Scrophulariaceae
Iridoids
Fast repairing of oxidized OH radical adducts of dAMP and dGMP by phenylpropanoid glycosides from Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. (1/35)
AIM: To investigate the antioxidative activity of the constituents of the roots of Scrophularia ningpoensis (Chinese name: Xuanshen). METHODS: The main compounds from the roots of Scrophularia ningpoensis were isolated and identified by chromatography and FABMS, NMR etc. Using the techniques of pulse radiolysis, the electron transfers from iridoid glycosides (IG) or phenylpropanoid glycosides (PG) to oxidized OH radical adducts of 2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-monophosphate acid (dAMP) or 2'-deoxyguanosine-5'-monophosphate acid (dGMP) were observed. RESULTS: Two IG: harpagoside and harpagide, two PG: angoroside C and acteoside were obtained as the main hydrophilic constituents of the plant. At 0.1 mmol/L concentration, angoroside C and acteoside were able to repair the oxidized OH adducts dAMP and dGMP significantly. However, harpagoside and harpagide had no such effect. The electron transfer rate constants of angoroside C with dAMP and dGMP were 4.2 x 10(8) and 10.3 x 10(8) L.mol-1.s-1; the electron transfer rate constants of acteoside with dAMP and dGMP were 5.3 x 10(8) and 20.2 x 10(8) L.mol-1.s-1. CONCLUSION: PG from Scrophularia ningpoensis have a potent antioxidative activity for reducing of the oxidized OH adducts of dAMP and dGMP. (+info)De novo regeneration of Scrophularia yoshimurae Yamazaki (Scrophulariaceae) and quantitative analysis of harpagoside, an iridoid glucoside, formed in aerial and underground parts of in vitro propagated and wild plants by HPLC. (2/35)
A protocol for de novo regeneration and rapid micropropagation of Scrophularia yoshimurae (Scrophulariaceae) has been developed. Multiple shoot development was achieved by culturing the shoot-tip, leaf-base, stem-node and stem-internode explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.44 microM N6-benzyladenine (BA) and 1.07 microM alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Stem-node and shoot-tip explants showed the highest response (100%) followed by stem-internode (74.4%) and leaf-base (7.7%) explants. The shoots were multiplied by subculturing on the same medium used for shoot induction. Shoots were rooted on growth regulator-free MS basal medium and the plantlets were transplanted to soil and acclimatized in the growth chamber. The content of harpagoside, a quantitatively predominant iridoid glycoside, in different plant material was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis revealed that the content of harpagoside in the aerial and underground parts of S. yoshimurae was significantly higher than the marketed crude drug (underground parts of Scrophularia ningpoensis). (+info)Tomato SP-interacting proteins define a conserved signaling system that regulates shoot architecture and flowering. (3/35)
Divergent architecture of shoot models in flowering plants reflects the pattern of production of vegetative and reproductive organs from the apical meristem. The SELF-PRUNING (SP) gene of tomato is a member of a novel CETS family of regulatory genes (CEN, TFL1, and FT) that controls this process. We have identified and describe here several proteins that interact with SP (SIPs) and with its homologs from other species: a NIMA-like kinase (SPAK), a bZIP factor, a novel 10-kD protein, and 14-3-3 isoforms. SPAK, by analogy with Raf1, has two potential binding sites for 14-3-3 proteins, one of which is shared with SP. Surprisingly, overexpression of 14-3-3 proteins partially ameliorates the effect of the sp mutation. Analysis of the binding potential of chosen mutant SP variants, in relation to conformational features known to be conserved in this new family of regulatory proteins, suggests that associations with other proteins are required for the biological function of SP and that ligand binding and protein-protein association domains of SP may be separated. We suggest that CETS genes encode a family of modulator proteins with the potential to interact with a variety of signaling proteins in a manner analogous to that of 14-3-3 proteins. (+info)Antirrhinum majus microspore maturation and transient transformation in vitro. (4/35)
The male gametophyte of higher plants represents an excellent system to study gene regulation, cell fate determination and cellular differentiation in plants because of its relative simplicity compared to the sporophyte and its accessibility for cytological and molecular analysis. Unicellular plant microspores are single haploid cells, which can be isolated in large amounts at a defined developmental stage. Microspores cultured in vitro in a rich medium develop into mature pollen grains, which are fertile upon pollination in vivo. It is reported here that isolated Antirrhinum majus microspores when cultured in an optimal medium develop to form mature, fertile pollen. Their development closely resembled that of pollen formed in vivo. Isolated microspores were bombarded with Aquorea victoria Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), Discosoma Red Fluorescent Protein (dsRFP) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter genes under the control of various promoters and transient expression was observed throughout pollen development in vitro. Bombarded and not bombarded in vitro-matured pollen grains were able to germinate both in vitro and on receptive stigmas and to set seed. The protocol of maturation, transient transformation and germination of Antirrhinum majus pollen in vitro described here provides a valuable tool for basic and applied research. (+info)Iridoid glycosides from Globularia davisiana. (5/35)
From the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Globularia davisiana, a new iridoid glycoside, davisioside (1), was isolated. Davisioside (1) comprises a rare iridoid aglycone structure with a saturated double bond between C-3 and C-4. Nine known iridoid glycosides, asperuloside (2), alpinoside (3), geniposide (4), globularin (5), globularicisin (6), 10-O-benzoylcatalpol (7), lytanthosalin (8), melampyroside (9), agnuside (10), and three known phenylethanoid glycosides, verbascoside, isoacteoside and leucosceptoside A were also isolated and characterized. The structures of the isolates were established by spectroscopic methods (one-dimensional (1D)- and two-dimensional (2D)-NMR, MS). (+info)Phenylethanoid and iridoid glycosides from Veronica persica. (6/35)
A new phenylethanoid glycoside, persicoside (1) and three known phenylethanoid glycosides, acteoside (2), isoacteoside (3) and lavandulifolioside (4) were isolated from the aerial parts of Veronica persica. On the basis of spectral analyses, the structure of the new compound was elucidated to be 3,4-dihydroxy-beta-phenylethoxy-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-[beta-D-glucopy ranosyl-(1-->3)]-4-O-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside. Persicoside (1) and acteoside (2) exhibited radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Beside phenylethanoid glycosides, a hexitol, dulcitol (5) and seven known iridoid glucosides, aucubin (6), veronicoside (7), amphicoside (8), 6-O-veratroyl-catalpol (9), catalposide (10), verproside (11) and verminoside (12) were isolated. (+info)Utilization of glycine and serine as nitrogen sources in the roots of Zea mays and Chamaegigas intrepidus. (7/35)
Glycine and serine are potential sources of nitrogen for the aquatic resurrection plant Chamaegigas intrepidus Dinter in the rock pools that provide its natural habitat. The pathways by which these amino acids might be utilized were investigated by incubating C. intrepidus roots and maize (Zea mays) root tips with [(15)N]glycine, [(15)N]serine and [2-(13)C]glycine. The metabolic fate of the label was followed using in vivo NMR spectroscopy, and the results were consistent with the involvement of the glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) in the utilization of glycine. In contrast, the labelling patterns provided no evidence for the involvement of serine:glyoxylate aminotransferase in the metabolism of glycine by the root tissues. The key observations were: (i) the release of [(15)N]ammonium during [(15)N]-labelling experiments; and (ii) the detection of a characteristic set of serine isotopomers in the [2-(13)C]glycine experiments. The effects of aminoacetonitrile, amino-oxyacetate, and isonicotinic acid hydrazide, all of which inhibit GDC and SHMT to some extent, and of methionine sulphoximine, which inhibited the reassimilation of the ammonium, supported the conclusion that GDC and SHMT were essential for the metabolism of glycine. C. intrepidus was observed to metabolize serine more readily than the maize root tips and this may be an adaptation to its nitrogen-deficient habitat. Overall, the results support the emerging view that GDC is an essential component of glycine catabolism in non-photosynthetic tissues. (+info)S-RNase-mediated self-incompatibility. (8/35)
The Solanaceae, Rosaceae, and Scrophulariaceae families all possess an RNase-mediated self-incompatibility mechanism through which their pistils can recognize and reject self-pollen to prevent inbreeding. The highly polymorphic S-locus controls the self-incompatibility interaction, and the S-locus of the Solanaceae has been shown to be a multi-gene complex in excess of 1.3 Mb. To date, the function of only one of the S-locus genes, the S-RNase gene, has been determined. This article reviews the current status of the search for the pollen S-gene and the current models for how S-haplotype specific inhibition of pollen tubes can be accomplished by S-RNases. (+info)Scrophulariaceae is a family of plants commonly known as the Figwort or Snapdragon family. It was once a large and diverse group, but many of its members have been reclassified into different families in recent years based on molecular evidence. The family still includes a number of well-known garden plants such as foxgloves (Digitalis), snapdragons (Antirrhinum), and penstemons (Penstemon).
The plants in Scrophulariaceae are typically herbaceous, although some are shrubs or small trees. They are characterized by their two-lipped flowers, with the upper lip usually forming a hood and the lower lip often having three lobes. The stamens and style are often enclosed within the flower and only emerge when it is fully open.
Scrophulariaceae has been reported to contain various chemical compounds with potential medicinal properties, such as cardiac glycosides in Digitalis species, which have been used to treat heart conditions. However, it's important to note that the use of these plants for medicinal purposes should only be done under the guidance and supervision of a qualified healthcare professional, as they can also contain toxic compounds that may cause harm if not used correctly.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Linaria" is not a term that has a widely accepted or specific medical definition in the context of human health or medicine. The term "Linaria" is most commonly used in the field of botany to refer to a genus of plants in the plantain family, also known as toadflaxes.
If you have any questions related to human health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to help if I can. Please provide more context or clarify your question so that I may better assist you.
Iridoids are a type of naturally occurring compounds that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They are characterized by the presence of a cyclopentanoid structure fused to a monoterpene unit. Iridoids have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antioxidant effects. Some iridoids also have potential therapeutic benefits in the treatment of various diseases, such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
In a medical context, iridoids may be mentioned in relation to their presence in certain medicinal plants or herbs used in traditional medicine, or in research investigating their potential pharmacological properties. However, it is important to note that the use of iridoid-containing plants or supplements should only be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as with any medical treatment.
'Antirrhinum' is the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as "snapdragons." The term 'Antirrhinum' comes from the Greek words "anti" meaning like, and "rhin" meaning nose, which describes the shape of their flowers. Snapdragons are popular ornamental plants known for their unique flower structure, with a "mouth" that can be opened and closed by squeezing the sides of the flower.
While 'Antirrhinum' is a botanical name and not a medical term per se, it is important to note that some species of Antirrhinum contain certain chemical compounds that have been studied for their potential medicinal properties. For instance, certain Antirrhinum species have been found to contain iridoid glycosides, which have been investigated for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. However, it is essential to note that these studies are still in the early stages, and more research is needed before any definitive medical claims can be made about Antirrhinum or its potential therapeutic benefits.
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the genetic material present in the cells of all living organisms, including plants. In plants, DNA is located in the nucleus of a cell, as well as in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Plant DNA contains the instructions for the development, growth, and function of the plant, and is passed down from one generation to the next through the process of reproduction.
The structure of DNA is a double helix, formed by two strands of nucleotides that are linked together by hydrogen bonds. Each nucleotide contains a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. There are four types of nitrogenous bases in DNA: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine, forming the rungs of the ladder that make up the double helix.
The genetic information in DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nitrogenous bases. Large sequences of bases form genes, which provide the instructions for the production of proteins. The process of gene expression involves transcribing the DNA sequence into a complementary RNA molecule, which is then translated into a protein.
Plant DNA is similar to animal DNA in many ways, but there are also some differences. For example, plant DNA contains a higher proportion of repetitive sequences and transposable elements, which are mobile genetic elements that can move around the genome and cause mutations. Additionally, plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts, which are not present in animal cells, and these structures contain their own DNA.
Scrophulariaceae
List of Scrophulariaceae of South Africa
Limnophila sessiliflora
Jovellana
Selago
Isoplexis
Patricia Kern Holmgren
Mecardonia
List of euasterid families
Rhamphicarpa fistulosa
Diascia (plant)
Erythranthe michiganensis
Aureolaria pedicularia
Digitalis cariensis
Otacanthus
Penstemon scariosus
Digitalis cedretorum
Mecardonia procumbens
APG IV system
Cycnium
Hedbergia
Floral symmetry
The Structure and Biology of Arctic Flowering Plants
Pieter B. Pelser
Wightia (plant)
Smoking ceremony
Reveal system
Rehmannia
Digitalis davisiana
Chloropyron palmatum
Scrophulariaceae - Wikipedia
Scrophulariaceae Archives - Audubon Canyon Ranch
Rediscovery of the endemic Scrophularia exilis (Scrophulariaceae) in the Crimean Mountains and comments on its taxonomic status
Flora Zambesiaca, Volume 8, Part 2: Scrophulariaceae | NHBS Academic & Professional Books
Scrophulariaceae | Manual of the Alien Plants of Belgium
Scrophulariaceae - Wikipedia
CCH2 Portal - Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae) image 17434 at
User:Tintazul/Plantae - Wikimedia Commons
Eremophila debilis {Scrophulariaceae} Winter Apple
SCROPHULARIACEAE DO ESTADO DA GUANABARA
Dalmatian toadflax : Linaria dalmatica - Scrophulariaceae (Figwort)
Asian marshweed : Limnophila sessiliflora - Scrophulariaceae (Figwort)
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin
Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin
Plants of Texas Rangelands » Families » Scrophulariaceae (Foxglove family)
Plants of Texas Rangelands » Families » Scrophulariaceae (Foxglove family)
Sonoma Mountain Institute » Features Categories » Figwort Family (Scrophulariaceae)
"SPECIATION IN PENSTEMON (SCROPHULARIACEAE)" by David Vibert Clark
Experimental taxonomy on the genus Euphrasia L. (Scrophulariaceae - Rhianthoideae).
Phylogeny of snapdragon species (Antirrhinum; Scrophulariaceae) using non-coding cpDNA sequences
"Systematic and Ecological Wood Anatomy of Californian Scrophulariaceae" by David C. Michener
Medicinal Use of Rehmannia, Di Huang (Chinese) - Rehmannia Glutinosa (Scrophulariaceae) | Herbs and Remedies
Stomatal abnormalities in the foliar epidermis of some scrophulariaceae | International Journal of Current Research
Universal Chalcidoidea Database
Ostrojowate - Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia
Genus3
- Verbascum is a genus of over 450 species of flowering plants, common name mullein ( / ˈ m ʌ l ɪ n / [3] ), in the figwort family Scrophulariaceae . (wikipedia.org)
- This name is the accepted name of a species in the genus Verbascum (family Scrophulariaceae ). (theplantlist.org)
- 5. Further iridoid glucosides in the genus Manulea (Scrophulariaceae). (nih.gov)
Figwort2
- The Scrophulariaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the figwort family. (wikipedia.org)
- Recently, the Scrophulariaceae (Figwort family) have been the subject of considerable attention in molecular systematic studies. (ou.edu)
Lamiales2
- The Linderniaceae and Gratiolaceae are further lineages distinct from the Scrophulariaceae (Lamiales). (harvard.edu)
- Familia en el orden Lamiales con varias especies que se utilizan en la MEDICINA TRADICIONAL. (bvsalud.org)
Verbascum1
- The family includes some medicinal plants, among them: Scrophularia, figworts Verbascum, mulleins The family Scrophulariaceae in its APG IV (2016) circumscription includes 62 genera and about 1830 known species. (wikipedia.org)
Family1
- The following genera, traditionally included in the Scrophulariaceae, have been transferred to other families as indicated: "Family: Scrophulariaceae Juss. (wikipedia.org)
Plants1
- 2014. Scrophulariaceae in Kew Science Plants of the World Online . (wikimedia.org)
Figworts1
- Several species of the Scrophulariaceae can be found on Whiteknights campus, notably the Figworts and Mulleins as well as Buddleja davidii, commonly known as Butterfly bush (Le Grice & Jury 2011). (reading.ac.uk)
Plantaginaceae1
- Plantaginaceae − Scrophulariaceae. (wikimedia.org)
Review1
- Review of the systematics of Scrophulariaceae s.l. and their current disposition. (wikimedia.org)
Publication1
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Scrophulariaceae" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Scrophulariaceae" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Found1
- The Scrophulariaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution, with the majority found in temperate areas, including tropical mountains. (wikipedia.org)