Exocrine glands in animals which secrete scents which either repel or attract other animals, e.g. perianal glands of skunks, anal glands of weasels, musk glands of foxes, ventral glands of wood rats, and dorsal glands of peccaries.
A class of Arthropoda that includes SPIDERS; TICKS; MITES; and SCORPIONS.
Glands of external secretion that release its secretions to the body's cavities, organs, or surface, through a duct.
Animals produced by the mating of progeny over multiple generations. The resultant strain of animals is virtually identical genotypically. Highly inbred animal lines allow the study of certain traits in a relatively pure form. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A pair of anal glands or sacs, located on either side of the ANUS, that produce and store a dark, foul-smelling fluid in carnivorous animals such as MEPHITIDAE and DOGS. The expelled fluid is used as a defensive repellent (in skunks) or a material to mark territory (in dogs).
A subfamily of the Muridae consisting of several genera including Gerbillus, Rhombomys, Tatera, Meriones, and Psammomys.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.

Comparative morphology of the cloacal scent gland in snakes (Serpentes: Reptilia). (1/44)

The histology of the cloacal scent gland, or anal gland, was examined from a diverse group of 50 snakes. Extensive interspecific morphological variation was observed in the general structure of the gland and the glandular epithelium. Morphological variants were quantitatively scored from eight features: lobate nature of the gland; septa in the glandular epithelium; glandular epithelium having a rough or irregular outer surface; glandular epithelium having a rough or irregular inner surface; thickness of the glandular epithelium; PAS reactivity in the glandular epithelium; Periodic Acid-Schiff reactivity in the secretory product; and relative size of the cloacal scent gland. The distribution of the encoded morphological variation was compared to an established phylogeny for snakes and used as the basis for a cluster analysis. In both cases there was no apparent relationship between phylogeny and the morphological variation of the cloacal scent gland.  (+info)

Observation of marking-like behavior, marking behavior, and growth of the scent gland in young Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) of an inbred strain. (2/44)

A marking-like behavior (defined by authors), a marking behavior, and growth of the scent glands were observed in young Mongolian gerbils of an inbred strain. In males and females, a marking-like behavior, in which animals rub their abdominal scent glands on the floor, began to be seen at the age of 19 days and could be seen in almost all the gerbils at 22 days of age during the suckling period. The frequency of this behavior was highest at 60 days of age (males: 17.9/10 min, females: 15.4/10 min) and there was no sex difference. Marking behavior, in which animals rub their abdominal scent glands on small protruding objects, began to be seen at the age of 40 days in males and 50 days in females. The frequency of this behavior tended to increase until 90 days of age in males (13.7/10 min), but the levels were low (2.5-5.0/10 min) in females. The values in the male group therefore tended to be higher than that in the female group. Macroscopic scent gland pads were clearly observed at the age of 30 days in males, but not until 45 days of age in females. At the age of 45-90 days, the length of the scent gland pad in males and females was 2.1-2.8 and 1.6-1.7 cm, respectively and the width was 0.3-0.5 in males and 0.2-0.3 cm in females. During this period, the length and depth of the pads in males were significantly greater than those in females (p < 0.05). Histological examination of the structure of the scent glands after the age of 45 days showed that the development of clusters of acinar cells in females occurred much later than that in males, but the basic structure of these glands was similar in both sexes. These results suggest that the marking-like behavior was manifested although during the period when the scent glands had not yet developed, whereas true marking behavior first occurred when the glands were moderately well developed.  (+info)

Histo-physiology of the scent-marking glands of the penile pad, anal pouch, and the forefoot in the aardwolf (Proteles cristatus). (3/44)

The scentmarking glands of the anal pouch, penile pad, and the forefoot of the aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) were studied by histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical methods, and by electron microscopy. The morphological observations are correlated with eco-ethological aspects of this nocturnal animal. In all studied regions there was a superficial layer of holocrine sebaceous glands and a deeper layer of apocrine scent glands; these two types of glands apparently function in concert. Only in the forefoot were additional tubular glands, resembling eccrine sweat glands found, which may improve the frictional capacities of the paw, while apocrine and holocrine glands serve scent-marking functions of the forefoot. Penile pad and anal pouch are exclusively scent marking organs. The secretion modus of the apocrine glands is both via exocytosis and apocrine mechanism. Homogeneous apical, secretory granules, which contain glycoproteinaceous material, represent evidence for exocytosis. In the anal pouch, additional variably sized granules contain endogenous pigments which are probably responsible for the brownish coloration of the secretory product of the male animals. Variable heights of the glandular cells, frequent apical tall protrusions as well as pinched-off pieces of cytoplasm in the glandular tubules support the concept of an apocrine secretion in the scent glands. The immunohistochemical staining pattern of actin points to the involvement of actin filaments in the pinching-off process of the apical cell protrusion, which does not contain any cell organelles. The variable actin staining patterns suggest a dynamic process during which actin filaments form a ring or sheet at the basis of the pinching-off bleb. Proliferative and apoptotic phenomena show no preference for active and inactive glandular cells suggesting that replacement of cells occurs independently of the functional status of the glands.  (+info)

Marking behavior is innate and not learned in the Mongolian gerbil. (4/44)

We studied whether marking behavior in Mongolian gerbils would be innate or learned behavior. The marking behavior was defined as "animals rubbing their abdominal scent glands on small protruding objects". Between 21 and 90 days of age, Mongolian gerbils, which were kept under such conditions that they would be unable to learn this behavior, were observed at intervals of 5-15 days to find out if there were signs of the behavior or not. Six male and four female Mongolian gerbils were used for observing. Neonate Mongolian gerbils during the age of 3 to 28 days were fostered by ICR mother mice. Weaning Mongolian gerbils were then individually kept away from the others. Marking behavior was observed in 2 out of 6 males at 50 days of age and 2 of 4 females at 60 days and the mean frequency of the marking behavior for 10 min was 3.5 in the males and 5.0 in the females. These results suggest that marking behavior was innate and not learned behavior in Mongolian gerbils.  (+info)

Female marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus) can be identified from the chemical composition of their scent marks. (5/44)

The present study analyzed 42 organic solvent extracts of scent mark pools from five dominant female common marmosets by gas chromatography (GC) and combined GC and mass spectrometry. We determined whether there were qualitative or quantitative differences between the chemical composition of scent marks from individual females. Gas chromatography and mass spectral analysis detected the same 162 chemicals in 86% (36/42) of scent mark pools from five dominant females. This near identical chemical composition of scent marks suggested there were few, if any, qualitative differences between the chemical composition of scent marks from individual females. Instead, quantitative differences in scent may provide the key factor distinguishing individual females. Using the relative concentration of highly volatile chemicals detected by GC in scent marks, linear discriminant analysis classified scent mark pools to their correct donor approximately 91% of the time. Such highly reliable statistical matching of scent to donor suggested that each individual female common marmoset has a unique ratio of highly volatile chemicals in their scent marks which may permit individual identification of females from odors in their scent alone.  (+info)

Age-related changes on marking, marking-like behavior and the scent gland in adult Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). (6/44)

Marking behavior, marking-like behavior [3], and changes of the scent glands were observed in aged Mongolian gerbils. In Experiment 1, changes in the marking and marking-like behavior with aging were evaluated in adult male and female Mongolian gerbils of an inbred strain aged 6 to 36 months. The frequency of marking behavior in males was significantly higher than females throughout the observation period except at 36 months of age. On the other hand, frequency of marking-like behavior in males, but not in females decreased with aging, significantly. In Experiment 2, changes of the scent gland in adult males and females aged 6 to 36 months were morphologically evaluated. Macroscopic examination revealed an increase in the size length and width of the glands of males aged 12 months and females aged 6 months. Histologically the glands of all the males and females aged 6 months developed moderately or well. Some of the 12-month-old males and females showed acinar atrophy of the glands, and all the females aged 18 months or more had highly atrophied scent glands. From these results, we concluded that there is no relationship between the changes of marking behavior and those of the scent glands in aged male Mongolian gerbils, and assume that marking behavior in aged animals does not have an important meaning as marking. In Experiment 3, marking and marking-like behavior in castrated adult Mongolian gerbils aged 16 weeks were observed. The result showed that marking behavior, not marking-like behavior was inhibited after castration. From these findings, we consider that generally marking behavior in Mongolian gerbils consists of androgen-dependent marking behavior and androgen-independent marking behavior (marking-like behavior).  (+info)

Putative chemosignals of the ferret (Mustela furo) associated with individual and gender recognition. (7/44)

Quantitative stir bar sorptive extraction methods, both in the aqueous and headspace modes, followed by thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to investigate individual variations in the volatile components of male and female ferret (Mustela furo) urine. The urinary profiles were further compared with volatile profiles of anal gland secretions of breeding male and female ferrets. Thirty volatile compounds were quantified in male and female urine. Among them, 2-methylquinoline was unique to male urine. Four ketones (4-heptanone, 2-heptanone, o-aminoacetophenone, and a dimethoxyacetophenone) and several nitrogen compounds (e.g., 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, quinoline, 4-methylquinazoline) and low levels of three unidentified nonsulfur compounds were significantly more abundant in males than in females. Quantitative comparison of 30 volatile urinary compounds showed several statistically significant differences between the sexes and individuals of the same sex. These findings suggest that ferrets may use urine marking for sex and individual recognitions. Ten of the 26 compounds identified in anal gland secretions from females and males were also found in urine. However, most of the major compounds (thietanes, dithiolanes, and indole) in anal glands were not present in urine. This suggests that urine may convey specific signals that differ from those of anal glands. Additionally, 10 volatiles (two aldehydes, five ketones, benzothiazole, 2-methylquinoline, and 4-methylquinazoline), not previously identified, were found in ferret anal gland secretions. Among the new compounds, o-aminoacetophenone was found only in males, while only traces of this compound were found in females. Similar results were previously obtained in anal glands of three other Mustela species. These findings provide new information about the constituents of urine and volatile components of anal gland secretions in ferrets.  (+info)

Putative chemical signals about sex, individuality, and genetic background in the preputial gland and urine of the house mouse (Mus musculus). (8/44)

To explore whether preputial gland secretions and/or urine from the house mouse (Mus musculus) can be used for coding information about sex, individuality, and/or the genetic background of strain [ICR/albino, Kunming (KM), and C57BL/6], we compared the volatile compositions of mouse preputial glands and urine using a combination of dichloromethane extraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Of the 40 identified compounds in preputial gland secretions, 31 were esters, 2 sesquiterpens, and 7 alcohols. We failed to find any compound unique to a specific sex, individual, or strain. However, many low molecular weight compounds between the sexes, most compounds among individuals, and several compounds among the 3 strains varied significantly in relative ratios. These quantitative differences in preputial gland volatiles (analog coding) are likely to convey information about sex, individual, and the genetic background of mouse strain. We identified 2 new main and male-elevated compounds, 1-hexadecanol (Z=3.676, P=0.000, N=19 in ICR; Z=3.576, P=0.000, N=18) and 1-hexadecanol acetate (Z=3.429, P=0.000, N=19 in ICR; Z=3.225, P=0.001, N=18), which were eluted in GC chromatogram after the 2 sesquiterpens. They might also be potential male pheromones, in addition to the well-known E-beta-farnesene and E,E-alpha-farnesene. Additionally, a few compounds including 1-hexadecanol also varied with strains and might also code for genetic information. Of the 9 identified volatile compounds in male urine, (s)-2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole and R,R-3,4-dehydro-exo-brevicomin are known urine-originated male pheromones from previous studies. We also detected 6-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-heptanone, a male urinary pheromonal compound, which had not been directly detected by GC-MS previously. Chemical analysis shows that the genetically more closely related ICR and KM strains had a higher similarity in the volatile compositions of preputial glands and urine than that between ICR or KM and C57BL/6. R,R-3,4-dehydro-exo-brevicomin, in particular, was sensitive to genetic shifts and differed in relative abundance among the 3 strains, whereas (s)-2-sec-butyl-4,5-dihydrothiazole differed between ICR or Km and C57BL/6. Hence, these 2 compounds might code for information about their genetic background.  (+info)

Scent glands are specialized sebaceous (oil) or sudoriferous (sweat) glands in various animals that produce and release scents for different purposes, such as marking territory, attracting mates, or providing warning signals. These scents can be released through various methods, including rubbing, spraying, or secreting onto fur or skin. Examples of scent glands include the anal glands in dogs and cats, the musk glands in deer, and the civet gland in civets. In humans, scent glands are not as developed or specialized, but some sebaceous glands can produce scents associated with personal body odor.

Arachnida is a class of joint-legged invertebrate animals that includes spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks. They are characterized by having two main body segments (the cephalothorax and the abdomen), eight legs, and simple eyes. Most arachnids produce silk, which they use for various purposes such as capturing prey or building shelters.

Arachnids are arthropods, a group that also includes insects, crustaceans, and other related animals. They are found worldwide in diverse habitats, ranging from forests and grasslands to deserts and caves. Many arachnids are predators, feeding on insects and other small animals. Some species are parasites, living on the blood or tissue of other organisms.

Arachnids have a hard exoskeleton made of chitin, which provides protection and support for their soft internal organs. They molt periodically to grow and replace damaged body parts. Arachnids also have a complex reproductive system that involves the transfer of sperm from the male to the female through specialized structures called pedipalps.

While some arachnids are harmless or even beneficial to humans, others can be dangerous or pests. For example, spider bites can cause painful reactions and in rare cases, death. Ticks and mites can transmit diseases such as Lyme disease and scrub typhus. Scorpions can deliver venomous stings that can be fatal to humans. Despite these risks, arachnids play important roles in ecosystems, controlling pests and contributing to nutrient cycling.

Exocrine glands are a type of gland in the human body that produce and release substances through ducts onto an external or internal surface. These glands are responsible for secreting various substances such as enzymes, hormones, and lubricants that help in digestion, protection, and other bodily functions.

Exocrine glands can be further classified into three types based on their mode of secretion:

1. Merocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by exocytosis, where the secretory product is enclosed in a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents outside the cell. Examples include sweat glands and mucous glands.
2. Apocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by pinching off a portion of the cytoplasm along with the secretory product. An example is the apocrine sweat gland found in the armpits and genital area.
3. Holocrine glands: These glands release their secretions by disintegrating and releasing the entire cell, including its organelles and secretory products. An example is the sebaceous gland found in the skin, which releases an oily substance called sebum.

Inbreeding in animals refers to the mating of closely related individuals, such as siblings or offspring of siblings, over multiple generations. An inbred strain is a population of animals produced by this repeated mating of close relatives, which results in a high degree of genetic similarity among members of the strain.

Inbreeding can lead to an increase in homozygosity, where identical alleles are present at corresponding loci on both chromosomes. This can result in the expression of recessive traits, some of which may be deleterious or even lethal. However, inbred strains also have advantages, such as reduced genetic variability, which makes them useful for scientific research.

Inbred strains are commonly used in biomedical research, including genetics, immunology, and behavioral studies. They provide a consistent and controlled genetic background, allowing researchers to study the effects of specific genes or environmental factors with greater precision. Additionally, inbred strains can be crossed with other strains to create hybrid populations, which can be used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) and identify genes associated with complex traits.

Anal sacs, also known as scent glands or scent sacs, are small paired sac-like structures located on either side of the anus in many mammals, including dogs and cats. These sacs produce a foul-smelling liquid that is used for marking territory and communication with other animals. In some cases, the ducts leading from the anal sacs can become blocked, causing discomfort or infection, which may require medical intervention.

Gerbillinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes gerbils, jirds, and sand rats. These small mammals are primarily found in arid regions of Africa and Asia. They are characterized by their long hind legs, which they use for hopping, and their long, thin tails. Some species have adapted to desert environments by developing specialized kidneys that allow them to survive on minimal water intake.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the separating power of gas chromatography with the identification capabilities of mass spectrometry. This method is used to separate, identify, and quantify different components in complex mixtures.

In GC-MS, the mixture is first vaporized and carried through a long, narrow column by an inert gas (carrier gas). The various components in the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase inside the column, leading to their separation based on their partition coefficients between the mobile and stationary phases. As each component elutes from the column, it is then introduced into the mass spectrometer for analysis.

The mass spectrometer ionizes the sample, breaks it down into smaller fragments, and measures the mass-to-charge ratio of these fragments. This information is used to generate a mass spectrum, which serves as a unique "fingerprint" for each compound. By comparing the generated mass spectra with reference libraries or known standards, analysts can identify and quantify the components present in the original mixture.

GC-MS has wide applications in various fields such as forensics, environmental analysis, drug testing, and research laboratories due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to analyze volatile and semi-volatile compounds.

Canids have several scent glands that are used in olfactory communication. The fossa has several scent glands. Like herpestids ... deer have seven major external scent glands distributed throughout their bodies. Deer rely heavily on these scent glands to ... The tarsal gland appears to operate by a different mechanism than the other external scent glands. A behavior called rub- ... Scent gland are exocrine glands found in most mammals. They produce semi-viscous secretions which contain pheromones and other ...
... the salivary glands also function as scent glands. Deer rely heavily on the scent glands to communicate with other members of ... Because of its critical role in scent marking, the preorbital gland is usually considered as a type of scent gland. A further ... Deer have seven types of external scent glands distributed across their bodies. These are the forehead glands (on the forehead ... the preorbital glands (below the eyes), the nasal glands (inside the nostrils), the interdigital glands (between the toes), the ...
Cats have scent glands on the underside of their paws and when they knead or scratch objects or people, it is likely these ... "Scent Glands on Cats ,". Retrieved 28 December 2019. Turner, Dennis C.; Bateman, Patrick, eds. (2000). The Domestic Cat (2nd ed ... While cats mark their territory both by rubbing the scent glands, by urine and faecal deposits, spraying seems to be the " ... Cats have nine different scent glands in their body. These are the pinna (outer ear flaps), temporal (on their temples), cheek ...
Marinho, C., et al., Scent glands in legume flowers. Plant Biology, 2014. 16(1): p. 215-226. Peres, C.A., Identifying keystone ... Typically bat-pollinated plants emit a sulfur scent, but Parkia pendula has no sulfur compounds in its flowers, further ... Piechowski, D., S. Dötterl, and G. Gottsberger, Pollination biology and floral scent chemistry of the Neotropical ...
All four feet possess scent glands. The life span of the addax is up to 19 years in the wild, which can be extended to 25 years ... It differs from other antelopes by having large, square teeth like cattle and lacking the typical facial glands. An adult male ...
Cats have anal sacs or scent glands. Scent is deposited on the feces as it is eliminated. Unlike intact male cats, female and ... Cats use scent and pheromones to help organize their territory by marking prominent objects. If these objects or scents are ... in which a cat rubs its head on a human in order to leave its scent to claim territory and create a bond. Cats can sometimes ... using the forelimbs one at a time in an alternating pattern to push against the mammary glands to stimulate lactation in the ...
The largest glands, however, are the three anal glands, one above the anus, and one either side. These produce a musky scent ... The squirrel has a number of scent glands. There are small glands at the corners of the mouth, which appear to be used when ... 1976). "A comparative study of scent-gland location and related behavior in some northwestern Nearctic ground squirrel species ... greeting other members of the same species, and a number of glands running from the shoulders down to the pelvis, which may be ...
... scent glands used to mark territories or to attract females. Males have larger glands than females. The southern red muntjac ( ... Males acquire territories that they mark with scent markers by rubbing their preorbital glands (located on their face, just ... "Musculature of facial scent glands in the muntjac". Journal of Anatomy. 122 (Pt 1): 61-66. PMC 1231931. PMID 977477. Grubb, P ... and a large postorbital scent gland used to mark territories. The species was formerly classified as Cervus muntjac. The ...
A pair of inguinal scent glands are present. The coats of males darken with age, becoming gray to dark brown. Males develop a ... Gland, Switzerland: The IUCN Species Survival Commission. pp. 123-6. ISBN 2831704774. African Wildlife Fund Wikimedia Commons ...
Scent glands and sebaceous glands are often present. Some species, such as the gemsbok, sable antelope, and Grant's gazelle, ... Many species such as the dik-dik use pheromone secretions from the preorbital glands and sometimes dung, as well, to mark their ...
The male has scent glands atop his head. Lifespans may easily exceed 20 years for both sexes.[citation needed] E. rubriventer ... Gland Switz and Cambridge (1988) Glander, K.E.; et al. (1992). "Morphometrics and testicle size of rainforest lemur species ...
doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1918.tb00782.x. Brindley, Maud D. Haviland (1930). "On the metasternal scent-glands of certain ...
... s possess various scent glands that have crucial functions in communication and territorial marking. They use their ... Barrette, C. (1976). "Musculature of facial scent glands in the muntjac". Journal of Anatomy. 122 (Pt 1): 61-66. ISSN 0021-8782 ... While the frontal glands are typically opened involuntarily as a result of facial muscle contractions, the preorbital glands ... Even young fawns are capable of fully everting their preorbital glands. Muntjac are of great interest in evolutionary studies ...
The scent gland (positioned on the abdomen) should be checked regularly; a veterinarian can operate on the lump where possible ... "Scent Gland Tumours & Their Removal". eGerbil. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2014. "Coat ... Gerbils are known to attack and often kill those carrying an unfamiliar scent. Groups of gerbils often have a "dominant" gerbil ...
Sheep have scent glands on their faces and feet. Communication through the scent glands is not well understood, but is thought ... Males can smell females that are in estrus, and rams mark their territories by rubbing scent on rocks. Seven species (and ...
They do not have antlers or facial scent glands. Male musk deer have scent glands that secrete deer musk, which is used for ... In the early 20th century, the Eurasian beaver was hunted to near extinction for its fur and castoreum, a scent gland secretion ... Sac-winged bats have sac-like glands under their wings that carry pheromones, which are released to attract mates. Out of some ...
To communicate with smell, which is useful at night, lemurs will scent mark with urine as well as scent glands located on the ... The scrotal skin of most male lemurs has scent glands. Ruffed lemurs (genus Varecia) and male sifakas have a gland at the base ... Male ring-tailed lemurs also have scent glands on the inside of their forearms, adjacent to a thorn-like spur, which they use ... The ring-tailed lemur engages in "stink fights" by rubbing its tail across scent glands on its wrists, and then flicking its ...
Sifakas also rely heavily on scent for communication. Males typically scent-mark using a gland in their throats, which they ... Females are more likely to scent-mark with anogenital glands. It is not entirely clear what information is conveyed in these ... scents, beyond the demarcation of territory. A study of sifaka vocalizations found that roaring barks are associated with anti- ...
The scent glands' openings are on the metathorax, between the second and third pairs of legs. The body is dark red in color, ... "Metathoracic scent glands in female adults of Arocatus melanocephalus" (PDF). Bulletin of Insectology. 61 (1): 173-175. Collman ...
... with scent glands, provides communication signals throughout a group's home range. The glands are located near the eyes, as ... Furless scent glands are present on both males and females. Both sexes have small, dark antebrachial (forearm) glands measuring ... Use of scent marking varies by age, sex and social status. Male lemurs use their antebrachial and brachial glands to demarcate ... However, only the male has a horny spur that overlays this scent gland. The spur develops with age through the accumulation of ...
The impala has scent glands covered by a black tuft of hair on the hindlegs. Sebaceous glands concentrated on the forehead and ... Scent gland secretions identify a territorial male. Impalas are sedentary; adult and middle-aged males, in particular, can hold ... The bulbourethral glands are heavier, testosterone levels are nearly twice as high in territorial males as in bachelors, and ... Gland, Switzerland: IUCN Species Survival Commission. pp. 238-41. ISBN 978-2-8317-0477-7. OCLC 44634423. Wikisource has the ...
It was one of the first animals observed using its preorbital gland for scent marking. It was shown that scent marking is also ... Thiessen, D.; Rice, M. (1976). "Mammalian scent gland marking and social behavior". Psychological Bulletin. 83 (4): 505-539. ... Another point of difference is the pedal gland (in the hooves), which has a simpler opening in the blue duiker. The Maxwell ... Maxwell's duiker has a preorbital gland known to be used for marking objects and members of the same species, especially by ...
... which they mark with scent glands. Edges of different sifaka territories can overlap. Though they defend their territory from ...
It has scent glands on the ears, mouth, pouch, and cloaca. This solitary marsupial is aggressive only towards others of its ...
It uses scent glands on its flanks to mark its territory. Like other shrew species, it has a high metabolic rate and needs to ...
Aardwolves also have scent glands on the forefoot and penile pad. They often mark near termite mounds within their territory ... "Histo‐physiology of the scent‐marking glands of the penile pad, anal pouch, and the forefoot in the aardwolf (Proteles ... They locate their food by sound and also from the scent secreted by the soldier termites. An aardwolf may consume up to 250,000 ... The territory is marked by both sexes, as they both have developed anal glands from which they extrude a black substance that ...
Scent glands may also be located on the throat and chest. The smell produced by these scent glands was described by Clinton ... Its two anal glands are used for scent marking, either through defecation or by rubbing the anal region on the ground. The ... Attracted by the scent of food and a female, the mink would get caught in the trap and drown. On the American prairies, only ... When stressed, the American mink can expel the contents of its anal glands at a distance of 12 in (30 cm). ...
Jan Raška (2009). Function of metathoracic scent glands in terrestrial Heteroptera (PDF) (Bachelor thesis). Univerzita Karlova ... This is repeated several more times until their stink glands are drained. The live bugs with their now empty stink glands are ... This is because the chemicals stored in the stink glands are unpalatable - being extremely bitter. As dead bugs can not release ... The bugs are beheaded and carefully squeezed so chemicals in their stink glands flow out the severed neck. The liquids secreted ...
Jan Raška (2009). Function of metathoracic scent glands in terrestrial Heteroptera (PDF) (Bachelor thesis). Univerzita Karlova ... It is composed of alkanes, cimicine and aldehydes from glands in the thorax. These compounds primarily serve as protection ...
The stoat has large anal scent glands measuring 8.5 mm × 5 mm (0.33 in × 0.20 in) in males and smaller in females. Scent glands ... are chemically distinct from the products of the anal scent glands, which contain a higher proportion of volatile chemicals. ... When attacked or being aggressive, the stoat secretes the contents of its anal glands, giving rise to a strong, musky odour ... Both sexes mark their territories with urine, faeces and two types of scent marks; anal drags are meant to convey territorial ...
Canids have several scent glands that are used in olfactory communication. The fossa has several scent glands. Like herpestids ... deer have seven major external scent glands distributed throughout their bodies. Deer rely heavily on these scent glands to ... The tarsal gland appears to operate by a different mechanism than the other external scent glands. A behavior called rub- ... Scent gland are exocrine glands found in most mammals. They produce semi-viscous secretions which contain pheromones and other ...
If your dog drags its butt on the ground it might have a problem with its anal scent glands, they might be infected or need to ... The anal scent glands can be drained by simply squeezing firmly but gently the entire gland, much in the same fashion one would ... Anal scent glands are two glands that mirror each other just along the anus, located smack in between the internal sphincter ... Their scent is their identity. Before a fight, the sudden release from the anal glands seems like it alters the dogs aroma. In ...
Fisher Glands. $7.00. - $75.00. Our animal glands are some of the highest quality you will find in the industry. Properly aged ... Copyright © 2022 Kishels Scents. All Rights Reserved. , Website Design by Crossroads Marketing LLC , Privacy Policy , Shipping ... At Kishels Quality Animal Scents and Lures, our mission has always been to produce the most advanced, most effective animal ... Be the first to review "Fisher Glands". You must be logged in to post a review. ...
Bucks secrete scents from the preorbital gland found in the corner of the eye onto licking branches to identify each other. ... Eye Dentity - Whitetail Deer Preorbital Gland Lure. Buck Identification 101: Bucks secrete scents from the preorbital gland ... Eye Dentity - Whitetail Deer Preorbital Gland Lure. 2.0 oz - $12.99 USD. Regular price $12.99 ...
Our deer gland scents from Big Buck Adventures ensure closer encounters and heightened success. ... Experience the allure of deer glands in action. ... Our gland base scents are 80% glands and 20% urine making them ... drag a scent wick, or on a scent wick. This scent is very potent and reaches smells long distances. This scent is scent out ... Forehead gland. All deer have this gland but the buck use this gland to rub their forehead scent on to the rubs. Its a small ...
Sand Cricket (Sia sp.) male with protruding abdominal scent glands ... cc-by-sa-2.0 ...
Pure Whitetail Tarsal Gland Scent * $21.99 In Stock *Brand: Pure Whitetail. *Item Number: PWTG2 ...
Cats have scent glands in various locations on their bodies and use them to communicate. The glands are located under their ... The scent glands release pheromones. A pheromone is a chemical substance that is considered unique to each cat which can ... The bunting behavior leaves scent marking on you or objects to help them communicate pleasure or ownership or to other cats as ...
We will look at the evolutionary basis, the role of scent glands, and possible social triggers. We will also discuss how to ... Dogs have scent glands located in their anal region, which are used to spread their scent. This scent is like a dogs calling ... Dogs have special scent glands located around their anus and they use these to leave social scent markers. This can signal a ... Scent glands, such as those located in the anal area, play an important role in butt sniffing. Dogs use these glands to ...
Cover Scent Lotion: 1 scent gland. 8. Master baiter. Does what it says on the tin, although you dont get to be too picky about ... Wearing more scented lotion than a ten year-old Body Shop fanatic will give you a much needed edge when stalking any kind of ... As well as buying from you, hes also your man for bait and cover scent lotion. ... and covering your own scent with lotion. Once you can craft it - grab the recipe from any fence - potent predator bait will ...
n. sp., descr., photo adult, SEMs head, scent gland, pretarsus, MG. CHILE: Arauco; Nuble; Aconcagua; Comquimbo; Curico. ...
This scent is packed with information about the scratcher. Even paw pads on the hind feet have scent glands. Cats sometimes ... In addition to the visual evidence, pheromones are deposited on scratched surfaces from scent glands that are located between ...
Vinther reckons the Psittacosauruss skin flaps could have hidden musk glands producing sexually attractive scents. ...
As with all members of the feline species, cats have scent glands on their paws. They also use scratching as a way to stretch ...
During the breeding-season the anal scent-glands of snakes are in active function (59. Owen, Anatomy of Vertebrates, vol. i. ... 1866, p. 615.); and so it is with the same glands in lizards, and as we have seen with the submaxiliary glands of crocodiles. ... As the males of most animals search for the females, these odoriferous glands probably serve to excite or charm the female, ... a musky odour is emitted by the submaxiliary glands of the crocodile, and pervades their haunts. (55. Owen, Anatomy of ...
Bacteria in hyenas scent glands may be the key controllers of communication. ... "One benefit of sharing a common microbial community in their scent pouches would be in terms of job sharing when hyenas scent ... Microbes help hyenas communicate via scent. Michigan State University. Journal. Scientific Reports. Funder. National Science ... Its also widely known that most mammals use scent to signal a wide range of traits, including sex, age, reproductive status ...
Your cat relies on scent to communicate. When they claim territory, they leave scent markers that come from glands on their ... Theyre putting their scent on that specific area by scratching and kneading. ...
Scent gland ostiole located on intercoxal region of metathoracic epimera. Ostiolar ruga white, yellow or green. A white, ... 1B). Mediodorsal plates with three pairs of scent gland orifices and a visible connecting suture curving posteriorly (see Fig. ... Brown scent glands present on pro-epimeron and meta-epimeron, becoming obscured after sclerotization. ...
Though the Devils Coach Horse rears up its abdomen in a threat position, and it will release a foul odor from scent glands, it ... though it is capable of releasing a foul odor from scent glands in its abdomen. ... They are not dangerous to humans, though they are able to expel a foul smelling odor from glands at the tip of the abdomen ... Painful Bites and Poison Glands. Not all scorpion-like insects are harmless. Scorpion toxicity can result in painful bites and ...
Fossas communicate largely through scent glands. Both males and females occupy territories that they scent mark with secretions ... Their glands also release a pungent smell when the animal is irritated or frightened. ... from glands on their chests and under the base of their tails. Fossas mark rocks, trees, and the ground to communicate and keep ...
Scent glands used for group identification are located on their rump. Because lemurs cannot manipulate their fingers well, ...
... when petals are hard the scent glands function poorly. The myth that roses have lost their scent probably arises from the ... Some compounds evaporate more quickly than others and, as they do, the roses scent changes -- many modern roses are scentless ... There are roses with scented leaves in commerce? I want to know more about them. ... The pink and red roses are the most highly scented while white and yellow roses are rarely fragrant. As they dry and wither, ...
They have scent glands under their chin.. But it turns out that when there are three or more rabbits in a neutral space there ... is no fighting, since there is no one specifics rabbit scent there. Its foreign turf. It was such a joy to see all kinds of ...
They mark their territory with scent glands. They often mark food caches with scent as well. Though solitary, among family ...
They squeeze the glands that cover their bodies; those glands release a scent, and the scents in combination create trails the ...
When handled, water snakes habitually defecate or excrete a foul-smelling substance from their anal scent glands. Although they ...
The dental formula is 3/3-1/1-4/4-2/3=42 (Loveridge and Nel 2005). Scent glands are present on the face and the anus and ... Scent glands are present on the face and the anus and genital regions. Females have 4-8 mammae. The dental formula is I 3/3 C 1 ...
The scent glands in a young female can be mistaken for emerging testicles. Males can also pull their testicles in to their ... Adult rabbits have a scent, while babies do not yest have a strong scent. ... The veterinarian will probably give the mother a small dose of oxytocin, a drug that will stimulate the milk glands. She should ... While waiting for a veterinary appointment, try allowing the babies to nurse, as suckling sometimes stimulates the milk glands ...
By using scent glands, theyve skilled at sneaking in and out of hives. Their leader is a Chinese necromancer named Quiwan Li ...
Used as scent atomizers, the sweat glands on a dogs skin are not used for evaporation or cooling. ... "Air-scenting dogs detect scent without putting their nose on the ground or against objects. They are well suited for rescue ... In 2018, the non-profit, Medical Mutts, trained five dogs to identify and respond to the scent of someone who is having, or ... "Fun fact: Humans have about five million scent receptors in their noses. There are dog breeds that have 20 times that." ...
  • During rub-urination, the animal squats while urinating so that urine will run down the insides of its legs and onto its tarsal glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • The tarsal glands have a tuft of hair which is specially adapted to extract certain chemical compounds from the animal's urine. (wikipedia.org)
  • They communicate through their interdigital and tarsal glands. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • As with all members of the feline species, cats have scent glands on their paws. (constantcontact.com)
  • When they claim territory, they leave scent markers that come from glands on their paws. (webmd.com)
  • When they knead, the glands on their paws release their scent wherever they are pressing down. (1800petmeds.com)
  • Vinther reckons the Psittacosaurus 's skin flaps could have hidden musk glands producing sexually attractive scents. (newscientist.com)
  • However, there is no such thing as a skinless ferret so the musk glands in the skin stay. (gpb.org)
  • Cats have scent glands in various locations on their bodies and use them to communicate. (petplace.com)
  • The bunting behavior leaves scent marking on you or objects to help them communicate pleasure or ownership or to other cats as a way to say "hello" in a peaceful manner. (petplace.com)
  • Cats have scent glands on their cheeks and head. (dgrc.org)
  • Not only do cats have scent glands on their cheeks, they also have them on their paw pads. (1800petmeds.com)
  • Cats nuzzle to show affection and to mark territory, behaviors that share the common goal of leaving their scent behind. (hillspet.com)
  • Cats have a very strong sense of smell - much better than their humans' sense - and they use scent as one of their main ways of collecting data about their environment. (hillspet.com)
  • Identifying you as an important and comforting part of their environment makes sense when you look at where else cats leave their scent. (hillspet.com)
  • There are three primary ways cats deposit scent: urine, feces, and specialized skin glands. (revivalanimal.com)
  • Domestic cats deposit their scent and most home owners don't appreciate when their cats spray urine to mark their territory. (revivalanimal.com)
  • Cats have scent glands in their face, and bunting allows them to mark their territory, bond with other cats, or show affection. (nationalgeographic.com)
  • Buck Identification 101: Bucks secrete scents from the preorbital gland found in the corner of the eye onto licking branches to identify each other. (killbuck.com)
  • Ferrets have scents glands peppered throughout their skin that secrete musky oils. (gpb.org)
  • To mark their territory, giant pandas secrete a waxy scent marker from a scent gland underneath their tail. (livescience.com)
  • Why do tigers have scent glands between their toes? (uchicago.edu)
  • He may then rub his face on the overhanging branch, depositing secretions from the sudoriferous and preorbital glands on it. (wikipedia.org)
  • First, the animal scrapes at the dirt with its hooves, depositing the scent from his interdigital gland on the ground. (wikipedia.org)
  • Big Buck Adventures is the only company in the Midwest that adds glands such as interdigital, tarsal, pubescent gland and anal sex gland glands mixed with our urine. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • Interdigital gland. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • This is usually very obvious as the gland will swell, and often the initial location of the cut will offer some mild oozing to reveal the damage and the entry for the bacteria. (professorshouse.com)
  • Those glands are made up of fatty tissue and bacteria will start to form to get that strong musk smell. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • EAST LANSING, Mich. - Bacteria in hyenas' scent glands may be the key controllers of communication. (eurekalert.org)
  • Bacteria in scent glands give information about hosts' species, sex and reproductive state. (bioedonline.org)
  • Now, researchers have found evidence that bacteria living in the scent glands of hyenas help to produce the smells that the animals use to identify group members and tell when females are ready to mate. (bioedonline.org)
  • Kevin Theis, a microbial ecologist at Michigan State University in East Lansing, had been studying hyena scent communication for several years when, after he gave a talk on the subject, someone asked him what part the bacteria might play. (bioedonline.org)
  • Washing your skin too much causes your sebaceous glands to over react and create excess oil… the same goes for ferrets. (gpb.org)
  • It's most effective using a key wick scent pad by dipping the tail of the wick into the scent. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • The even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) have many specialized skin glands, the secretions of which are involved in semiochemical communication. (wikipedia.org)
  • After that, he may bite the tip off an overhanging branch, depositing secretions from his salivary glands onto the branch. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both males and females occupy territories that they scent mark with secretions from glands on their chests and under the base of their tails. (aspinallfoundation.org)
  • Like many other species of Artiodactyla, deer have seven major external scent glands distributed throughout their bodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Deer rely heavily on these scent glands to communicate with other members of their species, and possibly even with members of other species. (wikipedia.org)
  • They are similar to, though much more developed than, the glands found in species of the Mustelidae family. (disabled-world.com)
  • Like herpestids it has a perianal skin gland inside an anal sac which surrounds the anus like a pocket. (wikipedia.org)
  • Anal scent glands are two glands that mirror each other just along the anus, located smack in between the internal sphincter muscles and the external sphincter muscles. (professorshouse.com)
  • Scent glands are present on the face and the anus and genital regions. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Skunks have two glands, one on each side of the anus. (disabled-world.com)
  • The most notorious feature of skunks is their anal scent glands, which they can use as a defensive weapon. (disabled-world.com)
  • At Kishel's Quality Animal Scents and Lures, our mission has always been to produce the most advanced, most effective animal scent stimulants on the market. (kishelscents.com)
  • With the bucks it becomes a territorial gland when they rub urinate to tell if there is another buck in their territory. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • One benefit of sharing a common microbial community in their scent pouches would be in terms of job sharing when hyenas scent mark their territory," Theis said. (eurekalert.org)
  • They mark their territory with scent glands. (thebigzoo.com)
  • In addition, in the spotted hyenas, both the bacterial and scent profiles varied between males and females, and with the reproductive state of females - all attributes that hyenas are known to be able to infer from scent pastes. (bioedonline.org)
  • Scent gland are exocrine glands found in most mammals. (wikipedia.org)
  • It's also widely known that most mammals use scent to signal a wide range of traits, including sex, age, reproductive status and group membership. (eurekalert.org)
  • Ferrets coming from the Mustelidae family, a group of mammals known for having anal scent glands. (gpb.org)
  • As long as the scents do not freeze in the bottles and the compounds of the glands stay attached, the gland base scents will be effective for the next deer season. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • Some compounds evaporate more quickly than others and, as they do, the rose's scent changes -- many modern roses are scentless. (helpmefind.com)
  • The results, featured in the current issue of Scientific Reports , show a clear relationship between the diversity of hyena clans and the distinct microbial communities that reside in their scent glands, said Kevin Theis, the paper's lead author and Michigan State University postdoctoral researcher. (eurekalert.org)
  • Using this technique, Theis and his colleagues last year published a study that identified more types of bacterium living in the hyenas' scent glands than the 15 previous studies of mammal scent glands combined. (bioedonline.org)
  • image: MSU researchers show that microbes help hyenas communicate via scent. (eurekalert.org)
  • Field samples were collected from hyenas' scent pouches and analyzed using next-generation sequence technology back at MSU labs. (eurekalert.org)
  • This compound does not originate in the tarsal gland itself, but rather it is extracted from the animal's urine by the tarsal hair tuft during the rub-urination process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Big Buck Adventures has started out as a urine base scent company. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • Our gland base scents are 80% glands and 20% urine making them a gland base. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • All our urine is preserved making it a high quality urine mixed with our glands. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • This gland will hold some urine. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • this gland will mix with the urine when the bucks rub urinate on the tarsal gland. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • This scent works best with Ultimate Scrape Mix, Dominant Buck Urine, Buck Fever and Hot Rage Buck urine when your are making your ground mock scrapes. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • However, poor surgical removal and after care care can result in infection, damage to the sensitive area around the glands, and incontinence. (gpb.org)
  • Big Buck Adventures gland base scents are one of a kind that will help increase day movement in deer activity to help bring those Bucks during your shooting hours. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • This communication gland to help tell the bucks when the does are ready for breeding. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • This scent is the main communicator with all bucks. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • Their main job is to release a personal and identifying scent, thus offering a simple explanation why dogs insist on sniffing each other's rear ends upon meeting. (professorshouse.com)
  • When a dog is stressed, physically or emotionally, their body's natural reaction is to release a sudden and intense discharge from their anal glands. (professorshouse.com)
  • Before a fight, the sudden release from the anal glands seems like it alters the dog's aroma. (professorshouse.com)
  • The scent glands release pheromones. (petplace.com)
  • Their glands also release a pungent smell when the animal is irritated or frightened. (aspinallfoundation.org)
  • those glands release a scent, and the scents in combination create trails the other ants can follow. (npr.org)
  • The sympathetic nervous system acts directly on the adrenal gland to promote epinephrine and norepinephrine release. (bvsalud.org)
  • Muscles located next to the scent glands allow them to spray with a high degree of accuracy. (disabled-world.com)
  • Adult rabbits have a scent, while babies do not yest have a strong scent. (rabbit.org)
  • This is the alarm gland smell when deer stomp their feet. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • This is what Big Buck Adventures collect to put in our Doe in Heat and Doe Passion scents to make them a strong communication smell and scent. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • These glands produce a mixture of sulfur-containing chemicals such as methyl and butyl thiols traditionally called mercaptans, which have a highly offensive smell that can be described as a combination of the odors of rotten eggs, garlic and burnt rubber. (disabled-world.com)
  • Anal glands are found in all carnivora including wolves, bears, sea otters and kinkajous. (wikipedia.org)
  • Big Buck Adventures and the staff have found the gland and are using that gland in our products. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • These gland are found in does only. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • Now, they have found that the structure of the bacterial communities varied depending on the scent profiles of the sour, musky-smelling 'pastes' that the animals left on grass stalks to communicate with members of their clan. (bioedonline.org)
  • Big Buck Adventures will start this scent in mid- August to start our locations of our mock scrapes. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • De-Shed Bath, Nail Trim, Glands, Ear Cleaning, Spritz of Scent, 45-60 minutes of brushing with special Furminator brush for double-coated dogs. (campbowwow.com)
  • Cleaning anal glands, really? (binkybunny.com)
  • Scent glands used for group identification are located on their rump. (sfzoo.org)
  • Other glands are located near the penis or vagina, with the penile glands emitting a strong odor. (wikipedia.org)
  • The glands around the back can be dealt with. (gpb.org)
  • If you are going to allow someone else to drain the glands, make sure you are present and paying attention, just in case there is ever a time when you have little to no choice but to drain the glands yourself or watch your dog wriggle around in complete discomfort. (professorshouse.com)
  • It removes the scent and potential risks like ruptures or tumors that the presence of glands present. (gpb.org)
  • Saliva gland used to leave scent on the licking branch when deer chew on the licking branch. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • They're putting their scent on that specific area by scratching and kneading. (webmd.com)
  • Though it is not their primary function, the salivary glands may also function as scent glands in some animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • when petals are hard the scent glands function poorly. (helpmefind.com)
  • The vaginal mucosa is squamous epithelium, vaginal mucous glands are absent, the normal vaginal flora is similar to that of postmenopausal women (eg, gram-positive cocci and anaerobic gram-negatives are more common), and the labia are thin with a thin hymen. (medscape.com)
  • The tarsal gland appears to operate by a different mechanism than the other external scent glands. (wikipedia.org)
  • Quick note: The removal of the scent glands is slightly controversial. (gpb.org)
  • Because of our one of a kind scents, gland base scents do not have a expiration date. (bigbuckadventures.com)
  • While it may not be a suitable job for the weak stomach, anal glands are not that hard to drain. (professorshouse.com)
  • Attractive scent glands, from a worker ant, were attached to the robot to give it the pheromones of an ant teacher. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Many quadrupeds leave complex olfactory marks in their environment, and some, like koalas, have special pectoral glands for scent marking. (edu.au)
  • As well as buying from you, he's also your man for bait and cover scent lotion. (gamesradar.com)
  • We will look at the evolutionary basis, the role of scent glands, and possible social triggers. (bullwrinkle.com)