Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma japonicum. It is endemic in the Far East and affects the bowel, liver, and spleen.
A species of trematode blood flukes belonging to the family Schistosomatidae whose distribution is confined to areas of the Far East. The intermediate host is a snail. It occurs in man and other mammals.
Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.
An anthelmintic used in most schistosome and many cestode infestations.
Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.
Agents used to treat cestode, trematode, or other flatworm infestations in man or animals.
Marine, freshwater, or terrestrial mollusks of the class Gastropoda. Most have an enclosing spiral shell, and several genera harbor parasites pathogenic to man.
Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.
Determination of parasite eggs in feces.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to HELMINTH ANTIGENS.
Any part or derivative of a helminth that elicits an immune reaction. The most commonly seen helminth antigens are those of the schistosomes.
A human disease caused by the infection of parasitic worms SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM. It is endemic in AFRICA and parts of the MIDDLE EAST. Tissue damages most often occur in the URINARY TRACT, specifically the URINARY BLADDER.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Philippines" is not a medical term; it is the name of a country located in Southeast Asia. It seems there might be some misunderstanding in your question. If you have a medical query related to the Philippines or its people, I'd be happy to help clarify that for you.
A country spanning from central Asia to the Pacific Ocean.
Agents destructive to parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal.
Immunologic techniques involved in diagnosis.
A species of trematode blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae. It is common in the Nile delta. The intermediate host is the planorbid snail. This parasite causes schistosomiasis mansoni and intestinal bilharziasis.
A genus of trematode flukes belonging to the family Schistosomatidae. There are over a dozen species. These parasites are found in man and other mammals. Snails are the intermediate hosts.
A species of trematode blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae which occurs at different stages in development in veins of the pulmonary and hepatic system and finally the bladder lumen. This parasite causes urinary schistosomiasis.
Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).
A genus of planorbid freshwater snails, species of which are intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni.
An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121)
'Splenic diseases' refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or integrity of the spleen, leading to various symptoms and potential complications such as anemia, infection, or abdominal pain.

Congenital transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in pigs. (1/272)

Congenital transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in pigs was investigated by experimentally infecting sows at four weeks gestation (n = 3), 10 weeks gestation (n = 3), or a few weeks prior to insemination (n = 2). None of the piglets born to sows infected prior to insemination or in early pregnancy were found to be infected. However, all of the piglets (n = 26) born to sows infected at 10 weeks gestation were found to harbor schistosomes with S. japonicum eggs recovered from both their feces and livers. The findings show that congenital S. japonicum infection of pigs can occur if sows are infected during mid-to-late pregnancy and may have important implications not only for pigs but also for other mammalian hosts of schistosomes, including humans.  (+info)

Evidence for an improvement in cognitive function following treatment of Schistosoma japonicum infection in Chinese primary schoolchildren. (2/272)

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, treatment trial was conducted in Sichuan, China to investigate the unique and combined effects on the cognitive function (working memory) of children after treating geohelminth infections with albendazole and treating Schistosoma japonicum infection with praziquantel. One hundred eighty-one children 5-16 years of age participated. At baseline, the praziquantel and placebo groups were similar in all background characteristics. Three months after praziquantel treatment, there was a significant reduction in the prevalence and intensity of S. japonicum infection. There were significant age group by praziquantel treatment interaction effects in three of the five cognitive tests, Fluency, Picture Search, and Free Recall, with effects being strongest in the youngest children (5-7 years old). Exploratory analysis within the youngest children showed a significant positive main effect of treatment on Fluency (P < 0.001), after controlling for sex, anthropometric, and parasitic and iron status. There was also a treatment by height-for-age interaction (P = 0.03) and a treatment by iron status interaction (P = 0.024) on Fluency. There was a treatment by S. japonicum intensity interaction (P < 0.001) on Free Recall, but the main effect of treatment on Picture Search was not significant (P = 0.058). Younger children and those who are physically the most vulnerable are likely to benefit the most from the treatment of S. japonicum infection in terms of improved performance on tests of working memory.  (+info)

Preventive effect of artemether on schistosome infection. (3/272)

OBJECTIVE: To study the preventive effect of artemether (Art) in protecting the people from schistosome infection during flood fighting in schistosomiasis endemic area of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province. METHODS: From mid July to mid August in 1996, the water level in Poyang Lake rose due to torrential rains and 2 embankments, Zhedi and Jiangtongdi, which appeared in dangerous situation and were selected as the pilot spots. After those who went to fight against flood arrived at the pilots their sera were collected within 48 hours and were examined with indirect hemagglutination test (IHA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and McAb-ELISA. Individuals with negative outcome in the 3 tests were then selected as the study subjects and were allocated randomly to the Art or the control group. The first dose of Art given to the individuals contacted with the infested water within 11-15 days was 6 mg/kg. If the individual continually contacted the infested water, the same dose of Art was given once every 15 days. After the individuals withdrew from the pilot, one more dose of Art was administered 7-15 days later. Placebo (starch) was given to individuals in the control group at the same period as in artemether group. Stool examinations were made in both groups 40-50 days after the last medication for evaluation of the preventive effect of artemether. Double blind method was used in the administration of both artemether and placebo. RESULTS: In Zhedi pilot, the individuals fought against flood for about 1 month. In Art group, 99 individuals receiving 3 doses of the drug completed the stool examination with egg-positive rate of 4% and no acute schistosomiasis was seen. In the control group, among 110 people who completed the observation, 44 were egg-positive with an infection rate of 40%, and 29 were identified as having acute schistosomiasis. In Jiangtondi, the studied individuals contacted the infested water for only about 4 hours. But in the control group 4 out of 102 individuals were egg-positive, while none of the 103 individuals in Art group receiving 2 doses of the drug showed schistosome infection. No apparent side effect was seen in the people treated with artemether. CONCLUSION: After oral Art was given to the people fighting against flood in schistosomiasis endemic area of Poyang Lake, it was shown that the oral Art has a promising effect on controlling acute schistosomiasis and reducing the infection rate.  (+info)

Effect of artemether on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, and pyruvate kinase of Schistosoma japonicum harbored in mice. (4/272)

AIM: To study the effect of artemether (Art) on glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), and pyruvate kinase (PK) of S japanicum. METHODS: Mice infected with schistosome cercariae for 32-38 d were treated ig with Art 100-300 mg.kg-1 and killed 24-72 h after medication for collection of schistosomes. The activities of GAPDH, PGK, and PK of the worms were determined by measuring the formation of NADH or consumption of NAD. The lactate content of the worms was also measured. RESULTS: After the infected mice were treated ig with Art 300 mg.kg-1 for 24 h, the inhibition rates of GAPDH were 13% (Male) and 21% (Female), and 48 h later the inhibition rates of the enzyme were 6% (Male) and 28% (Female). When Art 300 mg.kg-1 was given to infected mice for 24 h and 48 h, the inhibition rates of PGK were 60% (Male) and 48% (Female) as well as 75% (Male) and 62% (Female), respectively. Similar results were seen in PK activity. At 72 h after treatment the reduction rate of lactate content in Female worm was 72%, while that of Male was 48%. CONCLUSION: In the glycolytic pathway of both Male and Female schistosomes, PGK and PK activities were inhibited by Art. The GAPDH activity of Female worms was also susceptible to Art, While that of Male worms showed only temporary inhibition after treatment with Art. The Art reduced lactate content more in Female than in Male worms.  (+info)

Preventive effect of artemether in rabbits infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae. (5/272)

AIM: To study the effect of artemether (Art) for prevention of schistosomal infection. METHODS: Rabbits with single infection or reinfection with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae were treated intramuscularly (i.m.) or intragastrically (i.g.) with Art 5 -20 mg.kg-1 on d 7-15 after the first infection, followed by various regimens. RESULTS: When rabbits were injected i.m. Art 7.5 mg.kg-1 (i.e., one half of the effective dose given i.g. on d 7) followed by once every week for twice, the female worm reduction rate was only 42%. In infected rabbits treated i.g. with Art 10-20 mg.kg-1 given in the same administration schedule, the female worm reduction rates were > 91%. When Art 15 mg.kg-1 was given to rabbits on d 7-14 and the following dose of the drug was given at intervals of 7-14 d, the female worm reduction rates were > 94%. In rabbits reinfected with cercariae, the female reduction rate of Art given i.g. once a week for 3 times since d 8 after the first infection was 96% which was similar to that given once a week twice since d 14 after the first infection. CONCLUSION: Art should be given i.g. on d 7-15 after infection, followed by repeated dosing once every 7-15 d for a total of 3 doses. Art given i.g. daily for 2 consecutive days or given at 1-wk intervals since 7-15 d after infection also showed preventive effect.  (+info)

Hepatosplenic morbidity in schistosomiasis japonica: evaluation with Doppler sonography. (6/272)

In Southeast Asia, schistosomiasis japonica is an important cause of hepatic fibrosis and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Reliable methods to investigate portal hypertension (PHT) clinically and epidemiologically on community level are lacking. Doppler sonography is an established tool for investigating PHT in hospital settings. In Leyte, The Philippines, 137 individuals underwent color Doppler sonography, stool examination, and serology for hepatitis B and C, liver cell injury and cholestasis. A total of 85% of the study population had been infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Sonographically, periportal liver fibrosis was seen in 25% and reticular echogenicities (network pattern) in 44%. Portal blood flow was decreased or portosystemic collaterals were present in 10% (adults throughout) and correlated with periportal fibrosis, but not with network lesions. Chronic viral hepatitis was rare. Thus, hepatic lesions are frequent in adults but not in children in areas endemic for S. japonicum. Periportal liver fibrosis indicates a risk of PHT, and network pattern fibrosis apparently does not. Doppler sonography is suitable for research under tropical field conditions.  (+info)

Chronic Japanese schistosomiasis and hepatocellular carcinoma: ten years of follow-up in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. (7/272)

In a preliminary study carried out in the study area we found that 19.1% (173/907) of patients with chronic liver disease and 51% (35/68) of hepatocellular carcinoma cases were infected with Japanese schistosomiasis. Analysis of data from 571 autopsies revealed a similarly high incidence of schistosomiasis among cases of hepatoma and other liver diseases. A prospective case-control study conducted over 10 years showed that hepatoma developed in 5.4% (26/484) of chronic schistosomiasis cases and in 7.5% (23/307) of patients with chronic liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc). The difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.228). A high incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody (HCVAb) was found in the schistosomiasis group (36.5%; 95% CI = 44.9-28.1%) and in the chronic liver disease group (56.0%), 39% of whom had chronic hepatitis (P = 0.028). Various factors that might have contributed to the development of hepatoma and schistosomiasis were investigated, but no evidence of a significant correlation between schistosomiasis and hepatoma was found. The high incidence of HCVAb was considered to have been responsible for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic schistosomiasis patients. The role of HBV infection in the development of hepatoma in schistosomiasis patients was not confirmed after an assay for HCVAb was included in the study.  (+info)

Identification of a novel eosinophil chemotactic cytokine (ECF-L) as a chitinase family protein. (8/272)

A novel eosinophil chemotactic cytokine (ECF-L) was purified from the culture supernatant of splenocytes of mice by a combination of anion-exchange chromatography, Procion red-agarose affinity chromatography, size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and reverse phase HPLC. The NH(2)-terminal amino acid sequence was determined by direct protein sequencing. An ECF-L cDNA clone of 1,506 nucleotides was isolated from a cDNA library, and the nucleotide sequence predicted a mature protein of 397 amino acids. A recombinant ECF-L showed a level of eosinophil chemotactic activity comparable with that of natural ECF-L, and the activity was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to ECF-L. ECF-L also attracted T lymphocytes and bone marrow polymorphonuclear leukocytes in vitro, whereas it caused selective extravasation of eosinophils in vivo. ECF-L mRNA was highly expressed in spleen, bone marrow, lung, and heart. A comprehensive GenBank data base search revealed that ECF-L is a chitinase family protein. ECF-L retains those amino acids highly conserved among chitinase family proteins, but Asp and Glu residues essential for the proton donation in hydrolysis were replaced by Asn and Gln, respectively. Although ECF-L contains a consensus CXC sequence near the NH(2) terminus akin to chemokine family proteins, the rest of ECF-L shows poor homology with chemokines.  (+info)

Schistosomiasis japonica is a specific form of schistosomiasis, which is also known as snail fever. It is caused by the parasitic flatworm Schistosoma japonicum. This disease is prevalent in East Asian countries like China, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

The life cycle of Schistosoma japonicum involves freshwater-dwelling snails as an intermediate host. Humans get infected through direct contact with contaminated water, where the parasite's larvae are released from the snails. The larvae penetrate the skin, enter the bloodstream, and migrate to the liver. Here, they mature into adult worms and start producing eggs, which are excreted through feces or urine.

The symptoms of Schistosomiasis japonica can vary depending on the stage and severity of the infection. In the early stages, individuals might experience skin rashes, fever, chills, and muscle aches. As the parasite eggs travel through the body, they can cause inflammation and damage to various organs, including the liver, intestines, and lungs. Chronic infections can lead to severe complications such as fibrosis, scarring, and increased risk of bladder cancer.

Preventive measures include avoiding contact with contaminated water sources, proper sanitation, and snail control. Treatment typically involves administering the drug praziquantel, which is effective against Schistosoma japonicum and other schistosome species.

"Schistosoma japonicum" is a species of parasitic flatworms (trematodes) that causes schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever, in humans. This disease is prevalent in East Asian countries such as China, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

The life cycle of Schistosoma japonicum involves freshwater snails as intermediate hosts. The parasites lay eggs in the blood vessels of the human host, which then pass through the body and are excreted into water. When the eggs hatch, they release miracidia that infect specific species of freshwater snails. After several developmental stages within the snail, the parasite releases cercariae, which can infect humans by penetrating the skin during contact with infested water.

Once inside the human host, the cercariae transform into schistosomula and migrate to the lungs, then to the liver, where they mature into adult worms. The adult worms pair up, mate, and produce eggs that can cause inflammation, granulomas, and fibrosis in various organs, depending on their location.

Schistosoma japonicum is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in endemic areas, with symptoms ranging from fever, rash, and diarrhea to more severe complications such as liver damage, bladder cancer, and kidney failure. Preventive measures include avoiding contact with infested water, treating infected individuals, and improving sanitation and hygiene practices.

Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a parasitic infection caused by several species of the trematode flatworm Schistosoma. The infection occurs when people come into contact with freshwater contaminated with the parasite's larvae, which are released by infected freshwater snails.

The larvae penetrate the skin, enter the bloodstream, and mature into adult worms in the blood vessels of the urinary tract or intestines. The female worms lay eggs, which can cause inflammation and scarring in various organs, including the liver, lungs, and brain.

Symptoms of schistosomiasis may include fever, chills, cough, muscle aches, and diarrhea. In chronic cases, the infection can lead to serious complications such as kidney damage, bladder cancer, and seizures. Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation and lack of access to safe drinking water. It is preventable through improved water supply, sanitation, and snail control measures. Treatment typically involves the use of a medication called praziquantel, which kills the adult worms.

Praziquantel is an anthelmintic medication, which is used to treat and prevent trematode (fluke) infections, including schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia or snail fever), clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, paragonimiasis, and fasciolopsiasis. It works by causing severe spasms in the muscle cells of the parasites, ultimately leading to their death. Praziquantel is available in tablet form and is typically taken orally in a single dose, although the dosage may vary depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated.

It's important to note that praziquantel is not effective against tapeworm infections, and other medications such as niclosamide or albendazole are used instead for those infections. Also, Praziquantel should be taken under medical supervision, as it may have some side effects, including abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache.

It's important to consult a healthcare professional before taking any medication.

Schistosomicides are medications specifically used to treat Schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever or bilharzia. This is a parasitic disease caused by several species of flatworms belonging to the genus Schistosoma. The drugs that act against these parasites are called schistosomicides.

The most common schistosomicides include:

1. Praziquantel: This is the first-line treatment for all forms of Schistosomiasis. It works by causing paralysis of the worms, which then detach from the host's tissues and are swept out of the body.

2. Oxamniquine (Mansil): Primarily used to treat infections caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It works by causing the worms to lose their grip on the blood vessels, leading to their death and elimination from the body.

3. Triclabendazole: Used for the treatment of liver fluke infections, but it has also shown efficacy against some Schistosoma species, particularly Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma japonicum.

It is important to note that while these medications are effective at killing the adult worms, they do not prevent reinfection. Therefore, measures should be taken to avoid contact with contaminated water where the parasites are present.

Antiplatyhelmintic agents are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic flatworms, also known as platyhelminths. These include tapeworms, flukes, and other types of flatworms that can infect various organs of the body, such as the intestines, liver, lungs, and blood vessels.

Antiplatyhelmintic agents work by disrupting the metabolism or reproductive processes of the parasitic worms, leading to their elimination from the body. Some commonly used antiplatyhelmintic agents include praziquantel, niclosamide, and albendazole.

It is important to note that while these medications can be effective in treating platyhelminth infections, they should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as improper use or dosage can lead to serious side effects or treatment failures.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "snails" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to a large group of land and sea-dwelling mollusks that have coiled shells and move slowly by means of a muscular foot. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help! Just let me know what you're looking for.

Schistosomiasis mansoni is a parasitic infection caused by the trematode flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. The disease cycle begins when human hosts come into contact with fresh water contaminated with the parasite's larvae, called cercariae, which are released from infected snail intermediate hosts.

Once the cercariae penetrate the skin of a human host, they transform into schistosomula and migrate through various tissues before reaching the hepatic portal system. Here, the parasites mature into adult worms, mate, and produce eggs that can cause inflammation and damage to the intestinal wall, liver, spleen, and other organs.

Symptoms of schistosomiasis mansoni may include fever, chills, cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and blood in stool or urine. Chronic infection can lead to severe complications such as fibrosis of the liver, kidney damage, bladder cancer, and neurological disorders.

Preventive measures include avoiding contact with contaminated water sources, proper sanitation, and access to safe drinking water. Treatment typically involves administering a single dose of the drug praziquantel, which is effective in eliminating the adult worms and reducing egg production. However, it does not prevent reinfection.

A "Parasite Egg Count" is a laboratory measurement used to estimate the number of parasitic eggs present in a fecal sample. It is commonly used in veterinary and human medicine to diagnose and monitor parasitic infections, such as those caused by roundworms, hookworms, tapeworms, and other intestinal helminths (parasitic worms).

The most common method for measuring parasite egg counts is the McMaster technique. This involves mixing a known volume of feces with a flotation solution, which causes the eggs to float to the top of the mixture. A small sample of this mixture is then placed on a special counting chamber and examined under a microscope. The number of eggs present in the sample is then multiplied by a dilution factor to estimate the total number of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces.

Parasite egg counts can provide valuable information about the severity of an infection, as well as the effectiveness of treatment. However, it is important to note that not all parasitic infections produce visible eggs in the feces, and some parasites may only shed eggs intermittently. Therefore, a negative egg count does not always rule out the presence of a parasitic infection.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, known as an antigen. They are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens, neutralizing or marking them for destruction by other immune cells.

Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect humans and animals. They include roundworms, tapeworms, and flukes, among others. Helminth infections can cause a range of symptoms, depending on the type of worm and the location of the infection.

Antibodies to helminths are produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these parasitic worms. These antibodies can be detected in the blood and serve as evidence of a current or past infection. They may also play a role in protecting against future infections with the same type of worm.

There are several different classes of antibodies, including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Antibodies to helminths are typically of the IgE class, which are associated with allergic reactions and the defense against parasites. IgE antibodies can bind to mast cells and basophils, triggering the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators that help to protect against the worm.

In addition to IgE, other classes of antibodies may also be produced in response to a helminth infection. For example, IgG antibodies may be produced later in the course of the infection and can provide long-term immunity to reinfection. IgA antibodies may also be produced and can help to prevent the attachment and entry of the worm into the body.

Overall, the production of antibodies to helminths is an important part of the immune response to these parasitic worms. However, in some cases, the presence of these antibodies may also be associated with allergic reactions or other immunological disorders.

Helminth antigens refer to the proteins or other molecules found on the surface or within helminth parasites that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. Helminths are large, multicellular parasitic worms that can infect various tissues and organs in humans and animals, causing diseases such as schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiases.

Helminth antigens can be recognized by the host's immune system as foreign invaders, leading to the activation of various immune cells and the production of antibodies. However, many helminths have evolved mechanisms to evade or suppress the host's immune response, allowing them to establish long-term infections.

Studying helminth antigens is important for understanding the immunology of helminth infections and developing new strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Some researchers have also explored the potential therapeutic use of helminth antigens or whole helminths as a way to modulate the immune system and treat autoimmune diseases or allergies. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these approaches.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Schistosomiasis haematobia" is not a recognized medical term. Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of blood flukes (schistosomes). The two main forms that affect humans are Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium, but the term "haematobia" itself refers to the presence of blood in urine.

So, when we talk about Schistosoma haematobium, it's a specific species of schistosome that causes an infection known as urogenital schistosomiasis, which is characterized by the presence of blood in the urine (haematuria) and other symptoms.

If you have any questions about tropical diseases or parasitic infections, feel free to ask!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Philippines" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Southeast Asia, comprised of over 7,000 islands. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terms, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.

I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "China." Generally, it is used to refer to:

1. The People's Republic of China (PRC), which is a country in East Asia. It is the most populous country in the world and the fourth largest by geographical area. Its capital city is Beijing.
2. In a historical context, "China" was used to refer to various dynasties and empires that existed in East Asia over thousands of years. The term "Middle Kingdom" or "Zhongguo" (中国) has been used by the Chinese people to refer to their country for centuries.
3. In a more general sense, "China" can also be used to describe products or goods that originate from or are associated with the People's Republic of China.

If you have a specific context in which you encountered the term "China" related to medicine, please provide it so I can give a more accurate response.

Anthelmintics are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms, also known as helminths. These medications work by either stunting the growth of the worms, paralyzing them, or killing them outright, allowing the body to expel the worms through normal bodily functions. Anthelmintics are commonly used to treat infections caused by roundworms, tapeworms, flukeworms, and hookworms. Examples of anthelmintic drugs include albendazole, mebendazole, praziquantel, and ivermectin.

Immunologic tests are a type of diagnostic assay that detect and measure the presence or absence of specific immune responses in a sample, such as blood or tissue. These tests can be used to identify antibodies, antigens, immune complexes, or complement components in a sample, which can provide information about the health status of an individual, including the presence of infection, autoimmune disease, or immunodeficiency.

Immunologic tests use various methods to detect these immune components, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), Western blots, immunofluorescence assays, and radioimmunoassays. The results of these tests can help healthcare providers diagnose and manage medical conditions, monitor treatment effectiveness, and assess immune function.

It's important to note that the interpretation of immunologic test results should be done by a qualified healthcare professional, as false positives or negatives can occur, and the results must be considered in conjunction with other clinical findings and patient history.

"Schistosoma mansoni" is a specific species of parasitic flatworm, also known as a blood fluke, that causes the disease schistosomiasis (also known as snail fever). This trematode has a complex life cycle involving both freshwater snails and humans. The adult worms live in the blood vessels of the human host, particularly in the venous plexus of the intestines, where they lay eggs that are excreted through feces. These eggs can hatch in fresh water and infect specific snail species, which then release a free-swimming form called cercariae. These cercariae can penetrate the skin of humans who come into contact with infested water, leading to infection and subsequent health complications if left untreated.

The medical definition of "Schistosoma mansoni" is: A species of trematode parasitic flatworm that causes schistosomiasis in humans through its complex life cycle involving freshwater snails as an intermediate host. Adult worms reside in the blood vessels of the human host, particularly those surrounding the intestines, and release eggs that are excreted through feces. Infection occurs when cercariae, released by infected snails, penetrate human skin during contact with infested water.

Schistosoma is a genus of flatworms that cause the disease schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever. These parasitic worms infect freshwater snails and then release a form of the parasite that can penetrate the skin of humans when they come into contact with contaminated water. The larvae mature into adult worms in the human body, living in the blood vessels of the bladder, intestines or other organs, where they lay eggs. These eggs can cause serious damage to internal organs and lead to a range of symptoms including fever, chills, diarrhea, and anemia. Schistosomiasis is a significant public health problem in many tropical and subtropical regions around the world.

"Schistosoma haematobium" is a species of parasitic flatworm, also known as a blood fluke, that causes the disease schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia). This specific species is the most common cause of urogenital schistosomiasis.

The life cycle of Schistosoma haematobium involves freshwater snails as intermediate hosts. The parasite's eggs are released in the urine of an infected person and hatch in fresh water, releasing miracidia that infect the snail. After several developmental stages, the parasites emerge from the snail as free-swimming cercariae, which then infect the human host by penetrating the skin during contact with infested water.

Once inside the human body, the cercariae transform into schistosomula and migrate to the venous plexus around the bladder, where they mature into adult worms. The female worms lay eggs that can cause inflammation and damage to the urinary tract and, in some cases, other organs. Symptoms of infection can include blood in the urine, frequent urination, and pain during urination. Chronic infection can lead to more serious complications, such as bladder cancer and kidney damage.

Parasitic liver diseases refer to conditions caused by protozoa or helminths (parasitic worms) that infect and damage the liver. These parasites can enter the body through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with an infected host. Some examples of parasitic liver diseases include:

1. Ascariasis: Caused by the roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides, which can infect the liver and bile ducts, leading to inflammation, obstruction, and abscess formation.
2. Echinococcosis (Hydatid disease): A rare but serious condition caused by the larval stage of tapeworms from the genus Echinococcus. The liver is the most commonly affected organ, with cysts forming in the liver parenchyma that can grow slowly over several years and cause complications such as rupture or secondary bacterial infection.
3. Fascioliasis: A foodborne trematode (fluke) infection caused by Fasciola hepatica or Fasciola gigantica, which affects the liver and bile ducts. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
4. Leishmaniasis: A protozoan infection caused by Leishmania spp., which can affect various organs, including the liver. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) is the most severe form of the disease, characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, fever, and anemia.
5. Toxoplasmosis: A protozoan infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can affect the liver and other organs. While most immunocompetent individuals remain asymptomatic or experience mild flu-like symptoms, immunocompromised patients are at risk of severe liver damage and disseminated disease.
6. Schistosomiasis: A trematode (fluke) infection caused by Schistosoma spp., which affects the liver and portal venous system. The parasites lay eggs in the liver, causing granulomatous inflammation, fibrosis, and portal hypertension.
7. Fasciolopsiasis: A trematode (fluke) infection caused by Fasciolopsis buski, which affects the small intestine and liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
8. Paragonimiasis: A trematode (lung fluke) infection caused by Paragonimus spp., which can affect the lungs, brain, and other organs, including the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
9. Clonorchiasis: A trematode (liver fluke) infection caused by Clonorchis sinensis, which affects the bile ducts and liver. The parasites lay eggs in the bile ducts, causing inflammation, cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma.
10. Opisthorchiasis: A trematode (liver fluke) infection caused by Opisthorchis spp., which affects the bile ducts and liver. The parasites lay eggs in the bile ducts, causing inflammation, cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma.
11. Heterophyiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Heterophyes spp., which affects the small intestine and liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
12. Metagonimiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Metagonimus spp., which affects the small intestine and liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
13. Echinostomiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Echinostoma spp., which affects the small intestine and liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
14. Gastrodiscoidiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Gastrodiscoides spp., which affects the large intestine and liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
15. Fascioliasis: A trematode (liver fluke) infection caused by Fasciola spp., which affects the liver and bile ducts. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
16. Paragonimiasis: A trematode (lung fluke) infection caused by Paragonimus spp., which affects the lungs and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
17. Schistosomiasis: A trematode (blood fluke) infection caused by Schistosoma spp., which affects the blood vessels and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
18. Clonorchiasis: A trematode (liver fluke) infection caused by Clonorchis sinensis, which affects the liver and bile ducts. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
19. Opisthorchiasis: A trematode (liver fluke) infection caused by Opisthorchis spp., which affects the liver and bile ducts. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
20. Metagonimiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Metagonimus spp., which affects the small intestine and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
21. Heterophyesiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Heterophyes spp., which affects the small intestine and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
22. Echinostomiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Echinostoma spp., which affects the small intestine and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
23. Fasciolopsiasis: A trematode (intestinal fluke) infection caused by Fasciolopsis buski, which affects the small intestine and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
24. Paragonimiasis: A trematode (lung fluke) infection caused by Paragonimus spp., which affects the lungs and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
25. Spirometra mansoni: A trematode (tapeworm) infection caused by Spirometra mansoni, which affects the brain and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
26. Taenia solium: A trematode (tapeworm) infection caused by Taenia solium, which affects the brain and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
27. Hymenolepis nana: A trematode (tapeworm) infection caused by Hymenolepis nana, which affects the small intestine and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
28. Diphyllobothrium latum: A trematode (tapeworm) infection caused by Diphyllobothrium latum, which affects the small intestine and sometimes the liver. The larvae migrate through the liver tissue, causing inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis.
29. Echinococcus granulosus:

'Biomphalaria' is a genus of freshwater snails that are intermediate hosts for the parasitic flatworms that cause schistosomiasis, also known as snail fever. This is a type of trematode infection that affects humans and other animals. The snails of the 'Biomphalaria' genus are native to Africa and parts of South America and play an essential role in the life cycle of the parasitic worms that cause this disease.

Schistosomiasis is a significant public health issue, particularly in developing countries with poor sanitation and hygiene. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that more than 200 million people worldwide are infected with schistosomes, resulting in tens of thousands of deaths each year. Effective control of the disease requires a multi-faceted approach, including the prevention of transmission through snail control and the treatment of infected individuals with praziquantel, the drug of choice for schistosomiasis.

Oxamniquine is an antiparasitic medication used to treat infections caused by certain types of intestinal worms, specifically the parasite called *Strongyloides stercoralis*. It works by inhibiting the motility and reproduction of the parasites, leading to their eventual elimination from the body.

It is important to note that oxamniquine is not commonly used in clinical practice due to the availability of other effective antiparasitic agents and its potential for causing adverse effects such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache. Additionally, it should only be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional and according to approved guidelines, as improper use can lead to treatment failure or the development of drug-resistant parasites.

Splenic diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the structure, function, or health of the spleen. The spleen is an organ located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, which plays a vital role in filtering the blood and fighting infections. Some common splenic diseases include:

1. Splenomegaly: Enlargement of the spleen due to various causes such as infections, liver disease, blood disorders, or cancer.
2. Hypersplenism: Overactivity of the spleen leading to excessive removal of blood cells from circulation, causing anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia.
3. Splenic infarction: Partial or complete blockage of the splenic artery or its branches, resulting in tissue death and potential organ dysfunction.
4. Splenic rupture: Traumatic or spontaneous tearing of the spleen capsule, causing internal bleeding and potentially life-threatening conditions.
5. Infections: Bacterial (e.g., sepsis, tuberculosis), viral (e.g., mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus), fungal (e.g., histoplasmosis), or parasitic (e.g., malaria) infections can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
6. Hematologic disorders: Conditions such as sickle cell disease, thalassemia, hemolytic anemias, lymphomas, leukemias, or myeloproliferative neoplasms can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement or dysfunction.
7. Autoimmune diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or vasculitis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
8. Cancers: Primary (e.g., splenic tumors) or secondary (e.g., metastatic cancer from other organs) malignancies can involve the spleen and lead to its enlargement, dysfunction, or rupture.
9. Vascular abnormalities: Conditions such as portal hypertension, Budd-Chiari syndrome, or splenic vein thrombosis can affect the spleen and cause various symptoms.
10. Trauma: Accidental or intentional injuries to the spleen can lead to bleeding, infection, or organ dysfunction.

Annandale N. (1924). "Studies on Schistosomiasis japonica. Appendix A. The molluscan hosts of the human blood fluke in China ...
"Studies on schistosomiasis japonica". American Journal of Hygiene Mon. Ser. no. 3: 269-294. plate 36. text figures 1-6. doi: ... They live in coastal dunes and littoral forests (Blanfordia simplex), from coastal to inland forests (Blanfordia japonica) and ... The type species was subsequently designated by Geoffrey Nevill (1878). Blanfordia japonica (Adams, 1861) Blanfordia simplex ...
It is the cause of schistosomiasis japonica, a disease that still remains a significant health problem especially in lake and ... Ishii A, Tsuji M, Tada I (December 2003). "History of Katayama disease: schistosomiasis japonica in Katayama district, ... Media related to Schistosoma japonicum at Wikimedia Commons Schistosomiasis link from the CDC. Schistosomiasis in China at UC- ... a novel agent for the prevention of schistosomiasis japonica, mansoni and haematobia". Acta Tropica. 82 (2): 175-81. doi: ...
July 2008). "Pilot-scale production and characterization of paramyosin, a vaccine candidate for schistosomiasis japonica". ... A Schistosomiasis vaccine is a vaccine against Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever), a ... Schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people worldwide, mainly in rural agricultural and peri-urban areas of the third world ... Schistosomiasis has been considered a "neglected disease" that disproportionately affects poorer localities and has received ...
Ishii, Akira; Tsuji, Moriyasu; Tada, Isao (2003). "History of Katayama disease: Schistosomiasis japonica in Katayama district, ... Schistosomiasis is also a concern of cattle husbandry and mice. O-methyl-threonine is weakly effective in mouse schistosomiasis ... Schistosomiasis at Curlie River of Hope - documentary about the rise of schistosomiasis along the Senegal river (video, 47 mins ... "Schistosomiasis". www.who.int. 2021-05-18. Retrieved 2021-06-05. "Schistosomiasis A major public health problem". World Health ...
... and laboratory procedures for diagnosis and treatment of Schistosomiasis japonica (27 min; color). PMF 5028 (1947) - Sandfly ... Schistosomiasis, three types of schistosomiasis (snail fever); Geographical habitat, epidemiology, symptomatology, and general ...
"Control of Schistosomiasis Japonica in the Nagatoishi Area of Kurume, Japan," American Journal of Tropical Medicine 31 (1982): ... "Control of Schistosomiasis Japonica in Japan: A Review, 1950-1978," Japanese Journal of Parasitology 33 (August 1984): 341-51; ... Schistosomiasis: The team eliminated 99 percent of the snail population over a two-year period beginning in 1949. "History of ... George W. Hunter III, MSC, gained international recognition for his work with schistosomiasis. United States forces occupying ...
PMID 9467732 Ishii A, Tsuji M, Tada I (2003) History of Katayama disease: schistosomiasis japonica in Katayama district, ... ISBN 978-3487116594 Tanaka H, Tsuji M (1997) From discovery to eradication of schistosomiasis in Japan: 1847-1996. Int J ...
... of Schistosomiasis japonica in Japan (1957-1958), and of Schistosomiasis haematobia in Egypt (1970). In 1960, he and two other ... "Home". Sadun, E.H, Williams, J.S, Anderson, R.I. Fluorescent antibody technic for sero-diagnosis of schistosomiasis in humans. ... to the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Sadun held faculty positions at several universities before joining the U.S. Public Health ...
... schistosomiasis haematobia MeSH C03.335.865.859.521 - schistosomiasis japonica MeSH C03.335.865.859.576 - schistosomiasis ... schistosomiasis MeSH C03.335.865.859.213 - neuroschistosomiasis MeSH C03.335.865.859.427 - ...
Wang, H.-Z.; Wang, H.-J.; Liang, X.-M.; Cui, Y.-D. (2003). "Stocking models of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir japonica sinensis ... and control of diseases vectors such as blood flukes that caused Schistosomiasis. More than a hundred lakes were thusly cut off ...
February 2022). "Genome of the ramshorn snail Biomphalaria straminea-an obligate intermediate host of schistosomiasis". ... Anguilla japonica, Japanese Eel (2022) Order Beloniformes Oryzias latipes, medaka (2007) Order Callionymiformes Callionymus ... May 2017). "Whole genome analysis of a schistosomiasis-transmitting freshwater snail". Nature Communications. 8: 15451. Bibcode ...
... schistosomiasis: Types and process of infection: …by closely related organisms: (1) Japonica, or Eastern, schistosomiasis is ... 2) Mansons, or intestinal, schistosomiasis is caused by S. mansoni, found in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and ... In schistosomiasis: Types and process of infection. …by closely related organisms: (1) Japonica, or Eastern, schistosomiasis is ... 2) Mansons, or intestinal, schistosomiasis is caused by S. mansoni, found in Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, and ...
Study of the Circumoval Precipitate in Schistosomiasis Japonica by Immunofluorescent Technic published on Mar 1976 by The ...
Results of search for su:{Schistosomiasis japonica} Refine your search. *. Availability. * Limit to currently available items ... Socioeconomic factors influencing the prevalence of schistosomiasis japonica and knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding ... Evaluation of impact of chemotherapy schemes on morbidity attributable to Schistosoma japonica infection in Hunan, China / by ...
This study is the first to develop a GICA strip using gold-rSPG conjugate for the diagnosing of schistosomiasis in domestic ... Therefore, development of a sensitive technique for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in domestic animals is necessary. A novel ... When compared with ELISA, the GICA strips exhibited similar sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in ... Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern in China and an epidemiological survey has revealed that schistosome- ...
Annandale N. (1924). "Studies on Schistosomiasis japonica. Appendix A. The molluscan hosts of the human blood fluke in China ...
Diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in Chinese schoolchildren by administration of a questionnaire. ... Dive into the research topics of Diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in Chinese schoolchildren by administration of a ...
Studies on risk factors for liver fibrosis of schistosomiasis japonica. Y. Liu, H. C. Yuan, D. D. Lin, Y. M. Liu, F. Hu, G. M. ... Studies on risk factors for liver fibrosis of schistosomiasis japonica. / Liu, Y.; Yuan, H. C.; Lin, D. D. et al. In: Zhongguo ... Studies on risk factors for liver fibrosis of schistosomiasis japonica. In: Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing ... Studies on risk factors for liver fibrosis of schistosomiasis japonica. Zhongguo ji sheng chong xue yu ji sheng chong bing za ...
Categories: Schistosomiasis japonica Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
Pediatric schistosomiasis is principally caused by one of the following 6 species of parasitic worms: Schistosoma haematobium ... Hayashi S, Ohtake H, Koike M. Laparoscopic diagnosis and clinical course of chronic schistosomiasis japonica. Acta Trop. 2000 ... encoded search term (Pediatric Schistosomiasis) and Pediatric Schistosomiasis What to Read Next on Medscape ... Pediatric Schistosomiasis. Updated: Dec 15, 2020 * Author: Vinod K Dhawan, MD, FACP, FRCPC, FIDSA; Chief Editor: Russell W ...
9 Monzawa S, Uchiyama G, Ohtomo K, Araki T. Schistosomiasis japonica of the liver: contrast-enhanced CT findings in 113 ... 12 Kojiro M, Kakizoe S, Yano H, Tsumagari J, Kenmochi K, Nakashima T. Hepatocellular carcinoma and schistosomiasis japonica. A ... Advanced schistosomiasis is an infectious disease, endemic in some regions, with long-term implications for patient care. It ... Schistosomiasis. In: Strickland GT, ed. Hunters Tropical Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1991:781-802. ...
Evaluation of Kato Katz Technique Combined with Stool Hatching Test in Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis Japonica. Chinese Journal ... The Epidemiology of Human Schistosomiasis in the Senegal River Basin. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine ... Wynn, T.A. and Cheever, A.W. (1995) Cytokine Regulation of Granuloma Formation in Schistosomiasis. Current Opinion in ... Schistosoma mansoni is one of the causative agents of intestinal schistosomiasis and Plasmodium falciparum is the major ...
Wu W, Feng A, Huang Y. Research and control of advanced schistosomiasis japonica in China. Parasitol Res. 2015;114:17-27. ... than patients with schistosomiasis infection [14.72 (8.17-20.07) months; P = 0.025] (Fig. 3d). However, OLT-free survival was ... and with schistosomiasis infection. Careful patient selection remains a critical factor that determines patient outcomes after ... 6 Baseline characteristics of patients underwent TIPS for portal hypertension associated with PA-HSOS and schistosomiasis after ...
Fucoidan from Laminaria japonica exerts antitumor effects on angiogenesis and micrometastasis in triple-negative breast cancer ...
Schistosomiasis japonica 11% * Western Blotting 10% * Eggs 8% * Granuloma 8% * Kinetics 5% ...
Therefore, this study focuses on these aspects in a re-emergent schistosomiasis area known to harbour representatives of two ... The endemicity of snail lineages at the regional level supports the concept of endemic schistosomiasis areas and calls for ... Zhou XN, Bergquist R, Leonardo L, Yang GJ, Yang K, Sudomo M, Olveda R: Chapter 6 - Schistosomiasis japonica: control and ... McManus DP, Gray DJ, Li Y, Feng Z, Williams GM, Stewart D, Rey-Ladino J, Ross AG: Schistosomiasis in the Peoples Republic of ...
Current chemotherapy of schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines.. 1976 Jun. 193200. [Substantiation of maximum permissible ... Stibophen (Fuadin), an organic trivalent antimony compound, has been used for many years in the treatment of schistosomiasis. ... Stibophen is used as treatment of schistosomiasis by intramuscular injection. Stibophen is known to act by selectively ...
BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis japonica is a serious zoonotic parasitic disease. Preliminary studies have shown that the ...
Introduction Schistosomiasis japonica is still a major public health problem, especially in China, despite great achievements ... 2007) Field comparison of immunodiagnostic and parasitological techniques for the detection of schistosomiasis japonica in the ... Sep 6, 2011 - Background: Schistosomiasis japonica is a zoonotic parasitic disease ... of Sj23LHDGST bivalent antigen from ... 2007) Detection of schistosomiasis cases in low-transmission areas based on coprologic and serologic criteria. The Venezuelan ...
A novel fluorescence immunochromatographic assay strip for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica. ...
Identifying host species driving transmission of schistosomiasis japonica, a multihost parasite system, in China. Rudge JW, ... Estimation of changes in the force of infection for intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis in countries with schistosomiasis ...
Sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with urine samples: a tool for surveillance of schistosomiasis japonica. Southeast ... Urine samples from patients with other trematodiasis were also used; 39 schistosomiasis japonicum, 24 opisthorchiasis viverrini ... only 1/24 of opisthorchiasis and 2/39 of schistosomiasis patients were positive, and the positive among the tuberculosis cases ... which detect antigen-specific antibodies in urine samples have been developed for schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, ...
... is the only mammal known to have natural resistance to Schistosomiasis japonica. Originating from schistosomiasis endemic and ... At the same time, the anti-schistosomiasis characteristics and anti-schistosomiasis mechanisms of Microtus fortis were studied ... genome and anti-schistosomiasis mechanism of reed vole in the past decade, especially in the implementation of the key project ...
... and IL-13 suppress excessive neutrophil infiltration and hepatocyte damage during acute murine schistosomiasis japonica. Infect ...
Wu K: Schistosomiasis japonica among domestic and wild animals in China. Chin Vet J. 1957, 3: 98-100. ... Dai ZJ, Yan JP: Study on the epidemiology of schistosomiasis japonica of mountainous area animals in Sichuasn Province. Acta ... He YX, Yang HZ, Mao SB: Host specificity of schistosomiasis japonica I: The developmental rates, distribution and survival in ... Hao Y, Zheng H, Zhu R, Guo JG, Wang LY, Chen Z, Zhou XN: Schistosomiasis situation in Peoples Republic of China in 2009. Chin ...
T cells which restrains immunopathology in hosts with schistosomiasis. On ... the symptomatology of schistosomiasis is attributed towards the egg-induced granulomatous response in schistosomiasis japonica ... In schistosomiasis japonica and mansoni, by far the most severe harm towards the host may be the immunopathology of liver ... our study demonstrated enhanced Th2 but reduced Th1 and Treg cells generation in AQP4 KO mice with Schistosomiasis japonica, ...
... toward an approach for designing intervention strategies for Schistosomiasis japonica. Environ Health Persp. 2002;110(9):907-15 ... Estimation of changes in the force of infection for intestinal and urogenital schistosomiasis in countries with schistosomiasis ... ranging from soil-transmitted helminthiases to schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and lymphatic filariasis (LF) [1,2,3,4,5]. ...
  • Evaluation of impact of chemotherapy schemes on morbidity attributable to Schistosoma japonica infection in Hunan, China / by Yu Dongbao. (who.int)
  • Schistosoma mansoni is one of the causative agents of intestinal schistosomiasis and Plasmodium falciparum is the major causative agent of malaria. (scirp.org)
  • The parasite species of the trematode genus Schistosoma cause human schistosomiasis, one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in the world, infecting more than 200 million people and leading to a substantial burden of disease [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Originating from schistosomiasis endemic and non-endemic areas, as well as laboratory bred voles have the same resistance to Schistosoma japonicum . (slarc.org.cn)
  • Schistosomiasis is a serious zoonotic parasitic disease, causing considerable problems in many tropical and developing nations [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • WHO), four parasitic diseases--malaria, Malaria remains one of the most serious schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis and trypa- public health problems in the world. (who.int)
  • Schistosomiasis is one of the most serious parasitic zoonoses in the world. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Parasites Vectors (2015)eight:Web page 2 ofBackground Schistosomiasis is amongst the most prevalent parasitic illnesses infecting greater than 200 million folks with an estimated 600 million at danger worldwide [1,2]. (dna-alkylating.com)
  • 39 schistosomiasis japonicum, 24 opisthorchiasis viverrini, 16 patients infected with intestinal flukes, and 13 samples from tuberculosis patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In schistosomiasis japonica and mansoni, by far the most severe harm towards the host may be the immunopathology of liver brought on by the schistosome eggs. (dna-alkylating.com)
  • Consequently, a lot in the symptomatology of schistosomiasis is attributed towards the egg-induced granulomatous response in schistosomiasis japonica and mansoni [3-6]. (dna-alkylating.com)
  • The threat of schistosomiasis constantly exists because most of the areas in China in which it is endemic have been characterized by low-intensity infection that is independent of prevalence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They were: number of treatments of schistosomiasis (OR = 1.75), interval of schistosomal infection(OR = 1.40), history of drinking wine (OR = 1.95) and familial history of advanced schistosomiasis (OR = 2.11). (wustl.edu)
  • CONCLUSION: Patients with repeated schistosome infection, long duration of schistosomal infection, long history of drinking and familial history of advanced schistosomiasis had higher risk for liver fibrosis than schistosomiasis patients without these factors. (wustl.edu)
  • Clinical features of human schistosomiasis depend on the species, developmental stage, and site of infection in the body. (medscape.com)
  • This study is the first to develop a GICA strip using gold-rSPG conjugate for the diagnosing of schistosomiasis in domestic animals, and preliminary results showed that the developed strip may be suitable for large-scale screening of schistosomiasis in endemic areas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These animals are naturally infected with schistosomes and spread more eggs into the environment than human and other animal hosts, and are considered to be the main sources of transmission of schistosomiasis in most lake and marshland endemic areas [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Schistosomiasis of the liver. (thieme-connect.com)
  • 9 Monzawa S, Uchiyama G, Ohtomo K, Araki T. Schistosomiasis japonica of the liver: contrast-enhanced CT findings in 113 patients. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Benefits: Our outcomes showed an enhanced granulomatous response with increased accumulation of eosinophils and MC5R supplier macrophages around eggs inside the liver of AQP4 KO mice with Schistosomiasis japonica. (dna-alkylating.com)
  • Furthermore, our study demonstrated enhanced Th2 but reduced Th1 and Treg cells generation in AQP4 KO mice with Schistosomiasis japonica, which may possibly, at the very least partly, account for the enhancement from the liver granuloma formation. (dna-alkylating.com)
  • Conclusion: Our study for the initial time offers evidences that AQP4 has an association with the immunoregulation of the liver granuloma formation, which might confer a new option for schistosomiasis treatment. (dna-alkylating.com)
  • Socioeconomic factors influencing the prevalence of schistosomiasis japonica and knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the disease in a rural area of China / by Yixin Huang. (who.int)
  • Current chemotherapy of schistosomiasis japonica in the Philippines. (ncats.io)
  • When compared with ELISA, the GICA strips exhibited similar sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in mice, rabbits, buffaloes, and goats. (biomedcentral.com)
  • N that AQP4 expresses in immune technique and lack of AQP4 in mice HSPA5 Gene ID benefits in considerably much less CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Treg cells) under physiological condition, one of several subpopulations of CD4+T cells which restrains immunopathology in hosts with schistosomiasis. (dna-alkylating.com)
  • A clinicopathologic study of 59 autopsy cases of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic schistosomiasis japonica. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Therefore, development of a sensitive technique for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in domestic animals is necessary. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The parasitological methods include stool egg examination and fecal miracidium hatching test, which are the gold standards for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis in domestic animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern in China and an epidemiological survey has revealed that schistosome-infected bovines and goats are the main transmission sources for the disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The World Health Organization has estimated that 258 million people required preventive treatment for schistosomiasis and that schistosomiasis transmission has been reported in 78 countries [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • METHODS: 192 hepatitis-negative patients with schistosomiasis were selected and divided into 3 groups according to the result of B ultrasound examination, that is, grade 2 and 3 fibrosis group(81 patients), grade 1 fibrosis group (61 patients) and control group (non-fibrosis, 50 patiets). (wustl.edu)
  • The results provide valuable information for increased understanding of host-schistosome interactions, and for control of schistosomiasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The endemicity of snail lineages at the regional level supports the concept of endemic schistosomiasis areas and calls for future geospatial analyses for a better understanding of respective boundaries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Advanced schistosomiasis is an infectious disease, endemic in some regions, with long-term implications for patient care. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Studies on Schistosomiasis japonica. (wikipedia.org)
  • 13 Richter J. Evolution of schistosomiasis-induced pathology after therapy and interruption of exposure to schistosomes: a review of ultrasonographic studies. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Stibophen (Fuadin), an organic trivalent antimony compound, has been used for many years in the treatment of schistosomiasis. (ncats.io)
  • Stibophen is used as treatment of schistosomiasis by intramuscular injection. (ncats.io)
  • In this article, an overview of the most recent data about the role of interventional radiology in the management of these conditions will be presented, as well as the authors' experience on interventional management of schistosomiasis patients. (thieme-connect.com)
  • A survey of advanced schistosomiasis patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding]. (thieme-connect.com)
  • After PSM, OLT-free survival was significantly better in PA-HSOS patients than in patients with viral hepatitis ( P = 0.0011), primary biliary cirrhosis or autoimmune hepatitis ( P = 0.021), and schistosomiasis ( P = 0.025). (researchsquare.com)
  • This review focuses on summarizing the research progress in the biological characteristics, standardization research, genome and anti-schistosomiasis mechanism of reed vole in the past decade, especially in the implementation of the key project in the National Science and Technology Pillar Program. (slarc.org.cn)
  • 3. [Quantification of gut-associated schistosome circulating proteoglycan and its specific immune complexes in patients with schistosomiasis japonicum]. (nih.gov)
  • Vaccination of water buffalo schistosomiasis transmission reservoirs in China and the Philippines can assist in long-term prevention of human (and animal) japonicum infection. (edu.au)
  • The changes caused by the dam, together with integrated control of schistosomiasis, might be accelerating the progress towards eliminating the transmission of S. japonicum in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the last three decades, great achievements have been obtained in schistosomiasis control. (nih.gov)
  • A first generalization of disease can be seen in the so-called 'Katayama fever' (sometimes also referred to 'Katayama syndrome'), which is named after a Japanese district that was once endemic for schistosomiasis japonica. (medscape.com)
  • Poyang Lake Region, which includes the largest freshwater lake in China, constitutes the largest continuous area endemic for schistosomiasis in the country and was historically reported with 2.5 million people at risk for infection and 340,000 infected [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The control of schistosomiasis emphasizes preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel, which aims at decreasing infection intensity and thus morbidity in individuals, as well as transmission in communities. (plos.org)
  • Praziquantel has been widely used in the morbidity control, transmission control, and prevention of schistosomiasis japonica in China since 1980s. (nih.gov)
  • This paper reviews the application of praziquantel in the schistosomiasis japonica control strategies in China so as to provide the rich experiences for reference of health workers of other countries where schistosomiasis is endemic. (nih.gov)
  • The drug praziquantel is used against the parasitic disease schistosomiasis. (plos.org)
  • We put together a database from various studies of the efficacy of praziquantel against schistosomiasis. (plos.org)
  • Epidemiological surveys showed that approximately 100 million people were at risk, with up to 12 million being infected with schistosomiasis, at the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1994 [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Surgery may be necessary in severe or chronic schistosomiasis. (medscape.com)
  • Although acute schistosomiasis is a relevant health problem in returning travelers, morbidity due to chronic schistosomiasis is by far more significant in affected populations who live in schistosome-endemic areas. (medscape.com)
  • WHO), four parasitic diseases--malaria, Malaria remains one of the most serious schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis and trypa- public health problems in the world. (who.int)
  • Disease transmission models for public health decision making: toward an approach for designing intervention strategies for Schistosomiasis japonica. (nih.gov)
  • 18. [Detection of circulating membrane antigen of schistosome in schistosomiasis by dot-ELISA and idiotype/antiidiotype interaction inhibition test]. (nih.gov)
  • The changing schistosome transmission dynamics necessitate a comprehensive strategy to control schistosomiasis. (edu.au)
  • 5. [Detection of a circulating SJ 70 antigen in human schistosomiasis japonica using a monoclonal antibody]. (nih.gov)
  • 10. [Circulating antigen detection in schistosomiasis japonica patients by sandwich ELISA using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies]. (nih.gov)
  • 13. [Comparison of circulating antigen detection in schistosomiasis japonica patients using two methods of ELISA]. (nih.gov)
  • 16. [Detection of circulating antigen in patients with schistosomiasis]. (nih.gov)
  • Based on annual surveillance data, at the village level in this region from 2009 to 2014, spatial and temporal cluster analyses were conducted to assess the pattern of schistosomiasis infection risk among humans through purely spatial (Local Moran's I , Kulldorff and Flexible scan statistic) and space-time scan statistics (Kulldorff). (biomedcentral.com)
  • A systematic literature review, coupled with an analysis of data on the water level and snail density in the Yangtze River was conducted to assess the impact of the dam on schistosomiasis transmission after more than 10 years of operation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 32 ] Despite the syndrome's name, fever is absent in at least one-third of symptomatic patients, and a good knowledge of other typical symptoms is mandatory to suspect acute schistosomiasis in affected individuals. (medscape.com)
  • Immunohistochemical detection of HbsAg and HbcAg in the liver of patients with Schistosomiasis japonica complicated by hepatocellular carcinoma. (forextrading-madeeasy.com)
  • The clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis can be grouped into several phases, and they differ between people living in endemic areas and nonimmune travelers upon primary infection. (medscape.com)
  • Table 1 summarizes the clinical symptomatology of acute schistosomiasis. (medscape.com)
  • Cerebellar schistosomiasis: a case report with clinical analysis. (qxmd.com)
  • Schistosomiasis japonica in China has a long history and wide distribution. (nih.gov)
  • The current status of schistosomiasis epidemics in China]. (nih.gov)
  • Schistosomiasis remains a major public health problem with an estimated 200 million people infected in the world, and in China, schistosomiasis japonica is endemic in the south part of the country. (nih.gov)
  • In collaboration with Chinese colleagues, we will continue, through to 2025, to monitor the national control schistosomiasis program in 16 sentinel villages in south China using field verified DNA-based diagnostic techniques we have developed. (edu.au)
  • The Poyang Lake Region, one of the major epidemic sites of schistosomiasis in China, remains a severe challenge. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Despite the remarkable success achieved in schistosomiasis control in China through the measures mentioned, schistosomiasis remains a serious problem in the lake and marshland regions, especially along the middle of the Yangtze River basin (including both Dongting and Poyang Lakes). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Three Gorges Dam: Does it accelerate or delay the progress towards eliminating transmission of schistosomiasis in China? (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Three Gorges Dam, located in the largest endemic area of schistosomiasis in China, is one of the world's largest hydroelectric projects to date. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The potential impact of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) on schistosomiasis transmission in China has invoked considerable global concern. (edu.au)
  • Consequently, as mathematical modeling predicts, vaccine strategies represent an essential component in the future control of schistosomiasis in China. (edu.au)
  • Along with a multidisciplinary collaborative team, the laboratory pioneers research on the development/application of schistosomiasis vaccines, in diagnostics, genomics and in tropical/international health, contributing a cohesive and remarkable body of 650 publications in an extensive career. (edu.au)
  • This study detected areas at high risk for schistosomiasis both in space and time at the village level from 2009 to 2014 in Poyang Lake Region. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Surveillance should be strengthened in the area where schistosomiasis has been controlled. (nih.gov)
  • The chronic complications of schistosomiasis only occur after years of infection, and hence are generally seen in the adult population. (medscape.com)