A plant species in the genus SAMBUCUS, known for the elderberry fruit. The plant is also a source of Sambucus nigra lectins and ribosome-inactivating protein.
N-Glycosidases that remove adenines from RIBOSOMAL RNA, depurinating the conserved alpha-sarcin loop of 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA. They often consist of a toxic A subunit and a binding lectin B subunit. They may be considered as PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS. They are found in many PLANTS and have cytotoxic and antiviral activity.
Ribosome inactivating proteins consisting of two polypeptide chains, the toxic A subunit and a lectin B subunit, linked by disulfide bridges. The lectin portion binds to cell surfaces and facilitates transport into the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.
A plant genus in the family CAPRIFOLIACEAE known for elderberries.
Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.
Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.
The black substance in the ventral midbrain or the nucleus of cells containing the black substance. These cells produce DOPAMINE, an important neurotransmitter in regulation of the sensorimotor system and mood. The dark colored MELANIN is a by-product of dopamine synthesis.
An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518)
A plant genus in the family CAPRIFOLIACEAE. The common name derives from its traditional use for menstrual cramps. It is a source of viburnine, valerianic acid, vibsanin, and ursolic acid. Note that true cranberry is VACCINIUM MACROCARPON.
A plant genus in the family APIACEAE (Umbelliferae) that is used in SPICES and is a source of anethole.
A class of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of nitrogen-linked sugars.
A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-.
A plant genus of the family APIACEAE used in SPICES.
A group of naturally occurring N-and O-acyl derivatives of the deoxyamino sugar neuraminic acid. They are ubiquitously distributed in many tissues.
The aggregation of ERYTHROCYTES by AGGLUTININS, including antibodies, lectins, and viral proteins (HEMAGGLUTINATION, VIRAL).
The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.
The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.
Proteins found in plants (flowers, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc.). The concept does not include proteins found in vegetables for which VEGETABLE PROTEINS is available.
An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.
The largest class of organic compounds, including STARCH; GLYCOGEN; CELLULOSE; POLYSACCHARIDES; and simple MONOSACCHARIDES. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of Cn(H2O)n.
An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-2,3, alpha-2,6-, and alpha-2,8-glycosidic linkages (at a decreasing rate, respectively) of terminal sialic residues in oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, colominic acid, and synthetic substrate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992)
A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates consisting of long, often branched chains of repeating monosaccharide units joined together by glycosidic bonds, which serve as energy storage molecules (e.g., glycogen), structural components (e.g., cellulose), and molecular recognition sites in various biological systems.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The outer layer of the woody parts of plants.
SESQUITERPENES cyclized into two adjoining cyclohexane rings but with a different configuration from the ARTEMISININS.
A subclass of iridoid compounds that include a glycoside moiety, usually found at the C-1 position.
A family of calcium-binding alpha-globulins that are synthesized in the LIVER and play an essential role in maintaining the solubility of CALCIUM in the BLOOD. In addition the fetuins contain aminoterminal cystatin domains and are classified as type 3 cystatins.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.

The Sambucus nigra type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein SNA-I' exhibits in planta antiviral activity in transgenic tobacco. (1/14)

Transgenic tobacco (Samsun NN) plants transformed with a cDNA clone encoding SNA-I' from Sambucus nigra synthesize, and correctly process and assemble, a fully active type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein. Expression of SNA-I' under the control of the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter enhances the plant's resistance against infection with tobacco mosaic virus. In contrast to type-1 ribosome-inactivating proteins, the expression of SNA-I' does not affect the growth and fertility of the transgenic plants and is not accompanied by an increased expression of pathogenesis-related proteins indicating that its antiviral activity most probably differs from that of pokeweed antiviral protein.  (+info)

Mutational analysis of the carbohydrate-binding activity of the NeuAc(alpha-2,6)Gal/GalNAc-specific type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein from elderberry (Sambucus nigra) fruits. (2/14)

Sambucus nigra agglutinin I (SNA-I) is a type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to mimic the conversion of the highly active B-chain of fruit-specific SNA (SNA-If) into the completely inactive B-chain of the closely related and naturally occurring loss-of-activity mutant called S. nigra agglutinin lectin-related protein. In the first mutant SNA-If-M1 the high-affinity site 2 of SNA-If was disrupted by replacing the presumed critical residue Asp231 with Glu231. In the double mutant SNA-If-M2, site 1 of SNA-If-M1 was also disrupted by substituting the presumed critical residue Asn48 with Ser48. The parent type 2 ribosome-inactivating protein and both mutants were expressed in Nicotiana tabacum Samsun NN and the recombinant proteins were purified and analysed. Recombinant SNA-If agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes equally well as SNA-If, but both mutants were completely inactive in this test. Binding assays to immobilized galactose and fetuin revealed that the mutation Asp231-->Glu231 reduces the affinity of the B-chain for galactose and fetuin by more than 50%. Furthermore, the introduction of the second mutation Asn48-->Ser48 reduces the binding activity to less than 20% of the original activity.  (+info)

A complex fruit-specific type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein from elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is correctly processed and assembled in transgenic tobacco plants. (3/14)

Fruits of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) express small quantities of a type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein with an exclusive specificity towards the NeuAc(alpha2,6)Gal/GalNAc disaccharide and a unique molecular structure typified by the occurrence of a disulfide bridge between the B-chains of two adjacent protomers. A cDNA clone encoding this so-called Sambucus nigra fruit specific agglutinin I (SNA-If) was isolated and expressed in tobacco (Samsun NN) under the control of the 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter. Characterization of the purified protein indicated that the recombinant SNA-If from tobacco leaves has the same molecular structure and biological activities as native SNA-If from elderberry fruits, demonstrating that transgenic tobacco plants are fully capable of expressing and correctly processing and assembling a type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein with a complex molecular structure. None of the transformants showed a phenotypic effect, indicating that the ectopically expressed SNA-If does not affect the viability of the tobacco cells. Bioassays further demonstrated that none of the transgenic lines exhibited a decreased sensitivity to infection with tobacco mosaic virus suggesting that the elderberry type-2 RIP SNA-If does not act as an antiviral agent in planta.  (+info)

The effect of herbal remedies on the production of human inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. (4/14)

BACKGROUND: Some herbal remedies are sold as food additives and are believed to have immune-enhancing properties. OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of five herbal remedies--Sambucol Black Elderberry Extract, Sambucol Active Defense Formula and Sambucol for Kids (with known antiviral properties), Protec and Chizukit N (containing propolis and Echinacea, claimed to be immune enhancers)--on the production of cytokines, one of the main components of the immune system. METHODS: The production of four inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6 and IL-8) and one anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) was tested using blood-derived monocytes from 12 healthy donors. RESULTS: The Sambucol preparations increased the production of five cytokines (1.3-6.2 fold) compared to the control. Protec induced only a moderate production of IL-8 (1.6 fold) and IL-10 (2.3 fold) while Chizukit N caused only a moderate increase in IL-10 production (1.4 fold). Both Protec and Chizukit N caused moderate decreases in IL-1 beta, TNF alpha and IL-6 production. Lipopolysaccharide, a known activator of monocytes, induced the highest levels of cytokine production (3.6-10.7 fold). CONCLUSIONS: The three Sambucol formulations activate the healthy immune system by increasing inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines production, while the effect of Protec and Chizukit N is much less. Sambucol could therefore have immunostimulatory properties when administered to patients suffering from influenza (as shown before), or immunodepressed cancer or AIDS patients who are receiving chemotherapy or other treatments.  (+info)

Analysis of the in planta antiviral activity of elderberry ribosome-inactivating proteins. (5/14)

Although the type-2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (SNA-I, SNA-V, SNLRP) from elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) are all devoid of rRNA N-glycosylase activity towards plant ribosomes, some of them clearly show polynucleotide-adenosine glycosylase activity towards tobacco mosaic virus RNA. This particular substrate specificity was exploited to further unravel the mechanism underlying the in planta antiviral activity of ribosome-inactivating proteins. Transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Samsun NN) plants expressing the elderberry ribosome-inactivating proteins were generated and challenged with tobacco mosaic virus in order to analyze their antiviral properties. Although some transgenic plants clearly showed antiviral activity, no clear correlation was observed between in planta antiviral activity of transgenic tobacco lines expressing the different ribosome-inactivating proteins and the in vitro polynucleotide-adenosine glycosylase activity of the respective proteins towards tobacco mosaic virus genomic RNA. However, our results suggest that the in planta antiviral activity of some ribosome-inactivating proteins may rely on a direct mechanism on the virus. In addition, it is evident that the working mechanism proposed for pokeweed antiviral protein cannot be extrapolated to elderberry ribosome-inactivating proteins because the expression of SNA-V is not accompanied by induction of pathogenesis-related proteins.  (+info)

Sialyltransferase mRNA abundances in B cells are strictly controlled, correlated with cognate lectin binding, and differentially responsive to immune signaling in vitro. (6/14)

Mouse gene knockout studies have provided unimpeachable evidence of immune-relevant functions for several sialyltransferase enzymes including ST6Gal I, ST3Gal I, and ST3Gal IV. Such studies cannot, however, identify cellular mechanisms for regulating such activities. In this article we provide evidence that murine B lymphocytes respond to specific immune signals in vitro with tightly regulated changes in the sialic acid composition of the cell surface glycocalyx. These changes are both quantitative and qualitative in nature and are apparently regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. We used lectin binding and flow cytometry combined with relative real-time PCR to show that MAH and PNA binding are tightly correlated with the abundance of ST3Gal IV and ST3Gal I mRNA, respectively, under several different conditions of B cell stimulation. Finally, we show that although SNA binding and the expression of ST6Gal I coding sequence are not tightly correlated, there is a clear differential control of 5'UTR exon usage in response to different immune signals.  (+info)

Changes in expansin activity and gene expression during ethylene-promoted leaflet abscission in Sambucus nigra. (7/14)

During ethylene-promoted leaflet abscission in Sambucus nigra a 7-fold increase in expansin activity was detected specifically in tissues undergoing cell separation, whilst only low levels of activity were seen in adjacent non-abscising tissues. An RT-PCR strategy was used to amplify expansin fragments from a cDNA library generated from mRNA extracted from ethylene-treated leaflet abscission-zone tissue. Two different full-length expansin-encoding cDNAs were isolated with sizes of 1190 bp and 1169 bp and named SniExp2 and SniExp4, respectively. The deduced protein sequences of SniExp2 and SniExp4 exhibited 67% homology and comprised 256 and 249 amino acids, respectively. Both putative proteins contained signal sequences at their N terminal ends, suggesting that they were likely to encode secreted or transmembrane proteins. Northern analyses with probes specific for each gene revealed that transcripts for both of these cDNAs accumulated specifically in abscission zone tissues in response to ethylene treatment, with no expression being apparent in either freshly excised material or non-separating tissues. These data support a role for expansins in ethylene-stimulated abscission and provide evidence that specific family members contribute to the cell separation process that takes place during organ shedding.  (+info)

Localization of mechanisms involved in hydropassive and hydroactive stomatal responses of Sambucus nigra to dry air. (8/14)

The response of stomata to a reduction of air humidity is composed of a hydropassive opening followed by active closure. Whereas the mechanisms behind the hydropassive opening are largely understood, the location and physiological basis of the sensing mechanisms leading to active closure are not yet known. This study attempts to evaluate the importance of a single pore's transpiration on its own response and that of adjacent pores. Selected stomata on attached intact leaves of Sambucus nigra were sealed with mineral oil and the response to a reduction of humidity was continuously observed in situ. Blocking a pore's transpiration had no appreciable effect on hydropassive opening and subsequent stomatal closure. If the adjacent stomata were additionally sealed, the closing response was reduced, but not the hydropassive opening. On the other hand, sealing the entire leaf surface, except a small area including the observed stomata, also reduced stomatal closure. These results indicate that strictly local processes triggered by a pore's own transpiration are not required to induce stomatal closure. To describe the effect of one pore's transpiration on the hydropassive and hydroactive responses of neighboring stomata, a simple spatial model was constructed. It suggests that 90% of the closing effect covers an area of approximately 0.5 mm2, whereas the effect on hydropassive opening affects an area of approximately 1 mm2. This divergence may suggest mechanisms other than or in addition to those involving changes of local leaf water potential.  (+info)

"Sambucus nigra" is the medical term for elderberry, which is a plant commonly used in complementary and alternative medicine. The fruit, leaves, and flowers of this shrub are used to make various remedies. Elderberry is believed to have several potential health benefits, including boosting the immune system, reducing inflammation, and providing antioxidants. However, it's important to note that more research is needed to confirm these effects and to establish safe and effective dosages. Additionally, some parts of the elderberry plant, particularly the seeds and stems, contain substances that can be toxic if not properly prepared, so it's recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before using elderberry products.

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a type of protein that can inhibit the function of ribosomes, which are the cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis. Ribosomes are made up of two subunits, and RIPs work by depurinating a specific adenine residue in the sarcin-ricin loop of the large rRNA subunit, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis and ultimately, cell death.

RIPs can be found in various organisms, including plants, bacteria, and fungi. Some RIPs have N-glycosidase activity, while others have both N-glycosidase and RNA N-hydroxylase activities. Based on their structure and mechanism of action, RIPs are classified into two types: type 1 and type 2.

Type 1 RIPs consist of a single polypeptide chain with N-glycosidase activity, while type 2 RIPs consist of two chains - an A chain with N-glycosidase activity and a B chain that acts as a lectin, facilitating the entry of the A chain into the cell.

RIPs have been studied for their potential use in cancer therapy due to their ability to inhibit protein synthesis in cancer cells. However, their toxicity to normal cells limits their therapeutic use. Therefore, researchers are exploring ways to modify RIPs to increase their specificity towards cancer cells while minimizing their toxicity to normal cells.

Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a class of toxic proteins that inhibit protein synthesis in cells by modifying ribosomal RNA. They can be found in various plants, animals, and bacteria. Type 2 RIPs are characterized by their structure, which consists of two separate polypeptide chains: an A chain with N-glycosidase activity that removes an adenine residue from a specific site on the 28S rRNA, and a B chain that facilitates the binding of the A chain to the ribosome. The B chain is a lectin domain that allows for specific recognition and binding to glycoconjugates on the cell surface, leading to internalization of the RIP into the cell. Type 2 RIPs are known for their ability to inhibit protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, making them potential candidates for use in cancer therapy and other medical applications.

"Sambucus" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae, commonly known as elder or elderberry. While "Sambucus" itself is not a medical term, certain species of this plant, particularly "Sambucus nigra," have been used in traditional medicine for their potential health benefits. The berries and flowers of elderberry are rich in vitamins and antioxidants, and they have been traditionally used to treat colds, flu, and other respiratory infections. However, it is important to note that the raw berries and leaves of elderberry contain a substance called sambunigrin, which can be toxic if consumed in large quantities or improperly prepared. Therefore, it is recommended to consume only properly cooked or processed elderberry products under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Plant lectins are proteins or glycoproteins that are abundantly found in various plant parts such as seeds, leaves, stems, and roots. They have the ability to bind specifically to carbohydrate structures present on cell membranes, known as glycoconjugates. This binding property of lectins is reversible and non-catalytic, meaning it does not involve any enzymatic activity.

Lectins play several roles in plants, including defense against predators, pathogens, and herbivores. They can agglutinate red blood cells, stimulate the immune system, and have been implicated in various biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death). Some lectins also exhibit mitogenic activity, which means they can stimulate the proliferation of certain types of cells.

In the medical field, plant lectins have gained attention due to their potential therapeutic applications. For instance, some lectins have been shown to possess anti-cancer properties and are being investigated as potential cancer treatments. However, it is important to note that some lectins can be toxic or allergenic to humans and animals, so they must be used with caution.

Lectins are a type of proteins that bind specifically to carbohydrates and have been found in various plant and animal sources. They play important roles in biological recognition events, such as cell-cell adhesion, and can also be involved in the immune response. Some lectins can agglutinate certain types of cells or precipitate glycoproteins, while others may have a more direct effect on cellular processes. In some cases, lectins from plants can cause adverse effects in humans if ingested, such as digestive discomfort or allergic reactions.

The Substantia Nigra is a region in the midbrain that plays a crucial role in movement control and reward processing. It is composed of two parts: the pars compacta and the pars reticulata. The pars compacta contains dopamine-producing neurons, whose loss or degeneration is associated with Parkinson's disease, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.

In summary, Substantia Nigra is a brain structure that contains dopamine-producing cells and is involved in movement control and reward processing. Its dysfunction or degeneration can lead to neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease.

N-Acetylneuraminic Acid (Neu5Ac) is an organic compound that belongs to the family of sialic acids. It is a common terminal sugar found on many glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of animal cells. Neu5Ac plays crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, signaling, and intercellular interactions. It is also involved in the protection against pathogens by serving as a barrier to prevent their attachment to host cells. Additionally, Neu5Ac has been implicated in several disease conditions, such as cancer and inflammation, due to its altered expression and metabolism.

"Viburnum" is not a medical term, but a genus of shrubs and small trees that belong to the Adoxaceae family. These plants are commonly known as "viburnums," and they have various uses in horticulture due to their attractive flowers, fruits, and foliage.

While there may be some medicinal uses for certain species of Viburnum, it is not a term that would typically appear in a medical context or definition. If you're looking for information about the medicinal properties of specific plants within the Viburnum genus, I would recommend consulting a reliable source on herbal medicine or speaking with a healthcare professional who has expertise in this area.

"Pimpinella" is a term that refers to a genus of plants in the family Apiaceae, also known as the carrot or parsley family. The most common species in this genus is Pimpinella anisum, which is known as anise or aniseed. This herb is native to the eastern Mediterranean region and Southwest Asia, and its seeds are used as a spice and medicinal plant.

Aniseed has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including treating digestive disorders such as bloating, gas, and indigestion. It contains a compound called anethole, which has been found to have antispasmodic, carminative, and analgesic properties. However, it's important to note that while aniseed may have some health benefits, it should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment.

Therefore, "Pimpinella" is not a medical term per se but rather a botanical name for a genus of plants with potential medicinal uses.

N-Glycosyl hydrolases (or N-glycanases) are a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond between an N-glycosyl group and an aglycon, which is typically another part of a larger molecule such as a protein or lipid. N-Glycosyl groups refer to carbohydrate moieties attached to an nitrogen atom, usually in the side chain of an amino acid such as asparagine (Asn) in proteins.

N-Glycosyl hydrolases play important roles in various biological processes, including the degradation and processing of glycoproteins, the modification of glycolipids, and the breakdown of complex carbohydrates. These enzymes are widely distributed in nature and have been found in many organisms, from bacteria to humans.

The classification and nomenclature of N-Glycosyl hydrolases are based on the type of glycosidic bond they cleave and the stereochemistry of the reaction they catalyze. They are grouped into different families in the Carbohydrate-Active enZymes (CAZy) database, which provides a comprehensive resource for the study of carbohydrate-active enzymes.

It is worth noting that N-Glycosyl hydrolases can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on human health. For example, they are involved in the normal turnover and degradation of glycoproteins in the body, but they can also contribute to the pathogenesis of certain diseases, such as lysosomal storage disorders, where mutations in N-Glycosyl hydrolases lead to the accumulation of undigested glycoconjugates and cellular damage.

Sialyltransferases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the biosynthesis of sialic acids, which are a type of sugar molecule found on the surface of many cell types. These enzymes catalyze the transfer of sialic acid from a donor molecule (usually CMP-sialic acid) to an acceptor molecule, such as a glycoprotein or glycolipid.

The addition of sialic acids to these molecules can affect their function and properties, including their recognition by other cells and their susceptibility to degradation. Sialyltransferases are involved in various biological processes, including cell-cell recognition, inflammation, and cancer metastasis.

There are several different types of sialyltransferases, each with specific substrate preferences and functions. For example, some sialyltransferases add sialic acids to the ends of N-linked glycans, while others add them to O-linked glycans or glycolipids.

Abnormalities in sialyltransferase activity have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory disorders, and neurological conditions. Therefore, understanding the function and regulation of these enzymes is an important area of research with potential implications for disease diagnosis and treatment.

"Foeniculum" is the genus name for a plant species that includes fennel. In a medical context, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) is known for its seeds and essential oil, which have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes such as improving digestion, reducing bloating, and alleviating menstrual discomfort. The seeds and oil contain several compounds with potential therapeutic effects, including anethole, fenchone, and estragole. However, it's important to note that the use of fennel in modern medicine is not well-studied, and more research is needed to establish its safety and efficacy.

Sialic acids are a family of nine-carbon sugars that are commonly found on the outermost surface of many cell types, particularly on the glycoconjugates of mucins in various secretions and on the glycoproteins and glycolipids of cell membranes. They play important roles in a variety of biological processes, including cell recognition, immune response, and viral and bacterial infectivity. Sialic acids can exist in different forms, with N-acetylneuraminic acid being the most common one in humans.

Hemagglutination is a medical term that refers to the agglutination or clumping together of red blood cells (RBCs) in the presence of an agglutinin, which is typically a protein or a polysaccharide found on the surface of certain viruses, bacteria, or incompatible blood types.

In simpler terms, hemagglutination occurs when the agglutinin binds to specific antigens on the surface of RBCs, causing them to clump together and form visible clumps or aggregates. This reaction is often used in diagnostic tests to identify the presence of certain viruses or bacteria, such as influenza or HIV, by mixing a sample of blood or other bodily fluid with a known agglutinin and observing whether hemagglutination occurs.

Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays are also commonly used to measure the titer or concentration of antibodies in a serum sample, by adding serial dilutions of the serum to a fixed amount of agglutinin and observing the highest dilution that still prevents hemagglutination. This can help determine whether a person has been previously exposed to a particular pathogen and has developed immunity to it.

A "carbohydrate sequence" refers to the specific arrangement or order of monosaccharides (simple sugars) that make up a carbohydrate molecule, such as a polysaccharide or an oligosaccharide. Carbohydrates are often composed of repeating units of monosaccharides, and the sequence in which these units are arranged can have important implications for the function and properties of the carbohydrate.

For example, in glycoproteins (proteins that contain carbohydrate chains), the specific carbohydrate sequence can affect how the protein is processed and targeted within the cell, as well as its stability and activity. Similarly, in complex carbohydrates like starch or cellulose, the sequence of glucose units can determine whether the molecule is branched or unbranched, which can have implications for its digestibility and other properties.

Therefore, understanding the carbohydrate sequence is an important aspect of studying carbohydrate structure and function in biology and medicine.

Glycosylation is the enzymatic process of adding a sugar group, or glycan, to a protein, lipid, or other organic molecule. This post-translational modification plays a crucial role in modulating various biological functions, such as protein stability, trafficking, and ligand binding. The structure and composition of the attached glycans can significantly influence the functional properties of the modified molecule, contributing to cell-cell recognition, signal transduction, and immune response regulation. Abnormal glycosylation patterns have been implicated in several disease states, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.

"Plant proteins" refer to the proteins that are derived from plant sources. These can include proteins from legumes such as beans, lentils, and peas, as well as proteins from grains like wheat, rice, and corn. Other sources of plant proteins include nuts, seeds, and vegetables.

Plant proteins are made up of individual amino acids, which are the building blocks of protein. While animal-based proteins typically contain all of the essential amino acids that the body needs to function properly, many plant-based proteins may be lacking in one or more of these essential amino acids. However, by consuming a variety of plant-based foods throughout the day, it is possible to get all of the essential amino acids that the body needs from plant sources alone.

Plant proteins are often lower in calories and saturated fat than animal proteins, making them a popular choice for those following a vegetarian or vegan diet, as well as those looking to maintain a healthy weight or reduce their risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Additionally, plant proteins have been shown to have a number of health benefits, including improving gut health, reducing inflammation, and supporting muscle growth and repair.

Galactose is a simple sugar or monosaccharide that is a constituent of lactose, the disaccharide found in milk and dairy products. It's structurally similar to glucose but with a different chemical structure, and it plays a crucial role in various biological processes.

Galactose can be metabolized in the body through the action of enzymes such as galactokinase, galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, and UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase. Inherited deficiencies in these enzymes can lead to metabolic disorders like galactosemia, which can cause serious health issues if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

In summary, Galactose is a simple sugar that plays an essential role in lactose metabolism and other biological processes.

Carbohydrates are a major nutrient class consisting of organic compounds that primarily contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are classified as saccharides, which include monosaccharides (simple sugars), disaccharides (double sugars), oligosaccharides (short-chain sugars), and polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates).

Monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose, are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of a single sugar molecule that cannot be broken down further by hydrolysis. Disaccharides, like sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar), are formed from two monosaccharide units joined together.

Oligosaccharides contain a small number of monosaccharide units, typically less than 20, while polysaccharides consist of long chains of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides can be further classified into starch (found in plants), glycogen (found in animals), and non-starchy polysaccharides like cellulose, chitin, and pectin.

Carbohydrates play a crucial role in providing energy to the body, with glucose being the primary source of energy for most cells. They also serve as structural components in plants (cellulose) and animals (chitin), participate in various metabolic processes, and contribute to the taste, texture, and preservation of foods.

Neuraminidase is an enzyme that occurs on the surface of influenza viruses. It plays a crucial role in the life cycle of the virus by helping it to infect host cells and to spread from cell to cell within the body. Neuraminidase works by cleaving sialic acid residues from glycoproteins, allowing the virus to detach from infected cells and to move through mucus and other bodily fluids. This enzyme is a major target of antiviral drugs used to treat influenza, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza). Inhibiting the activity of neuraminidase can help to prevent the spread of the virus within the body and reduce the severity of symptoms.

Affinity chromatography is a type of chromatography technique used in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate and purify proteins based on their biological characteristics, such as their ability to bind specifically to certain ligands or molecules. This method utilizes a stationary phase that is coated with a specific ligand (e.g., an antibody, antigen, receptor, or enzyme) that selectively interacts with the target protein in a sample.

The process typically involves the following steps:

1. Preparation of the affinity chromatography column: The stationary phase, usually a solid matrix such as agarose beads or magnetic beads, is modified by covalently attaching the ligand to its surface.
2. Application of the sample: The protein mixture is applied to the top of the affinity chromatography column, allowing it to flow through the stationary phase under gravity or pressure.
3. Binding and washing: As the sample flows through the column, the target protein selectively binds to the ligand on the stationary phase, while other proteins and impurities pass through. The column is then washed with a suitable buffer to remove any unbound proteins and contaminants.
4. Elution of the bound protein: The target protein can be eluted from the column using various methods, such as changing the pH, ionic strength, or polarity of the buffer, or by introducing a competitive ligand that displaces the bound protein.
5. Collection and analysis: The eluted protein fraction is collected and analyzed for purity and identity, often through techniques like SDS-PAGE or mass spectrometry.

Affinity chromatography is a powerful tool in biochemistry and molecular biology due to its high selectivity and specificity, enabling the efficient isolation of target proteins from complex mixtures. However, it requires careful consideration of the binding affinity between the ligand and the protein, as well as optimization of the elution conditions to minimize potential damage or denaturation of the purified protein.

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units (simple sugars) bonded together by glycosidic linkages. They can be classified based on the type of monosaccharides and the nature of the bonds that connect them.

Polysaccharides have various functions in living organisms. For example, starch and glycogen serve as energy storage molecules in plants and animals, respectively. Cellulose provides structural support in plants, while chitin is a key component of fungal cell walls and arthropod exoskeletons.

Some polysaccharides also have important roles in the human body, such as being part of the extracellular matrix (e.g., hyaluronic acid) or acting as blood group antigens (e.g., ABO blood group substances).

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Bark" is not a term with a specific medical definition. In general, the bark refers to the outermost covering of a tree or other plant, which serves as protection and provides a barrier against external threats. It is composed of layers including the inner bark (phloem), which transports nutrients throughout the plant, and the outer bark (periderm), which is made up of dead cells that form a protective layer.

While some plants or plant parts do have medicinal properties and are used in various forms of traditional or alternative medicine, "Plant Bark" by itself does not have any specific medical connotations. If you're referring to a specific type of plant bark with potential medicinal uses, please provide more details so I can give a more accurate response.

Eudesmane is a subclass of sesquiterpenes, which are organic compounds consisting of three isoprene units and having the molecular formula C15H24. Sesquiterpenes are derived from farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) in the mevalonate pathway and are biosynthesized through a series of enzymatic reactions.

Eudesmane sesquiterpenes are characterized by a unique carbon skeleton with a cyclohexane ring fused to a bicyclic system consisting of a cyclopentane and a cyclobutane ring. They can be found in various plants, fungi, and insects, and some eudesmane derivatives have been shown to possess biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties.

Eudesmane sesquiterpenes can exist in different forms, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters, depending on the functional groups attached to the carbon skeleton. Some examples of eudesmane sesquiterpenes include α-eudesmol, β-eudesmol, and eudesma-1,4-diene.

Iridoid glycosides are a type of naturally occurring compounds that are found in various plants, including the Lamiaceae (mint) family and the Plantaginaceae (plantain) family. These compounds consist of an iridoid moiety, which is a cyclic molecule derived from the terpene iridodial, linked to a sugar group. Iridoid glycosides have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and analgesic effects. Some examples of plants that contain iridoid glycosides include gardenia, olive, and valerian. It is important to note that while some iridoid glycosides have been found to have medicinal benefits, others may be toxic in high concentrations, so it is essential to use them under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Fetuins are a group of proteins that are produced by the liver and found in circulation in the blood. The most well-known fetuin, fetuin-A, is a 64 kDa glycoprotein that is synthesized in the liver and secreted into the bloodstream. Fetuin-A plays a role in several physiological processes, including inhibition of tissue calcification, regulation of insulin sensitivity, and modulation of immune responses.

Fetuin-B is another member of the fetuin family that shares some structural similarities with fetuin-A but has distinct functions. Fetuin-B is also produced by the liver and secreted into the bloodstream, where it plays a role in regulating lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

It's worth noting that while both fetuins have been studied for their roles in various physiological processes, there is still much to be learned about their functions and regulation.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Acetylgalactosamine (also known as N-acetyl-D-galactosamine or GalNAc) is a type of sugar molecule called a hexosamine that is commonly found in glycoproteins and proteoglycans, which are complex carbohydrates that are attached to proteins and lipids. It plays an important role in various biological processes, including cell-cell recognition, signal transduction, and protein folding.

In the context of medical research and biochemistry, Acetylgalactosamine is often used as a building block for synthesizing glycoconjugates, which are molecules that consist of a carbohydrate attached to a protein or lipid. These molecules play important roles in many biological processes, including cell-cell recognition, signaling, and immune response.

Acetylgalactosamine is also used as a target for enzymes called glycosyltransferases, which add sugar molecules to proteins and lipids. In particular, Acetylgalactosamine is the acceptor substrate for a class of glycosyltransferases known as galactosyltransferases, which add galactose molecules to Acetylgalactosamine-containing structures.

Defects in the metabolism of Acetylgalactosamine have been linked to various genetic disorders, including Schindler disease and Kanzaki disease, which are characterized by neurological symptoms and abnormal accumulation of glycoproteins in various tissues.

"Sambucus nigra L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 February 2022. "Sambucus nigra". Online ... "Sambucus nigra f. laciniata / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-03-06. "RHS Plantfinder - Sambucus nigra 'Eva'". ... "Sambucus nigra". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. "Plants profile for Sambucus nigra L. (black elderberry)". Natural ... and sometimes treated as subspecies of Sambucus nigra, including S. nigra subsp. canadensis and S. nigra subsp. cerulea. The ...
"Sambucus nigra". Retrieved 11 July 2012. BBC GoodFood Recipe Retrieved 2011-06-23. (Use dmy dates from September 2022, Articles ... Sambucus nigra L.). Historically, the cordial was popular in Northwestern Europe where it has a Victorian heritage. However, ...
"Sambucus nigra". Retrieved 2012-07-11. Fiona Danks; Jo Schofield (2005). Nature's playground: activities, crafts and games to ... It is made from elderflowers, the flowers of the European elderberry, Sambucus nigra, which are also used to make elderflower ...
"Sambucus ebulus". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Sambucus nigra". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved ... "Brassica nigra". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Brassica oleracea s.l.". MaltaWildPlants.com. ... "Morus nigra". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Musa paradisiaca". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved ... nigra". MaltaWildPlants.com. Retrieved 2022-01-04. Mifsud, Stephen. "Vicia sativa subsp. sativa". MaltaWildPlants.com. ...
Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis, Common Elderberry". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 6 May 2020. "Sambucus nigra ssp. ... Some authors treat it as conspecific, under the name Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis. Inedible parts of the plant, such as the ... ISBN 978-1-60239-692-0. OCLC 277203364.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) "Sambucus nigra". Integrated Taxonomic ... Flowers Foliage Fruits It is closely related to the European Sambucus nigra. ...
... or Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea, with the common names blue elderberry and blue elder, is a coarse textured ... "Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea (blue elderberry)". CalFlora Database. "[description] of Sambucus cerulea subsp. caerulea". Jepson ... "Ethnobotany of Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea". Dearborn, MI: University of Michigan. Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. ( ... nigra subsp. cerulea. The Sunset Western Garden Book identifies the plant as Sambucus mexicana, and note use of S. caerulea ...
Sambucus nigra contains 2.3%. "Termite queen, king recognition pheromone identified". 19 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018. ...
Sambucus canadensis L. = Sambucus nigra L. subsp. canadensis (L.) Bolli Sambucus mexicana auct. non C.Presl ex DC. = Sambucus ... cerulea (Raf.) A.E.Murray = Sambucus cerulea Raf. = Sambucus nigra L. subsp. cerulea (Raf.) Bolli Sambucus mexicana C.Presl ex ... 2013 Sambucus mexicana C.Presl ex DC. subsp. cerulea (Raf.) A.E.Murray USDA-NRCS PLANTS profile for Sambucus nigra L. ssp. ... Sambucus mexicana may refer to the following North American black or blue elderberry species: Sambucus mexicana C.Presl ex DC ...
Sambucus nigra, Caltha, Cirsium, Galium, Scrophularia, Sorbus aucuparia. The larvae are miners in the rhizomes of the common ...
... western North America Sambucus microbotrys - southwest North America Sambucus nigra - Europe and North America Sambucus ... South America Sambucus canadensis - eastern North America Sambucus cerulea - western North America Sambucus ebulus - central ... western North America Sambucus sibirica - eastern Asia Sambucus sieboldiana - Japan and Korea Sambucus simpsonii - southeastern ... south eastern Australia Sambucus javanica - southeastern Asia Sambucus lanceolata - Madeira Island Sambucus latipinna - Korea, ...
Thus, the American black elder is Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis; the white-flowered form of the ivy-leaved cyclamen is ...
Sambucus nigra), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), wild rose (Rosa sp.), rosebay willow herb (Epilobium angustifolium) and common ...
Veberic R, Jakopic J, Stampar F, Schmitzer V (15 May 2009). "European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) rich in sugars, organic ...
... and Sambucus nigra; Aceras anthropophorum, Campanula rotundifolia, Clematis vitalba, Crataegus monogyna, Fragaria vesca, ...
Sambucus nigra, Succisa, Valeriana. The flight period is end June to September. The larva feeds on aphids. Ball, S.G.; Morris, ...
... particularly Sambucus nigra (elder). It is also common on Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore), Fagus sylvatica (beech), Fraxinus ... in reference to Sambucus, the generic name for elder. The fruit body of A. auricula-judae is normally up to 90 mm (3.5 in) ...
The larvae feed on Clematis vitalba, Sambucus nigra, Arctium lappa and are found in July and August. Catalogue of life Fauna ...
Dryopteris dilitata subcommunity the Acer pseudoplatanus - Sambucus nigra subcommunity the Ammophila arenaria subcommunity ...
Sambucus nigra), red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa). Galls on dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus) may be caused by an undetermined ... The elder aphid (Aphis sambuci) causes similar injury. The mites leave the galls in late summer and spend the winter in bark ... The mites feed on the leaves of elder (Sambucus species), causing abnormal plant growths known as galls. The mite was described ... Species of elder galled include, American black elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), European elder ( ...
The stem of the pill is made from Tkemli (Prunus cerasifera plum tree) or Didgula (Sambucus nigra) wood. In ancient times, ...
Sambucus nigra, etc. Pond / wetlands Tropical greenhouses - bromeliaceae and orchids, coffee, palm trees, spice and medicinal ...
The specific Latin name "sambucina", refers to the smell of Elder (Sambucus nigra) emanating by some plants of this species. ...
Cymose corymb Sambucus nigra or elder (cymose corymb) Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. ...
flowering plants - alternate-leaved golden-saxifrage (Chrysosplenium alternifolium); black elder (Sambucus nigra) from the ...
Sambucus nigra). Several of the caves support bat populations. Geologically it is recognised as a fluvial karst feature which ... Centaurea scabiosa and Centaurea nigra), Rock-rose (Helianthemum nummularium) and Wild thyme (Thymus praecox). On the higher, ...
Sambucus nigra and Viola. Larvae have been known to cause serious damage to strawberry crops in Washington[citation needed]. ...
Sambucus nigra, Sorbus aucuparia, Succisa, Valeriana. It ranges from Fennoscandia south to France (Vosges, Alps, Pyrenees) and ...
Viburnum davidii foliage and fruit Sambucus racemosa flowers Sambucus nigra flowers Sambucus canadensis foliage and fruit ... Much later, the genera Sambucus (elders) and Viburnum were added after careful morphological analysis and biochemical tests by ...
Sambucus nigra, and Viburnum lantana. List of botanical gardens in Italy Giardino di Flora Appenninica (Italian) Horti entry ( ...
"Bour Tree" is an alternative name for the common elder tree, Sambucus nigra, often found in the older and more biodiverse local ...
"Sambucus nigra L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 10 February 2022. "Sambucus nigra". Online ... "Sambucus nigra f. laciniata / RHS Gardening". Apps.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2021-03-06. "RHS Plantfinder - Sambucus nigra Eva". ... "Sambucus nigra". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. "Plants profile for Sambucus nigra L. (black elderberry)". Natural ... and sometimes treated as subspecies of Sambucus nigra, including S. nigra subsp. canadensis and S. nigra subsp. cerulea. The ...
... in 4X-30X, 2C-30C, 1M-10M from $6.59 in pills, pellets, tablets, liquids and ointments by Boiron & Homeodel ... Buy Sambucus Nigra (Pink Elder, Sambucus). Sambucus Nigra materia medica. Sambucus Nigra is available in all the potencies, ... For uses of Sambucus Nigra see the main Sambucus Nigra page for materia medica from Boericke, Boger, Clarke, Hering, T.F. Allen ... Sambucus Nigra is available from Canada in the following:. Boiron Pellets from $8.29 in : 4X, 6X, 8X, 12X, 30X, 2C, 3C, 4C, 6C ...
Sambucus nigra spp canadensis is a deciduous Shrub growing to 4 m (13ft) by 4 m (13ft) at a fast rate. See above for USDA ... Sambucus latipinna. Shrub. 0.0. - LMH. SN. M. 1. 0. Sambucus melanocarpa. Black Elder, Rocky Mountain elder. Shrub. 4.0. 5-9 ... Sambucus gaudichaudiana. White Elderberry. Shrub. 3.0. - LMH. SN. M. 2. 0. Sambucus javanica. Chinese Elder. Shrub. 0.0. - LMH ... Sambucus nigra spp canadensis is a deciduous Shrub growing to 4 m (13ft) by 4 m (13ft) at a fast rate.. See above for USDA ...
Tak e zapome te na pon kud nudn , v udyp tomn k ov esk ho venkova a nechte se p en st do sv ta jm nem SAMBUCUS s mno stv m ... Sambucus nigra THUNDERCLOUD Sambucus nigra THUNDERCLOUD. bez ern VZR ST. vy ke ...
Elder (Sambucus nigra) Haschberg quantity. Add to cart. SKU: PL-0426 Categories: Elderberries, Plants, Top Fruit Tag: Top Fruit ...
Homeopathic Sambucus Nigra - EXTREMITIES, LIMBS indications, uses & symptoms by T.F. Allen ... Sambucus Nigra- main page Below are the main rubriks (i.e strongest indications or symptoms) of Sambucus Nigra in traditional ... Have you ever used Sambucus Nigra? Yes No. Filter Sambucus Nigra extremities, limbs symptoms:. ... Sambucus Nigra - Extremities, Limbs symptoms - T.F. Allen Pink Elder, Sambucus, Samb.. ...
Sambucus nigra, commonly called European elder, is a deciduous, somewhat sprawling, multi-stemmed shrub (occasionally a small ... Some authorities elevate this plant to its own species, Sambucus cerulea.. Genus name comes from the Latin name, perhaps ... Respectable drought tolerance unlike some other species of Sambucus. Spreads by root suckers to form large colonies. Prune ... Sambucus canadensis). Fruits and flowers have also been used to make elderberry wine. Fruits are attractive to birds and ...
Habit: Sambucus nigra Madonna grows to be a medium sized, rounded shrub. *Height: eventually up to 2.5 - 3 m (8 - 10 ft) / or ... Sambucus nigra Black Lace £17.06 £18.95 (Cut-leaved Black Elder ) A splendid hardy shrub with lovely finely divided, purple- ... The best foliage colour is seen on fresh growth and Sambucus nigra Madonna is best when pruned back hard every one or two ... Black Elder) A superb cultivar, Sambucus nigra Black Beauty has rich purple-black foliage and flattened umbels (clusters) of ...
Sambucus nigra f. alba, Sambucus nigra f. aurea, Sambucus nigra f. laciniata, Sambucus nigra f. pendula, Sambucus nigrum, ... Sambucus Nigra, L.. T. F. Allen:. Sambucus nigra, Linn.. Natural order, Caprifoliace .. Common names, Elder; (G.), Flieder, ... Sambucus Nigra, L.. J. H. Clarke:. Sambucus nigra (Linn.). Elder. N. O. Caprifoliace . Tincture of fresh leaves and flowers.. ... Sambucus Nigra, L.. Synonyms and common names:. Black Elder, Bore Tree, Bour Tree, Bourtree, Common Elder, Elder, Elder Rind, ...
Black elder or Black lace (Sambucus nigra) anthotype by Tracy Piper-Wright. August 30, 2023. August 15, 2023. ...
Boiron Sambucus Nigra 6C Homeopathic Elderberry Painful Cough Hoarseness Nasal Congestion Homeopathic Medicine Adults & ... Sambucus, Cough & Cold Relief, Meltaway Pellets, 6C. .product__price-- .product__price { color: ; }.product__price-- .product__ ...
How to Care for Elderberry Bushes (Sambucus nigra). How to Care for Elderberry Bushes (Sambucus nigra). 1 Comment ...
Bribosia, E.; Bylemans, D.; Huysmans, S.; Schweitzer, P.; Migon, M.; van Impe, G. 2005: The use of common elder Sambucus nigra ... Common elder Sambucus nigra as banker plant to control pink apple aphid Dysaphis plantaginea using aphid-eating syrphids. ... These aphids are predators of pink apple aphids and black elder aphids (Aphis sambuci). The latter was released in 2002 to ...
... , Used For: Croupy Cough. Brand: Rxhomeo®, US FDA Listed Remedies, Shipping: Free for qulifying orders. ... SAMBUCUS NIGRA 30C - 500 Pellets. 2038852. 8907460388520. SAMBUCUS NIGRA 200C - 500 Pellets. 2038862. 8907460388629. ...
Description and images of Sambucus nigra (Sauco), a native Chilean plant, provided by the supplier of native exotic Chilean ... of Sambucus nigra L. available here. More species from the same Caprifoliaceae family in our data base:. Sambucus nigra (Sauco) ...
Flores, E. (2017). Extracción de Antioxidantes de las Bayas del Sauco (Sambucus nigra L. subsp. peruviana) con Ultrasonido, ... Flores, E 2017, Extracción de Antioxidantes de las Bayas del Sauco (Sambucus nigra L. subsp. peruviana) con Ultrasonido, ... Profundice en los temas de investigación de Extracción de Antioxidantes de las Bayas del Sauco (Sambucus nigra L. subsp. ... Extracción de Antioxidantes de las Bayas del Sauco (Sambucus nigra L. subsp. peruviana) con Ultrasonido, Microondas, Enzimas y ...
Ital.: sambuco. Bot. syn.: Sambucus canadensis L., Sambucus cerulea Raf., Sambucus glauca Nutt. ... Sambucus nigra L. Engl.: elder, American elder, black elder, blue elderberry, bore tree, bourtree, common elder, European elder ...
... Wild and Free Joy of joys - elderflowers are back in season. Those of us who live in ...
Intense purple black foliage is finely cut, giving it an effect similar to that of Japanese maple. Creamy pink flowers in spring contrast nicely with the dark leaves. They are followed by blackish red fall berries which can be harvested for making elderberry wine and jam, or left on the plant to attract birds and other wildlife. ...
Elder or Common Elder (Sambucus nigra). by Claire Ogden on 18 June 2010 with No Comments ... Common name: Elder or Common Elder Latin name: Sambucus nigra Family: Honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae) Date: 16 June Location: ...
Sambucus nigra dilution is manufactured under the hahnemmanian principle of succussion by hand. ... Be the first to review "Sambucus nigra dilution" Cancel reply. Your email address will not be published. Required fields are ... Sambucus nigra dilution is manufactured under the hahnemmanian principle of succussion by hand. ...
Food and drink as jam, juice, syrup, liquor and spice. Utilized as pigment and ink. Employed in ancient folk customs. Folk Medicine and phytotherapy. Ornamental plant and biodiversity ...
Sambucus nigra L., and Cassia augustifolia is largely used in Brazil for the treatment of constipation. However, the laxative ... A phytotherapic compound containing Pimpinella anisum L., Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Sambucus nigra L., and Cassia augustifolia ... Randomized clinical trial of a phytotherapic compound containing Pimpinella anisum, Foeniculum vulgare, Sambucus nigra, and ... Randomized clinical trial of a phytotherapic compound containing Pimpinella anisum, Foeniculum vulgare, Sambucus nigra, and ...
We make our Elder tincture from the flower of veganically grown Sambucus nigra, organically farmed by our hands in Maine. ... Ingredients: Sambucus nigra (flower) °^˘ 1:3.5 fresh plant extraction. Other Ingredients: ethanol*^˘ and distilled water (50% ...
Sambucus nigra subsp. cerulea (Raf.) Bolli, Sambucus nigra subsp. coerulea , Sambucus nigra var. caerulea , Sambucus nigra var ... Sambucus caerulea Raf., moreSambucus caerulea var. caerulea , Sambucus caerulea var. neo-mexicana (Wooton) Rehder, Sambucus ... velutina (Durand & Hilg.) Schwer., Sambucus cerulea Raf., Sambucus cerulea var. cerulea , Sambucus coerulea Raf., Sambucus ... Sambucus fimbriata Greene, Sambucus glauca Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Sambucus mexicana subsp. caerulea , Sambucus mexicana subsp. ...
Sambucus Nigra Elderberry. Posted on September 22, 2021. September 23, 2021. by admin ... In fact, the scientific name is derived from the latin Sambuce meaning flute. Currently, elderberry fruit is used in sauces, ... Natural hybridization between red elderberry and other Sambucus species is apparently rare . Degree of hybridization between ...
ex Loud.; Sambucus nigra f. albomarmorata Geerinck; Sambucus nigra f. chlorocarpa (Hayne) Geerinck; Sambucus nigra f. ... Sambucus Sambucus nigra L., Sp. Pl. 1: 269-270 269 1753. (Syn: Sambucus arborescens Gilib.; Sambucus aurea Hort. ex Carr.; ... Sambucus nigra (Introduced). /*Species- Seed plants (families) / A---L (families) / A / Adoxaceae / Sambucus / Sambucus nigra ( ... ex C. Koch; Sambucus elegans Hort. ex C. Koch; Sambucus floribunda Hort. ex C. Koch; Sambucus florida Salisb.; Sambucus ...
  • The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit: S. nigra f. laciniata (cut-leaved elder) S. nigra f. porphyrophylla 'Eva' S. nigra f. porphyrophylla 'Gerda' Components of the elderberry plant, including its fruit, contain diverse phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, lectins, and cyanogenic glycosides, which may be toxic if consumed raw. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fruits have been used to make jams, jellies and pie fillings, but are not considered to be as flavorful as the American elderberry ( Sambucus canadensis ). (missouribotanicalgarden.org)
  • Sambucus nigra lectin (EBL I+II, also known as SNA) is isolated from elderberry bark. (biotrend.com)
  • Like other elderberries, Sambucus nigra is subject to elder whitewash fungus and jelly ear fungus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sambucus canadensis, commonly called American elder, is native to eastern North America. (pfaf.org)
  • The Royal Horticultural Society currently lists American elder as Sambucus nigra var. (pfaf.org)
  • We now report our seminal findings on the major constituents including terpenes identified in native, historically significant herbal medicinal plant Elder (Sambucus nigra L.) flower and elder berry in particular and their concomitant strong antimicrobial effects exhibited on various nosocomial pathogens notably upon methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, recognised globally as a clinically significant pathogen, associated with skin and soft tissue infections. (researchgate.net)
  • Sambucus nigra , commonly called European elder, is a deciduous, somewhat sprawling, multi-stemmed shrub (occasionally a small tree) that is native to Europe, southwestern Asia and northern Africa. (missouribotanicalgarden.org)
  • These aphids are predators of pink apple aphids and black elder aphids (Aphis sambuci). (eurekamag.com)
  • This is Sambucus species or American Elder with leaves having a white margin. (efloraofindia.com)
  • American elder closely resembles the European species, common elder ( S. nigra ), and is sometimes considered its subspecies. (mustila.fi)
  • Sambucus Nigra F. Porphyrophylla 'Gerda' (Pbr) (Black Elder (Syn. (amazonaws.com)
  • Organic European elder (Sambucus nigra subsp. (northwestpharmacy.com)
  • Flowers Inflorescences and leaves Fruit cluster Growing as an epiphyte on a sycamore There are several other closely related species, native to Asia and North America, which are similar, and sometimes treated as subspecies of Sambucus nigra, including S. nigra subsp. (wikipedia.org)
  • canadensis and S. nigra subsp. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sambucus nigra subsp. (missouribotanicalgarden.org)
  • Extracción de Antioxidantes de las Bayas del Sauco (Sambucus nigra L. subsp. (edu.pe)
  • Antioxidant extraction from elderberries (Sambucus nigra L. subsp. (edu.pe)
  • Sambucus nigra spp canadensis is a deciduous Shrub growing to 4 m (13ft) by 4 m (13ft) at a fast rate. (pfaf.org)
  • Sambucus canadensis. (pfaf.org)
  • Sambucus canadensis L., Sambucus cerulea Raf. (henriettes-herb.com)
  • Sambucus nigra is a species complex of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae native to most of Europe. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sambucus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Adoxaceae . (efloraofindia.com)
  • Hedges, waste-ground roadsides, and woods are the typical habitats for the species.S. nigra is recorded as very common in Ireland in hedges as scrub in woods. (wikipedia.org)
  • Respectable drought tolerance unlike some other species of Sambucus . (missouribotanicalgarden.org)
  • Fruits are covered with a white, waxy bloom (glaucous) as reflected by the fact that this species was formerly known as Sambucus glauca . (missouribotanicalgarden.org)
  • Some authorities elevate this plant to its own species, Sambucus cerulea . (missouribotanicalgarden.org)
  • This photo is of species Sambucus. (amazonaws.com)
  • Sambucus glauca Nutt. (henriettes-herb.com)
  • Wooton) Rehder, Sambucus coriacea Greene, Sambucus fimbriata Greene, Sambucus glauca Nutt. (cch2.org)
  • S. nigra f. porphyrophylla has dark maroon or black leaves, and pale pink flowers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Latin specific epithet nigra means "black", and refers to the deeply dark colour of the berries. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethanolic extracts of Sambucus nigra L. blooms and fruits have been shown to inhibit 13 pathogens, including Staphylococcus sp. (researchgate.net)
  • The phytotherapic product assessed in the present study contains fruits of Pimpinella anisum L. (green anises), fruits of Foeniculum vulgare Miller (fennel), flowers of Sambucus nigra L. (sabugueiro), and flowers of Cassia augustifolia (senna plant). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Traditionally known as Sambucus , it's been praised as everything from "the medicine chest of the common people" to one of the most potent natural remedies on the planet. (vitacost.com)
  • For uses of Sambucus Nigra see the main Sambucus Nigra page for materia medica from Boericke, Boger, Clarke, Hering, T.F. Allen, Boenninghausen and our reversed & reworded Kent repertory. (abchomeopathy.com)
  • Aim: The present article aims to study and compare the antioxidant activity of aqueous solutions of leaves and flowers of Sambucus nigra L obtained at different exposure times and assess the antibacterial activity of these solutions against Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella NCTC 6017, Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 11994, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25093. (researchgate.net)
  • The samples from Sambucus nigra L were analyzed to determine their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). (researchgate.net)
  • Results: The infusions of fresh blossoms and fresh leaves of Sambucus nigra L had the highest antioxidant activity at the total contact time of 30 minutes (82.7 mmol TE/100 ml) and 35 minutes (36.5 mmol TE/100 ml), respectively. (researchgate.net)
  • Conclusions: The highest content of bioactive components was obtained from dried blossoms of Sambucus nigra L. for infusions with a total contact time of 30 minutes and for decoctions at a contact time of 45 minutes. (researchgate.net)
  • Strong-scented flowers in wild populations of S. nigra attract numerous, minute flower thrips which may contribute to the transfer of pollen between inflorescences. (wikipedia.org)
  • Below are the main rubriks (i.e strongest indications or symptoms) of Sambucus Nigra in traditional homeopathic usage , not approved by the FDA. (abchomeopathy.com)
  • Fight cold and flu symptoms with the Organic Sambucus Cold & Flu Care Syrup. (northwestpharmacy.com)
  • The best foliage colour is seen on fresh growth and Sambucus nigra 'Madonna' is best when pruned back hard every one or two years to encourage this. (bluebellnursery.com)
  • Introduction: In folk medicine, dried white flowers of Sambucus nigra L. are used to make infusions, decoctions, and juices. (researchgate.net)
  • Materials and methods: We studied the physicochemical properties of aqueous extracts of leaves (fresh) and flowers (fresh and dry) of Sambucus nigra L collected from the Rhodope region of Bulgaria. (researchgate.net)
  • The phenol-richest infusions were those made from dried flowers of Sambucus nigra L after a 30-minute contact time (86.7 mg GAE/ml). (researchgate.net)
  • Fig. 1 illustrates the growth inhibition zones of Salmonella from Sambucus nigra L. extracts. (researchgate.net)
  • I think the European plant is Sambucus nigra , with usually five leaflets. (efloraofindia.com)
  • Sambucus nigra is native to Europe as far east as Turkey. (wikipedia.org)