Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.
A species of trematode blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae. It is common in the Nile delta. The intermediate host is the planorbid snail. This parasite causes schistosomiasis mansoni and intestinal bilharziasis.
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.
Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).
Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.
An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121)
'Splenic diseases' refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or integrity of the spleen, leading to various symptoms and potential complications such as anemia, infection, or abdominal pain.
Determination of parasite eggs in feces.
An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations.
A genus of planorbid freshwater snails, species of which are intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni.
A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.
Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum. It is endemic in the Far East and affects the bowel, liver, and spleen.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to HELMINTH ANTIGENS.
Invertebrates or non-human vertebrates which transmit infective organisms from one host to another.
Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial mollusks of the class Gastropoda. Most have an enclosing spiral shell, and several genera harbor parasites pathogenic to man.
Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.
SCHISTOSOMIASIS of the brain, spinal cord, or meninges caused by infections with trematodes of the genus SCHISTOSOMA (primarily SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM; SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI; and SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM in humans). S. japonicum infections of the nervous system may cause an acute meningoencephalitis or a chronic encephalopathy. S. mansoni and S. haematobium nervous system infections are associated with acute transverse myelitis involving the lower portions of the spinal cord. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch27, pp61-2)
A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.
A genus of trematode flukes belonging to the family Schistosomatidae. There are over a dozen species. These parasites are found in man and other mammals. Snails are the intermediate hosts.
A republic in eastern Africa bounded on the north by RWANDA and on the south by TANZANIA. Its capital is Bujumbura.
A species of trematode blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae which occurs at different stages in development in veins of the pulmonary and hepatic system and finally the bladder lumen. This parasite causes urinary schistosomiasis.
Enlargement of the liver.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or concept, it is a country located in South America, known officially as the Federative Republic of Brazil. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or science, I'd be happy to help answer those!
The constant presence of diseases or infectious agents within a given geographic area or population group. It may also refer to the usual prevalence of a given disease with such area or group. It includes holoendemic and hyperendemic diseases. A holoendemic disease is one for which a high prevalent level of infection begins early in life and affects most of the child population, leading to a state of equilibrium such that the adult population shows evidence of the disease much less commonly than do children (malaria in many communities is a holoendemic disease). A hyperendemic disease is one that is constantly present at a high incidence and/or prevalence rate and affects all groups equally. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 3d ed, p53, 78, 80)
A species of trematode blood flukes belonging to the family Schistosomatidae whose distribution is confined to areas of the Far East. The intermediate host is a snail. It occurs in man and other mammals.
A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
Infections of the lungs with parasites, most commonly by parasitic worms (HELMINTHS).
Proteins found in any species of helminth.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Venezuela" is a country in South America and not a medical term or concept. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
Agents destructive to snails and other mollusks.
Inbred CBA mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical and uniform, which makes them useful for scientific research, particularly in the areas of immunology and cancer.
Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.
Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.
A genus of small freshwater snails of the order Pulmonata, found throughout Africa and the Middle East, where it is a vector of SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM.
Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).
Number of individuals in a population relative to space.
A country in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula Its capital is Cairo.
The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties.
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Infestation with parasitic worms of the helminth class.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of helminths.
Surgical procedure involving either partial or entire removal of the spleen.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.
Diseases that are underfunded and have low name recognition but are major burdens in less developed countries. The World Health Organization has designated six tropical infectious diseases as being neglected in industrialized countries that are endemic in many developing countries (HELMINTHIASIS; LEPROSY; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; ONCHOCERCIASIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS; and TRACHOMA).
Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin.
An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48)
The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.
Agents used to treat cestode, trematode, or other flatworm infestations in man or animals.
The free-swimming larval forms of parasites found in an intermediate host.
An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.
The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
A country in northeastern Africa. The capital is Khartoum.
Enlargement of the spleen.
An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.
Commonly known as parasitic worms, this group includes the ACANTHOCEPHALA; NEMATODA; and PLATYHELMINTHS. Some authors consider certain species of LEECHES that can become temporarily parasitic as helminths.
The study of parasites and PARASITIC DISEASES.
Liquid by-product of excretion produced in the kidneys, temporarily stored in the bladder until discharge through the URETHRA.
Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.
The systematic surveying, mapping, charting, and description of specific geographical sites, with reference to the physical features that were presumed to influence health and disease. Medical topography should be differentiated from EPIDEMIOLOGY in that the former emphasizes geography whereas the latter emphasizes disease outbreaks.
Infection of humans or animals with hookworms other than those caused by the genus Ancylostoma or Necator, for which the specific terms ANCYLOSTOMIASIS and NECATORIASIS are available.
A republic in western Africa, south of MALI and BURKINA FASO, bordered by GHANA on the east. Its administrative capital is Abidjan and Yamoussoukro has been the official capital since 1983. The country was formerly called Ivory Coast.

Enhanced Th1 and dampened Th2 responses synergize to inhibit acute granulomatous and fibrotic responses in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. (1/1189)

In murine schistosomiasis mansoni, CD4(+) Th1 and Th2 cells participate in the ovum-induced granulomatous inflammation. Previous studies showed that the interleukin-12 (IL-12)-induced Th1 response strongly suppressed the Th2-cell-mediated pulmonary granuloma development in naive or primed mice. However, liver granulomas were only moderately suppressed in egg-vaccinated, recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12)-treated infected mice. The present study shows that repeated rIL-12 injections given during early granuloma development at 5 to 7 weeks after infection prolonged the Th1 phase and resulted in gamma interferon-mediated suppression of liver granulomas. The timing is crucial: if given at 6 to 8 weeks, during the Th2-dominated phase of florid granuloma growth, the treatment is ineffective. Daily injections of rIL-12 given between 5 and 7.5 weeks during the period of granuloma growth achieved a somewhat-stronger diminution in granuloma growth with less deposition of collagen but caused 60% mortality and liver pathology. In contrast, combined treatment with rIL-12 and anti-IL-4-anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody (MAb) injections given during the Th2 phase strongly inhibited liver granuloma growth without mortality. The diminished inflammatory response was accompanied by less deposition of collagen in the liver. Moreover, neutralization of endogenous IL-12 by anti-IL-12 MAbs effectively decreased the early Th1 phase (between 5 and 6 weeks after infection) but not the developing Th2 phase (5 to 7 weeks) of granuloma development. These studies indicate that the granulomatous response in infected mice can be manipulated by utilizing the Th1-Th2-subset antagonism with potential salutary results in the amelioration of fibrous pathology.  (+info)

Mortality due to schistosomiasis mansoni: a field study in Sudan. (2/1189)

Although schistosomiasis affects 200 million persons, 20 million of whom have advanced disease, little is known about the mortality pattern in areas of endemic schistosomiasis mansoni. In an attempt to assess the mortality rates in an endemic area in Sudan, we conducted two demographic surveys in a village in the Gezira area. Clinical, sonographic, and parasitologic examinations were performed in a randomly selected sample of 25% of the population in 1987 and 1994. One of us asked each head of household about the names, sex, and age of family members. Particularly, we asked about death in the family if any, history of schistosomiasis, abdominal swelling, and hematemesis. Possible causes of death were ascertained by reviewing medical records in the village dispensary and the district hospital. There were 42 deaths in the village. Four males died of hematemesis secondary to portal fibrosis. The crude mortality rate of schistosomiasis was is 51/100,000/year. The overall schistosomiasis fatality rate per year was 1/1,000 infected persons, but was as high as 11/100/infected patients with bleeding varices. These findings showed the impact of schistosomiasis on public health in this economically important region of Sudan.  (+info)

Experimental murine schistosomiasis in the absence of B7 costimulatory molecules: reversal of elicited T cell cytokine profile and partial inhibition of egg granuloma formation. (3/1189)

The granulomatous inflammation in infection with the helminth Schistosoma mansoni represents a cellular hypersensitivity reaction mediated by, and dependent upon, MHC class II-restricted CD4+ Th cells sensitized to parasite egg Ags. The current work examines the role and significance of the B7:CD28/CTLA-4 pathway in providing the costimulation necessary for the activation of these pathogenic T cells. In vitro T cell responses in B7-1-/- mice, 7-8 wk postinfection, were no different from wild-type controls, but the absence of B7-2 molecules resulted in a decrease in egg Ag-induced proliferation with increased IFN-gamma production. Both B7-1-/- and B7-2-/- mice exhibited intact granuloma formation. In contrast, CD4+ Th cells from B7-1/2 double-deficient mice displayed a dramatic loss of proliferative capacity upon stimulation with egg Ag. Most strikingly, these T cells secreted only IFN-gamma, but not IL-4 and IL-10, a pattern entirely opposite to that displayed by wild-type controls. Despite these major differences in T cell reactivity, B7-1/2-/- mice had only a limited reduction of granuloma size and fibrosis, without appreciable difference in cellular composition. These results show that substantial granuloma formation can occur under conditions of limited T cell expansion and restricted Th1-type cytokine production. They also support the notion that the combined effect of B7 signaling is not as critical for Th1 cell activation as it is for the development of the Th2 dominant environment characteristic of the evolving schistosome infection in H-2b mice.  (+info)

Tolerization of mice to Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens causes elevated type 1 and diminished type 2 cytokine responses and increased mortality in acute infection. (4/1189)

The granuloma that surrounds the Schistosoma mansoni egg is the cause of pathology in murine schistosomiasis, and its formation is driven by egg Ag-stimulated type 1 and type 2 cytokines. To determine the role of egg-driven immune responses during schistosome infection we rendered CBA/Ca mice unresponsive to schistosome eggs by combined cyclophosphamide treatment and thymectomy. In the early acute stages of schistosome infection, egg-tolerized mice suffered high mortalities. Granuloma size and deposition of collagen in the liver were significantly reduced in egg-tolerized mice. Similarly, limited granuloma responses were detected in the intestines of these mice, and this was associated with a >90% reduction in egg excretion. Histologically, egg-tolerized mice had exacerbated hepatocyte damage, with extensive microvesicular steatosis. Elevated plasma transaminase levels confirmed the damage to hepatocytes. Infected egg-tolerized mice had impaired proliferation responses to egg Ag but intact responses to worm Ag. Tolerized mice had diminished Ab responses to egg Ag and had a type 1 cytokine isotype pattern to worm Ag, with elevated IgG2a and diminished IgG1 and IgE. Egg-tolerized mice failed to down-regulate type 1 cytokines that are normally elicited during early schistosome infection. Hepatic granuloma cells from egg-tolerized mice were also type 1 cytokine dominated, with elevated frequencies of Tc1/Th1 and reduced Tc2/Th2 cells. This study demonstrates that mice tolerized to schistosome eggs have elevated type 1 cytokine responses with diminished type 2 responses and reduced anti-egg Ab during schistosome infection, and these effects are detrimental to the host.  (+info)

Interleukin-12 as an adjuvant for an antischistosome vaccine consisting of adult worm antigens: protection of rats from cercarial challenge. (5/1189)

Our group previously demonstrated that a detergent extract (fraction S3) prepared from immature (4-week) Schistosoma mansoni parasites can induce partial, serum-transferable immunity to challenge infection in rats when administered as an alum precipitate. In the present study, we examined whether S3 prepared from adult (7-week) worms could similarly induce protection and whether immunity could be positively influenced by treatment with interleukin-12 (IL-12). IL-12 coadministered to Fischer rats and C57BL/6 mice at the time of S3 vaccination altered the prechallenge kinetics of S3-specific antibody titers in both species, ultimately leading to a stable enhancement of titers (relative to those in animals vaccinated without IL-12) in mice but not rats. Immunoblot analysis of prechallenge immune sera demonstrated that IL-12 treatment was associated with changes in the S3 antigen recognition profile in each species. Isotyping of specific antibodies in S3- plus IL-12-vaccinated mice prior to challenge infection revealed a moderate elevation in immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) responses, strongly enhanced IgG2a and IgG2b responses, as well as diminished total serum IgE responses compared to those in mice given S3 only. In vaccinated rats, IL-12 profoundly suppressed specific IgG1 and enhanced IgG2b responses but did not affect IgG2a responses. S3- plus IL-12-vaccinated rats also produced less total IgE upon challenge infection. Enumeration of worm burdens revealed that vaccination with S3 plus IL-12 conferred 50% protection from cercarial challenge to rats, whereas rats given S3 only were not protected; mice were not protected by S3 vaccination regardless of IL-12 coadministration. The protection observed in S3- plus IL-12-vaccinated rats could not be transferred with serum, suggesting participation of an activated cellular component in the expression of immunity.  (+info)

Single-dose mucosal immunization with biodegradable microparticles containing a Schistosoma mansoni antigen. (6/1189)

The purpose of this work was to assess the immunogenicity of a single nasal or oral administration of recombinant 28-kDa glutathione S-transferase of Schistosoma mansoni (rSm28GST) entrapped by poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG)- or polycaprolactone (PCL)-biodegradable microparticles. Whatever the polymer and the route of administration used, the equivalent of 100 microg of entrapped rSm28GST induced a long-lasting and stable antigen-specific serum antibody response, with a peak at 9 to 10 weeks following immunization. Isotype profiles were comparable, with immunoglobulin G1 being the predominant isotype produced. The abilities of specific antisera to neutralize the rSm28GST enzymatic activity have been used as criteria of immune response quality. Pooled 10-week sera from mice receiving PLG microparticles by the nasal or oral route neutralized the rSm28GST enzymatic activity, whereas sera of mice receiving either PCL microparticles, free rSm28GST, or empty microparticles inefficiently neutralized this enzymatic activity. Finally, this study shows that a single administration of these microparticles could provide distinct and timely release pulses of microencapsulated antigen, which might greatly facilitate future vaccine development.  (+info)

Cytokine production in acute versus chronic human Schistosomiasis mansoni: the cross-regulatory role of interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 in the responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and splenocytes to parasite antigens. (7/1189)

The contribution of interleukin (IL)-10 and interferon (IFN)-gamma to the regulation of type 1 and type 2 cytokine responses was investigated in Brazilians with different clinical forms of schistosomiasis mansoni. Cells from members of a family with acute intestinal schistosomiasis responded to schistosomal soluble egg antigen (SEA) or soluble adult worm antigen preparation (SWAP) with greater amounts of IFN-gamma than did cells from several patients with chronic intestinal schistosomiasis; IL-10 levels were similar. Neutralization of IL-10 had no effect on the SEA-specific IFN-gamma response in patients with acute infection, whereas SWAP-induced IFN-gamma was increased in both groups. Anti-IL-10 also up-regulated SEA-specific IFN-gamma protein and mRNA responses in most splenocyte cultures from hepatosplenic schistosomiasis patients but had no effect on antigen-specific IL-4 or IL-5 production. Neutralization of IFN-gamma resulted in a comparable increase in SWAP-specific IL-10 and IL-5, while IL-4 was not affected. These studies demonstrate that early disease in schistosomiasis is associated with a significant IFN-gamma response and that IL-10 contributes to the suppression of that response during both early and chronic infection.  (+info)

The substance P receptor is necessary for a normal granulomatous response in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. (8/1189)

Immune cells within the granulomas of murine schistosomiasis mansoni make the neuropeptide substance P (SP) and express neurokine 1 receptor, which is the specific receptor for substance P (SPr). It was determined if mice with deletion of the SPr (SPr-/-) would develop a normal granulomatous response to schistosome ova during the course of natural infection. Mean liver granuloma size was smaller in SPr-/- mice compared with that of wild-type control animals. Although flow analysis revealed little difference in the cellular composition of the granulomas, both splenocytes and granuloma cells from SPr-/- mice produced much less IFN-gamma and IgG2a and less IgE. The expression of Th2 cytokines (IL-4/IL-5) and IgG1 was comparable to the wild-type control. The mouse with targeted disruption of its SPr had the nonmammalian gene encoding the enzyme beta-galactosidase inserted in exon 1 of the SPr gene. There was beta-galactosidase activity in many mononuclear cells scattered throughout the schistosome granulomas of SPr-/- mice. Also, a granuloma T cell line derived from this transgenic mouse produced beta-galactosidase. These results provide further evidence that in murine schistosomiasis SPr is displayed commonly on granuloma inflammatory cells and is important for granuloma development and expression of IFN-gamma circuitry in this natural infection.  (+info)

Schistosomiasis mansoni is a parasitic infection caused by the trematode flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. The disease cycle begins when human hosts come into contact with fresh water contaminated with the parasite's larvae, called cercariae, which are released from infected snail intermediate hosts.

Once the cercariae penetrate the skin of a human host, they transform into schistosomula and migrate through various tissues before reaching the hepatic portal system. Here, the parasites mature into adult worms, mate, and produce eggs that can cause inflammation and damage to the intestinal wall, liver, spleen, and other organs.

Symptoms of schistosomiasis mansoni may include fever, chills, cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and blood in stool or urine. Chronic infection can lead to severe complications such as fibrosis of the liver, kidney damage, bladder cancer, and neurological disorders.

Preventive measures include avoiding contact with contaminated water sources, proper sanitation, and access to safe drinking water. Treatment typically involves administering a single dose of the drug praziquantel, which is effective in eliminating the adult worms and reducing egg production. However, it does not prevent reinfection.

"Schistosoma mansoni" is a specific species of parasitic flatworm, also known as a blood fluke, that causes the disease schistosomiasis (also known as snail fever). This trematode has a complex life cycle involving both freshwater snails and humans. The adult worms live in the blood vessels of the human host, particularly in the venous plexus of the intestines, where they lay eggs that are excreted through feces. These eggs can hatch in fresh water and infect specific snail species, which then release a free-swimming form called cercariae. These cercariae can penetrate the skin of humans who come into contact with infested water, leading to infection and subsequent health complications if left untreated.

The medical definition of "Schistosoma mansoni" is: A species of trematode parasitic flatworm that causes schistosomiasis in humans through its complex life cycle involving freshwater snails as an intermediate host. Adult worms reside in the blood vessels of the human host, particularly those surrounding the intestines, and release eggs that are excreted through feces. Infection occurs when cercariae, released by infected snails, penetrate human skin during contact with infested water.

Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a parasitic infection caused by several species of the trematode flatworm Schistosoma. The infection occurs when people come into contact with freshwater contaminated with the parasite's larvae, which are released by infected freshwater snails.

The larvae penetrate the skin, enter the bloodstream, and mature into adult worms in the blood vessels of the urinary tract or intestines. The female worms lay eggs, which can cause inflammation and scarring in various organs, including the liver, lungs, and brain.

Symptoms of schistosomiasis may include fever, chills, cough, muscle aches, and diarrhea. In chronic cases, the infection can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, bladder cancer, and seizures. Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation and lack of access to safe drinking water. It is preventable through improved water supply, sanitation, and snail control measures. Treatment typically involves the use of a medication called praziquantel, which kills the adult worms.

Parasitic liver diseases refer to conditions caused by protozoa or helminths (parasitic worms) that infect and damage the liver. These parasites can enter the body through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with an infected host. Some examples of parasitic liver diseases include:

1. Ascariasis: Caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, which can infect the liver and bile ducts, leading to inflammation, obstruction, and abscess formation.
2. Echinococcosis (Hydatid disease): A rare but serious condition caused by the larval stage of tapeworms from the genus Echinococcus. The liver is the most commonly affected organ, with cysts forming in the liver parenchyma that can grow slowly over several years and cause complications such as rupture or secondary bacterial infection.
3. Fascioliasis: A foodborne trematode (fluke) infection caused by Fasciola hepatica or Fasciola gigantica, which affects the liver and bile ducts. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
4. Leishmaniasis: A protozoan infection caused by Leishmania spp., which can affect various organs, including the liver. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) is the most severe form of the disease, characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, fever, and anemia.
5. Toxoplasmosis: A protozoan infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can affect the liver and other organs. While most immunocompetent individuals remain asymptomatic or experience mild flu-like symptoms, immunocompromised patients are at risk of severe liver damage and disseminated disease.
6. Schistosomiasis: A trematode (fluke) infection caused by Schistosoma spp., which affects the liver and portal venous system. The parasites lay eggs in the liver, causing granulomatous inflammation, fibrosis, and portal hypertension.
7. Fasciolopsiasis: A trematode (fluke) infection caused by Fasciolopsis buski, which affects the small intestine and liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
8. Paragonimiasis: A trematode (lung fluke) infection caused by Paragonimus spp., which can affect the lungs, brain, and other organs, including the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
9. Clonorchiasis: A trematode (liver fluke) infection caused by Clonorchis sinensis, which affects the bile ducts and liver. The parasites lay eggs in the bile ducts, causing inflammation, cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma.
10. Opisthorchiasis: A trematode (liver fluke) infection caused by Opisthorchis spp., which affects the bile ducts and liver. The parasites lay eggs in the bile ducts, causing inflammation, cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma.
11. Heterophyiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Heterophyes spp., which affects the small intestine and liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
12. Metagonimiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Metagonimus spp., which affects the small intestine and liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
13. Echinostomiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Echinostoma spp., which affects the small intestine and liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
14. Gastrodiscoidiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Gastrodiscoides spp., which affects the large intestine and liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
15. Fascioliasis: A trematode (liver fluke) infection caused by Fasciola spp., which affects the liver and bile ducts. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
16. Paragonimiasis: A trematode (lung fluke) infection caused by Paragonimus spp., which affects the lungs and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
17. Schistosomiasis: A trematode (blood fluke) infection caused by Schistosoma spp., which affects the blood vessels and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
18. Clonorchiasis: A trematode (liver fluke) infection caused by Clonorchis sinensis, which affects the liver and bile ducts. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
19. Opisthorchiasis: A trematode (liver fluke) infection caused by Opisthorchis spp., which affects the liver and bile ducts. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
20. Metagonimiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Metagonimus spp., which affects the small intestine and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
21. Heterophyesiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Heterophyes spp., which affects the small intestine and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
22. Echinostomiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Echinostoma spp., which affects the small intestine and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
23. Fasciolopsiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Fasciolopsis buski, which affects the small intestine and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
24. Paragonimiasis: A trematode (lung fluke) infection caused by Paragonimus spp., which affects the lungs and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
25. Spirometra mansoni: A trematode (tapeworm) infection caused by Spirometra mansoni, which affects the brain and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
26. Taenia solium: A trematode (tapeworm) infection caused by Taenia solium, which affects the brain and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
27. Hymenolepis nana: A trematode (tapeworm) infection caused by Hymenolepis nana, which affects the small intestine and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
28. Diphyllobothrium latum: A trematode (tapeworm) infection caused by Diphyllobothrium latum, which affects the small intestine and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
29. Echinococcus granulosus:

Schistosomicides are medications specifically used to treat Schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever or bilharzia. This is a parasitic disease caused by several species of flatworms belonging to the genus Schistosoma. The drugs that act against these parasites are called schistosomicides.

The most common schistosomicides include:

1. Praziquantel: This is the first-line treatment for all forms of Schistosomiasis. It works by causing paralysis of the worms, which then detach from the host's tissues and are swept out of the body.

2. Oxamniquine (Mansil): Primarily used to treat infections caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It works by causing the worms to lose their grip on the blood vessels, leading to their death and elimination from the body.

3. Triclabendazole: Used for the treatment of liver fluke infections, but it has also shown efficacy against some Schistosoma species, particularly Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma japonicum.

It is important to note that while these medications are effective at killing the adult worms, they do not prevent reinfection. Therefore, measures should be taken to avoid contact with contaminated water where the parasites are present.

Oxamniquine is an antiparasitic medication used to treat infections caused by certain types of intestinal worms, specifically the parasite called *Strongyloides stercoralis*. It works by inhibiting the motility and reproduction of the parasites, leading to their eventual elimination from the body.

It is important to note that oxamniquine is not commonly used in clinical practice due to the availability of other effective antiparasitic agents and its potential for causing adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache. Additionally, it should only be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional and according to approved guidelines, as improper use can lead to treatment failure or the development of drug-resistant parasites.

Splenic diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or health of the spleen. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, which plays a vital role in filtering the blood and fighting infections. Some common splenic diseases include:

1. Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen due to various causes such as infections, liver disease, blood disorders, or cancer.
2. Hypersplenism: Overactivity of the spleen leading to excessive removal of blood cells from circulation, causing anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia.
3. Splenic infarction: Partial or complete blockage of the splenic artery or its branches, resulting in tissue death and potential organ dysfunction.
4. Splenic rupture: Traumatic or spontaneous tearing of the spleen capsule, causing internal bleeding and potentially life-threatening conditions.
5. Infections: Bacterial (e.g., sepsis, tuberculosis), viral (e.g., mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus), fungal (e.g., histoplasmosis), or parasitic (e.g., malaria) infections can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
6. Hematologic disorders: Conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hemolytic anemias, lymphomas, leukemias, or myeloproliferative neoplasms can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement or dysfunction.
7. Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or vasculitis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
8. Cancers: Primary (e.g., splenic tumors) or secondary (e.g., metastatic cancer from other organs) malignancies can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement, dysfunction, or rupture.
9. Vascular abnormalities: Conditions such as portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or splenic vein thrombosis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
10. Trauma: Accidental or intentional injuries to the spleen can lead to bleeding, infection, or organ dysfunction.

A "Parasite Egg Count" is a laboratory measurement used to estimate the number of parasitic eggs present in a fecal sample. It is commonly used in veterinary and human medicine to diagnose and monitor parasitic infections, such as those caused by roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and other intestinal helminths (parasitic worms).

The most common method for measuring parasite egg counts is the McMaster technique. This involves mixing a known volume of feces with a flotation solution, which causes the eggs to float to the top of the mixture. A small sample of this mixture is then placed on a special counting chamber and examined under a microscope. The number of eggs present in the sample is then multiplied by a dilution factor to estimate the total number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces.

Parasite egg counts can provide valuable information about the severity of an infection, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. However, it is important to note that not all parasitic infections produce visible eggs in the feces, and some parasites may only shed eggs intermittently. Therefore, a negative egg count does not always rule out the presence of a parasitic infection.

Praziquantel is an anthelmintic medication, which is used to treat and prevent trematode (fluke) infections, including schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia or snail fever), clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis, and fasciolopsiasis. It works by causing severe spasms in the muscle cells of the parasites, ultimately leading to their death. Praziquantel is available in tablet form and is typically taken orally in a single dose, although the dosage may vary depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated.

It's important to note that praziquantel is not effective against tapeworm infections, and other medications such as niclosamide or albendazole are used instead for those infections. Also, Praziquantel should be taken under medical supervision, as it may have some side effects, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache.

It's important to consult a healthcare professional before taking any medication.

'Biomphalaria' is a genus of freshwater snails that are intermediate hosts for the parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever. This is a type of trematode infection that affects humans and other animals. The snails of the 'Biomphalaria' genus are native to Africa and parts of South America and play an essential role in the life cycle of the parasitic worms that cause this disease.

Schistosomiasis is a significant public health issue, particularly in developing countries with poor sanitation and hygiene. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 200 million people worldwide are infected with schistosomes, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths each year. Effective control of the disease requires a multi-faceted approach, including the prevention of transmission through snail control and the treatment of infected individuals with praziquantel, the drug of choice for schistosomiasis.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Schistosomiasis haematobia" is not a recognized medical term. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of blood flukes (schistosomes). The two main forms that affect humans are Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium, but the term "haematobia" itself refers to the presence of blood in urine.

So, when we talk about Schistosoma haematobium, it's a specific species of schistosome that causes an infection known as urogenital schistosomiasis, which is characterized by the presence of blood in the urine (haematuria) and other symptoms.

If you have any questions about tropical diseases or parasitic infections, feel free to ask!

Helminth antigens refer to the proteins or other molecules found on the surface or within helminth parasites that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. Helminths are large, multicellular parasitic worms that can infect various tissues and organs in humans and animals, causing diseases such as schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiases.

Helminth antigens can be recognized by the host's immune system as foreign invaders, leading to the activation of various immune cells and the production of antibodies. However, many helminths have evolved mechanisms to evade or suppress the host's immune response, allowing them to establish long-term infections.

Studying helminth antigens is important for understanding the immunology of helminth infections and developing new strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some researchers have also explored the potential therapeutic use of helminth antigens or whole helminths as a way to modulate the immune system and treat autoimmune diseases or allergies. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these approaches.

Schistosomiasis japonica is a specific form of schistosomiasis, which is also known as snail fever. It is caused by the parasitic flatworm Schistosoma japonicum. This disease is prevalent in East Asian countries like China, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

The life cycle of Schistosoma japonicum involves freshwater-dwelling snails as an intermediate host. Humans get infected through direct contact with contaminated water, where the parasite's larvae are released from the snails. The larvae penetrate the skin, enter the bloodstream, and migrate to the liver. Here, they mature into adult worms and start producing eggs, which are excreted through feces or urine.

The symptoms of Schistosomiasis japonica can vary depending on the stage and severity of the infection. In the early stages, individuals might experience skin rashes, fever, chills, and muscle aches. As the parasite eggs travel through the body, they can cause inflammation and damage to various organs, including the liver, intestines, and lungs. Chronic infections can lead to severe complications such as fibrosis, scarring, and increased risk of bladder cancer.

Preventive measures include avoiding contact with contaminated water sources, proper sanitation, and snail control. Treatment typically involves administering the drug praziquantel, which is effective against Schistosoma japonicum and other schistosome species.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, known as an antigen. They are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens, neutralizing or marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect humans and animals. They include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes, among others. Helminth infections can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of worm and the location of the infection.

Antibodies to helminths are produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these parasitic worms. These antibodies can be detected in the blood and serve as evidence of a current or past infection. They may also play a role in protecting against future infections with the same type of worm.

There are several different classes of antibodies, including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Antibodies to helminths are typically of the IgE class, which are associated with allergic reactions and the defense against parasites. IgE antibodies can bind to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators that help to protect against the worm.

In addition to IgE, other classes of antibodies may also be produced in response to a helminth infection. For example, IgG antibodies may be produced later in the course of the infection and can provide long-term immunity to reinfection. IgA antibodies may also be produced and can help to prevent the attachment and entry of the worm into the body.

Overall, the production of antibodies to helminths is an important part of the immune response to these parasitic worms. However, in some cases, the presence of these antibodies may also be associated with allergic reactions or other immunological disorders.

A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.

Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "snails" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to a large group of land and sea-dwelling mollusks that have coiled shells and move slowly by means of a muscular foot. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help! Just let me know what you're looking for.

Anthelmintics are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms, also known as helminths. These medications work by either stunting the growth of the worms, paralyzing them, or killing them outright, allowing the body to expel the worms through normal bodily functions. Anthelmintics are commonly used to treat infections caused by roundworms, tapeworms, flukeworms, and hookworms. Examples of anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, and ivermectin.

Neuroschistosomiasis is a form of schistosomiasis, which is a parasitic infection caused by Schistosoma species. It is characterized by the invasion and inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) by the parasite's eggs or larvae. This can lead to various neurological symptoms such as seizures, headaches, visual disturbances, and motor or sensory deficits. Neuroschistosomiasis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment.

The two Schistosoma species most commonly associated with neuroschistosomiasis are S. japonicum and S. mansoni. The parasites typically enter the human body through skin contact with contaminated water, where they mature into adult worms in the bloodstream. Female worms then lay eggs, some of which may be carried to the CNS by the circulatory system.

Neuroschistosomiasis can occur in both acute and chronic forms. Acute neuroschistosomiasis is characterized by an inflammatory response to the parasite's eggs or larvae, which can cause eosinophilic meningitis or encephalitis. Chronic neuroschistosomiasis may result in the formation of granulomas around the eggs, leading to various neurological symptoms depending on the location and extent of the damage.

Diagnosis of neuroschistosomiasis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies (such as MRI or CT scans), and laboratory tests (such as serology or CSF analysis). Treatment usually consists of anti-parasitic drugs such as praziquantel, combined with corticosteroids to manage the inflammatory response. In severe cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to alleviate symptoms or prevent further damage.

A granuloma is a small, nodular inflammatory lesion that occurs in various tissues in response to chronic infection, foreign body reaction, or autoimmune conditions. Histologically, it is characterized by the presence of epithelioid macrophages, which are specialized immune cells with enlarged nuclei and abundant cytoplasm, often arranged in a palisading pattern around a central area containing necrotic debris, microorganisms, or foreign material.

Granulomas can be found in various medical conditions such as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, fungal infections, and certain autoimmune disorders like Crohn's disease. The formation of granulomas is a complex process involving both innate and adaptive immune responses, which aim to contain and eliminate the offending agent while minimizing tissue damage.

Schistosoma is a genus of flatworms that cause the disease schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever. These parasitic worms infect freshwater snails and then release a form of the parasite that can penetrate the skin of humans when they come into contact with contaminated water. The larvae mature into adult worms in the human body, living in the blood vessels of the bladder, intestines or other organs, where they lay eggs. These eggs can cause serious damage to internal organs and lead to a range of symptoms including fever, chills, diarrhea, and anemia. Schistosomiasis is a significant public health problem in many tropical and subtropical regions around the world.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Burundi" does not have a medical definition. Burundi is a country located in East Africa, bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west. It's known for its warm, friendly people, beautiful landscapes, and rich cultural heritage. If you have any questions about Burundi's geography, history, or culture, I'd be happy to try to help answer them!

"Schistosoma haematobium" is a species of parasitic flatworm, also known as a blood fluke, that causes the disease schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia). This specific species is the most common cause of urogenital schistosomiasis.

The life cycle of Schistosoma haematobium involves freshwater snails as intermediate hosts. The parasite's eggs are released in the urine of an infected person and hatch in fresh water, releasing miracidia that infect the snail. After several developmental stages, the parasites emerge from the snail as free-swimming cercariae, which then infect the human host by penetrating the skin during contact with infested water.

Once inside the human body, the cercariae transform into schistosomula and migrate to the venous plexus around the bladder, where they mature into adult worms. The female worms lay eggs that can cause inflammation and damage to the urinary tract and, in some cases, other organs. Symptoms of infection can include blood in the urine, frequent urination, and pain during urination. Chronic infection can lead to more serious complications, such as bladder cancer and kidney damage.

Hepatomegaly is a medical term that refers to an enlargement of the liver beyond its normal size. The liver is usually located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and can be felt during a physical examination. A healthcare provider may detect hepatomegaly by palpating (examining through touch) the abdomen, noticing that the edge of the liver extends past the lower ribcage.

There are several possible causes for hepatomegaly, including:
- Fatty liver disease (both alcoholic and nonalcoholic)
- Hepatitis (viral or autoimmune)
- Liver cirrhosis
- Cancer (such as primary liver cancer, metastatic cancer, or lymphoma)
- Infections (e.g., bacterial, fungal, or parasitic)
- Heart failure and other cardiovascular conditions
- Genetic disorders (e.g., Gaucher's disease, Niemann-Pick disease, or Hunter syndrome)
- Metabolic disorders (e.g., glycogen storage diseases, hemochromatosis, or Wilson's disease)

Diagnosing the underlying cause of hepatomegaly typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies like ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment depends on the specific cause identified and may include medications, lifestyle changes, or, in some cases, surgical intervention.

I apologize, but "Brazil" is not a medical term or condition. It is the largest country in both South America and Latin America by land area and population. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, please provide more information and I will do my best to help.

An endemic disease is a type of disease that is regularly found among particular people or in a certain population, and is spread easily from person to person. The rate of infection is consistently high in these populations, but it is relatively stable and does not change dramatically over time. Endemic diseases are contrasted with epidemic diseases, which suddenly increase in incidence and spread rapidly through a large population.

Endemic diseases are often associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare. They can also be influenced by environmental factors such as climate, water quality, and exposure to vectors like mosquitoes or ticks. Examples of endemic diseases include malaria in some tropical countries, tuberculosis (TB) in many parts of the world, and HIV/AIDS in certain populations.

Effective prevention and control measures for endemic diseases typically involve improving access to healthcare, promoting good hygiene and sanitation practices, providing vaccinations when available, and implementing vector control strategies. By addressing the underlying social and environmental factors that contribute to the spread of these diseases, it is possible to reduce their impact on affected populations and improve overall health outcomes.

"Schistosoma japonicum" is a species of parasitic flatworms (trematodes) that causes schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever, in humans. This disease is prevalent in East Asian countries such as China, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

The life cycle of Schistosoma japonicum involves freshwater snails as intermediate hosts. The parasites lay eggs in the blood vessels of the human host, which then pass through the body and are excreted into water. When the eggs hatch, they release miracidia that infect specific species of freshwater snails. After several developmental stages within the snail, the parasite releases cercariae, which can infect humans by penetrating the skin during contact with infested water.

Once inside the human host, the cercariae transform into schistosomula and migrate to the lungs, then to the liver, where they mature into adult worms. The adult worms pair up, mate, and produce eggs that can cause inflammation, granulomas, and fibrosis in various organs, depending on their location.

Schistosoma japonicum is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in endemic areas, with symptoms ranging from fever, rash, and diarrhea to more severe complications such as liver damage, bladder cancer, and kidney failure. Preventive measures include avoiding contact with infested water, treating infected individuals, and improving sanitation and hygiene practices.

An ovum is the female reproductive cell, or gamete, produced in the ovaries. It is also known as an egg cell and is released from the ovary during ovulation. When fertilized by a sperm, it becomes a zygote, which can develop into a fetus. The ovum contains half the genetic material necessary to create a new individual.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Parasitic lung diseases refer to conditions caused by infection of the lungs by parasites. These are small organisms that live on or in a host organism and derive their sustenance at the expense of the host. Parasitic lung diseases can be caused by various types of parasites, including helminths (worms) and protozoa.

Examples of parasitic lung diseases include:

1. Pulmonary echinococcosis (hydatid disease): This is a rare infection caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The larvae form cysts in various organs, including the lungs.
2. Paragonimiasis: This is a food-borne lung fluke infection caused by Paragonimus westermani and other species. Humans become infected by eating raw or undercooked crustaceans (such as crabs or crayfish) that contain the larval stage of the parasite.
3. Toxocariasis: This is a soil-transmitted helminth infection caused by the roundworm Toxocara canis or T. cati, which are found in the intestines of dogs and cats. Humans become infected through accidental ingestion of contaminated soil, undercooked meat, or through contact with an infected animal's feces. Although the primary site of infection is the small intestine, larval migration can lead to lung involvement in some cases.
4. Amebic lung disease: This is a rare complication of amebiasis, which is caused by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. The parasite usually infects the large intestine, but it can spread to other organs, including the lungs, through the bloodstream.
5. Cryptosporidiosis: This is a waterborne protozoan infection caused by Cryptosporidium parvum or C. hominis. Although the primary site of infection is the small intestine, immunocompromised individuals can develop disseminated disease, including pulmonary involvement.

Symptoms of parasitic lung diseases vary depending on the specific organism and the severity of infection but may include cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, and sputum production. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and laboratory tests, such as stool or blood examinations for parasites or their antigens. Treatment depends on the specific organism but may include antiparasitic medications, supportive care, and management of complications.

Helminth proteins refer to the proteins that are produced and expressed by helminths, which are parasitic worms that cause diseases in humans and animals. These proteins can be found on the surface or inside the helminths and play various roles in their biology, such as in development, reproduction, and immune evasion. Some helminth proteins have been identified as potential targets for vaccines or drug development, as blocking their function may help to control or eliminate helminth infections. Examples of helminth proteins that have been studied include the antigen Bm86 from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus, and the tetraspanin protein Sm22.6 from the blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Venezuela" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in South America, known officially as the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!

Liver cirrhosis is a chronic, progressive disease characterized by the replacement of normal liver tissue with scarred (fibrotic) tissue, leading to loss of function. The scarring is caused by long-term damage from various sources such as hepatitis, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and other causes. As the disease advances, it can lead to complications like portal hypertension, fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites), impaired brain function (hepatic encephalopathy), and increased risk of liver cancer. It is generally irreversible, but early detection and treatment of underlying causes may help slow down its progression.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Molluscicides are a type of pesticide specifically designed to kill mollusks, which include snails and slugs. These substances work by interfering with the mollusk's nervous system, leading to paralysis and death. Molluscicides are often used in agricultural settings to protect crops from damage caused by these pests, but they can also be found in residential products designed to control nuisance snails and slugs in gardens or landscaping.

It is important to note that molluscicides can be harmful to other organisms as well, including pets and wildlife, so they should be used with caution and according to the manufacturer's instructions. Additionally, some molluscicides may pose risks to human health if not handled properly, so it is essential to follow safety guidelines when using these products.

"CBA" is an abbreviation for a specific strain of inbred mice that were developed at the Cancer Research Institute in London. The "Inbred CBA" mice are genetically identical individuals within the same strain, due to many generations of brother-sister matings. This results in a homozygous population, making them valuable tools for research because they reduce variability and increase reproducibility in experimental outcomes.

The CBA strain is known for its susceptibility to certain diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and cancer, which makes it a popular choice for researchers studying those conditions. Additionally, the CBA strain has been widely used in studies related to transplantation immunology, infectious diseases, and genetic research.

It's important to note that while "Inbred CBA" mice are a well-established and useful tool in biomedical research, they represent only one of many inbred strains available for scientific investigation. Each strain has its own unique characteristics and advantages, depending on the specific research question being asked.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fresh Water" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe water that contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other dissolved minerals. It is distinguished from saline water, which includes saltwater found in the ocean and brackish water found in estuaries. Fresh water is essential for many biological processes and is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use.

Portal hypertension is a medical condition characterized by an increased pressure in the portal vein, which is the large blood vessel that carries blood from the intestines, spleen, and pancreas to the liver. Normal portal venous pressure is approximately 5-10 mmHg. Portal hypertension is defined as a portal venous pressure greater than 10 mmHg.

The most common cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis of the liver, which leads to scarring and narrowing of the small blood vessels in the liver, resulting in increased resistance to blood flow. Other causes include blood clots in the portal vein, inflammation of the liver or bile ducts, and invasive tumors that block the flow of blood through the liver.

Portal hypertension can lead to a number of complications, including the development of abnormal blood vessels (varices) in the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, which are prone to bleeding. Ascites, or the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, is another common complication of portal hypertension. Other potential complications include encephalopathy, which is a condition characterized by confusion, disorientation, and other neurological symptoms, and an increased risk of bacterial infections.

Treatment of portal hypertension depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Medications to reduce pressure in the portal vein, such as beta blockers or nitrates, may be used. Endoscopic procedures to band or inject varices can help prevent bleeding. In severe cases, surgery or liver transplantation may be necessary.

'Bulinus' is a genus of freshwater snails that have a spiral, coiled shell. These snails are aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, which means they breathe air but live in water. They are often found in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and the Middle East.

Bulinus snails are known to be intermediate hosts for several species of parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia), a chronic and debilitating disease that affects millions of people worldwide, particularly in developing countries with poor sanitation and access to safe water.

The most common species of Bulinus snails involved in the transmission of schistosomiasis are Bulinus truncatus and Bulinus globosus. These snails ingest the larval stage of the parasitic flatworms, which then develop into a different larval stage inside the snail's tissues. When an infected snail releases its faeces into the water, the larval flatworms are released and can infect humans who come into contact with the contaminated water.

Therefore, Bulinus snails play a crucial role in the life cycle of these parasites and are an important public health concern in areas where schistosomiasis is endemic.

Esophageal varices and gastric varices are abnormal, enlarged veins in the lower part of the esophagus (the tube that connects the throat to the stomach) and in the stomach lining, respectively. They occur as a result of increased pressure in the portal vein, which is the large blood vessel that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver. This condition is known as portal hypertension.

Esophageal varices are more common than gastric varices and tend to be more symptomatic. They can cause bleeding, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Gastric varices may also bleed, but they are often asymptomatic until they rupture.

The most common causes of esophageal and gastric varices are cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and portal hypertension due to other liver diseases such as schistosomiasis or Budd-Chiari syndrome. Treatment options for esophageal and gastric varices include medications to reduce bleeding, endoscopic therapies to treat active bleeding or prevent recurrent bleeding, and surgical procedures to relieve portal hypertension.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "population density" is actually a term used in population geography and epidemiology, rather than medical terminology. It refers to the number of people living in a specific area or region, usually measured as the number of people per square mile or square kilometer.

However, understanding population density can be important in public health and medicine because it can influence various factors related to health outcomes and healthcare delivery, such as:

1. Disease transmission rates: Higher population densities can facilitate the spread of infectious diseases, particularly those that are transmitted through close contact between individuals.
2. Access to healthcare services: Areas with lower population density might have fewer healthcare resources and providers available, making it more challenging for residents to access necessary medical care.
3. Health disparities: Population density can contribute to health inequities, as urban areas often have better access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities than rural areas, leading to differences in health outcomes between these populations.
4. Environmental factors: Higher population densities might lead to increased pollution, noise, and other environmental hazards that can negatively impact health.

Therefore, while "population density" is not a medical definition per se, it remains an essential concept for understanding various public health and healthcare issues.

I am not aware of any medical definition for the term "Egypt." Egypt is a country located in the northeastern corner of Africa, known for its rich history and cultural heritage. It is home to various ancient artifacts and monuments, including the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx.

If you have any specific medical or health-related questions related to Egypt, such as information about diseases prevalent in the country or healthcare practices there, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you.

Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are proteins produced by the immune system to recognize and neutralize foreign substances like pathogens or antigens. The term "immunoglobulin isotypes" refers to the different classes of immunoglobulins that share a similar structure but have distinct functions and properties.

There are five main isotypes of immunoglobulins in humans, namely IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each isotype has a unique heavy chain constant region (CH) that determines its effector functions, such as binding to Fc receptors, complement activation, or protection against pathogens.

IgA is primarily found in external secretions like tears, saliva, and breast milk, providing localized immunity at mucosal surfaces. IgD is expressed on the surface of B cells and plays a role in their activation and differentiation. IgE is associated with allergic responses and binds to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of histamine and other mediators of inflammation.

IgG is the most abundant isotype in serum and has several subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their effector functions. IgG can cross the placenta, providing passive immunity to the fetus. IgM is the first antibody produced during an immune response and is primarily found in the bloodstream, where it forms large pentameric complexes that are effective at agglutination and complement activation.

Overall, immunoglobulin isotypes play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response, providing specific and diverse mechanisms for recognizing and neutralizing foreign substances.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Helminthiasis is a medical condition characterized by the infection and infestation of body tissues and organs by helminths, which are parasitic worms. These worms can be classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).

Helminthiasis infections can occur through various modes of transmission, such as ingestion of contaminated food or water, skin contact with contaminated soil, or direct contact with an infected person or animal. The severity of the infection depends on several factors, including the type and number of worms involved, the duration of the infestation, and the overall health status of the host.

Common symptoms of helminthiasis include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, anemia, and nutritional deficiencies. In severe cases, the infection can lead to organ damage or failure, impaired growth and development in children, and even death.

Diagnosis of helminthiasis typically involves microscopic examination of stool samples to identify the presence and type of worms. Treatment usually consists of administering anthelmintic drugs that are effective against specific types of worms. Preventive measures include improving sanitation and hygiene, avoiding contact with contaminated soil or water, and practicing safe food handling and preparation.

Helminth DNA refers to the genetic material found in parasitic worms that belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) and Nematoda (roundworms). These parasites can infect various organs and tissues of humans and animals, causing a range of diseases.

Helminths have complex life cycles involving multiple developmental stages and hosts. The study of their DNA has provided valuable insights into their evolutionary history, genetic diversity, and mechanisms of pathogenesis. It has also facilitated the development of molecular diagnostic tools for identifying and monitoring helminth infections.

Understanding the genetic makeup of these parasites is crucial for developing effective control strategies, including drug discovery, vaccine development, and disease management.

A splenectomy is a surgical procedure in which the spleen is removed from the body. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, near the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays several important roles in the body, including fighting certain types of infections, removing old or damaged red blood cells from the circulation, and storing platelets and white blood cells.

There are several reasons why a splenectomy may be necessary, including:

* Trauma to the spleen that cannot be repaired
* Certain types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's lymphoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Sickle cell disease, which can cause the spleen to enlarge and become damaged
* A ruptured spleen, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly
* Certain blood disorders, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) or hemolytic anemia

A splenectomy is typically performed under general anesthesia and may be done using open surgery or laparoscopically. After the spleen is removed, the incision(s) are closed with sutures or staples. Recovery time varies depending on the individual and the type of surgery performed, but most people are able to return to their normal activities within a few weeks.

It's important to note that following a splenectomy, individuals may be at increased risk for certain types of infections, so it's recommended that they receive vaccinations to help protect against these infections. They should also seek medical attention promptly if they develop fever, chills, or other signs of infection.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

An acute disease is a medical condition that has a rapid onset, develops quickly, and tends to be short in duration. Acute diseases can range from minor illnesses such as a common cold or flu, to more severe conditions such as pneumonia, meningitis, or a heart attack. These types of diseases often have clear symptoms that are easy to identify, and they may require immediate medical attention or treatment.

Acute diseases are typically caused by an external agent or factor, such as a bacterial or viral infection, a toxin, or an injury. They can also be the result of a sudden worsening of an existing chronic condition. In general, acute diseases are distinct from chronic diseases, which are long-term medical conditions that develop slowly over time and may require ongoing management and treatment.

Examples of acute diseases include:

* Acute bronchitis: a sudden inflammation of the airways in the lungs, often caused by a viral infection.
* Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix that can cause severe pain and requires surgical removal.
* Gastroenteritis: an inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
* Migraine headaches: intense headaches that can last for hours or days, and are often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
* Myocardial infarction (heart attack): a sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, often caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries.
* Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause coughing, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
* Sinusitis: an inflammation of the sinuses, often caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

It's important to note that while some acute diseases may resolve on their own with rest and supportive care, others may require medical intervention or treatment to prevent complications and promote recovery. If you are experiencing symptoms of an acute disease, it is always best to seek medical attention to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of infectious diseases that primarily affect people living in poverty, in tropical and subtropical areas. These diseases are called "neglected" because they have been largely ignored by medical research and drug development, as well as by global health agencies and pharmaceutical companies.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified 20 diseases as NTDs, including:

1. Buruli ulcer
2. Chagas disease
3. Dengue and chikungunya
4. Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease)
5. Echinococcosis
6. Endemic treponematoses
7. Foodborne trematodiases
8. Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
9. Leishmaniasis
10. Leprosy (Hansen's disease)
11. Lymphatic filariasis
12. Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
13. Rabies
14. Schistosomiasis
15. Soil-transmitted helminthiases
16. Snakebite envenoming
17. Taeniasis/Cysticercosis
18. Trachoma
19. Mycetoma, chromoblastomycosis and other deep mycoses
20. Yaws (Endemic treponematoses)

These diseases can lead to severe disfigurement, disability, and even death if left untreated. They affect more than 1 billion people worldwide, mainly in low-income countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. NTDs also have significant social and economic impacts, contributing to poverty, stigma, discrimination, and exclusion.

Efforts are underway to raise awareness and increase funding for research, prevention, and treatment of NTDs. The WHO has set targets for controlling or eliminating several NTDs by 2030, including dracunculiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, trachoma, and human African trypanosomiasis.

Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the body's immune response. They are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream, where they can travel to different tissues and organs throughout the body. Eosinophils are characterized by their granules, which contain various proteins and enzymes that are toxic to parasites and can contribute to inflammation.

Eosinophils are typically associated with allergic reactions, asthma, and other inflammatory conditions. They can also be involved in the body's response to certain infections, particularly those caused by parasites such as worms. In some cases, elevated levels of eosinophils in the blood or tissues (a condition called eosinophilia) can indicate an underlying medical condition, such as a parasitic infection, autoimmune disorder, or cancer.

Eosinophils are named for their staining properties - they readily take up eosin dye, which is why they appear pink or red under the microscope. They make up only about 1-6% of circulating white blood cells in healthy individuals, but their numbers can increase significantly in response to certain triggers.

Niclosamide is an antihelminthic medication, which means it is used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms. It works by disrupting the metabolism of the worms, leading to their elimination from the body. Niclosamide is specifically indicated for the treatment of tapeworm infections (such as Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, and Hymenolepis nana).

It's important to note that niclosamide is not typically absorbed into the human body when taken as directed, so it primarily affects the worms in the digestive tract. However, if you have any specific questions about niclosamide or its use, please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice tailored to your particular circumstances.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

Antiplatyhelmintic agents are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic flatworms, also known as platyhelminths. These include tapeworms, flukes, and other types of flatworms that can infect various organs of the body, such as the intestines, liver, lungs, and blood vessels.

Antiplatyhelmintic agents work by disrupting the metabolism or reproductive processes of the parasitic worms, leading to their elimination from the body. Some commonly used antiplatyhelmintic agents include praziquantel, niclosamide, and albendazole.

It is important to note that while these medications can be effective in treating platyhelminth infections, they should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as improper use or dosage can lead to serious side effects or treatment failures.

A cercaria is a larval stage in the life cycle of certain flatworms, including trematodes (flukes) and schistosomes. These parasitic worms have complex life cycles that involve multiple hosts. Cercariae are released from the intermediate host, usually a snail, into the water where they swim around searching for their next host. They are typically characterized by the presence of a tail, which they use to move through the water. Once they find a suitable host, such as a vertebrate, they penetrate the skin and transform into another larval stage called a schistosomulum or metacercaria. This stage then migrates through the body of the host and eventually develops into an adult worm that lives in the tissues of the final host. Cercariae can cause infection and disease in both humans and animals, depending on the specific species of trematode or schistosome involved.

Niridazole is an anti-parasitic medication that was previously used to treat infections caused by parasites such as schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia or snail fever) and loiasis (also known as African eye worm). It works by inhibiting the metabolism of the parasites, leading to their death. However, due to its side effects, including neurotoxicity and potential for causing optic neuritis, it is no longer commonly used in clinical practice.

Host-parasite interactions refer to the relationship between a parasitic organism (the parasite) and its host, which can be an animal, plant, or human body. The parasite lives on or inside the host and derives nutrients from it, often causing harm in the process. This interaction can range from relatively benign to severe, depending on various factors such as the species of the parasite, the immune response of the host, and the duration of infection.

The host-parasite relationship is often categorized based on the degree of harm caused to the host. Parasites that cause little to no harm are called commensals, while those that cause significant damage or disease are called parasitic pathogens. Some parasites can even manipulate their hosts' behavior and physiology to enhance their own survival and reproduction, leading to complex interactions between the two organisms.

Understanding host-parasite interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat parasitic infections, as well as for understanding the ecological relationships between different species in natural ecosystems.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sudan" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Northeast Africa, known as the Sudan or Sudan proper, and the southern region that seceded to become South Sudan in 2011. If you have any medical terms you would like me to define, please let me know!

Splenomegaly is a medical term that refers to an enlargement or expansion of the spleen beyond its normal size. The spleen is a vital organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, behind the stomach and below the diaphragm. It plays a crucial role in filtering the blood, fighting infections, and storing red and white blood cells and platelets.

Splenomegaly can occur due to various underlying medical conditions, including infections, liver diseases, blood disorders, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. The enlarged spleen may put pressure on surrounding organs, causing discomfort or pain in the abdomen, and it may also lead to a decrease in red and white blood cells and platelets, increasing the risk of anemia, infections, and bleeding.

The diagnosis of splenomegaly typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other interventions to manage the underlying condition.

The spleen is an organ in the upper left side of the abdomen, next to the stomach and behind the ribs. It plays multiple supporting roles in the body:

1. It fights infection by acting as a filter for the blood. Old red blood cells are recycled in the spleen, and platelets and white blood cells are stored there.
2. The spleen also helps to control the amount of blood in the body by removing excess red blood cells and storing platelets.
3. It has an important role in immune function, producing antibodies and removing microorganisms and damaged red blood cells from the bloodstream.

The spleen can be removed without causing any significant problems, as other organs take over its functions. This is known as a splenectomy and may be necessary if the spleen is damaged or diseased.

Helminths are a type of parasitic worm that can infect humans and animals. They are multi-cellular organisms that belong to the phyla Platyhelminthes (flatworms) or Nematoda (roundworms). Helminths can be further classified into three main groups: nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes).

Helminth infections are typically acquired through contact with contaminated soil, food, or water. The symptoms of helminth infections can vary widely depending on the type of worm and the location and extent of the infection. Some common symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and malnutrition.

Helminths have complex life cycles that often involve multiple hosts. They can be difficult to diagnose and treat, and in some cases, may require long-term treatment with anti-parasitic drugs. Preventive measures such as good hygiene practices, proper sanitation, and access to clean water can help reduce the risk of helminth infections.

Parasitology is a branch of biology that deals with the study of parasites, their life cycles, the relationship between parasites and their hosts, the transmission of parasitic diseases, and the development of methods for their control and elimination. It involves understanding various types of parasites including protozoa, helminths, and arthropods that can infect humans, animals, and plants. Parasitologists also study the evolution, genetics, biochemistry, and ecology of parasites to develop effective strategies for their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Urine is a physiological excretory product that is primarily composed of water, urea, and various ions (such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and others) that are the byproducts of protein metabolism. It also contains small amounts of other substances like uric acid, creatinine, ammonia, and various organic compounds. Urine is produced by the kidneys through a process called urination or micturition, where it is filtered from the blood and then stored in the bladder until it is excreted from the body through the urethra. The color, volume, and composition of urine can provide important diagnostic information about various medical conditions.

Cytokines are a broad and diverse category of small signaling proteins that are secreted by various cells, including immune cells, in response to different stimuli. They play crucial roles in regulating the immune response, inflammation, hematopoiesis, and cellular communication.

Cytokines mediate their effects by binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells, which triggers intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately result in changes in gene expression, cell behavior, and function. Some key functions of cytokines include:

1. Regulating the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of immune cells such as T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and macrophages.
2. Coordinating the inflammatory response by recruiting immune cells to sites of infection or tissue damage and modulating their effector functions.
3. Regulating hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell formation in the bone marrow, by controlling the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
4. Modulating the development and function of the nervous system, including neuroinflammation, neuroprotection, and neuroregeneration.

Cytokines can be classified into several categories based on their structure, function, or cellular origin. Some common types of cytokines include interleukins (ILs), interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), chemokines, colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), and transforming growth factors (TGFs). Dysregulation of cytokine production and signaling has been implicated in various pathological conditions, such as autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Medical topography refers to the detailed description and mapping of the locations and relative positions of various anatomical structures, abnormalities, or lesions in the body. It is often used in the context of imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, where it helps to visualize and communicate the spatial relationships between different bodily features. Medical topography may also involve the use of physical examination, surgical exploration, or other diagnostic methods to gather information about the location and extent of medical conditions.

In summary, medical topography is a detailed mapping and description of the location and position of anatomical structures or pathological changes in the body.

Hookworm infections are parasitic diseases caused by the ingestion or penetration of hookworm larvae (immature worms) into the human body. The two main species that infect humans are Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale.

The infection typically occurs through skin contact with contaminated soil, often when walking barefoot on dirty ground. The larvae then penetrate the skin, enter the bloodstream, and travel to the lungs where they mature further. They are coughed up and swallowed, eventually reaching the small intestine, where they attach to the intestinal wall and feed on blood.

Hookworm infections can cause a range of symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, weight loss, and fatigue. In severe cases, chronic hookworm infections can lead to serious complications such as protein malnutrition and heart failure. Treatment typically involves the use of anti-parasitic medications, such as albendazole or mebendazole, which kill the adult worms and allow the body to expel them. Preventive measures include improving sanitation and hygiene practices, wearing shoes in areas with contaminated soil, and regular deworming of at-risk populations.

To the best of my knowledge, "Côte d'Ivoire" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country, which is officially known as the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire. The country is located in West Africa and is bordered by countries such as Ghana, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Liberia.

Côte d'Ivoire was once a French colony and gained its independence in 1960. The country has a diverse population and a developing economy, with agriculture being a major contributor to its GDP. The capital city of Côte d'Ivoire is Yamoussoukro, while the largest city is Abidjan.

It's important to note that medical terminology and concepts are typically related to anatomy, physiology, diseases, treatments, and other health-related topics. Therefore, it's unlikely that a country name like Côte d'Ivoire would have a direct medical definition or application.

For S. mansoni and S. japonicum, these are "intestinal" and "hepatic schistosomiasis", associated with formation of granulomas ... "Schistosomiasis". www.who.int. 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2021-06-05. Sambon, L.W. (1907). "Remarks on Schistosomum mansoni". ... About 80-85% of schistosomiasis is found in sub-Saharan Africa, where S. haematobium, S. intercalatum and S. mansoni are ... Katz, Naftale (2008). "The discovery of Schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil". Acta Tropica. 108 (2-3): 69-71. doi:10.1016/j. ...
Abdul-Ghani, R; Loutfy, N; Sahn, A; Hassan, A (Apr 2009). "Current chemotherapy arsenal for schistosomiasis mansoni: ... A schistosomicide is a drug used to combat schistosomiasis. Examples listed in MeSH include: amoscanate arteether artemether ... chloroxylenol hycanthone lucanthone metrifonate niridazole oltipraz oxamniquine praziquantel stibophen Schistosomiasis vaccine ...
Allam, Gamal (2009). "Immunomodulatory effects of curcumin treatment on murine schistosomiasis mansoni". Immunobiology. 214 (8 ...
Kheir MM, Eltoum IA, Saad AM, Ali MM, Baraka OZ, Homeida MM (February 1999). "Mortality due to schistosomiasis mansoni: a field ... Schistosomiasis is the second most prevalent parasitic disease of humans after malaria. In 2014-15, the WHO estimated that ... WHO (2013). Schistosomiasis: progress report 2001 - 2011, strategic plan 2012 - 2020. WHO Press, World Health Organization, ... Praziquantel is the drug of choice for schistosomiasis, taeniasis, and most types of food-borne trematodiases. Oxamniquine is ...
"Clinical evaluation of niridazole and hycanthone in schistosomiasis mansoni endemic areas". Journal of Toxicology and ... It is used to treat schistosomiasis, the helmintic disease caused by certain flatworms (trematodes) from the genus Schistosoma ... "Reductive metabolism of niridazole by adult Schistosoma mansoni. Correlation with covalent drug binding to parasite ...
Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic flatworm that causes intestinal schistosomiasis. Sporocysts of S. mansoni have been detected ... "Primer hallazgo en Venezuela de huevos de Schistosoma mansoni y de otros helmintos de interés en salud pública, presentes en ... First finding in Venezuela of Schistosoma mansoni eggs and other helminths of interest in public health found in faeces and ...
... mansoni and S. japonicum develop intestinal schistosomiasis. S. mansoni infection epidemiologically overlaps with high HIV ... Fibrotic hepatic schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni usually develops in around 5-15 years, while it can take less time for S ... Acute schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni and S. haematobium generally affect people who have been infected for the first time ... Kheir MM, Eltoum IA, Saad AM, Ali MM, Baraka OZ, Homeida MM (February 1999). "Mortality due to schistosomiasis mansoni: a field ...
"A simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in Schistosomiasis mansoni". Revista do Instituto de Medicina ... One study of 299 subjects infected with Schistosoma mansoni found that the method had poor reproducibility and is therefore no ... Engels D, Sinzinkayo E, De Vlas SJ, Gryseels B (1997). "Intraspecimen fecal egg count variation in Schistosoma mansoni ... 2010). "Comparing Diagnostic Accuracy of Kato-Katz, Koga Agar Plate, Ether-Concentration, and FLOTAC for Schistosoma mansoni ...
"Praziquantel pharmacotherapy reduces systemic osteopontin levels and liver collagen content in murine schistosomiasis mansoni ... Osteopontin (OPN) expression is modulated by Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen. Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens directly ... into the impact of Praziquantel use on systemic OPN levels and on liver collagen deposition in chronic murine schistosomiasis ...
Intestinal schistosomiasis is the most widespread of all types of schistosomiasis). The parasite Schistosoma mansoni, which ... Biomphalaria tenagophila is an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni and a vector of schistosomiasis. Schistosoma mansoni ... Schistosoma mansoni was not able to infect Biomphalaria tenagophila in 1916 and it has adapted to this host since 1916. ... Borda, C. E.; Rea, M. J. F. (2007). "Biomphalaria tenagophila potencial vector of Schistosoma mansoni in the Paraná River basin ...
Milward-De Andrade, R.; Carvalho, O. S. (1979). "Colonization of Pomacea haustrum (Reeve 1856) in a schistosomiasis mansoni ...
ISBN 978-1-84826-733-6. Dew, H.R. (1923). "Observations on the pathology of schistosomiasis (S. haematobium and S. mansoni) in ... It is the major agent of schistosomiasis, the most prevalent parasitic infection in humans. It is the only blood fluke that ... Anon (2017). "Schistosomiasis". WHO Fact Sheet. WHO Media Centre. Retrieved 12 December 2017. Antoni, S.; Ferlay, J.; ... Mohammed, A.S. (1931). "The secretory glands of the cercariae of S. Haematobium and S. Mansoni from Egypt". Annals of Tropical ...
"Influence of Exposure History on the Immunology and Development of Resistance to Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni". PLOS Neglected ... Infestation with schistosomes in the Lake Victoria basin is about 1%, but can be up to 50% in the case of Schistosoma mansoni ... However, the species' role as an intermediate host for schistosomiasis makes it an important target for disease control ... John, R.; Ezekiel, M.; Philbert, C.; Andrew, A. (2008). "Schistosomiasis transmission at high altitude crater lakes in western ...
Schistosomiasis is an infection caused mainly by three schistosome species; Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum and ... Media related to Schistosoma japonicum at Wikimedia Commons Schistosomiasis link from the CDC. Schistosomiasis in China at UC- ... mansoni and haematobia". Acta Tropica. 82 (2): 175-81. doi:10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00009-8. PMID 12020890. "CDC - Schistosomiasis ... "CDC - Schistosomiasis - Epidemiology & Risk Factors". www.cdc.gov. April 22, 2019. "第6回 岡山医専教授 桂田富士郎 日本住血吸虫発見 世
"Freshwater Snails and Schistosomiasis Mansoni in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: I - Metropolitan Mesoregion". Memórias do ...
Freshwater Snails and Schistosomiasis Mansoni in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: V - Norte Fluminense Mesoregion. Mem Inst ...
... is commonly studied as a reservoir for the organism Schistosoma mansoni, which causes the disease ... Schistosomiasis. This disease is caused by parasitic worms found in freshwater, which may have been consumed by the South ... "An ecological field study of the water-rat Nectomys squamipes as a wild reservoir indicator of Schistosoma mansoni transmission ...
... is a medication used to treat schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma mansoni. Praziquantel, however, is often the preferred ... Oxamniquine is a potent single-dose agent for treatment of S. mansoni infection, and it causes worms to shift from the ... Jordan, Peter (1985). Schistosomiasis: The St Lucia Project. CUP Archive. p. 298. ISBN 9780521303125. Archived from the ... Danso-Appiah A, Olliaro PL, Donegan S, Sinclair D, Utzinger J (2013). "Drugs for treating Schistosoma mansoni infection" (PDF ...
... because an intermediate host for the parasite Schistosoma mansoni and a vector of schistosomiasis. The history of these ... Schistosoma mansoni came to Neotropics from Africa in context of the slave trade. Schistosoma mansoni was not able to infect ... Biomphalaria straminea is an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni and a vector of intestinal schistosomiasis. ... Meier-Brook C (1974). "A snail intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni introduced into Hong Kong". Bulletin of the World ...
The effect of praziquantel treatment on immune responses against Schistosomiasis mansoni during pregnancy: Cytokine and ... "The effect of praziquantel treatment on immune responses against Schistosomiasis mansoni during pregnancy: Cytokine and ... Effect of praziquantel treatment of Schistosoma mansoni during pregnancy on intensity of infection and antibody responses to ... "Effect of praziquantel treatment of Schistosoma mansoni during pregnancy on intensity of infection and antibody responses to ...
... natural molluscicide for schistosomiasis vector control also impedes development of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae into adult ... Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease from freshwater parasites, carried by snails. Extracts from the plant are used to ...
... is a major intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni in the Americas and a vector of schistosomiasis. In ... Schistosoma mansoni can infect juveniles of Biomphalaria glabrata much more easily than it can adults. Schistosoma mansoni ... the most widespread of all types of schistosomiasis. The parasite Schistosoma mansoni (which these snails and other ... Morgan, J. A.; Dejong, R. J.; Snyder, S. D.; Mkoji, G. M.; Loker, E. S. (2001). "Schistosoma mansoni and Biomphalaria: Past ...
His discoveries of parasitic infections such as lymphatic filariasis, schistosomiasis (the parasite Schistosoma mansoni), ... Louis Westenra Sambon gave the name of the second species, Schistosomum mansoni in 1907 in honour of the discoverer. In 1882, ... Sambon, L.W. (1907). "Remarks on Schistosomum mansoni". Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 10: 303-304. Birch, CA (1974 ... "Schistosoma mansoni. Sir Patrick Manson, 1844-1922". The Practitioner. 213 (1277): 730-2. PMID 4156405. Lescano, Andres G; Zunt ...
"Study on Schistosomiasis mansoni and Comorbidity with Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection", Parasitic Diseases - Schistosomiasis ... death of Jayathu remained a mystery until it was later discovered that the cause of death of the elephant was schistosomiasis, ...
". "Schistosomiasis: Schistosoma mansoni Tf/aja Alnassir and Charles H. King", Medical Parasitology, CRC Press, pp. 140-150, 23 ...
Hepatic schistosomiasis, or intestinal schistosomiasis. This is caused by the parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Iatrogenic injury ( ... Intestinal Schistosomiasis in Africa". Digestive Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa - Changes and Challenges. Academic Press. pp. ...
However, the species' role as an intermediate host for schistosomiasis makes it an important target for disease control ... Schistosoma mansoni". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 7341. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.7341Z. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-25463-z. ISSN 2045- ... Standley, Claire J.; Wade, Chris; Stothard, J. Russell (2011-10-24). "A Fresh Insight into Transmission of Schistosomiasis: A ... Constant efforts are underway to reduce the incidence of schistosomiasis by controlling the snail population through chemical ...
Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni, and with it the disease bilharzia (schistosomiasis).[citation needed] In 1855 ...
... is also the intermediate host of the digenean flatworm Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of widespread schistosomiasis ... C. owczarzaki not only parasitizes the intermediate host of S. mansoni but also attacks and kills the sporocysts of the ... Owczarzak, A; Stibbs, HH; Bayne, CJ (January 1980). "The destruction of Schistosoma mansoni mother sporocystsin vitro by ...
Barbatic acid is cytotoxic, and kills the worms of Schistosoma mansoni in in vitro studies. This is the causative agent of ... Schistosomiasis. Revisions of Cladia published in 2012 and 2013 included 23 species in the genus. As of December 2020[update], ... Cytotoxicity and in vitro schistosomicidal evaluation and ultrastructural analysis against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni ...
Therapeutic Efficacy of Oral Oxamniquine in the Toxemic form of Schistosomiasis Mansoni: Treatment of Eleven Individuals from ... Therapeutic Efficacy of Oral Oxamniquine in the Toxemic form of Schistosomiasis Mansoni: Treatment of Eleven Individuals from ... Two families, comprising 11 individuals in the toxemic form of schistosomiasis mansoni, infected in Belo Horizonte, Brazil were ...
Thrombocytopenia as a surrogate marker of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in endemic areas for Schistosomiasis mansoni ... Thrombocytopenia as a surrogate marker of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in endemic areas for Schistosomiasis mansoni. ... Thrombocytopenia as a surrogate marker of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in endemic areas for Schistosomiasis mansoni. ... Thrombocytopenia as a surrogate marker of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in endemic areas for Schistosomiasis mansoni. ...
ACCURACY OF THE URINE POINT-OF-CARE CIRCULATING CATHODIC ANTIGEN ASSAY FOR DIAGNOSING SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI INFECTION IN ... Accuracy of the urine point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen assay for diagnosing Schistosomiasis mansoni infection in ... Schistosoma mansoni Ponto de atendimento (POC) Antígeno catódico circulante (CCA) Kato-Katz Helmintex Brasil ... Schistosoma mansoni Point-of-care (POC) Circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) Kato-Katz Helmintex Brazil ...
Results of search for su:{Schistosomiasis mansoni.} Refine your search. *. Availability. * Limit to currently available items ... Morbidity patterns and treatment effects in human schistosomiasis mansoni in two areas of Machakos and Makueni districts, Kenya ... Protective humoral immune responses to Schistosoma mansoni infections in the rat / by Beverly Lynn Mangold. by Mangold, Beverly ... Genetic analysis of defects in the immune response of inbred mice to an attenuated vaccine against Schistosoma mansoni / by ...
For S. mansoni and S. japonicum, these are "intestinal" and "hepatic schistosomiasis", associated with formation of granulomas ... "Schistosomiasis". www.who.int. 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2021-06-05. Sambon, L.W. (1907). "Remarks on Schistosomum mansoni". ... About 80-85% of schistosomiasis is found in sub-Saharan Africa, where S. haematobium, S. intercalatum and S. mansoni are ... Katz, Naftale (2008). "The discovery of Schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil". Acta Tropica. 108 (2-3): 69-71. doi:10.1016/j. ...
SpAE may be used for the development of alternative medicine against S. mansoni infection. ... mansoni both in the liver and in the intestine, as well as it re-establishes normal gastrointestinal transit. ... 2 Centre for Schistosomiasis and Parasitology, P.O. Box 7244, Yaoundé, Cameroon. [email protected]. ... This study was designed to evaluate the effect of SpAE on the granulomatous inflammation induced by S. mansoni in the liver and ...
Serum osteopontin is a biomarker of severe fibrosis and portal hypertension in human and murine schistosomiasis mansoni Cite ... Livers from patients with schistosomiasis mansoni (early fibrosis n=15; advanced fibrosis n=72) or healthy adults (n=22) were ... "Serum osteopontin is a biomarker of severe fibrosis and portal hypertension in human and murine schistosomiasis mansoni" vol. ... Title : Serum osteopontin is a biomarker of severe fibrosis and portal hypertension in human and murine schistosomiasis mansoni ...
Gryseels, B. / Morbidity and morbidity control of schistosomiasis mansoni in subsaharan Africa. Leiden : Rijksuniversiteit te ... Gryseels B. Morbidity and morbidity control of schistosomiasis mansoni in subsaharan Africa. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te ... Gryseels, B. (1990). Morbidity and morbidity control of schistosomiasis mansoni in subsaharan Africa. Rijksuniversiteit te ... title = "Morbidity and morbidity control of schistosomiasis mansoni in subsaharan Africa",. keywords = "B780-tropical-medicine ...
EVALUATION OF A LINEAR SPECTRAL MIXTURE MODEL AND VEGETATION INDICES (NDVI AND EVI) IN A STUDY OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI AND ... Evaluation of a linear spectral mixture model and vegetation indices (NDVI and EVI) in a study of schistosomiasis mansoni and ... glabrata and schisto¬somiasis in MG, which can be used to improve the allocation of resources for disease control.. ... on the prevalence of schistosomiasis and the presence of Biomphalaria glabrata in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. ...
Quantitative Determination of Circulating Antigens in Human Schistosomiasis Mansoni using an Indirect Hemagglutination Assay ... Presence of the Schistosome Circulating Anodic Antigen (CAA) in Urine of Patients with Schistosoma Mansoni or S. Haematobium ... Improved Diagnostic Performance of the Circulating Antigen Assay in Human Schistosomiasis by Parallel Testing for Circulating ... Sensitive Determination of Circulating Anodic Antigen in Schistosoma mansoni Infected Individuals by an Enzyme-Linked ...
Categories: Schistosomiasis mansoni Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Schistosomiasis mansoni as an occupational disease: the importance of establishing the link Artigos Originais. Carneiro, Klitia ... Abstract This study highlights the profile of rural workers with schistosomiasis mansoni, an endemic disease acquired during ...
26 Petroianu A. [Surgical treatment of portal hypertension in schistosomiasis mansoni]. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003; 36 (02) 253 ... Advanced schistosomiasis is an infectious disease, endemic in some regions, with long-term implications for patient care. It ... Schistosomiasis. In: Strickland GT, ed. Hunters Tropical Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1991:781-802. ... 27 Raia S, da Silva LC, Gayotto LC, Forster SC, Fukushima J, Strauss E. Portal hypertension in schistosomiasis: a long-term ...
Schistosoma haematobium Schistosoma intercalatum Schistosoma japonicum Schistosoma malayensis Schistosoma mansoni Schistosoma ... Pediatric schistosomiasis is principally caused by one of the following 6 species of parasitic worms: ... Adam I, Elwasila E, Homeida M. Praziquantel for the treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni during pregnancy. Ann Trop Med ... encoded search term (Pediatric Schistosomiasis) and Pediatric Schistosomiasis What to Read Next on Medscape ...
Blood parameters during treatment of experimental Schistosomiasis mansoni with Commiphora molmol extract (Mirazid) compared ... As Schistosoma mansoni worms inhabit the portal triad of infected hosts, deleterious changes were encountered in the blood ... Schistosoma mansoni worms inhabit the portal triad of infected hosts, deleterious changes were encountered in the blood picture ... Schistosoma mansoni worms inhabit the portal triad of infected hosts, deleterious changes were encountered in the blood picture ...
Atypical presentation of cerebral schistosomiasis four years after exposure to Schistosoma mansoni. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. ...
A novel recombinant protein vaccine for human schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni is under development in our ... Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease spread by fresh water snails. After malaria, schistosomiasis is the most deadly ... The Sm-TSP-2 schistosomiasis vaccine is comprised of a 9 kDa recombinant protein corresponding to the extracellular domain of a ... Expression at a 20L scale and purification of the extracellular domain of the Schistosoma mansoni TSP-2 recombinant protein: A ...
Dengue, Chagas Disease, Scabies, Schistosomiasis mansoni, Yellow Fever, Elephantiasis, Filarial, Leprosy, Hepatitis, Herpes ... Academies and Institutes, Chagas Disease, Schistosomiasis, Epidemiology, Health Services Research, Public Health, Community- ... Schistosomiasis, Leprosy, Leprosy, Herpes Simplex, Rubella, Toxoplasmosis, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, CPqRR ... Schistosomiasis, Leprosy, Leprosy, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, ENSP ...
Experimental treatment of Schistosomiasis mansoni using praziquantel-free and encapsulated into nanostructures ...
2) Mansons, or intestinal, schistosomiasis is caused by S. mansoni, found in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and ... schistosomiasis: Types and process of infection: …by closely related organisms: (1) Japonica, or Eastern, schistosomiasis is ... 2) Mansons, or intestinal, schistosomiasis is caused by S. mansoni, found in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and ... In schistosomiasis: Types and process of infection. …by closely related organisms: (1) Japonica, or Eastern, schistosomiasis is ...
... patients with schistosomiasis mansoni previously treated with oxamniquine and/or hycanthone: resistance of Schistosoma mansoni ... 1. BERTI, J. J. & DOMMERQUE, F. S. Ensayo terapeutico con praziquantel en casos de Schistosomiasis mansoni resistentes al ... of drugs in experimental schistosomiasis mansoni in mice. Amer. J. trop. Med. Hyg., 11: 201-215, 1962. ... Insucesso na indução de resistência a drogas esquistossomicidas em uma cepa brasileira humana de Schistosoma mansoni ...
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects millions of people in 78 countries globally. Children under the age of 14, ... mansoni in humans cytokine production associated with periportal fibrosis during chronic Schistosomiasis mansoni in humans," ... "Human Schistosomiasis mansoni: immune responses during acute and chronic phases of the infection," Acta Tropica, vol. 108, no. ... mansoni parasite burden, it may be used as a biomarker for the development of liver pathology in schistosomiasis [24]. For this ...
Kermanizadeh, Parviz (1997) The role of mast cells during experimental Schistosomiasis mansoni in mice. PhD thesis, University ... Robinson, Kate Louise (1996) Nutritional pathology during experimental Schistosomiasis mansoni. PhD thesis, University of ... Chao, Lin Po (1984) A study of cellular responses to Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. ... Thornhill, Joyce A. (1998) The role of calcium in the host-parasite relationship of Biomphalaria glabrata/Schistosoma mansoni. ...
ABSTRACT Schistosomiasis is a neglected acute and chronic tropical disease caused by intestinal (Schistosoma mansoni and ... Reliability of point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen assay for diagnosing schistosomiasis mansoni in urine samples from an ... mansoni, to identify their roles in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis, and to highlight the importance of such studies in ... High schistosomiasis-related mortality in Northeast Brazil: trends and spatial patterns Major Article. Silva, Bárbara Morgana ...
Schistosoma mansoni, schistosomiasis, trematode, urinary tract ... Studies on the epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Liberia: The ... The intensity of S. haematobium infection (13.2 x̄G) was significantly higher than that of S. mansoni (6.3 x̄G). Mixed ... In Zota, Jorquelle and Kokoya Districts, prevalence rates of S. haematobium were higher than those of S. mansoni; the reverse ... The overall prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni (24.8%) was significantly higher than that of S. haematobium (22.7%) but the ...
In schistosomiasis mansoni, the chronic egg-induced granulomatous response in the liver and intestines may eventually cause ... Live S. mansoni eggs were purified from the livers of S. mansoni cercariae-infected Swiss mice, which were kindly provided by ... IFN-γ could be detected in lung homogenates (Figure 6) and serum at day 1 (Figure 7) in some mice injected with S. mansoni eggs ... Lung HE staining 1, 5, 11, and 14 days after i.v. injection of S. mansoni eggs. (a-c) At day 1, an inflammatory infiltrate with ...
A FIELD SURVEY USING LAMP ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI IN A LOW-TRANSMISSION AREA OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN UMBUZEIRO ... NEW INDEX FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF LIVER FIBROSIS IN SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI. Qualis B1 , ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA (IMPRESSO) ... MATERNAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS: IL-2, IL-10 AND REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTES TO UNRELATED ANTIGEN IN ADULT OFFSPRING MICE. Qualis B1 , ... OVARIAN MANSONS SCHISTOSOMIASIS: RARE DIAGNOSIS OR UNDERESTIMATED PREVALENCE?. Qualis B2 , REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GINECOLOGIA E ...
  • Protective humoral immune responses to Schistosoma mansoni infections in the rat / by Beverly Lynn Mangold. (who.int)
  • Genetic analysis of defects in the immune response of inbred mice to an attenuated vaccine against Schistosoma mansoni / by Rodrigo Correa de Oliveira. (who.int)
  • Schistosoma mansoni has the greatest impact on residents of disease-endemic areas who have high-grade infection and progressive hepatosplenic disease with portal hypertension and its manifestations. (cdc.gov)
  • Testing for Schistosoma mansoni infection among family members 5 years after trip to Kenya. (cdc.gov)
  • Schistosoma mansoni is a water-borne parasite of humans, and belongs to the group of blood flukes (Schistosoma). (wikipedia.org)
  • Previous studies have shown that Sida pilosa aqueous extract (SpAE) has schistosomicidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities in Schistosoma mansoni infection. (nih.gov)
  • Sometimes referred to as bilharzias, bilharziasis, or snail fever, schistosomiasis was discovered by Theodore Bilharz, a German surgeon working in Cairo, who first identified the etiological agent Schistosoma hematobium in 1851. (medscape.com)
  • Schistosomiasis is due to immunologic reactions to Schistosoma eggs trapped in tissues. (medscape.com)
  • Granuloma in the liver due to Schistosoma mansoni. (medscape.com)
  • A novel recombinant protein vaccine for human schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni is under development in our laboratories. (bcm.edu)
  • Schistosoma mansoni Brazilian human strain. (scielo.br)
  • CHAMONE, D. A. F. & SILVA, L. C Hycanthone resistence in a human strain of Schistosoma mansoni. (scielo.br)
  • RIGO, E.: GOTO, M. M. P. & MAFRA, G. L. Linhagem humana de Schistosoma mansoni resistente a esquistossomicidas. (scielo.br)
  • PEDRO, R. de J. & DEBERALDINI, E. R. Use of praziquantel in patients with schistosomiasis mansoni previously treated with oxamniquine and/or hycanthone: resistance of Schistosoma mansoni to schistoosmicidal agents. (scielo.br)
  • LIU, C. L. & BUEDING, E. Experimentally produced resistance of Schistosoma mansoni to hycanthone. (scielo.br)
  • 8 ] speculated that IL-10 is important in regulating the human immune response to Schistosoma mansoni infection and that it is the main cytokine that plays part in the control of morbidity. (hindawi.com)
  • Herein, we show that i.p. injection of OVA + Al(OH) 3 minutes before i.v. injection of Schistosoma mansoni eggs into OVA tolerant mice blocked the increase of pulmonary granulomas. (hindawi.com)
  • Schistosoma mansoni eggs injected into the tail vein of mice are transported into the lung tissue via the pulmonary arteries where they become trapped within the lung parenchyma [ 22 , 23 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium falciparum are co-endemic in Uganda and are the leading parasitic causes of public health problems across sub-Saharan Africa. (scirp.org)
  • Schistosoma mansoni is one of the causative agents of intestinal schistosomiasis and Plasmodium falciparum is the major causative agent of malaria. (scirp.org)
  • Schistosoma mansoni tetraspanning orphan receptor (SmTOR): a new vaccine candidate against schistosomiasis. (southernbiotech.com)
  • With the disease schistosomiasis in humans, for example, the blood flukes responsible for the disease Schistosoma species schistosomiasis epidemiológia 2021 one phase of their larval life in snails. (just4keepers.hu)
  • Evaluation of the CCA Immuno-Chromatographic Test to Diagnose Schistosoma mansoni in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. (gwu.edu)
  • BACKGROUND: The Kato-Katz (KK) stool smear is the standard test for the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection, but suffers from low sensitivity when infections intensities are moderate to low. (gwu.edu)
  • All the compounds have been tested against adult as well as immature Schistosoma mansoni . (niscair.res.in)
  • Schistosomiasis is infection with blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma , which are acquired transcutaneously by swimming or wading in contaminated freshwater. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Adult Schistosoma worms live and copulate within venules of the mesentery (typically S. mekongi , S. intercalatum , S. japonicum and S. mansoni ) or bladder (typically S. haematobium ). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Among 100 Somali Bantu, 73% and 23% tested seropositive for schistosomiasis (primarily due to Schistosoma haematobium) and strongyloidiasis, respectively. (qxmd.com)
  • About 25 percent of mummies in the study dated to about 1,500 years ago were found to have Schistosoma mansoni, a species of schistosomiasis associated with more modern-day irrigation techniques. (world.edu)
  • The spinal cord is more frequently affected in Schistosoma mansoni or S. haematobium infections. (who.int)
  • Ce sont les infections à Schistosoma mansoni ou à S. haematobium qui s'accompagnent le plus d'une atteinte de la moelle épinière. (who.int)
  • Schistosomiasis is caused by several in areas known to be endemic for S. species of the genus Schistosoma . (who.int)
  • The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors associated with Schistosoma (S.) mansoni infection among PSAC from Panamasso village, western Burkina Faso. (researchsquare.com)
  • In the course of my work with schistosome cercariae I accidentally got infected three times with Schistosoma mansoni. (bio.net)
  • Schistosomiasis, a major cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) worldwide, is most clearly described complicating infection by one species, Schistosoma mansoni. (escholarship.org)
  • BackgroundThe prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection is usually assessed by the Kato-Katz diagnostic technique. (researcher.life)
  • I have also studied the human T cell response to Schistosoma mansoni, an intestinal parasite, by utilizing human T cell clones. (tamu.edu)
  • Granulomatous hypersensitivity to Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens in human schistosomiasis. (tamu.edu)
  • The main species causing schistosomiasis are Schistosoma mansoni , Schistosoma haematobium , and Schistosoma japonicum . (who.int)
  • Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum primarily affect the intestine and liver, causing abdominal pain, diarrhea, and liver damage. (who.int)
  • Eighteen of 25 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were positive for S. mansoni infection, including that of samples from the index patient and the boy ( Figure ). (cdc.gov)
  • SpAE may be used for the development of alternative medicine against S. mansoni infection. (nih.gov)
  • Described from 2008 and published in a case report in 2019, a 14-year-old schoolboy from a Paris suburb visiting the Ivory Coast, his parents' native country, was found with hematuria and S haematobium-S mansoni hybrid infection. (medscape.com)
  • Consequently, Th2-mediated responses are thought to be selectively advantageous to the human host in S. mansoni infection and perhaps other helminth infections [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Objectives: The overall aim was therefore, to elucidate the impact of S. mansoni infection on protective T helper immune responses on P. falciparum and S. mansoni co-infection. (scirp.org)
  • Methodology: This study evaluated the T helper immune responses in individuals with independent S. mansoni infection, independent P. falciparum infection, co-infection and non-infection in school attending children in a co-endemic area along Lake Victoria shores, Uganda. (scirp.org)
  • S. mansoni infection is a major contributor of a reduced effective T helper immune response against P. falciparum in P. falciparum and S. mansoni co-infection. (scirp.org)
  • Infection status was also determined by the CCA-ICT and infection exposure by antibody ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) to S. mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) and soluble (adult) worm antigen preparation (SWAP). (gwu.edu)
  • Sensitivity and specificity were influenced by whether the trace score visually adjudicated in the CCA-ICT was characterized as positive or negative for S. mansoni infection. (gwu.edu)
  • CONCLUSION: Our data for the performance of the CCA-ICT in the Brazilian communities endemic for schistosomiasis mansoni support those from Africa, i.e., in areas with greater infection prevalence and intensities, the CCA-ICT may be useful as a tool to indicate community-based preventative chemotherapy without individual diagnosis. (gwu.edu)
  • Schistosomiasis is by far the most important trematode infection. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The standing water collected by irrigation canals is particularly favorable to the type of snail that spreads the S. mansoni infection. (world.edu)
  • The mansoni infection in Sudan. (who.int)
  • Urine samples were subjected to a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) cassette test and a centrifugation method to check for both S. mansoni and S. haematobium infection, respectively. (researchsquare.com)
  • Potential risk factors for S. mansoni infection were explored using multivariable logistic regression. (researchsquare.com)
  • The prevalence of S. mansoni infection as determined by Kato-Katz, formol-ether concentration, and POC-CCA was 42.1%, 39.5% and 80.7%, respectively. (researchsquare.com)
  • The geometric mean intensity of S. mansoni infection was 107.2 eggs per gram of faeces with 54.2%, 33.3%, and 12.5% of the children having light, moderate, and heavy infections, respectively. (researchsquare.com)
  • Girls (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.3-6.1), a household located within 500 m from the pond (AOR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.0-8.6), or between 500 and 1000 m from the pond (AOR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.2-7.2), and child's history of going to the pond (AOR = 5.0, 95% CI: 1.7-14.3) were the variables significantly associated with S. mansoni infection. (researchsquare.com)
  • The main morbidities due to S. mansoni infection in preschool-aged children (PSAC) i.e. under 6 years, are anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, and hepatic fibrosis with a higher risk in PSAC of age group 37-60 months (6). (researchsquare.com)
  • PSAC have been considered as a low risk group for S. mansoni infection (7,8), and are therefore so far excluded from various schistosomiasis control programs in Africa, resulting in a health inequity in affected people (9). (researchsquare.com)
  • Although several studies have reported prevalences of S. mansoni infection ranging from 0.9 to 86% in PSAC (6,10-19), the risk factors associated with this parasite infection remain poorly studied (11,12,14,16,20). (researchsquare.com)
  • In Burkina Faso, S. mansoni infection was endemic in the western and southern areas of the country with a focal distribution before the implementation of the national schistosomiasis control program (NSCP) in 2004 (21). (researchsquare.com)
  • In 2010, the prevalence of S. mansoni infection among SAC ranged from 3.3 to 39.1% with the highest prevalence (39.1%) recorded in Panamasso village (23). (researchsquare.com)
  • This result is consistent with the clearer association between S. mansoni infection and the development of schistosomiasis-associated PAH in humans. (escholarship.org)
  • This study provides estimates of the 'true' S. mansoni prevalence from population summary measures of observed prevalence and infection intensity using extensive simulations parametrized with data from different settings in sub-Saharan Africa.MethodologyAn individual-level egg count model was applied to Kato-Katz data to determine the S. mansoni infection intensity-dependent sensitivity for various sampling schemes. (researcher.life)
  • The relation between observed and 'true' prevalence is remarkably linear and triplicate slides per day on three consecutive days ensure close to perfect sensitivity.Conclusions/significanceEstimation of 'true' S. mansoni prevalence is improved when taking into account geometric or arithmetic mean infection intensity in a population. (researcher.life)
  • Performance of the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) urine cassette test for follow-up after treatment of S. mansoni infection in Eritrean refugees. (unibas.ch)
  • 1. BERTI, J. J. & DOMMERQUE, F. S. Ensayo terapeutico con praziquantel en casos de Schistosomiasis mansoni resistentes al oxamniquine. (scielo.br)
  • The primary treatment for schistosomiasis is praziquantel, a medication that is effective against all forms of the disease. (who.int)
  • It causes intestinal schistosomiasis (similar to S. japonicum, S. mekongi, S. guineensis, and S. intercalatum). (wikipedia.org)
  • After malaria and intestinal helminthiasis, schistosomiasis is the third most devastating tropical disease in the world, being a major source of morbidity and mortality for developing countries in Africa, South America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, and Asia. (medscape.com)
  • Schistosomiasis is a major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with around a third of the annual 192 million cases of schistosomiasis caused by S. mansoni , the causative agent of intestinal schistosomiasis (1). (researchsquare.com)
  • Gryseels, B. / Morbidity and morbidity control of schistosomiasis mansoni in subsaharan Africa . (itg.be)
  • Gryseels, B 1990, ' Morbidity and morbidity control of schistosomiasis mansoni in subsaharan Africa ', Leiden. (itg.be)
  • Title : Experiments in the control of schistosomiasis in Brazil Personal Author(s) : Wright, Willard H.;Dobrovolny, Charles G. (cdc.gov)
  • Objective: To describe the biliary changes by means of magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiography in a group of patients with schistosomiasis mansoni. (unifesp.br)
  • oai:scielo:S0037-868220140002002182014-05-15Thrombocytopenia as a surrogate marker of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis in endemic areas for Schistosomiasis mansoniDrummond,Sandra CostaPereira,Pedro NunesOtoni,AlbaChaves,Bruna AssisAntunes,Carlos MaurícioLambertucci,José Roberto Thrombocytopenia Platelets Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis Pseudo-thrombocytopenia Schistosomiasis mansoni Introduction This study aimed to evaluate whether a low platelet count is a good surrogate marker of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) in a rural area of Brazil. (sidalc.net)
  • METHODS AND FINDINGS: The objective was to measure the performance of the CCA-ICT in a sample study population composed of residents from non-endemic and endemic areas for schistosomiasis mansoni in two municipalities of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. (gwu.edu)
  • the main pathology is caused history of travel to schistosomiasis- of 3 patients showed swelling of the by a granulomatous inflammation endemic areas, imaging and laboratory spinal cord at D12 to L1 or L2 with around eggs trapped in the tissues [2,3]. (who.int)
  • A small district in southeastern Brazil, with a population of 1,543 individuals and a 23% prevalence of schistosomiasis, was selected for this investigation. (sidalc.net)
  • This paper analyses the associations between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) on the prevalence of schistosomiasis and the presence of Biomphalaria glabrata in the state of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. (fiocruz.br)
  • Additionally, vegetation, soil and shade fraction images were created using a Linear Spectral Mixture Model (LSMM) from the blue, red and infrared channels of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spec¬troradiometer spaceborne sensor and the relationship between these images and the prevalence of schistosomiasis and the presence of B. glabrata was analysed. (fiocruz.br)
  • But the prevalence of schistosomiasis shown in this study suggests that their parasite load was probably quite heavy. (world.edu)
  • Most human schistosomiasis is caused by S haematobium, S mansoni , and S japonicum . (medscape.com)
  • Chronic symptoms vary with species but include bloody diarrhea (eg, with S. mansoni , S. mekongi , S. intercalatum , and S. japonicum ) or hematuria (eg, with S. haematobium ). (merckmanuals.com)
  • S. japonicum sensitized and challenged mice developed PH, which was milder than that following S. mansoni sensitization and challenge. (escholarship.org)
  • Compared to a relatively uniform distribution of S. mansoni eggs, S. japonicum eggs were observed in clusters in the lungs. (escholarship.org)
  • S. japonicum can induce experimental PH, which is milder than that resulting from comparable S. mansoni exposure. (escholarship.org)
  • Each year ≈350,000 Americans travel to Africa and ≈500,000 travel to Brazil and the Far East, all schistosomiasis-endemic regions. (cdc.gov)
  • More than 140 million people, 90% of who live in Africa, are infected with schistosomiasis. (medscape.com)
  • As an alternative, the urine-based diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni via the circulating cathodic antigen immuno-chromatographic test (CCA-ICT) has been extensively evaluated in Africa with the conclusion that it may replace the KK test in areas where prevalences are moderate or high. (gwu.edu)
  • Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. (researchsquare.com)
  • Introduction This study aimed to evaluate whether a low platelet count is a good surrogate marker of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) in a rural area of Brazil. (sidalc.net)
  • Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni: ultrasound manifestations. (google.ch)
  • 0 in acquiring hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was 14.1. (rsbmt.org.br)
  • Twenty four patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and six healthy patients without known liver disease, considered as a control group, were submitted to MR cholangiography exam. (unifesp.br)
  • Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease spread by fresh water snails. (bcm.edu)
  • After malaria, schistosomiasis is the most deadly parasitic disease plaguing more than 250 million people worldwide. (bcm.edu)
  • Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects millions of people in 78 countries globally. (hindawi.com)
  • Mummies from along the Nile are revealing how age-old irrigation techniques may have boosted the plague of schistosomiasis, a water-borne parasitic disease that infects an estimated 200 million people today. (world.edu)
  • Allam, G. Immunomodulatory results of curcumin therapy on murine schistosomiasis mansoni. (fairpeel.com)
  • Suboptimal T helper immune responses were detected in independent S. mansoni infections characterized by significantly down regulated Th1 (Z = -1.425, p = 0.0313) response in comparison to the non-infected group. (scirp.org)
  • P. falciparum and S. mansoni infections initiate a T helper immune response [4] [5] , which links the innate and adaptive immune responses against the parasites. (scirp.org)
  • In school-aged children (SAC) (i.e. 6-15 years), chronic infections with S. mansoni cause anemia, growth retardation and cognitive impairment (5). (researchsquare.com)
  • My personal experiences with schistosomiasis indicates that infections may easily be overlooked, when paying attention only to the typical symptoms. (bio.net)
  • ABSTRACT Schistosomiasis of the spinal cord is an uncommon but potentially curable form of schistosomiasis, if diagnosed and managed early. (who.int)
  • Kato Katz thick smears and circulating cathodic antigen tests were performed for S. mansoni screening, whereas thick and thin blood smear techniques were performed for P. falciparum screening. (scirp.org)
  • Morbidity patterns and treatment effects in human schistosomiasis mansoni in two areas of Machakos and Makueni districts, Kenya / by Gabriel Gathingu Mbugua. (who.int)
  • Morbidity in schistosomiasis: an update. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Schistosomiasis and strongyloidiasis cause substantial morbidity and mortality among hundreds of millions of infected persons worldwide. (qxmd.com)
  • This paper describes the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of schistosomiasis of the spinal cord in 5 patients attending Shaab and Ibn Khuldoun Hospitals, Khartoum from 1997 to 2007. (who.int)
  • Le présent article décrit les manifestations cliniques, le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la schistosomiase médullaire chez cinq patients admis dans les hôpitaux Shaab et Ibn Khaldoun de Khartoum entre 1997 et 2007. (who.int)
  • S. were seen between 1997 and 2007 at The stools of al patients were positive haematobium worms are found in the the Neurosurgery Departments of the for S. mansoni eggs . (who.int)
  • Granulomatous inflammation triggered by S. mansoni eggs and the subsequent fibrosis has been considered a Th2-cytokine-driven inflammation [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Kato-Katz and formol-ether concentration techniques were used to detect S. mansoni eggs in stool samples. (researchsquare.com)
  • A clinicopathologic study of 59 autopsy cases of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic schistosomiasis japonica. (thieme-connect.com)
  • S. mansoni and other schistosomes are the only flukes or flatworms that exhibit sex separation as they exist as male and female individuals as in dioecious animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • 13 Richter J. Evolution of schistosomiasis-induced pathology after therapy and interruption of exposure to schistosomes: a review of ultrasonographic studies. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia, is a disease caused by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. (who.int)
  • As the leading cause of schistosomiasis in the world, it is the most prevalent parasite in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Sm -TSP-2 schistosomiasis vaccine is comprised of a 9 kDa recombinant protein corresponding to the extracellular domain of a unique S. mansoni tetraspanin. (bcm.edu)
  • Background: The World Health Organization recommends a market-ready, urine-based point-of-care diagnostic test for circulating cathodic antigens (CCA) to determine the prevalence of S. mansoni. (fiocruz.br)
  • For schistosomiasis, Th2 responses with the production of IgE antibodies against a restricted range of adult worm antigens are associated with protection against reinfection after chemotherapy. (hindawi.com)
  • As far back as the 1920s, evidence of schistosomiasis was detected in mummies from the Nile River region, but only in recent years did the analysis of the antigens and antibodies of some of the individuals become possible. (world.edu)
  • Controlled exposure of mice can be used to induce Type 2 inflammation-dependent S. mansoni pulmonary hypertension (PH). (escholarship.org)
  • Along with malaria, schistosomiasis ranks among the most socio-economically damaging parasitic diseases in the world. (world.edu)
  • Our findings provide evidence that SpAE improves granulomatous inflammation induced by S. mansoni both in the liver and in the intestine, as well as it re-establishes normal gastrointestinal transit. (nih.gov)
  • In schistosomiasis mansoni, the chronic egg-induced granulomatous response in the liver and intestines may eventually cause extensive tissue scarring and development of portal hypertension [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Two families, comprising 11 individuals in the toxemic form of schistosomiasis mansoni, infected in Belo Horizonte, Brazil were treated. (ajtmh.org)
  • The coefficient of inbreeding (for Wright) was studied in Catolândia, in the state of Bahia, Brazil, an area considered hyperendemic for manson schistosomiasis in a population of 1,130 inhabitants. (rsbmt.org.br)
  • To study the effect of SpAE on the liver and intestine histomorphometry and on the gastrointestinal motility, SpAE was administered at 200 mg/kg per os to S. mansoni-infected mice for 4 weeks. (nih.gov)
  • Schistosomiasis of the liver. (thieme-connect.com)
  • 9 Monzawa S, Uchiyama G, Ohtomo K, Araki T. Schistosomiasis japonica of the liver: contrast-enhanced CT findings in 113 patients. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Liver collagen synthesis and degradation in Schistosomiasis. (rsbmt.org.br)
  • Schistosomiasis is caused by parasitic worms that live in certain types of freshwater snails. (world.edu)
  • Schistosomiasis is a disease caused by parasitic worms, transmitted through contact with contaminated freshwater. (who.int)
  • Genetic-linked variation in susceptibility of mice to Schistosomiasis mansoni . (rsbmt.org.br)
  • Conclusions: POC-ECO is not currently recommended in Brazilian schistosomiasis elimination programs. (fiocruz.br)
  • In this work, an attempt was made to induceng resistance to 3 schistosomicidal drugs in a Brazilian strain of S. mansoni, according to the Type II resistance induction scheme proposed by JANSMA et al. (scielo.br)
  • Greater resistance to development of severe Schistosomiasis in Brazilian negroes. (rsbmt.org.br)
  • 3. Evidence of long-term hepatosplenic involvement by schistosomiasis, via compatible ultrasound findings (peri-portal fibrosis or enlarged left lobe) All patients will necessarily already be receiving at least one specific treatment for PAH, either with phosphodiesterase V inhibitor or with an endothelin receptor antagonist, with a stable dose for at least 12 weeks before inclusion in the study. (who.int)
  • Specificity of the POC-CCA urine test for diagnosing S. mansoni schistosomiasis. (unibas.ch)
  • Métodos: Foi realizado estudo prospectivo e transversal em 24 pacientes portadores de esquistossomose mansoni com a forma hepatesplênica, sem sinais clínico-laboratoriais de hepatopatias associadas e em seis pacientes sem doença hepática conhecida, como grupo controle, com avaliação da via biliar com colangiografia por ressonância magnética. (unifesp.br)
  • About 4.4 million people infected with S. mansoni suffer from bloody diarrhea, while 8.5 million people have hepatomegaly associated with periportal fibrosis, portal hypertension and hematemesis (2,3). (researchsquare.com)
  • The adult worms of S. mansoni and S. retrieve cases diagnosed with schisto- weeks to 2 months. (who.int)
  • We hope that understanding the impact of schistosomiasis in the past may help in finding ways to control what is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in the world today,\" Campbell Hibbs says. (world.edu)
  • As of 2021, the World Health Organization reports that 236.6 million people have schistosomiasis and most of it is due to S. mansoni. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ez a növénybetegségért schistosomiasis epidemiológia 2021 különféle gombákkal, valamint az állatok bizonyos parazitáival fordul elő. (just4keepers.hu)
  • A fertőzés pontos útja gyakran schistosomiasis epidemiológia 2021 fontosságú, mivel egyes mikroorganizmusok schistosomiasis epidemiológia 2021 hozzáférést igényelnek a belső szövethez, mások az orr és a torok nyálkahártyáján képesek fertőzést kezdeményezni, mások pedig a bélrendszerben képesek primer fertőzéseket megállapítani. (just4keepers.hu)
  • A fertőzés ezen speciális módjai általában rovarok harapásának, köhögésének és tüsszentésének, valamint az ételek és a víz szennyezésének schistosomiasis epidemiológia 2021 következményei. (just4keepers.hu)
  • It is fairly common to find transmission schistosomiasis epidemiológia 2021 a parasite from one vertebrate or plant host to another occurring by means of an insect carrier, or vector. (just4keepers.hu)
  • When the schistosomiasis epidemiológia 2021 of disease is subject to wide fluctuations in time, it is considered to be epidemic during periods of high prevalence. (just4keepers.hu)
  • Simple device for quantitative stool thick-smear technique in schistosomiasis mansoni. (bvsalud.org)
  • Schistosomiasis is transmitted through contact with freshwater contaminated with the larvae of the parasite, released by freshwater snails. (who.int)
  • S. mansoni is transmitted through water, where freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria act as intermediate hosts. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2003, a S mansoni-S rodhaini hybrid was found in snails, the intermediate host, in Kenya. (medscape.com)
  • I appreciate the request of Dr. Saaijman concerning symptoms of schistosomiasis (forwarded by David Johnston). (bio.net)
  • I could have treated my first schistosomiasis long before I did it in fact, if I had considered these symptoms. (bio.net)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that about 220.8 million people required preventive treatment for schistosomiasis in 2017. (medscape.com)
  • Schistosomiasis is a chronic severe illness with estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) showing that at least 290.8 million people required preventive treatment in 2018, in which more than 97.2 million people were reported to have been treated [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • High prevalence and presumptive treatment of schistosomiasis and strongyloidiasis among African refugees. (qxmd.com)
  • The high seroprevalence of schistosomiasis and strongyloidiasis among Sudanese Lost Boys and Girls and Somali Bantu refugees supports presumptive treatment for these refugees. (qxmd.com)
  • Biopsy of a large cerebellar lesion noted on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was diagnostic, yielding multiple S. mansoni ova within large eosinophilic granulomas, consistent with tumoral neuroschistosomiasis. (cdc.gov)
  • Previously, it was generally assumed that in ancient populations schistosomiasis was primarily caused by S. haematobium, and that S. mansoni didn\'t become prevalent until Europeans appeared on the scene and introduced intensive irrigation schemes,\" Campbell Hibbs says. (world.edu)
  • Confirmatory immunoblots were performed at CDC on samples from 19 of the 25 ELISA-tested family members, with 1 discordant result, a positive ELISA and negative S. mansoni and hematobium immunoblots. (cdc.gov)
  • No presente estudo, realizou-se uma tentativa de indução de resistência a 3 drogas esquistossomicidas em uma cepa brasileira de S. mansoni, segundo o esquema de indução de resistência tipo II preconizado por JANSMA et al. (scielo.br)