that can be either thioredoxin or glutaredoxin (Grx). Based on this finding, we propose that the poplar protein represents a new type of Prx that differs from the so-called 2-Cys and 1-Cys Prx, a suggestion supported by the existence of natural fusion sequences constituted of a Prx motif coupled to a Grx motif. The protein was shown to be highly expressed in sieve tubes where thioredoxin h and Grx are also major proteins. (+info)Differential substrate inhibition couples kinetically distinct 4-coumarate:coenzyme a ligases with spatially distinct metabolic roles in quaking aspen. (2/17)
4-Coumarate:coenzyme A ligase (4CL) activates hydroxycinnamates for entry into phenylpropanoid branchways that support various metabolic activities, including lignification and flavonoid biosynthesis. However, it is not clear whether and how 4CL proteins with their broad substrate specificities fulfill the specific hydroxycinnamate requirements of the branchways they supply. Two tissue-specific 4CLs, Pt4CL1 and Pt4CL2, have previously been cloned from quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), but whether they are catalytically adapted for the distinctive metabolic roles they are thought to support is not apparent from published biochemical data. Therefore, single- and mixed-substrate assays were conducted to determine whether the 4CLs from aspen exhibit clear catalytic identities under certain metabolic circumstances. Recombinant Pt4CL1 and Pt4CL2 exhibited the expected preference for p-coumarate in single-substrate assays, but strong competitive inhibition favored utilization of caffeate and p-coumarate, respectively, in mixed-substrate assays. The Pt4CL1 product, caffeoyl-CoA, predominated in mixed-substrate assays with xylem extract, and this was consistent with the near absence of Pt4CL2 expression in xylem tissue as determined by in situ hybridization. It is interesting that the Pt4CL2 product p-coumaroyl-CoA predominated in assays with developing leaf extract, although in situ hybridization revealed that both genes were coexpressed. The xylem extract and recombinant 4CL1 data allow us to advance a mechanism by which 4CL1 can selectively utilize caffeate for the support of monolignol biosynthesis in maturing xylem and phloem fibers. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), in contrast, possesses a single 4CL protein exhibiting broad substrate specificity in mixed-substrate assays. We discuss these 4CL differences in terms of the contrasts in lignification between angiosperm trees and their gymnosperm progenitors. (+info)Ethylene enhances water transport in hypoxic aspen. (3/17)
Water transport was examined in solution culture grown seedlings of aspen (Populus tremuloides) after short-term exposures of roots to exogenous ethylene. Ethylene significantly increased stomatal conductance, root hydraulic conductivity (L(p)), and root oxygen uptake in hypoxic seedlings. Aerated roots that were exposed to ethylene also showed enhanced L(p). An ethylene action inhibitor, silver thiosulphate, significantly reversed the enhancement of L(p) by ethylene. A short-term exposure of excised roots to ethylene significantly enhanced the root water flow (Q(v)), measured by pressurizing the roots at 0.3 MPa. The Q(v) values in ethylene-treated roots declined significantly when 50 microM HgCl(2) was added to the root medium and this decline was reversed by the addition of 20 mM 2-mercaptoethanol. The results suggest that the response of Q(v) to ethylene involves mercury-sensitive water channels and that root-absorbed ethylene enhanced water permeation through roots, resulting in an increase in root water transport and stomatal opening in hypoxic seedlings. (+info)Genetic manipulation of the metabolism of polyamines in poplar cells. The regulation of putrescine catabolism. (4/17)
We investigated the catabolism of putrescine (Put) in a non-transgenic (NT) and a transgenic cell line of poplar (Populus nigra x maximowiczii) expressing a mouse (Mus musculus) ornithine (Orn) decarboxylase (odc) cDNA. The transgenic cells produce 3- to 4-fold higher amounts of Put than the NT cells. The rate of loss of Put from the cells and the initial half-life of cellular Put were determined by feeding the cells with [U-(14)C]Orn and [1,4-(14)C]Put as precursors and following the loss of [(14)C]Put in the cells at various times after transfer to label-free medium. The amount of Put converted into spermidine as well as the loss of Put per gram fresh weight were significantly higher in the transgenic cells than the NT cells. The initial half-life of exogenously supplied [(14)C]Put was not significantly different in the two cell lines. The activity of diamine oxidase, the major enzyme involved in Put catabolism, was comparable in the two cell lines even though the Put content of the transgenic cells was severalfold higher than the NT cells. It is concluded that in poplar cells: (a) exogenously supplied Orn enters the cells and is rapidly converted into Put, (b) the rate of Put catabolism is proportional to the rate of its biosynthesis, and (c) the increased Put degradation occurs without significant changes in the activity of diamine oxidase. (+info)Laccase down-regulation causes alterations in phenolic metabolism and cell wall structure in poplar. (5/17)
Laccases are encoded by multigene families in plants. Previously, we reported the cloning and characterization of five divergent laccase genes from poplar (Populus trichocarpa) xylem. To investigate the role of individual laccase genes in plant development, and more particularly in lignification, three independent populations of antisense poplar plants, lac3AS, lac90AS, and lac110AS with significantly reduced levels of laccase expression were generated. A repression of laccase gene expression had no effect on overall growth and development. Moreover, neither lignin content nor composition was significantly altered as a result of laccase suppression. However, one of the transgenic populations, lac3AS, exhibited a 2- to 3-fold increase in total soluble phenolic content. As indicated by toluidine blue staining, these phenolics preferentially accumulate in xylem ray parenchyma cells. In addition, light and electron microscopic observations of lac3AS stems indicated that lac3 gene suppression led to a dramatic alteration of xylem fiber cell walls. Individual fiber cells were severely deformed, exhibiting modifications in fluorescence emission at the primary wall/middle lamella region and frequent sites of cell wall detachment. Although a direct correlation between laccase gene expression and lignification could not be assigned, we show that the gene product of lac3 is essential for normal cell wall structure and integrity in xylem fibers. lac3AS plants provide a unique opportunity to explore laccase function in plants. (+info)Light-regulated leaf expansion in two Populus species: dependence on developmentally controlled ion transport. (6/17)
Leaf growth responses to light have been compared in two species of Populus, P. deltoides and P. trichocarpa. These species differ markedly in morphology, anatomy, and dependence on light during leaf expansion. Light stimulates the growth rate and acidification of cell walls in P. trichocarpa but not in P. deltoides, whereas leaves of P. deltoides maintain growth in the dark. Light-induced growth is promoted in P. deltoides when cells are provided 50-100 mM KCl. In both species, light initially depolarizes, then hyperpolarizes mesophyll plasma membranes. However, in the dark, the resting E(m) of mesophyll cells in P. deltoides, but not in P. trichocarpa, is relatively insensitive to decade changes in external [K+]. Results suggest that light-stimulated leaf growth depends on developmentally regulated cellular mechanisms controlling ion fluxes across the plasma membrane. These developmental differences underlie species-level differences in growth and physiological responses to the photoenvironment. (+info)Structure and function of shisham forests in central Himalaya, India: dry matter dynamics. (7/17)
The biomass and net primary productivity (NPP) of 5- to 15-year-old Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) forests growing in central Himalaya were estimated. Allometric equations were developed for all above- and below-ground components of trees and shrubs for each stand. Understorey forest floor biomass and litter fall were also estimated in forest stands. The biomass (dry matter), forest floor biomass (standing crop litter), tree litter fall and NPP of trees and shrubs increased with increasing age of the forest stand, whereas the dry matter and herb NPP decreased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing age of the forest. Total forest biomass and NPP ranged from 58.7 (5-year-old stand) to 136.1 t ha(-1) (15-year-old stand) and 12.6 (5-year-old stand) to 20.3 t ha(-1) year(-1) (15-year-old stand), respectively. Of these values, tree biomass accounted for 85.7 (5-year-old stand) to 90.1% (15-year-old) of total forest biomass, and tree NPP for 72.2 (5-year-old) to 82.3% (15-year-old) of total forest NPP. The biomass accumulation ratio (BAR) of the bole component (bole wood + bole bark) increased with increasing age of the forest stand. The bole BAR was 5.8 (5-year-old stand) to 7.9 (15-year-old stand). However, total BAR of the forest stand ranged from 5.5 (5-year-old) to 7.5 (15-year-old). (+info)Differential accumulation of dimethylallyl diphosphate in leaves and needles of isoprene- and methylbutenol-emitting and nonemitting species. (8/17)
The biosynthesis and emission of volatile plant terpenoids, such as isoprene and methylbutenol (MBO), depend on the chloroplastic production of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). To date, it has been difficult to study the relationship of cellular DMAPP levels to emission of these volatiles because of the lack of a sensitive assay for DMAPP in plant tissues. Using a recent DMAPP assay developed in our laboratories, we report that species with the highest potential for isoprene and MBO production also exhibit elevated light-dependent DMAPP production, ranging from 110% to 1,063%. Even species that do not produce significant amounts of volatile terpenoids, however, exhibit some potential for light-dependent production of DMAPP. We used a nonaqueous fractionation technique to determine the intracellular distribution of DMAPP in isoprene-emitting cottonwood (Populus deltoides) leaves; approximately 65% to 70% of the DMAPP recovered at midday occurred in the chloroplasts, indicating that most of the light-dependent production of DMAPP was chloroplastic in origin. The midday concentration of chloroplastic DMAPP in cottonwood leaves is estimated to be 0.13 to 3.0 mM, which is consistent with the relatively high K(m)s that have been reported for isoprene synthases (0.5-8 mM). The results provide support for the hypothesis that the light dependence of isoprene and MBO emissions is in part due to controls over DMAPP production. (+info)I apologize for any confusion, but "Salicaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in botany, specifically a family of flowering plants that includes willows, poplars, and sallows. The plants in this family are known for their production of salicylic acid, which is a precursor to aspirin. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those instead!
"Salix" is the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as willows. These are deciduous trees and shrubs that belong to the family Salicaceae. While "Salix" is not a medical term itself, certain species of willow have been used in medicine for their medicinal properties.
For instance, the bark of white willow (Salix alba) contains salicin, which has anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects similar to aspirin. The use of willow bark extract as a natural pain reliever and fever reducer dates back thousands of years in various traditional medicine systems.
However, it's important to note that the modern medical definition of "salicylate" refers to a group of compounds that includes both naturally occurring substances like salicin found in willow bark and synthetic derivatives such as aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid). These compounds share similar therapeutic properties and are used to treat pain, inflammation, and fever.
"Casearia" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, which includes around 150-200 species. These plants are commonly known as shrubs or small trees and are native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The leaves of Casearia plants are typically simple and opposite, with serrated or entire margins. The flowers are small and greenish-white, and the fruit is a drupe that contains one or two seeds.
Some species of Casearia have been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, such as skin conditions, fever, and diarrhea. However, it's important to note that the safety and efficacy of using these plants for medicinal purposes have not been thoroughly studied or proven through scientific research. Therefore, it is not recommended to use any plant or herbal remedy without consulting a qualified healthcare professional first.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Populus" is not a medical term. It is actually the genus name for a group of trees commonly known as poplars, aspens, and cottonwoods. If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to define or explain, I would be happy to help!
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Salix4
- Sex determination has been studied in multiple Salix and Populus (Salicaceae) species, and P. trichocarpa has an XY sex determination system on chromosome 19, while S. suchowensis and S. viminalis have a ZW system on chromosome 15. (doe.gov)
- In traditionele zin telde deze familie twee à drie geslachten, waarvan voor Nederland twee geslachten belangrijk zijn: te weten wilg ( Salix ) en populier ( Populus ). (parkmerwestein.nl)
- Salicaceae Salix myrsinifolia Salisb. (bas-net.by)
- Here we linked oviposition behaviour of the specialist willow sawfly Nematus oligospilus F¨orster (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) with leaf traits on different Salix L. (Salicaceae) genotypes. (uchile.cl)
Species2
- In this article we discuss methods for obtaining quality seeds of Salicaceae species. (uwpress.org)
- Our analysis contributes toward understanding the organization and evolution of organelle genomes in Salicaceae species. (springeropen.com)
Willow1
- The Salicaceae is the willow family of flowering plants. (wikipedia.org)
Populus1
- Salicaceae Populus alba L. (bas-net.by)
Malpighiales1
- The paper presents Salicaceae taxa (Malpighiales) associated with longicorn beetle taxa of Turkey for the first time. (munisentzool.org)
Family2
- However, the difference in plastid sequence, phylogenetic relationships, and lineage diversification of the family Salicaceae s.l. remain poorly understood. (nih.gov)
- As a result, the members of Salicaceae family are preferred by a total of 99 species or species-group taxa of longicorn beetles of Turkey. (munisentzool.org)
Species1
- in the Salicaceae like closely related species. (wwu.edu)
Mirb2
- Salicaceae Mirb. (wikipedia.org)
- Home » Dicots » Salicaceae - Mirb. (myspecies.info)
Magnoliophyta1
- Flora of North America North of Mexico, Vol. 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae. (nih.gov)
Flora1
- Salicaceae Flora of China 4: 139-279. (wikimedia.org)
Traditional1
- Salicaceae) is a traditional analgesic and antirheumatic herbal medicine. (bvsalud.org)