A chronic form of schizophrenia characterized primarily by the presence of persecutory or grandiose delusions, often associated with hallucination.
Chronic mental disorders in which there has been an insidious development of a permanent and unshakeable delusional system (persecutory delusions or delusions of jealousy), accompanied by preservation of clear and orderly thinking. Emotional responses and behavior are consistent with the delusional state.
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.
A personality disorder characterized by the avoidance of accepting deserved blame and an unwarranted view of others as malevolent. The latter is expressed as suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, and mistrust.
A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates.
Study of mental processes and behavior of schizophrenics.
A type of schizophrenia characterized by frequent incoherence; marked loosening of associations, or grossly disorganized behavior and flat or grossly inappropriate affect that does not meet the criteria for the catatonic type; associated features include extreme social withdrawal, grimacing, mannerisms, mirror gazing, inappropriate giggling, and other odd behavior. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Behavior exhibited by individuals who are overly suspicious, but without the constellation of symptoms characteristic of paranoid personality disorder or paranoid type of schizophrenia.
A type of schizophrenia characterized by abnormality of motor behavior which may involve particular forms of stupor, rigidity, excitement or inappropriate posture.
Agents that control agitated psychotic behavior, alleviate acute psychotic states, reduce psychotic symptoms, and exert a quieting effect. They are used in SCHIZOPHRENIA; senile dementia; transient psychosis following surgery; or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; etc. These drugs are often referred to as neuroleptics alluding to the tendency to produce neurological side effects, but not all antipsychotics are likely to produce such effects. Many of these drugs may also be effective against nausea, emesis, and pruritus.
Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)
A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia.
A condition in which closely related persons, usually in the same family, share the same delusions.
Standardized procedures utilizing rating scales or interview schedules carried out by health personnel for evaluating the degree of mental illness.
Cognitive disorders including delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders. These may be the result of substance use, trauma, or other causes.
Psychotic organic mental disorders resulting from the toxic effect of drugs and chemicals or other harmful substance.
Conceptual system developed by Freud and his followers in which unconscious motivations are considered to shape normal and abnormal personality development and behavior.
An obsolete concept, historically used for childhood mental disorders thought to be a form of schizophrenia. It was in earlier versions of DSM but is now included within the broad concept of PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS.
A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others.
Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal.
A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior.
Techniques to reveal personality attributes by responses to relatively unstructured or ambiguous stimuli.
A psychoanalytic therapy wherein each social transaction is analyzed to determine the involved ego state (whether parent-like, child-like, or adult-like) as a basis for understanding behavior.
Tests designed to assess neurological function associated with certain behaviors. They are used in diagnosing brain dysfunction or damage and central nervous system disorders or injury.
Adaptation of the person to the social environment. Adjustment may take place by adapting the self to the environment or by changing the environment. (From Campbell, Psychiatric Dictionary, 1996)
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.
Mental activity, not predominantly perceptual, by which one apprehends some aspect of an object or situation based on past learning and experience.
A psychotic disorder characterized by the patient's belief that acquaintances or closely related persons have been replaced by doubles or imposters.
A psychoanalytic term meaning self-love.
Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.
The artificial language of schizophrenic patients - neologisms (words of the patient's own making with new meanings).
Categorical classification of MENTAL DISORDERS based on criteria sets with defining features. It is produced by the American Psychiatric Association. (DSM-IV, page xxii)
Global conflict involving countries of Europe, Africa, Asia, and North America that occurred between 1939 and 1945.
Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other in cerebral functions.
A thioxanthine with effects similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics.
A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.
A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.
A scale comprising 18 symptom constructs chosen to represent relatively independent dimensions of manifest psychopathology. The initial intended use was to provide more efficient assessment of treatment response in clinical psychopharmacology research; however, the scale was readily adapted to other uses. (From Hersen, M. and Bellack, A.S., Dictionary of Behavioral Assessment Techniques, p. 87)
Standardized tests designed to measure abilities, as in intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests, or to evaluate personality traits.
Subjective feeling of having committed an error, offense or sin; unpleasant feeling of self-criticism. These result from acts, impulses, or thoughts contrary to one's personal conscience.
The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the MEDIODORSAL NUCLEUS OF THE THALAMUS. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the DIENCEPHALON; MESENCEPHALON; and LIMBIC SYSTEM as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin.
The ability to understand and manage emotions and to use emotional knowledge to enhance thought and deal effectively with tasks. Components of emotional intelligence include empathy, self-motivation, self-awareness, self-regulation, and social skill. Emotional intelligence is a measurement of one's ability to socialize or relate to others.
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.
The ability of the BRAIN to suppress neuronal responses to external sensory inputs, such as auditory and visual stimuli. Sensory filtering (or gating) allows humans to block out irrelevant, meaningless, or redundant stimuli.
Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism obtains knowledge.
Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279)
Observable changes of expression in the face in response to emotional stimuli.
Disorders affecting TWINS, one or both, at any age.
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.
An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
A latent susceptibility to disease at the genetic level, which may be activated under certain conditions.
Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.
Measurable biological (physiological, biochemical, and anatomical features), behavioral (psychometric pattern) or cognitive markers that are found more often in individuals with a disease than in the general population. Because many endophenotypes are present before the disease onset and in individuals with heritable risk for disease such as unaffected family members, they can be used to help diagnose and search for causative genes.
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
The feeling-tone accompaniment of an idea or mental representation. It is the most direct psychic derivative of instinct and the psychic representative of the various bodily changes by means of which instincts manifest themselves.
A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
A complex involuntary response to an unexpected strong stimulus usually auditory in nature.
A group of two-ring heterocyclic compounds consisting of a benzene ring fused to a diazepine ring.
The part of the cerebral hemisphere anterior to the central sulcus, and anterior and superior to the lateral sulcus.
Behavior-response patterns that characterize the individual.
Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, a crucial step in the synthesis of catecholamines within the adrenal glands and central nervous system.
A component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH concerned with research, overall planning, promoting, and administering mental health programs and research. It was established in 1949.
Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.
Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere responsible for auditory, olfactory, and semantic processing. It is located inferior to the lateral fissure and anterior to the OCCIPITAL LOBE.
Dibenzothiazepines are a class of heterocyclic chemical compounds that contain a dibenzothiazepine ring structure, which have been used in the development of various pharmaceutical drugs, particularly as tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, and anticonvulsants, but their use has declined due to side effects and the development of newer drugs.

Activation of Heschl's gyrus during auditory hallucinations. (1/149)

Apart from being a common feature of mental illness, auditory hallucinations provide an intriguing model for the study of internally generated sensory perceptions that are attributed to external sources. Until now, the knowledge about the cortical network that supports such hallucinations has been restricted by methodological limitations. Here, we describe an experiment with paranoid schizophrenic patients whose on- and offset of auditory hallucinations could be monitored within one functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session. We demonstrate an increase of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal in Heschl's gyrus during the patients' hallucinations. Our results provide direct evidence of the involvement of primary auditory areas in auditory verbal hallucinations and establish novel constraints for psychopathological models.  (+info)

Projective identification, self-disclosure, and the patient's view of the object: the need for flexibility. (2/149)

Certain patients, through projective identification and splitting mechanisms, test the boundaries of the analytic situation. These patients are usually experiencing overwhelming paranoid-schizoid anxieties and view the object as ruthless and persecutory. Using a Kleinian perspective, the author advocates greater analytic flexibility with these difficult patients who seem unable to use the standard analytic environment. The concept of self-disclosure is examined, and the author discusses certain technical situations where self-disclosure may be helpful. (The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 1999; 8:225-233)  (+info)

Instrumentally detected changes in motor functioning in patients with low levels of antipsychotic dopamine D2 blockade. (3/149)

Extrapyramidal side-effects (EPSE) of antipsychotic medication are related to the occupancy of dopamine D2 receptors and there appears to be a threshold of D2 occupancy below which clinically EPSE are unlikely to occur. It is unclear whether there are motor changes produced by 'subthreshold' levels of D2 occupancy that are not detectable by clinical examination. This study was designed to investigate whether a number of electromechanical instrumental techniques could detect 'subthreshold' motor changes and whether these changes correlate with dopamine D2 occupancy as measured by [11C]-raclopride PET scan. Twenty medication naive patients were studied before and during treatment with low dose haloperidol. Instrumental techniques detected an asymmetrical worsening in motor function with drug treatment despite the failure of the group to experience significant EPSE. These changes did not correlate with D2 occupancy and measurements of rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia did not closely inter-correlate.  (+info)

A peripheral marker for schizophrenia: Increased levels of D3 dopamine receptor mRNA in blood lymphocytes. (4/149)

Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and its receptors are associated with a number of neuropathological disorders such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Although the precise pathophysiology of schizophrenia remains unknown, the dopaminergic hypothesis of the illness assumes that the illness results from excessive activity at dopamine synapses in the brain. Because, at present, the diagnosis of schizophrenia relies on descriptive behavioral and symptomatic information, a peripheral measurable marker may enable a simpler, more rapid, and more accurate diagnosis and monitoring. In recent years, human peripheral blood lymphocytes have been found to express several dopamine receptors (D(3), D(4), and D(5)) by using molecular biology techniques and binding assays. It has been suggested that these dopamine receptors found on lymphocytes may reflect receptors found in the brain. Here we demonstrate a correlation between the D(3) dopamine receptor on lymphocytes and schizophrenia and show a significant elevation of at least 2-fold in the mRNA level of the D(3), but not of the D(4), dopamine receptor in schizophrenic patients. This increase is not affected by different antipsychotic drug treatments (typical or atypical). Moreover, nonmedicated patients exhibit the same pattern, indicating that this change is not a result of medical treatment. We propose the D(3) receptor mRNA on blood lymphocytes as a marker for identification and followup of schizophrenia.  (+info)

Instrumental psychosis: the Good Soldier Svejk syndrome. (5/149)

The possession of severe mental illness, mainly schizophrenia and affective psychosis, may be perceived in positive terms. We have identified a group of patients, most of them with a history of previous psychotic disorder, who present with deliberately created symptoms and behaviour, and who are defined as having instrumental psychosis. Because most such patients have had a psychotic disorder in the past the symptoms are very like those of a real psychosis. A parallel is drawn with the fictional anti-hero of the Czech nation, the Good Soldier Svejk, who demonstrated both real and instrumental psychosis. A rating scale, the 'pseudopsychosis inventory', was devised to identify the main components of this disorder and was applied in 15 consecutive patients presenting with putative psychotic disorders in whom assessment could be made by two raters within five days. The inter-rater reliability of the items of the scale was good (intra-class correlation coefficient 0.68). An epidemiological study with this scale in 45 patients with a putative psychotic disorder suggested the presence of instrumental psychosis in 2.  (+info)

Serotonin transporter polymorphisms: no association with response to antipsychotic treatment, but associations with the schizoparanoid and residual subtypes of schizophrenia. (6/149)

The human serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) demonstrates two polymorphisms with possible functional impact: a 44-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism of the promoter region and a 17-bp variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism (VNTR) in intron 2 (STin2). Such genetic polymorphisms in the serotoninergic system may increase the susceptibility to schizophrenia or may serve as predictors of therapeutic response. We therefore analyzed these polymorphisms as susceptibility factors for schizophrenia by comparison of 684 schizophrenic inpatients with 587 healthy controls. We furthermore compared the therapeutic outcome of schizophrenic patients differentiated by the 5-HTT genotypes. Schizo-affective patients were more frequently homozygous for the 44-bp insertion allele (Odds ratio, OR: 1.6, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.1--2.3, P < 0.03) than were all other schizophrenic patients and controls. The 17-bp VNTR alleles found were: STin2.7, 9, 10, and 12. Sequence analysis revealed seven different sequence motifs with an invariable arrangement. Patients with schizo-paranoid schizophrenia were more frequently homozygous for the STin2.12 allele than were controls (OR: 1.4, CI: 1.1--1.8, P < 0.007) and all other schizophrenic patients (OR: 1.6, CI: 1.2--2.3). The STin2.9 allele represented a risk factor for the residual subtype of schizophrenia (OR: 6.4, CI: 2.5--16.2, P < 0.001). On the basis of global clinical impressions, as well as measurements with the positive and negative syndrome scale we found no association of the polymorphisms with therapeutic response. In conclusion, the 44-bp polymorphism may be associated with the schizo-affective and the 17-bp VNTR with the residual and schizo-paranoid subtype of schizophrenia, findings which require further biochemical and epidemiological confirmation.  (+info)

Atypical antipsychotic effects of quetiapine fumarate in animal models. (7/149)

AIM: To evaluate the effect of quetiapine fumarate in animal models of schizophrenia and its possibility to induce extrapyramidal side effects (EPSE). METHODS: The enhancement of immobility in a forced swimming test of mice induced by repeated treatment with phencyclidine and amphetamine swimming "normalization" test of mice were used as animal models of negative and positive symptoms of schizophrenia, respectively. The paw test of rats was used to evaluate the possibility by quetiapine fumarate to induce EPSE. RESULTS: After treatment with phencyclidine (10 mg.kg-1.d-1, s.c., 14 d), the immobility time in the forced swimming test of mice was increased (P < 0.01). Quetiapine fumarate (20, 40, and 80 mg.kg-1, ig) and clozapine (10 and 30 mg.kg-1, ig) attenuated the enhanced immobility in the forced swimming test induced by repeated treatment with phencyclidine (P < 0.01), whereas haloperidol (0.3 and 1 mg.kg-1, ig) had no effect. In amphetamine swimming "normalization" test, quetiapine fumarate ameliorated the disorder induced by amphetamine in a dose-dependent manner. In paw test, quetiapine fumarate was much less effective in increasing the forelimb retraction time (FRT) than the hindlimb retraction time (HRT). The minimal effective dose (MED) of HRT (MEDHRT) and FRT (MEDFRT) of quetiapine fumarate was 20 mg.kg-1 and 100 mg.kg-1, respectively, and the ratio of MEDFRT to MEDHRT was 5. CONCLUSION: The effects of quetiapine fumarate in these models indicated its clinical effect on schizophrenia with a reduced liability to produce EPSE.  (+info)

Anterior cingulate metabolism correlates with stroop errors in paranoid schizophrenia patients. (8/149)

Using [O-15]-H(2)O PET Carter et al. (1997) reported that medicated patients with schizophrenia performing computerized single trial Stroop (1935) showed a reduction in the anterior cingulate activation response to the more attention demanding, incongruent Stroop condition. In that study, both patients and controls also showed a direct correlation between anterior cingulate activation and errors committed during incongruent trials of the task. In this study we follow up with an examination of paranoid schizophrenia outpatients and controls with very high resolution positron emission tomography (PET) and the longer half-life tracer [F-18]-fluorinated deoxyglucose (FDG) (Valk et al. 1990). All subjects (10 controls and 9 paranoid schizophrenia patients) were studied with FDG-PET while performing a computerized trial-by-trial version of the Stroop task during the uptake phase of the tracer (Carter et al. 1992). RESULTS: As in previous studies using the single trial Stroop, patients were able to perform the task but made more color-naming errors during incongruent trials than controls. The patients in the present study showed a trend towards increased metabolic activity in the right anterior cingulate cortex. In the patient group, but not in controls, the anterior cingulate glucose metabolic rate correlated positively with the total incongruent trial errors. CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the anterior cingulate plays a performance-monitoring role during human cognition. This study does not rule out a reduction in error sensitivity in this region of the brain in schizophrenia, as other studies have suggested, however the data show that in unmedicated patients with the paranoid subtype this function is preserved to some extent.  (+info)

Paranoid Schizophrenia is a subtype of Schizophrenia, which is a chronic and severe mental disorder. It is characterized by the presence of prominent delusions and auditory hallucinations. The delusions in paranoid schizophrenia often involve themes of persecution or grandiosity. Individuals with this subtype usually have a clear sense of self and maintain relatively well-preserved cognitive functions and affect. However, their symptoms can significantly impact their ability to function in daily life, social relationships, and vocational activities. It's important to note that schizophrenia is a complex disorder, and its diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional based on a comprehensive evaluation of the individual's symptoms, history, and mental status examination.

Paranoid disorders are a category of mental disorders characterized by the presence of paranoia, which is defined as a persistent and unfounded distrust or suspicion of others. This can include beliefs that others are trying to harm you, deceive you, or are plotting against you. These beliefs are not based in reality and are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which is used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental conditions, includes two paranoid disorders: Delusional Disorder and Paranoid Personality Disorder.

Delusional disorder is characterized by the presence of one or more delusions for a month or longer, with no significant hallucinations, disorganized speech, or grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. The individual's functioning is not markedly impaired and behavior is not obviously odd or bizarre.

Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent, beginning in early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts. The individual may appear cold and aloof or may be explosively angry if they feel threatened.

It's important to note that these disorders can cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of a paranoid disorder, it's important to seek help from a qualified mental health professional.

Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior. It often includes hallucinations (usually hearing voices), delusions, paranoia, and disorganized speech and behavior. The onset of symptoms typically occurs in late adolescence or early adulthood. Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic condition that requires ongoing treatment and management. It significantly impairs social and occupational functioning, and it's often associated with reduced life expectancy due to comorbid medical conditions. The exact causes of schizophrenia are not fully understood, but research suggests that genetic, environmental, and neurodevelopmental factors play a role in its development.

Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) is a mental health condition characterized by a persistent pattern of distrust and suspicion, such that others' intentions are interpreted as malevolent. This disorder is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), used by mental health professionals to diagnose mental conditions.

To be diagnosed with PPD, an individual must display at least four of the following symptoms:

1. Suspects, without sufficient reason, that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving them.
2. Is preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates.
3. Is reluctant to confide in others because of unwarranted fear that the information will be used maliciously against them.
4. Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meanings into benign remarks or events.
5. Persistently bears grudges, i.e., is unforgiving of insults, injuries, or slights.
6. Perceives attacks on their character or reputation that are not apparent to others and is quick to react angrily or to counterattack.
7. Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner.

These symptoms must be present for a significant period, typically at least one year, and must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Additionally, the symptoms cannot be better explained by another mental disorder, such as Schizophrenia, a Mood Disorder with Psychotic Features, or Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder.

A delusion is a fixed, false belief that is firmly held despite evidence to the contrary and is not shared by others who hold similar cultural or religious beliefs. Delusions are a key symptom of certain psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and delusional disorder. They can also be seen in other medical conditions, such as dementia, brain injury, or substance abuse.

Delusions can take many forms, but some common types include:

* Persecutory delusions: the belief that one is being targeted or harmed by others
* Grandiose delusions: the belief that one has special powers, talents, or importance
* Erotomanic delusions: the belief that someone, often of higher social status, is in love with the individual
* Somatic delusions: the belief that one's body is abnormal or has been altered in some way
* Religious or spiritual delusions: the belief that one has a special relationship with a deity or religious figure

Delusions should not be confused with overvalued ideas, which are strongly held beliefs based on subjective interpretation of experiences or evidence. Overvalued ideas may be shared by others and can sometimes develop into delusions if they become fixed and firmly held despite contradictory evidence.

I must clarify that there is no such thing as "Schizophrenic Psychology." The term schizophrenia is used to describe a specific and serious mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It's important not to use the term casually or inaccurately, as it can perpetuate stigma and misunderstanding about the condition.

Schizophrenia is characterized by symptoms such as hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that aren't there), delusions (false beliefs that are not based on reality), disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. These symptoms can impair a person's ability to function in daily life, maintain relationships, and experience emotions appropriately.

If you have any questions related to mental health conditions or psychology, I would be happy to provide accurate information and definitions.

Disorganized Schizophrenia is a subtype of Schizophrenia, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DS-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association. It is characterized by disorganized speech, behavior, and/or flat or inappropriate emotional expression.

The individual with Disorganized Schizophrenia may have difficulty organizing their thoughts and conveying them coherently, leading to speech that is rambling, fragmented, or irrelevant. Their behavior can be disorganized or bizarre, and they may have trouble with routine activities like grooming and hygiene. Emotional expression may be inappropriate to the situation, such as laughing at a sad event, or it may be flattened, with minimal emotional response.

It's important to note that only a qualified mental health professional can make a diagnosis of Disorganized Schizophrenia or any other mental health disorder. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia or any other mental health concern, it's important to seek professional help.

Paranoid behavior is not a medical diagnosis itself, but it can be a symptom of various mental health conditions. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), paranoia is characterized by irrational and excessive mistrust or suspicion of others, often leading to feelings of persecution, grandiosity, jealousy, or hostility. Paranoid behavior may include:

1. Persistent suspiciousness and unjustified belief that others are trying to harm or deceive you.
2. Reading hidden meanings into benign remarks or events, often with a negative connotation.
3. Expecting betrayal or deceit from others, even when there is no reason to do so.
4. Difficulty confiding in or becoming close to others due to fear of being exploited or harmed.
5. Harbouring grudges and being unforgiving towards those perceived as having wronged you.
6. Persistently feeling that you are being mistreated, misunderstood, or taken advantage of.
7. Perceiving attacks on your character or reputation that are not apparent to others.
8. Holding unrealistic beliefs about the loyalty and trustworthiness of others.
9. Being quick to anger or react defensively when feeling criticized or threatened.

Paranoid behavior can be a symptom of various mental health conditions, such as paranoid personality disorder, schizophrenia, delusional disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder with psychotic features. It is essential to consult a mental health professional for an accurate assessment and appropriate treatment if you or someone else experiences these symptoms.

Catatonic Schizophrenia is a subtype of Schizophrenia characterized by severe psychomotor disturbances such as stupor (reduced reaction to stimuli), mutism (inability to speak), negativism (resistance to instructions or movements), posturing (assuming and maintaining unusual poses), rigidity, agitation, or excitation. These symptoms can lead to significant impairment in daily functioning and quality of life. It is important to note that this subtype is less commonly used in current psychiatric classification systems, as the focus has shifted towards a more comprehensive description of symptom dimensions that cut across traditional diagnostic categories.

Antipsychotic agents are a class of medications used to manage and treat psychosis, which includes symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, disordered thought processes, and agitated behavior. These drugs work by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is believed to play a role in the development of psychotic symptoms. Antipsychotics can be broadly divided into two categories: first-generation antipsychotics (also known as typical antipsychotics) and second-generation antipsychotics (also known as atypical antipsychotics).

First-generation antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and fluphenazine, were developed in the 1950s and have been widely used for several decades. They are generally effective in reducing positive symptoms of psychosis (such as hallucinations and delusions) but can cause significant side effects, including extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), such as rigidity, tremors, and involuntary movements, as well as weight gain, sedation, and orthostatic hypotension.

Second-generation antipsychotics, such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, and aripiprazole, were developed more recently and are considered to have a more favorable side effect profile than first-generation antipsychotics. They are generally effective in reducing both positive and negative symptoms of psychosis (such as apathy, anhedonia, and social withdrawal) and cause fewer EPS. However, they can still cause significant weight gain, metabolic disturbances, and sedation.

Antipsychotic agents are used to treat various psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder with psychotic features, delusional disorder, and other conditions that involve psychosis or agitation. They can be administered orally, intramuscularly, or via long-acting injectable formulations. The choice of antipsychotic agent depends on the individual patient's needs, preferences, and response to treatment, as well as the potential for side effects. Regular monitoring of patients taking antipsychotics is essential to ensure their safety and effectiveness.

A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimuli. They are sensory experiences that feel real, but are generated from inside the mind rather than by external reality. Hallucinations can occur in any of the senses, causing individuals to hear sounds, see visions, or smell odors that aren't actually present. They can range from relatively simple experiences, such as seeing flashes of light, to complex experiences like seeing and interacting with people or objects that aren't there. Hallucinations are often associated with certain medical conditions, mental health disorders, or the use of certain substances.

Psychotic disorders are a group of severe mental health conditions characterized by distorted perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that lead to an inability to recognize reality. The two most common symptoms of psychotic disorders are hallucinations and delusions. Hallucinations are when a person sees, hears, or feels things that aren't there, while delusions are fixed, false beliefs that are not based on reality.

Other symptoms may include disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms such as apathy and lack of emotional expression. Schizophrenia is the most well-known psychotic disorder, but other types include schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, shared psychotic disorder, and substance-induced psychotic disorder.

Psychotic disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, brain chemistry imbalances, trauma, and substance abuse. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, therapy, and support services to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder is defined by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior. The disorder is often characterized by individuals having difficulty with expressing emotions and relating to others. They may also experience unusual perceptions, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't there, but these are not as severe as in Schizophrenia. It is important to note that this disorder can cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning.

'Shared Paranoid Disorder' is also known as 'Induced Paranoid Disorder' or 'Folie à deux.' It is not listed as a separate disorder in the current edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) used by mental health professionals for diagnosis. However, it can be classified under Other Specified Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders.

It is described as a delusional disorder that develops in an individual due to a close and influential relationship with another person who has an established delusional disorder. The secondary person's delusion is similar to or derived from the primary person's delusion, and they usually share a common living situation or have a very close emotional bond.

The delusions are not due to any other medical condition, substance use, or better explained by another mental disorder. Also, when the relationship between the two individuals ends, the secondary person's delusional symptoms usually decrease or disappear.

Psychiatric Status Rating Scales are standardized assessment tools used by mental health professionals to evaluate and rate the severity of a person's psychiatric symptoms and functioning. These scales provide a systematic and structured approach to measuring various aspects of an individual's mental health, such as mood, anxiety, psychosis, behavior, and cognitive abilities.

The purpose of using Psychiatric Status Rating Scales is to:

1. Assess the severity and improvement of psychiatric symptoms over time.
2. Aid in diagnostic decision-making and treatment planning.
3. Monitor treatment response and adjust interventions accordingly.
4. Facilitate communication among mental health professionals about a patient's status.
5. Provide an objective basis for research and epidemiological studies.

Examples of Psychiatric Status Rating Scales include:

1. Clinical Global Impression (CGI): A brief, subjective rating scale that measures overall illness severity, treatment response, and improvement.
2. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS): A comprehensive scale used to assess the symptoms of psychosis, including positive, negative, and general psychopathology domains.
3. Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) or Montgomery-Ã…sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS): Scales used to evaluate the severity of depressive symptoms.
4. Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS): A scale used to assess the severity of manic or hypomanic symptoms.
5. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R): Scales that measure a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and psychopathology.
6. Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF): A scale used to rate an individual's overall psychological, social, and occupational functioning on a hypothetical continuum of mental health-illness.

It is important to note that Psychiatric Status Rating Scales should be administered by trained mental health professionals to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic, and Other Cognitive Disorders are conditions that affect cognitive abilities such as thinking, memory, perception, and judgment. Here are brief medical definitions of each:

1. Delirium: A serious disturbance in mental abilities that results in confused thinking and reduced awareness of the environment. It can cause hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation. Delirium often comes on suddenly and can be caused by various factors such as medication side effects, infection, or illness.
2. Dementia: A chronic and progressive decline in cognitive abilities that affects memory, language, problem-solving, and judgment. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia, but other conditions such as vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia can also cause it. Dementia can significantly interfere with daily life and activities.
3. Amnestic Disorders: A group of conditions that primarily affect memory. These disorders can be caused by brain injury, illness, or substance abuse. The most common amnestic disorder is Korsakoff's syndrome, which is caused by alcohol abuse and results in significant memory loss and confusion.
4. Other Cognitive Disorders: This category includes a range of conditions that affect cognitive abilities but do not fit into the categories of delirium, dementia, or amnestic disorders. Examples include mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is a decline in cognitive abilities that does not interfere significantly with daily life, and various cognitive disorders caused by brain injury or disease.

It's important to note that these conditions can overlap and may co-occur with other mental health or neurological disorders. Proper diagnosis and treatment require a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified healthcare professional.

Substance-induced psychosis is a type of psychosis that is caused by the use of drugs, alcohol, or other substances. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) defines substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder as follows:

A. Presence of one (or more) of the following symptoms:

1. Delusions.
2. Hallucinations.
3. Disorganized speech (e.g., frequent derailment or incoherence).

B. There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is caused by the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of abuse, a medication) or a combination of substances.

C. The disturbance does not occur exclusively during the course of a delirium and is not better explained by a psychotic disorder that is not substance/medication-induced. The symptoms in Criterion A developed during or soon after substance intoxication or withdrawal, or after exposure to a medication.

D. The disturbance causes significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

E. The disturbance is not better accounted for by another mental disorder (e.g., major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder).

It's important to note that the diagnosis of substance-induced psychosis requires a thorough medical and psychiatric evaluation to determine if the symptoms are caused by substance use or another underlying mental health condition.

Psychoanalytic theory is a psychological framework developed primarily by Sigmund Freud and his followers, which seeks to explain psychic phenomena in terms of unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences. It posits that the human mind is composed of three elements: the id (primitive instincts), ego (rational thought), and superego (moral standards). The theory emphasizes the importance of resolving unconscious conflicts, making the unconscious conscious, and analyzing defense mechanisms in order to alleviate psychological distress and promote mental health. It also includes various concepts such as the Oedipus complex, psychosexual development stages, and transference/countertransference phenomena.

Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a rare and severe form of schizophrenia that begins before the age of 13. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) defines it as a disorder characterized by the presence of at least two active symptom categories (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior, or negative symptoms) for a significant portion of time during a 1-month period (with some symptoms persisting for at least 6 months).

The onset of schizophrenia in children can be insidious and may present with subtle changes in behavior, social interactions, and emotional expression. Symptoms may include:

* Delusions: False beliefs that are not based on reality and are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary.
* Hallucinations: Perception of stimuli without an external source, such as hearing voices or seeing things that are not there.
* Disorganized speech: Incoherent or irrelevant speech, frequent derailment, or inability to maintain a conversation.
* Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior: Marked impairment in personal hygiene, self-care, and interpersonal relationships, or unusual motor behaviors such as rigidity, stupor, or agitation.
* Negative symptoms: Reduced emotional expression, avolition (lack of motivation), alogia (poverty of speech), or anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure).

Childhood-onset schizophrenia can have a profound impact on a child's development, academic performance, and social relationships. Early identification and intervention are crucial for improving outcomes and reducing the risk of long-term disability. Treatment typically involves a combination of antipsychotic medication, psychotherapy, and supportive services to address the complex needs of children with this disorder.

In the context of psychology and psychiatry, "projection" is a psychological defense mechanism where individuals attribute their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or impulses to others. Instead of acknowledging and dealing with their own emotions or behaviors, they externalize them by perceiving them in someone else. This can help reduce anxiety or discomfort associated with those thoughts or feelings, but it can also lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and negative judgments about others.

It is important to note that "projection" has no widely accepted medical definition within the field of medicine outside of mental health contexts.

Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies that individuals use to cope with stressful, threatening, or uncomfortable situations. These mechanisms help protect the ego from being overwhelmed by anxiety, fear, or other negative emotions. They can also help individuals maintain a positive self-image and a sense of control in difficult circumstances.

There are many different types of defense mechanisms, including:

1. Repression: The unconscious forgetting or pushing aside of painful memories or thoughts.
2. Denial: Refusing to acknowledge the existence or reality of a threatening situation or feeling.
3. Projection: Attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or emotions to someone else.
4. Displacement: Channeling unacceptable feelings toward a safer or less threatening target.
5. Rationalization: Creating logical explanations or excuses for unacceptable behavior or feelings.
6. Reaction formation: Converting unconscious impulses or desires into their opposite, conscious attitudes or behaviors.
7. Sublimation: Transforming unacceptable impulses or instincts into socially acceptable behaviors or activities.
8. Regression: Returning to an earlier stage of development in order to cope with stress or anxiety.
9. Suppression: Consciously pushing aside unwanted thoughts or feelings.
10. Identification: Adopting the characteristics, attitudes, or behaviors of another person as a way of coping with anxiety or fear.

Defense mechanisms can be adaptive or maladaptive, depending on the situation and how they are used. While they can help individuals cope with stress and maintain their emotional well-being in the short term, relying too heavily on defense mechanisms can lead to problems in relationships, work, and other areas of life. It is important for individuals to be aware of their defense mechanisms and work to develop healthier coping strategies over time.

Personality disorders are a class of mental health conditions characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that deviate significantly from the norms of their culture. These patterns often lead to distress for the individual and/or impairments in personal relationships, work, or social functioning.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), identifies ten specific personality disorders, which are grouped into three clusters based on descriptive similarities:

1. Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric) - characterized by odd, eccentric, or unusual behaviors:
* Paranoid Personality Disorder
* Schizoid Personality Disorder
* Schizotypal Personality Disorder
2. Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic) - marked by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors:
* Antisocial Personality Disorder
* Borderline Personality Disorder
* Histrionic Personality Disorder
* Narcissistic Personality Disorder
3. Cluster C (Anxious or Fearful) - featuring anxious, fearful behaviors:
* Avoidant Personality Disorder
* Dependent Personality Disorder
* Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

It is important to note that personality disorders can be challenging to diagnose and treat. They often require comprehensive assessments by mental health professionals, such as psychologists or psychiatrists, who specialize in personality disorders. Effective treatments typically involve long-term, specialized psychotherapies, with some cases potentially benefiting from medication management for co-occurring symptoms like anxiety or depression.

Projective techniques are psychological tests used in clinical and experimental settings to assess an individual's personality, emotions, and motivations by tapping into their unconscious thoughts and perceptions. These methods present ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or pictures, to the subject, who is then asked to describe or interpret them. The theory behind projective techniques posits that individuals will unconsciously project their inner experiences and feelings onto these ambiguous stimuli, revealing aspects of their personality that may not be accessible through more structured testing methods. However, it's important to note that the interpretation of results from projective techniques can be subjective and may vary based on the training and expertise of the practitioner.

Transactional Analysis (TA) is not typically considered a medical term, but it is a psychological concept that is used in some medical settings. Here's a definition of TA from a psychological perspective:

Transactional Analysis is a psychoanalytic theory and method of therapy developed by Eric Berne, which focuses on social interactions ("transactions") between individuals and the unconscious messages that are communicated through these transactions. It posits that each person has several "ego states" – Parent, Adult, and Child – that correspond to different ways of perceiving and interacting with the world, and that transactional analysis can help people understand and change their patterns of communication and behavior.

In medical settings, TA may be used as a tool for understanding and improving communication between healthcare providers and patients or within teams of healthcare professionals. It is not a diagnostic term or a medical treatment modality, but rather a framework for understanding human behavior and interaction.

Neuropsychological tests are a type of psychological assessment that measures cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and perception. These tests are used to help diagnose and understand the cognitive impact of neurological conditions, including dementia, traumatic brain injury, stroke, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders that affect the brain.

The tests are typically administered by a trained neuropsychologist and can take several hours to complete. They may involve paper-and-pencil tasks, computerized tasks, or interactive activities. The results of the tests are compared to normative data to help identify any areas of cognitive weakness or strength.

Neuropsychological testing can provide valuable information for treatment planning, rehabilitation, and assessing response to treatment. It can also be used in research to better understand the neural basis of cognition and the impact of neurological conditions on cognitive function.

Social adjustment, in the context of mental health and psychology, refers to an individual's ability to adapt and function effectively within their social environment. It involves developing and maintaining positive relationships with others, fulfilling various social roles (such as being a family member, friend, or employee), and meeting the expectations and demands of one's social group.

Social adjustment can be affected by various factors, including an individual's personality traits, coping skills, mental and physical health status, and life experiences. Poor social adjustment can lead to feelings of isolation, loneliness, and dissatisfaction with life, as well as increased risk for mental health problems such as depression and anxiety.

Assessing social adjustment is an important aspect of mental health care, as it can provide valuable insights into an individual's overall functioning and quality of life. Treatments such as psychotherapy and social skills training may be used to help improve social adjustment in individuals who are struggling in this area.

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.

Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.

There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:

* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.

The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "thinking" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a cognitive process, which is a general term used to describe various mental activities related to perception, reasoning, memory, attention, language use, learning, and problem-solving. These processes are studied across many fields, including psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics.

If you're looking for medical definitions of cognitive processes or conditions that affect cognition, I'd be happy to help! Please provide more details.

Capgras Syndrome is a rare disorder in which a person believes that a close friend or family member has been replaced by an imposter who is identical to the original. This delusion is also known as "impostor syndrome" or " Capgras' delusion." It is named after Joseph Capgras, a French psychiatrist who first described this condition in 1923.

People with Capgras Syndrome are typically able to recognize the physical features of their loved ones, but they claim that the person's inner essence or identity has been replaced by an imposter. They may believe that the impostor is a duplicate, a robot, or an alien, and they often become agitated or suspicious when confronted with their loved one's presence.

The exact cause of Capgras Syndrome is not known, but it is thought to be related to brain damage or dysfunction in certain areas of the brain that are involved in face recognition and emotional processing. It can occur as a result of various neurological conditions, such as dementia, stroke, epilepsy, or head injury, or it can be a symptom of certain psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia.

Treatment for Capgras Syndrome typically involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy to address the underlying cause of the disorder. Antipsychotic medications may help reduce delusional thinking, while cognitive-behavioral therapy can help individuals learn to cope with their symptoms and improve their relationships with loved ones.

Narcissism is a personality trait characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a lack of empathy for others, a need for excessive admiration, and feelings of entitlement. It's named after the Greek mythological figure Narcissus, who fell in love with his own reflection.

In clinical psychology, narcissism is often used to describe a personality disorder, known as Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), which is characterized by these traits in a pervasive and persistent manner that interferes significantly with an individual's social relationships and functioning. However, it's important to note that narcissism exists on a spectrum, and while some people may have traits of narcissism, they do not necessarily meet the criteria for NPD.

Remember, only a qualified mental health professional can diagnose a personality disorder.

Cognitive disorders are a category of mental health disorders that primarily affect cognitive abilities including learning, memory, perception, and problem-solving. These disorders can be caused by various factors such as brain injury, degenerative diseases, infection, substance abuse, or developmental disabilities. Examples of cognitive disorders include dementia, amnesia, delirium, and intellectual disability. It's important to note that the specific definition and diagnostic criteria for cognitive disorders may vary depending on the medical source or classification system being used.

'Schizophrenic language' is not a formal medical term, but the concept refers to the unusual and often disturbed patterns of speech that can be observed in individuals with schizophrenia. These language abnormalities are considered one of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and can include:

1. **Word Salad (Incoherent Speech)**: This is when a person's speech becomes disorganized, fragmented, and lacks logical or understandable connections between words, phrases, or sentences. It may seem like the individual is randomly stringing together words without any clear meaning.

2. **Neologisms (Made-Up Words)**: These are new words or phrases that have been invented by the individual. They may be understandable only to the person using them.

3. **Tangentiality (Straying Off Topic)**: This is when a person's responses are indirect and unrelated to the topic being discussed, although they may start off on topic. The speaker may stray further and further from the original point until they are no longer discussing it at all.

4. **Perseveration (Persistent Repetition)**: This is when a person repeats certain words, phrases, or ideas over and over again, even when they are not relevant to the conversation.

5. **Illogical Thinking/Conclusions**: A person's thoughts may not follow a logical sequence, leading to illogical conclusions or statements that do not make sense in the context of the conversation.

6. **Thought Disorder**: This is a broader term that includes various disturbances in thinking and thought processes, which can then manifest as abnormalities in speech.

It's important to note that these symptoms can vary widely from person to person, and not everyone with schizophrenia will experience all of them. Furthermore, these symptoms should be evaluated and diagnosed by a qualified mental health professional.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.

The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.

It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.

I must clarify that there is no medical definition for "World War II." World War II (1939-1945) was a major global conflict involving many of the world's nations, including all of the great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It was marked by significant events, such as the Holocaust, and had profound social, economic, and political consequences. The medical field did play a crucial role during this time, with advancements in battlefield medicine, military medicine, and the treatment of injuries and diseases on a large scale. However, there is no specific medical definition or concept associated with World War II itself.

Cerebral dominance is a concept in neuropsychology that refers to the specialization of one hemisphere of the brain over the other for certain cognitive functions. In most people, the left hemisphere is dominant for language functions such as speaking and understanding spoken or written language, while the right hemisphere is dominant for non-verbal functions such as spatial ability, face recognition, and artistic ability.

Cerebral dominance does not mean that the non-dominant hemisphere is incapable of performing the functions of the dominant hemisphere, but rather that it is less efficient or specialized in those areas. The concept of cerebral dominance has been used to explain individual differences in cognitive abilities and learning styles, as well as the laterality of brain damage and its effects on cognition and behavior.

It's important to note that cerebral dominance is a complex phenomenon that can vary between individuals and can be influenced by various factors such as genetics, environment, and experience. Additionally, recent research has challenged the strict lateralization of functions and suggested that there is more functional overlap and interaction between the two hemispheres than previously thought.

Chlorprothixene is a type of antipsychotic medication that is primarily used to treat chronic schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. It belongs to a class of drugs known as phenothiazines, which work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. This helps to reduce the symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking.

Chlorprothixene is available in tablet and injectable forms, and its typical starting dose for adults ranges from 10 to 25 milligrams per day. The dosage may be gradually increased over time based on the individual's response to treatment. Common side effects of chlorprothixene include drowsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, and weight gain.

It is important to note that chlorprothixene can have serious side effects, including tardive dyskinesia (involuntary muscle movements), neuroleptic malignant syndrome (a rare but potentially fatal reaction to antipsychotic medication), and agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cell count). As with any medication, chlorprothixene should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic medication that is primarily used to treat certain mental/mood disorders (such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability associated with autistic disorder). It works by helping to restore the balance of certain natural substances in the brain. Risperidone belongs to a class of drugs called benzisoxazole derivatives.

This medication can decrease aggression and schizophrenic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusional thinking, and hostility. It may also help to improve your mood, thoughts, and behavior. Some forms of risperidone are also used for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder (a developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior).

It's important to note that this is a general medical definition, and the use of risperidone should always be under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have potential side effects and risks.

Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic medication that is primarily used to treat schizophrenia in patients who have not responded to other antipsychotic treatments. It is also used off-label for the treatment of severe aggression, suicidal ideation, and self-injurious behavior in individuals with developmental disorders.

Clozapine works by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, particularly the D4 receptor, which is thought to be involved in the development of schizophrenia. It also has a strong affinity for serotonin receptors, which contributes to its unique therapeutic profile.

Clozapine is considered a medication of last resort due to its potential side effects, which can include agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cell count), myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), seizures, orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure upon standing), and weight gain. Because of these risks, patients taking clozapine must undergo regular monitoring of their blood counts and other vital signs.

Despite its potential side effects, clozapine is often effective in treating treatment-resistant schizophrenia and has been shown to reduce the risk of suicide in some patients. It is available in tablet and orally disintegrating tablet formulations.

The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) is a widely used clinician-rated scale for assessing the severity of psychopathology in individuals with mental illness. It consists of 18 items, each rated on a 7-point scale (1=not present to 7=extremely severe), that measure various symptoms such as depression, anxiety, hostility, hallucinations, and unusual thoughts. The BPRS is often used in research and clinical settings to monitor treatment response and symptom changes over time.

Psychological tests are standardized procedures or measures used to assess various aspects of an individual's cognitive functioning, personality traits, emotional status, and behavior. These tests are designed to be reliable and valid tools for evaluating specific psychological constructs such as intelligence, memory, attention, achievement, aptitude, interests, and values. They can be in the form of questionnaires, interviews, observational scales, or performance-based tasks. The results obtained from these tests help mental health professionals make informed decisions about diagnosis, treatment planning, and educational or vocational guidance for their clients. It is important to note that psychological tests should only be administered, scored, and interpreted by trained and qualified professionals to ensure accurate and meaningful results.

In a medical or psychological context, guilt is not typically defined as it is a legal or moral term. However, guilt can be discussed in terms of its role in mental health and psychopathology.

Guilt is a cognitive-emotional experience that occurs when an individual believes they have violated their personal standards, values, or moral rules, resulting in harm to others or themselves. Excessive, persistent, or disproportionate guilt can be a symptom of various mental health disorders, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and personality disorders like borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.

In some cases, guilt might contribute to the development or maintenance of psychological distress and impairment. It is essential to differentiate between adaptive guilt, which can motivate positive changes in behavior, and maladaptive guilt, which can lead to excessive self-blame, shame, and reduced self-esteem.

In summary, while there is no medical definition of 'guilt,' it is a psychological construct that can be relevant to mental health and psychopathology when experienced in an excessive, persistent, or disproportionate manner.

The prefrontal cortex is the anterior (frontal) part of the frontal lobe in the brain, involved in higher-order cognitive processes such as planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior. It also plays a significant role in working memory and executive functions. The prefrontal cortex is divided into several subregions, each associated with specific cognitive and emotional functions. Damage to the prefrontal cortex can result in various impairments, including difficulties with planning, decision making, and social behavior regulation.

Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability to recognize, understand, and manage our own emotions and the emotions of others. It involves the skills of perception, understanding, reasoning with emotions, and managing emotions to promote emotional and intellectual growth. EI includes four key components:

1. Perception and Expression of Emotion: The ability to accurately perceive, identify, and express emotions in oneself and others.
2. Understanding and Analyzing Emotion: The ability to understand the causes and consequences of emotions and how they may combine and change over time.
3. Emotional Reasoning: The ability to use emotions to facilitate thinking and problem solving, and to make decisions based on both emotional and rational information.
4. Emotional Management: The ability to manage emotions in oneself and others, including the regulation of one's own emotions and the ability to influence the emotions of others.

Emotional intelligence is not a fixed trait, but rather can be developed and improved through practice and learning. It has been shown to have significant implications for personal well-being, interpersonal relationships, and professional success.

The brain is the central organ of the nervous system, responsible for receiving and processing sensory information, regulating vital functions, and controlling behavior, movement, and cognition. It is divided into several distinct regions, each with specific functions:

1. Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, memory, language, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body.
2. Cerebellum: Located at the back of the brain, it is responsible for coordinating muscle movements, maintaining balance, and fine-tuning motor skills.
3. Brainstem: Connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord, controlling vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It also serves as a relay center for sensory information and motor commands between the brain and the rest of the body.
4. Diencephalon: A region that includes the thalamus (a major sensory relay station) and hypothalamus (regulates hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep).
5. Limbic system: A group of structures involved in emotional processing, memory formation, and motivation, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus.

The brain is composed of billions of interconnected neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. It is protected by the skull and surrounded by three layers of membranes called meninges, as well as cerebrospinal fluid that provides cushioning and nutrients.

Affective disorders, psychotic are a category of mental health conditions characterized by significant disturbances in mood, thinking, and behavior. These disorders combine the symptoms of both mood disorders (such as depression or bipolar disorder) and psychotic disorders (such as schizophrenia).

In psychotic affective disorders, individuals experience severe changes in their mood, such as prolonged periods of depression or mania, along with psychotic features like hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized thinking and speech. These symptoms can significantly impair a person's ability to function in daily life and may require intensive treatment, including medication and therapy.

Examples of psychotic affective disorders include:

1. Psychotic Depression: A severe form of major depressive disorder that includes psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations, often with a theme of guilt or worthlessness.
2. Bipolar Disorder with Psychotic Features: During manic or depressive episodes, some individuals with bipolar disorder may experience psychotic symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations. These symptoms can vary in intensity and may require hospitalization and intensive treatment.
3. Schizoaffective Disorder: A mental health condition that includes features of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder. Individuals with this disorder experience psychotic symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, along with significant changes in mood.

It is essential to seek professional help if you suspect you or someone you know may have a psychotic affective disorder. Early intervention and treatment can significantly improve outcomes and quality of life.

Sensory gating is a term used in neuroscience and psychology to describe the brain's ability to filter out redundant or unnecessary sensory information. It is a fundamental process that allows the nervous system to focus attention on relevant stimuli while suppressing irrelevant ones, thereby preventing overwhelming of the brain with too much information.

In medical terms, sensory gating is often assessed through the use of electrophysiological measures such as event-related potentials (ERPs) or auditory evoked potentials (AEPs). One commonly used measure of sensory gating is the P50 suppression ratio, which compares the amplitude of the P50 waveform in response to the first and second stimuli in a paired-stimulus paradigm. A reduced P50 suppression ratio indicates impaired sensory gating, which has been associated with various neurological and psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Overall, sensory gating is a crucial mechanism for maintaining appropriate sensory processing and cognitive functioning in everyday life.

Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and utilizing information. These processes include perception, attention, memory, language, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognitive functions allow us to interact with our environment, understand and respond to stimuli, learn new skills, and remember experiences.

In a medical context, cognitive function is often assessed as part of a neurological or psychiatric evaluation. Impairments in cognition can be caused by various factors, such as brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease), infections, toxins, and mental health conditions. Assessing cognitive function helps healthcare professionals diagnose conditions, monitor disease progression, and develop treatment plans.

Mood disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by significant and persistent changes in mood, affect, and emotional state. These disorders can cause disturbances in normal functioning and significantly impair an individual's ability to carry out their daily activities. The two primary types of mood disorders are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar disorders (which include bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, and cyclothymic disorder).

Depressive disorders involve prolonged periods of low mood, sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in activities. Individuals with these disorders may also experience changes in sleep patterns, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem. In severe cases, they might have thoughts of death or suicide.

Bipolar disorders involve alternating episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression. During a manic episode, individuals may feel extremely elated, energetic, or irritable, with racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive behavior. They might engage in risky activities, have decreased sleep needs, and display poor judgment. In contrast, depressive episodes involve the same symptoms as depressive disorders.

Mood disorders can be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Proper diagnosis and treatment, which may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both, are essential for managing these conditions and improving quality of life.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Haloperidol is an antipsychotic medication, which is primarily used to treat schizophrenia and symptoms of psychosis, such as delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, or disordered thought. It may also be used to manage Tourette's disorder, tics, agitation, aggression, and hyperactivity in children with developmental disorders.

Haloperidol works by blocking the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain, which helps to regulate mood and behavior. It is available in various forms, including tablets, liquid, and injectable solutions. The medication can cause side effects such as drowsiness, restlessness, muscle stiffness, and uncontrolled movements. In rare cases, it may also lead to more serious neurological side effects.

As with any medication, haloperidol should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider, who will consider the individual's medical history, current medications, and other factors before prescribing it.

A facial expression is a result of the contraction or relaxation of muscles in the face that change the physical appearance of an individual's face to convey various emotions, intentions, or physical sensations. Facial expressions can be voluntary or involuntary and are a form of non-verbal communication that plays a crucial role in social interaction and conveying a person's state of mind.

The seven basic facial expressions of emotion, as proposed by Paul Ekman, include happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, anger, and contempt. These facial expressions are universally recognized across cultures and can be detected through the interpretation of specific muscle movements in the face, known as action units, which are measured and analyzed in fields such as psychology, neurology, and computer vision.

'Diseases in Twins' is a field of study that focuses on the similarities and differences in the occurrence, development, and outcomes of diseases among twins. This research can provide valuable insights into the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to various medical conditions.

Twins can be classified into two types: monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal). Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes, while dizygotic twins share about 50%, similar to non-twin siblings. By comparing the concordance rates (the likelihood of both twins having the same disease) between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, researchers can estimate the heritability of a particular disease.

Studying diseases in twins also helps understand the role of environmental factors. When both twins develop the same disease, but they are discordant for certain risk factors (e.g., one twin smokes and the other does not), it suggests that the disease may have a stronger genetic component. On the other hand, when both twins share similar risk factors and develop the disease, it implies that environmental factors play a significant role.

Diseases in Twins research has contributed to our understanding of various medical conditions, including infectious diseases, cancer, mental health disorders, and developmental disorders. This knowledge can lead to better prevention strategies, early detection methods, and more targeted treatments for these diseases.

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme found on the outer membrane of mitochondria in cells throughout the body, but primarily in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and central nervous system. It plays a crucial role in the metabolism of neurotransmitters and dietary amines by catalyzing the oxidative deamination of monoamines. This enzyme exists in two forms: MAO-A and MAO-B, each with distinct substrate preferences and tissue distributions.

MAO-A preferentially metabolizes serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, while MAO-B is mainly responsible for breaking down phenethylamines and benzylamines, as well as dopamine in some cases. Inhibition of these enzymes can lead to increased neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft, which has implications for various psychiatric and neurological conditions, such as depression and Parkinson's disease. However, MAO inhibitors must be used with caution due to their potential to cause serious adverse effects, including hypertensive crises, when combined with certain foods or medications containing dietary amines or sympathomimetic agents.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

Genetic predisposition to disease refers to an increased susceptibility or vulnerability to develop a particular illness or condition due to inheriting specific genetic variations or mutations from one's parents. These genetic factors can make it more likely for an individual to develop a certain disease, but it does not guarantee that the person will definitely get the disease. Environmental factors, lifestyle choices, and interactions between genes also play crucial roles in determining if a genetically predisposed person will actually develop the disease. It is essential to understand that having a genetic predisposition only implies a higher risk, not an inevitable outcome.

Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) is a major metabolite of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which is synthesized in the body from the amino acid tyrosine. Norepinephrine plays important roles in various physiological functions such as the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, and central nervous system. MHPG is formed when norepinephrine is metabolized by enzymes called catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and monoamine oxidase (MAO).

MHPG is primarily found in the urine, and its levels can be measured to assess norepinephrine turnover in the body. Changes in MHPG levels have been associated with various medical conditions, including depression, anxiety disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. However, the clinical utility of measuring MHPG levels is still a subject of ongoing research and debate.

An endophenotype is a measurable biological or neurophysiological characteristic that is associated with a particular disease or disorder. It is thought to be a heritable component that contributes to the development and expression of the disease, and can be used to help understand the underlying genetic and neural mechanisms of the disorder. Endophenotypes are often quantifiable and can be observed in individuals both with and without the disorder, making them useful for research purposes. They may include biochemical measures, neurophysiological measures, neuroanatomical measures, or cognitive/neural performance measures.

Brain mapping is a broad term that refers to the techniques used to understand the structure and function of the brain. It involves creating maps of the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in the brain by correlating these processes with physical locations or activities within the nervous system. Brain mapping can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, electroencephalography (EEG), and others. These techniques allow researchers to observe which areas of the brain are active during different tasks or thoughts, helping to shed light on how the brain processes information and contributes to our experiences and behaviors. Brain mapping is an important area of research in neuroscience, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

In medical and psychological terms, "affect" refers to a person's emotional or expressive state, mood, or dispositions that are outwardly manifested in their behavior, facial expressions, demeanor, or speech. Affect can be described as being congruent or incongruent with an individual's thoughts and experiences.

There are different types of affect, including:

1. Neutral affect: When a person shows no apparent emotion or displays minimal emotional expressiveness.
2. Positive affect: When a person exhibits positive emotions such as happiness, excitement, or enthusiasm.
3. Negative affect: When a person experiences and displays negative emotions like sadness, anger, or fear.
4. Blunted affect: When a person's emotional response is noticeably reduced or diminished, often observed in individuals with certain mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia.
5. Flat affect: When a person has an almost complete absence of emotional expressiveness, which can be indicative of severe depression or other mental health disorders.
6. Labile affect: When a person's emotional state fluctuates rapidly and frequently between positive and negative emotions, often observed in individuals with certain neurological conditions or mood disorders.

Clinicians may assess a patient's affect during an interview or examination to help diagnose mental health conditions, evaluate treatment progress, or monitor overall well-being.

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique used to compare the means of two or more groups and determine whether there are any significant differences between them. It is a way to analyze the variance in a dataset to determine whether the variability between groups is greater than the variability within groups, which can indicate that the groups are significantly different from one another.

ANOVA is based on the concept of partitioning the total variance in a dataset into two components: variance due to differences between group means (also known as "between-group variance") and variance due to differences within each group (also known as "within-group variance"). By comparing these two sources of variance, ANOVA can help researchers determine whether any observed differences between groups are statistically significant, or whether they could have occurred by chance.

ANOVA is a widely used technique in many areas of research, including biology, psychology, engineering, and business. It is often used to compare the means of two or more experimental groups, such as a treatment group and a control group, to determine whether the treatment had a significant effect. ANOVA can also be used to compare the means of different populations or subgroups within a population, to identify any differences that may exist between them.

A startle reaction is a natural, defensive response to an unexpected stimulus that is characterized by a sudden contraction of muscles, typically in the face, neck, and arms. It's a reflexive action that occurs involuntarily and is mediated by the brainstem. The startle reaction can be observed in many different species, including humans, and is thought to have evolved as a protective mechanism to help organisms respond quickly to potential threats. In addition to the muscle contraction, the startle response may also include other physiological changes such as an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.

Benzodiazepines are a class of psychoactive drugs that have been widely used for their sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. They act by enhancing the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed for the treatment of anxiety disorders, insomnia, seizures, and muscle spasms. They can also be used as premedication before medical procedures to produce sedation, amnesia, and anxiolysis. Some examples of benzodiazepines include diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), clonazepam (Klonopin), lorazepam (Ativan), and temazepam (Restoril).

While benzodiazepines are effective in treating various medical conditions, they can also cause physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms. Long-term use of benzodiazepines can lead to tolerance, meaning that higher doses are needed to achieve the same effect. Abrupt discontinuation of benzodiazepines can result in severe withdrawal symptoms, including seizures, hallucinations, and anxiety. Therefore, it is important to taper off benzodiazepines gradually under medical supervision.

Benzodiazepines are classified as Schedule IV controlled substances in the United States due to their potential for abuse and dependence. It is essential to use them only as directed by a healthcare provider and to be aware of their potential risks and benefits.

The frontal lobe is the largest lobes of the human brain, located at the front part of each cerebral hemisphere and situated in front of the parietal and temporal lobes. It plays a crucial role in higher cognitive functions such as decision making, problem solving, planning, parts of social behavior, emotional expressions, physical reactions, and motor function. The frontal lobe is also responsible for what's known as "executive functions," which include the ability to focus attention, understand rules, switch focus, plan actions, and inhibit inappropriate behaviors. It is divided into five areas, each with its own specific functions: the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca's area, prefrontal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex. Damage to the frontal lobe can result in a wide range of impairments, depending on the location and extent of the injury.

In the context of medicine and psychology, personality is a complex concept that refers to the unique patterns of thoughts, behaviors, and emotions that define an individual and differentiate them from others. It is the set of characteristics that influence how we perceive the world, how we relate to other people, and how we cope with stress and challenges.

Personality is thought to be relatively stable over time, although it can also evolve and change in response to life experiences and maturation. It is shaped by a combination of genetic factors, environmental influences, and developmental experiences.

There are many different theories and models of personality, including the Five Factor Model (FFM), which identifies five broad domains of personality: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Other approaches to understanding personality include psychoanalytic theory, humanistic psychology, and trait theory.

It's important to note that while the term "personality" is often used in everyday language to describe someone's behavior or demeanor, in medical and psychological contexts it refers to a more complex and multifaceted construct.

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of catecholamines, which are important neurotransmitters and hormones in the human body. Specifically, DBH converts dopamine into norepinephrine, another essential catecholamine.

DBH is primarily located in the adrenal glands and nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system. It requires molecular oxygen, copper ions, and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) as cofactors to perform its enzymatic function. Deficiency or dysfunction of DBH can lead to various medical conditions, such as orthostatic hypotension and neuropsychiatric disorders.

In a medical or psychological context, attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on certain aspects of the environment while ignoring other things. It involves focusing mental resources on specific stimuli, sensory inputs, or internal thoughts while blocking out irrelevant distractions. Attention can be divided into different types, including:

1. Sustained attention: The ability to maintain focus on a task or stimulus over time.
2. Selective attention: The ability to concentrate on relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant ones.
3. Divided attention: The capacity to pay attention to multiple tasks or stimuli simultaneously.
4. Alternating attention: The skill of shifting focus between different tasks or stimuli as needed.

Deficits in attention are common symptoms of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as ADHD, dementia, depression, and anxiety disorders. Assessment of attention is an essential part of neuropsychological evaluations and can be measured using various tests and tasks.

The temporal lobe is one of the four main lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain, located on each side of the head roughly level with the ears. It plays a major role in auditory processing, memory, and emotion. The temporal lobe contains several key structures including the primary auditory cortex, which is responsible for analyzing sounds, and the hippocampus, which is crucial for forming new memories. Damage to the temporal lobe can result in various neurological symptoms such as hearing loss, memory impairment, and changes in emotional behavior.

Dibenzothiazepines are a class of heterocyclic chemical compounds that contain a dibenzothiazepine ring structure. This structure is composed of a benzene ring fused to a thiazepine ring, which is itself formed by the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring (a seven-membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms).

In the medical field, dibenzothiazepines are known for their pharmacological properties and have been used in the development of various drugs. Some dibenzothiazepine derivatives exhibit antipsychotic, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant activities. However, due to their potential for adverse effects and the availability of safer alternatives, they are not widely used in clinical practice today.

It is important to note that specific dibenzothiazepine compounds may have unique properties and uses beyond their general classification as a chemical class. Always consult medical literature or healthcare professionals for accurate information on specific drugs or compounds.

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He was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. Hayes died in 2017. "Man accused of 'rampage' seeks release". The Canberra Times ... In 1987 he was forcibly admitted to the maximum-security wing of Graylands Hospital due to paranoid delusions, and treated for ... schizophrenia. On the morning of 27 April, Hayes stole an Australian Army M113 APC (without ammunition) from the army depot. ...
He was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. Watson continued with The Dial, working with editor Marianne Moore. Their final ...
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Eventually Courtney was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. The family then moved to Rosewood to avoid attention and ...
Modern psychiatrists diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia. In October 1878, Victor again entered a psychiatric hospital. ... Scharfetter, Christian (1983). "Schizophrenia". In Zangwill, O. L.; Shepherd, Michael (eds.). General psychopathology. ... Ideophrenia was replaced by "schizophrenia", which remains in current diagnostic use. Books in Russian Kandinsky, V. Kh. (1881 ... "primary paranoid psychosis") which has been anachronistically translated into modern terms as a "schizophrenic-like state". ...
He was diagnosed as having paranoid schizophrenia. The New York Times describes the book as:[citation needed] Mark Vonnegut's ... and moving account of the illness of schizophrenia. Required reading for those who want to understand insanity from the inside ...
Casanova, Manuel F. (1997). "The Temporolimbic System Theory of Paranoid Schizophrenia". Schizophrenia Bulletin. 23 (3): 513- ... ISBN 978-0-7432-5467-0. Noll, Richard (1983). "Shamanism and schizophrenia: A state-specific approach to the 'schizophrenia ... This is a condition where irregularities in the brain's limbic system may present as symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia. In a ... "Professor Thomas Szasz on Schizophrenia as a Disease". Citizens Commission on Human Rights International. 2010-07-28. Retrieved ...
He was later diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. This did not prevent some New Zealanders circulating a petition for ...
The most prominent features of disorganized schizophrenia are not delusions and hallucinations, as in paranoid schizophrenia, ... Disorganized schizophrenia, or hebephrenia, was a subtype of schizophrenia prior to 2013. Subtypes of schizophrenia were no ... Catatonia Communication deviance Paranoid schizophrenia Sartorius, Norman; Henderson, A.S.; Strotzka, H.; et al. The ICD-10 ... Co., (Text), 1919 How Schizophrenia is diagnosed Hebephrenic Schizophrenia Diagnostic Criteria American Psychiatric Association ...
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The family doctor diagnosed Gregory with paranoid schizophrenia. After cultural awareness of autism rose several decades later ...
And psychoses, even paranoia ... even paranoid schizophrenia does not usually create violence. Most people with this disorder ...
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If your loved one is struggling with schizophrenia and substance abuse, the time is now to seek treatment that can help him ... Paranoid Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia makes it difficult for patients to see what is true and what is not. Patients are ... Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse. Problems with paranoid schizophrenia and substance abuse are often isolated. It is common ... Paranoid schizophrenia, or suspicious schizophrenia as experts call it, is a well-known example of this mental retardation. ...
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Huntingtons disease in a patient with 15-year history of Capgras delusion misdiagnosed as paranoid schizophrenia ... Misidentification Syndromes in Schizophrenia: Case Reviews with Implications for Classification and Prevalence ... The Capgras Syndrome in Paranoid Schizophrenia. Psychopathology (1992) 25 (3): 147-153. ... misidentification phenomenon and case report involving attempted murder under Capgras syndrome in a relapse of a schizophrenia ...
... carried it in shopping bag not guilty of murder after suffering from paranoid schizophrenia. ... Odessa, who suffers from paranoid schizophrenia, was deemed too unwell to enter a plea to the original charge of murder, so a ... It is likely that a diagnosis is one of schizophrenia. She suffers from paranoid delusional beliefs. She doesnt believe the ... carried it in shopping bag not guilty of murder after suffering from paranoid schizophrenia.. My surreal adventure starring my ...
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Ways to Handle Paranoid Schizophrenia. Practically half of the patients dealing with schizophrenia have the paranoid type. ... As in other types of schizophrenia, patients of paranoid schizophrenia do not experience symptoms associated with shabby speech ... Paranoid schizophrenia signs and symptoms are a lot more common and serious largely because they attack a person in the later ... Various other paranoid schizophrenia symptoms include worry of oppression, crazy thoughts, or seeing as well as picking up ...
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Battens disease wrongly diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia for years. ... Patient with rare disease wrongly diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia Share Post Share on facebook Share on linkedin Share on ... Patient with a rare genetic disorder, Battens disease wrongly diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia for years. ...
I hope these paranoid thoughts go away.. She really scares me, but Im just catastrophe Ising, worrying about the worst things. ... Im just so paranoid about this. I have nightmares about her hurting me or my husband. ...
Paranoid schizophrenia Started by Aspiegaming [ Go to page: 1, 2 ] 24 replies 784 views 13 Nov 2023, 5:38 pm (strongstrange) ... Poll: Do I have schizotypal disorder or even schizophrenia? Started by nca14 [ Go to page: 1 ... 11, 12, 13 ] ... Board index › General Discussion › Bipolar, Tourettes, Schizophrenia, and other Psychological Conditions Bipolar, Tourettes, ...
I belive i may have type of paranoid schizophrenia, apart from the OCD. A certain situation that happened two years ago ...
... is one of five subtypes of schizophrenia, characterized by erratic speech and behavior. ... Along with disorganized schizophrenia, the other four previously used subtypes were [1]:. Paranoid schizophrenia. According to ... Undifferentiated schizophrenia. A diagnosis of undifferentiated schizophrenia was given when symptoms of schizophrenia were ... Paranoid individuals with schizophrenia show greater social cognitive bias and worse social functioning than non-paranoid ...
Methods: The sample consists of 40 individuals, 20 diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and 20 controls. We use the BANFE ... Conclusion: This study found that individuals with paranoid schizophrenia had significant differences in their prefrontal ... Objective: We sought to investigate the executive function and decision-making profile of Schizophrenia participants from ... Ethnic and racial factors influence the development and presentation of schizophrenia, with different groups experiencing ...
Understanding and managing paranoid personality disorder - Volume 15 Issue 1 ... Schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders in the first-degree relatives of children with schizophrenia: ... Treatment of paranoid personality disorder. None of the possible treatments for paranoid personality disorder has been ... People with borderline personality disorder may develop stress-related paranoid ideation and anger, but, unlike in paranoid ...
... appear to be characteristic of paranoid schizophrenia, since this subtype of schizophrenia has less involvement of personality ... Abstract The goal of this project was to analyze the speech of a patient with delusional paranoid schizophrenia; in order to ... The syntactic and semantic structures of persecution delirium and reference in paranoid schizophrenia: a case study. Ciênc. ... which are characteristic of this subtype of schizophrenia. Given that language reflects, at least in part, the structure and ...
... of sex change and body dysmorphic disorder and describe two cases of patients with these symptoms and paranoid schizophrenia ... Delusion of sex change and body dysmorphic disorder in clinical picture of paranoid schizophrenia - Case reports ... Neurological soft signs as a candidate for endophenotype of schizophrenia Planning disorders in men with schizophrenia and in ... of sex change and body dysmorphic disorder and describe two cases of patients with these symptoms and paranoid schizophrenia ...
A genetic contribution to paranoid traits and a possible genetic link between this personality disorder and schizophrenia exist ... Excludes: delusional disorder and schizophrenia. The American Psychiatric Associations DSM-5 has similar criteria for paranoid ... Psychologist Theodore Millon has proposed five subtypes of paranoid personality: Paranoid personality disorder can involve, in ... Kraepelin also noted that paranoid personalities were often present in people who later developed paranoid psychosis. ...
... on the symptoms of people with schizophrenia in Palau, Micronesia - Volume 177 Issue 2 ... Paranoid belligerence symptom cluster. 6.0 (2.8). 7.8 (5.2). -0.9. NS. Anergia symptom cluster. 7.4 (3.0). 14.3 (5.1). -3.4. ... Schizoaffective (mainly schizophrenia) (n (%)). 3 (10). 7 (17.5). NS. Undifferentiated schizophrenia (n (%)). 10 (33.3). 10 (25 ... 9th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia, Davos, Switzerland, Feb. 7-13, 1998. Schizophrenia Research, 29, 158.CrossRef ...
Disorganized schizophrenia isnt a formal diagnosis, but its recognized by clinicians. Here are the symptoms and how they can ... paranoid schizophrenia: schizophrenia symptoms with intense persecutory delusions. *catatonic schizophrenia: schizophrenia ... Types of Schizophrenia. Medically reviewed by Matthew Boland, PhD. The types of schizophrenia are no longer in used in a ... Formal symptoms of schizophrenia. To receive a schizophrenia diagnosis, someone must persistently experience two or more of the ...
Paranoid Schizophrenia. crake. 2C-E. Bad Trips. » » » more » » ». [25]. I Lost Control of Reality. Huntar. 2C-E. ...
Disorganized schizophrenia isnt a formal diagnosis, but its recognized by clinicians. Here are the symptoms and how they can ... paranoid schizophrenia: schizophrenia symptoms with intense persecutory delusions. *catatonic schizophrenia: schizophrenia ... Types of Schizophrenia. Medically reviewed by Matthew Boland, PhD. The types of schizophrenia are no longer in used in a ... Formal symptoms of schizophrenia. To receive a schizophrenia diagnosis, someone must persistently experience two or more of the ...
... times more likely to be diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia and nearly four times more likely from paranoid schizophrenia ...
In the 3rd chart it produces paranoid schizophrenia. In the 1st without other planets it produces powerful allergic reactions. ...
Response, from the patients with bipolar disorder, mania, schizoaffective disorder or catatonic schizophrenia, is attained ... Paranoid delusion •Anorexia •Early morning insomnia •Weight loss •Lack of concentration •Ideas of guilt and worthlessness • ... Schizophrenia when not responding to other therapies •Other responsive groups to ECT treatment are patient with- •Premorbid ...
This is what paranoid schizophrenia looks like.. Reply View in chronology. Make this comment the first word. Make this comment ...
  • Schizophrenia is a form of psychosis, which means that your brain is incompatible with the real world. (dualdiagnosis.org)
  • Aggressive ers" OR DE "Aspergers Syndrome" OR DE "Aut- ism" OR DE "Rett Mental Illness = SMI), b) substansutlöst psykos (Substance Induced Psychosis nosticerats med psykossjukdom: schizofreni, affektiv psykos, paranoid psykos eller Ätstörningar. (web.app)
  • Paranoid schizophrenia is one of several types of schizophrenia, a chronic mental illness in which a person loses touch with reality (psychosis). (ctbehavioralhealthassociates.com)
  • For Psychosis 'I was given an injection of fluphenazine in 2020 torwards the end of the year for Schizophrenia. (drugs.com)
  • Hydrocephalus ( 7 ), increased ventricular size ( 8 ), and cognitive impairment ( 9 ) have also been noted in some persons with schizophrenia and other forms of psychosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Individuals who visited the ER for substance-induced psychosis had a 160% greater risk of developing a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD) compared with the general population, new research shows. (medscape.com)
  • and divergent validity of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for Fly, Madness, Fly! (web.app)
  • The main problem with the differential diagnosis of these two disorders is that the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and the symptoms of autism mimic one another. (web.app)
  • Paranoid schizophrenia and other forms of schizophrenia are brain disorders. (ctbehavioralhealthassociates.com)
  • People of this schizophrenia nevertheless might experience a couple of negative behavioral disorders however not up to the level of various other signs and symptoms. (medyummedyumlar.net)
  • Ethnic and racial factors influence the development and presentation of schizophrenia, with different groups experiencing different levels of risk and exhibiting different patterns of mental disorders. (digitalcommonsdata.com)
  • A large long-term Norwegian twin study found paranoid personality disorder to be modestly heritable and to share a portion of its genetic and environmental risk factors with the other cluster A personality disorders, schizoid and schizotypal. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) no longer subdivides schizophrenia . (psychcentral.com)
  • The use of cannabis is associated with lower mortality risk in patients with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, according to a forthcoming study to be published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research . (norml.org)
  • An international team of investigators from the University of Maryland School of Medicine and Inje University in South Korea assessed the impact of a lifetime history substance use on mortality in 762 subjects with schizophrenia or related disorders. (norml.org)
  • To date the association between cannabis use and psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia is not well understood. (norml.org)
  • Other experts have criticized this purported link to be "overstated" and not "particularly compelling ," noting that increased levels of cannabis use by the general public has not yet been positively associated with proportionally rising incidences of schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. (norml.org)
  • Full text of the study, "Alcohol and cannabis use and mortality in people with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders," will appear in the Journal of Psychiatric Research. (norml.org)
  • Executive Functions Influence on Memory Process in Patients with Paranoid Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorders with and without Psychotic Symptoms. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our findings also highlight the need for targeted secondary prevention providing early intervention and reducing substance use in the highest-risk groups, which may delay or prevent transition to schizophrenia spectrum disorders. (medscape.com)
  • The risk of developing schizophrenia increases for people who were malnourished as a fetus during their mother's pregnancy. (healthcare-online.org)
  • The risk of developing schizophrenia is thought to be increased by various social and environmental influences, including traumatic events in childhood, complications during pregnancy and childbirth, lack of social engagement, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status [10] [11] . (mentalhealth.com)
  • Usually people with paranoid schizophrenia do not have as many problems with concentration, dulled emotions, or memory as those with other subtypes of schizophrenia and this lets them function and think better. (healthcare-online.org)
  • Despite this, paranoid schizophrenia is chronic and can lead to eventual complications such as suicidal thoughts or behavior. (healthcare-online.org)
  • Still, paranoid schizophrenia is a serious, lifelong condition that can lead to many complications, including suicidal behavior. (ctbehavioralhealthassociates.com)
  • Suicidal thoughts and behavior are common when you have paranoid schizophrenia. (ctbehavioralhealthassociates.com)
  • As in other types of schizophrenia, patients of paranoid schizophrenia do not experience symptoms associated with shabby speech, absence of psychological expression and also other sort of behavior conditions. (medyummedyumlar.net)
  • According to the DSM-IV, for a diagnosis of disorganized schizophrenia, hallucinations and delusions may be present, but the primary symptoms would be disorganized speech and behavior [1] . (mentalhealth.com)
  • While delusions and hallucinations may be present in disorganized schizophrenia, the primary presenting symptoms will be related to a clear impairment in cognition and daily functioning, usually seen as disorganized thoughts and behavior. (mentalhealth.com)
  • People with schizophrenia are prone to disorganized speech, thinking, and behavior. (psychcentral.com)
  • A schizophrenia that involves delusions or auditory hallucinations of persecution or being plotted against without thought disorder, disorganized behavior, or affective flattening. (cognitiveatlas.org)
  • This new provocative hypothesis bridges the gap between several previously unrelated schizophrenia hypotheses, most notably the genetic, the neurodevelopmental and the virus hypotheses, thereby providing a unifying explanation for the development of schizophrenia. (schizophrenia.com)
  • Patient with a rare genetic disorder, Batten's disease wrongly diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia for years. (chetindia.org)
  • Schizophrenia (SCZD) is a mental disorder characterized by cognitive dysfunction, impaired decision-making abilities, abnormalities in brain functioning, and specific genetic markers. (digitalcommonsdata.com)
  • Objective: We sought to investigate the executive function and decision-making profile of Schizophrenia participants from Barranquilla, Colombia, which have a high genetic mixture and significant ethnic and racial diversity. (digitalcommonsdata.com)
  • A genetic contribution to paranoid traits and a possible genetic link between this personality disorder and schizophrenia exist. (wikipedia.org)
  • An increased occurrence of schizophrenia in family members of affected persons suggests that genetic factors play a role in its etiology, and some candidate predisposing genes have been identified. (cdc.gov)
  • Someone with disorganized schizophrenia might also experience delusions and hallucinations, and other symptoms of schizophrenia. (psychcentral.com)
  • They concluded that this 'weakening' of glia may result in the breakdown of connections between brain cells leading to the development of schizophrenia. (schizophrenia.com)
  • What is needed is a systems approach for understanding the development of schizophrenia. (schizophrenia.com)
  • The authors argued that many of the genes implicated in the development of schizophrenia code for factors involved in the development of glia cells. (schizophrenia.com)
  • In addition they hypothesized that some viral infections may cause additional weakening of glial cells, which in turn may lead to the disruption of brain cell connections and the development of schizophrenia. (schizophrenia.com)
  • Two other studies found that exposure to cats in childhood was a risk factor for the development of schizophrenia. (cdc.gov)
  • The DSM-IV-TR criteria for paranoid personality disorder ( American Psychiatric Association 2000 ) have been criticised for underrepresenting the typical affective and interpersonal features of the disorder, features that give a richer sense of the typical presentation ( Reference Bernstein, Useda, O'Donohue, Fowler and Lilienfield Bernstein 2007 ) ( Box 1 ). (cambridge.org)
  • The American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 has similar criteria for paranoid personality disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is likely that a diagnosis is one of schizophrenia. (scallywagandvagabond.com)
  • As such, disorganized schizophrenia is no longer a specific diagnosis, but the symptoms of disorganized schizophrenia and other types of schizophrenia are still used by physicians to form a diagnosis, based on the severity of the presenting symptoms. (mentalhealth.com)
  • Clarifying the diagnosis of a patient with paranoid thinking is an essential first step to management, with ramifications for prognosis, treatment and medicolegal issues such as involuntary treatment or criminal responsibility. (cambridge.org)
  • A normal response to unusual circumstances should always be considered as part of the differential diagnosis of a patient with cross-sectional features suggestive of paranoid personality disorder. (cambridge.org)
  • Schizophrenia is a formal mental health diagnosis. (psychcentral.com)
  • Schizophrenia shouldn't be diagnosed separately from autism, unless delusions and hallucinations are prominent. (web.app)
  • Delusions and hallucinations are the symptoms that make paranoid schizophrenia most distinct from other types of schizophrenia. (ctbehavioralhealthassociates.com)
  • Paranoid schizophrenia is the most common subtype of schizophrenia and the patient suffers from delusions and may have auditory hallucinations too. (healthcare-online.org)
  • Disorganized schizophrenia is sometimes referred to as hebephrenic schizophrenia because its onset is usually between ages 15 and 25. (psychcentral.com)
  • Note: If criteria are met prior to the onset of Schizophrenia, add 'Premorbid,' e.g. (deltabravo.net)
  • Jay was experiencing classic signs of onset paranoid schizophrenia. (austinmonthly.com)
  • Several clinical signs described in Asperger syndrome could also be … Social withdrawal, communication impairment, and poor eye contact seen in ASD are similar to the negative symptoms seen in youths with schizophrenia. (web.app)
  • Paranoid personality disorder is a neglected topic in clinical psychiatry, and is often the subject of diagnostic confusion and therapeutic pessimism. (cambridge.org)
  • Since millions of people with schizophrenia live in betel-chewing regions, an increased understanding of the interaction between betel chewing and schizophrenia should benefit clinical treatment. (cambridge.org)
  • We did a cross-sectional study over 8 weeks plex way by such things as physical health, (February-March 2002) on patients with a psychological state, level of independence, clinical diagnoses of schizophrenia atten- social relationships and relationship to ding the main outpatient psychiatric clinic the environment [ 3 ]. (who.int)
  • In other words, the schizophrenia subtypes aren't considered separate diagnoses. (psychcentral.com)
  • Partly because people with a serious mental illness, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress syndrome, have a hard time holding down a job that offers insurance. (austinmonthly.com)
  • Over and over again, people who struggle with paranoid schizophrenia try to find a reduction in important levels of stress and depression that exacerbate the problem by abusing drugs and alcohol. (dualdiagnosis.org)
  • People with paranoid schizophrenia who receive counseling will likewise stay with their instructions. (dualdiagnosis.org)
  • Most people with paranoid schizophrenia will have periods in which they experience high anxiety. (healthcare-online.org)
  • People with paranoid schizophrenia may feel like they are being watched or followed, and they may believe that others are trying to harm them. (therapymantra.co)
  • People with paranoid schizophrenia often have delusions, which are false beliefs that are not based on reality. (therapymantra.co)
  • Schizophrenia can cause people to think in a disorganized way. (therapymantra.co)
  • People with paranoid schizophrenia may withdraw from social activities and become isolated. (therapymantra.co)
  • many people with schizophrenia are unable to live on their own without help from others. (therapymantra.co)
  • It is believed that environmental factors like stress, traumatic life events, or abuse during childhood may trigger paranoid schizophrenia in people who are genetically susceptible to it. (therapymantra.co)
  • However, if you're like most people with paranoid schizophrenia, you may not recognize that you need help or that you even have symptoms. (ctbehavioralhealthassociates.com)
  • There is also evidence to suggest that people with schizophrenia have differences in their brain structure, including a decreased amount of gray matter, suggesting that the condition could be caused by impaired development of the brain [8] . (mentalhealth.com)
  • Studies indicate that schizophrenia is around six times more likely to occur in people who have a direct relative with the condition, than in those with no family history of schizophrenia [7] . (mentalhealth.com)
  • The evidence relating to paranoid personality disorder and risk of violence is summarised and clinically useful guidance for the safe treatment of people with the disorder is outlined. (cambridge.org)
  • The focus of this article is paranoid personality disorder, a condition in which mistrust of other people is the cardinal feature. (cambridge.org)
  • Although millions of people with schizophrenia live in betel chewing regions, the effects of betel chewing on their symptoms are unknown. (cambridge.org)
  • To compare the primary and extrapyramidal symptom profiles and substance-using habits of betel chewing v. non-chewing people with schizophrenia. (cambridge.org)
  • A cross-sectional study of 70 people with schizophrenia. (cambridge.org)
  • Our principal hypothesis is that the muscarinic action of betel nut may exert a beneficial effect on the symptoms of people with schizophrenia. (cambridge.org)
  • This shows up differently in different people, and not everybody with schizophrenia will behave the same. (psychcentral.com)
  • Schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are scary words to a lot of people but knowing that psychotic episode is like might help alleviate that. (healthyplace.com)
  • People do not need to fear people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder or their psychotic episodes. (healthyplace.com)
  • I wrote this to show that people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are not inherently dangerous. (healthyplace.com)
  • I am not "cured" of my schizophrenia , despite what some people believe. (healthyplace.com)
  • I am paranoid of people in general, from both my illness and previous experiences. (healthyplace.com)
  • In humans, acute infection with T. gondii can produce psychotic symptoms similar to those displayed by persons with schizophrenia. (cdc.gov)
  • In this blog post, we will discuss the signs and symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia, as well as the treatments available. (therapymantra.co)
  • Paranoid schizophrenia signs and symptoms are a lot more common and serious largely because they attack a person in the later years of life, usually after the age of 30. (medyummedyumlar.net)
  • Jan 31, 2018 autistic disorder (AD), Asperger syndrome (AS), and Pervasive diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia (Hallerbäck et al. (web.app)
  • Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) is a mental illness characterized by paranoia, and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others. (wikipedia.org)
  • Schizophrenia is a pervasive neuropsychiatric disease of uncertain cause that affects approximately 1% of the adult population in the United States and Europe. (cdc.gov)
  • Paranoid Personality Disorder. (web.app)
  • Antisocial Subject 2: Schizophrenia is a brain disorder that's commonly inherited from the previous generation(s). (web.app)
  • Paranoid Personality Disorder" OR DE "Passive. (web.app)
  • Other specified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorder Paranoid delusions can be a factor in the violence in both schizophrenia and Autism/ Asperger's Syndrome. (web.app)
  • This article presents a summary of the key diagnostic issues relating to paranoid personality disorder and describes various psychological and social processes mooted to be central to the genesis of paranoid thinking and behaviours. (cambridge.org)
  • The World Health Organization's ICD-10 lists paranoid personality disorder under (F60.0). (wikipedia.org)
  • Includes: expansive paranoid, fanatic, querulant and sensitive paranoid personality disorder. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DSM-5 lists paranoid personality disorder essentially unchanged from the DSM-IV-TR version and lists associated features that describe it in a more quotidian way. (wikipedia.org)
  • Does not occur exclusively during the course of Schizophrenia, a Mood Disorder With Psychotic Features, or another Psychotic Disorder and is not due to the direct physiological effects of a general medical condition. (deltabravo.net)
  • Doctors think paranoid personality disorder runs in families. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Childhood experiences (such as being abused) may make someone more likely to get paranoid personality disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
  • How do doctors treat paranoid personality disorder? (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are certain medications that can affect the mental processes or mind and these can increase a person's risk of schizophrenia. (healthcare-online.org)
  • Patients with Asperger syndrome are often diagnosed late or are wrongly considered to have schizophrenia. (web.app)
  • The type of paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by a patient's strong conviction that someone or something is planning to harm us. (dualdiagnosis.org)
  • Speaking with family and friends participants or signing up with the paranoid schizophrenia neighborhood could also vividly enhance the patient's state. (medyummedyumlar.net)
  • Odessa, who suffers from paranoid schizophrenia , was deemed too unwell to enter a plea to the original charge of murder, so a trial of facts was held instead. (scallywagandvagabond.com)
  • She suffers from paranoid delusional beliefs. (scallywagandvagabond.com)
  • Schizophrenia makes it difficult for patients to see what is true and what is not. (dualdiagnosis.org)
  • Paranoid schizophrenia patients are constantly fighting in friendly situations, are constantly caught as it examines the motivation of others and decides whether it is dangerous and something on its side that they accept that others are planning it. (dualdiagnosis.org)
  • Note that paranoid schizophrenia compares different types of schizophrenia because patients often show examples or behavioral patterns made by other schizophrenia patients. (dualdiagnosis.org)
  • Practically half of the patients dealing with schizophrenia have the paranoid type. (medyummedyumlar.net)
  • ABSTRACT We studied quality of life in 211 patients with schizophrenia from 2 outpatient clinics in Irbid, Jordan and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using the self-reporting questionnaire SRQ-24 and the modi- fied version of the schizophrenia quality of life scale. (who.int)
  • Some research shows that most of the types of schizophrenia are due to brain dysfunction but professionals don't know exactly why paranoid schizophrenia occurs. (healthcare-online.org)
  • The fundamental source of paranoid type schizophrenia is not entirely known, but brain dysfunction is typically held the offender for this condition. (medyummedyumlar.net)
  • A weak concept of brain dysfunction is that specific genes and also environmental Natural collide and bring to life the mental disease called the paranoid schizophrenia. (medyummedyumlar.net)
  • It is the most common type of schizophrenia. (therapymantra.co)
  • I belive i may have type of paranoid schizophrenia, apart from the OCD. (schizophrenia.com)
  • Yet, there's more than one type of schizophrenia, and this categorization depends on the symptoms you may be living with. (psychcentral.com)
  • 2012). To be sure severe end, paranoid schizophrenia)-typically associated with a deep sense of disgruntlement and originally having been described as exhibiting Asperger's. (web.app)
  • I just got this link (below) from one of the top schizophrenia researchers (Dr. Irv. (schizophrenia.com)
  • Researchers believe that some parts of our brain play an important role in paranoid schizophrenia's development. (therapymantra.co)
  • Schizophrenia is a chronic mental health condition that can be difficult to treat. (therapymantra.co)
  • Fatigue is also one of the symptoms along with depression, which is not usually seen in schizophrenia but may appear if a person does not take medication regularly. (therapymantra.co)
  • Antipsychotic medication is typically used in the treatment of all types of schizophrenia and can help alleviate most symptoms. (mentalhealth.com)
  • Even with the medication that I take, I still have paranoid irrational thoughts, particularly in stressful situations. (healthyplace.com)
  • This is because schizophrenia is usually a lifelong illness, that requires medication. (healthyplace.com)
  • By re-examining previously published research, the authors suggested that schizophrenia may be caused by a combination of defective genes, which result in deficiencies of a variety of growth factors in glia, and infection by viruses, which may further weaken the glia. (schizophrenia.com)
  • This review focuses on evidence specifically linking infection with Toxoplasma gondii to the etiology of some cases of schizophrenia. (cdc.gov)
  • In decision-making, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Test, there were also differences between the two groups, with those with schizophrenia performing worse and showing a preference for disadvantageous options. (digitalcommonsdata.com)
  • Conclusion: This study found that individuals with paranoid schizophrenia had significant differences in their prefrontal cortex compared to those without the condition, specifically in the dorsolateral and orbital-prefrontal cortex. (digitalcommonsdata.com)
  • Paranoid schizophrenia usually begins late in life or adolescence. (dualdiagnosis.org)
  • A person with schizophrenia experiences recurrent psychotic episodes and poor functioning in their daily life - in school or at work - in between. (web.app)
  • Subjective life satisfaction and living situations of persons in Finland with long-term schizophrenia. (web.app)
  • In many cases a person with paranoid schizophrenia will not be aware that their difficulties in life come from a particular mental illness. (healthcare-online.org)
  • Stress, especially during the early part of life, can contribute towards developing schizophrenia. (healthcare-online.org)
  • With paranoid schizophrenia, your ability to think and function in daily life may be better than with other types of schizophrenia. (ctbehavioralhealthassociates.com)
  • With effective treatment, you can manage the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia and work toward leading a happier, healthier life. (ctbehavioralhealthassociates.com)
  • Getting treatment from a mental health provider with experience in schizophrenia can help you learn ways to manage your symptoms so that you have the best chance of leading a productive and happy life. (ctbehavioralhealthassociates.com)
  • Although schizophrenia can be a misunderstood and stigmatized condition, with professional support, it's possible to manage symptoms and live a fulfilling life. (psychcentral.com)
  • Although schizophrenia can't be cured , it's possible to live a fulfilling, happy life with the condition because symptoms can be managed with professional support. (psychcentral.com)
  • The quality of life of the mentally ill has ness such as schizophrenia, overcoming any been a matter of concern for centuries [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • For this reason, we previously carried out a approach to medical care, in which the pa- psychometric study on the modified version tient's own views are considered important of the schizophrenia quality of life scale [ 4 ]. (who.int)
  • Research suggests that schizophrenia may be caused by changes in neurotransmitter levels, particularly dopamine and glutamate [7] . (mentalhealth.com)
  • Betel nut alkaloids include potent muscarinic cholinomimetics: recent research suggests that these agents may be therapeutic in schizophrenia. (cambridge.org)
  • Irving Gottesman, one of the authors of this paper and originator of the now widely accepted polygenic model of schizophrenia explained, 'The investigation of individual genes in isolation has its limitations since virtually all important biological phenomena, from normal brain functioning to schizophrenia, are the result of complex systems. (schizophrenia.com)
  • If your loved one is struggling with paranoid schizophrenia and drug abuse, now is a good time to seek treatment that can help him to overcome these two problems. (dualdiagnosis.org)
  • Paranoid schizophrenia doesn't get better on its own and may worsen without treatment. (ctbehavioralhealthassociates.com)
  • The treatment plan for disorganized schizophrenia will vary from person to person depending on your specific circumstances and needs. (psychcentral.com)
  • Establishing the role of T. gondii in the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia might lead to new medications for its prevention and treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • In both cases the symptoms were related to paranoid delusions but also property damage and poisoning, in the case of Morphy and persecution/conspiracy in the case of Fischer. (theseasideinstitute.org)
  • Apart from the fact that everyone checks others in conversations, a person with paranoid schizophrenia examines others within the context of their interests without the ability to see if there is any reality other than the progress made by their problem. (dualdiagnosis.org)
  • In some cases if a person is exposed to viral infections while still a fetus, they will have a larger risk of schizophrenia. (healthcare-online.org)
  • There are many symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia, and they can vary from person to person. (therapymantra.co)
  • Having schizophrenia means that I am a bit more paranoid than your average person. (healthyplace.com)