Scrub Typhus
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Typhus, Endemic Flea-Borne
Typhus, Epidemic Louse-Borne
Trombiculidae
Rickettsia prowazekii
Sikkim
Rickettsia
Palau
Laos
Mites
Thailand
Immunochromatography
Rickettsial Vaccines
Rickettsieae
Immunoglobulin M
Taiwan
Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
Disease Vectors
Effects of temperature on the stability of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens. (1/261)
Unirradiated Rickettsia tsutsugamushi and a component of gamma-irradiated Karp immunogen required for homologous immunity were more stable than the immunogen component that elicited heterologous (Kato strain) protection. (+info)Gamma-irradiated scrub typhus immunogens: development and duration of immunity. (2/261)
The development and duration of immunity to lethal scrub typhus infection was studied in BALB/c mice vaccinated with gamma-irradiated Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, strain Karp. One intraperitoneal injection containing approximately 10(8) 50% mouse lethal doses (MLD(50)) of irradiated organisms elicited an immune response protective against challenge with 10(5) MLD(50) of viable Karp. The same mass of immunogen given in three injections at 5-day intervals increased homologous (Karp strain) protection 25-fold and heterologous (Kato strain) protection 60-fold. Further temporal expansion of the immunization regimen did not increase protection. Subcutaneous vaccination provided significant, but lower, levels of protection than were achieved by intraperitoneal immunization, but the levels of cell-transferable immunity elicited by the two routes were approximately the same. Immunologically specific protection after intraperitoneal vaccination developed rapidly enough to provide resistance against simultaneous challenge with 200 MLD(50) of Karp. Homologous immunity was protective against a 10(6)-MLD(50) challenge 7 days after completion of the three-injection regimen, remained at that level for 3 months, dropped to 10(4) MLD(50) by 9 months, and was effective against a 50-MLD(50) Karp challenge at 12 months. Protection against heterologous challenge was first observed on day 17 and peaked on day 38, when the mice resisted a 10(5)-MLD(50) Kato challenge. Thereafter, heterologous protection waned rapidly and was not significant at 6 months. (+info)Seroepidemiologic survey of Orientia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia typhi, and TT118 spotted fever group rickettsiae in rubber estate workers in Malaysia. (3/261)
The seroprevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi, Rickettsia typhi, and TT118 spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae in 300 rubber estate workers in Slim River, Malaysia was determined in December 1996 and March 1997. In December, which was the wet season, 23.3%, 3.0%, and 57.3% of the population had antibodies detected against the three rickettsiae, respectively. The highest seropositive rate of 40% was detected for single infection with SFG rickettsiae, followed by a rate of 15.3% for both O. tsutsugamushi and SFG rickettsiae among the rubber estate workers. Subjects less than 21 years old had a lower seroprevalence of SFG rickettsiae compared with the other age groups. Indians had a higher seroprevalence of O. tsutsugamushi compared with other ethnic groups. Rubber tappers had a higher seroprevalence of SFG rickettsiae compared with other occupational groups. During the dry season in March 1997, there was a significant increase in the seroprevalence of R. typhi. The seroconversion rates for IgM against O. tsutsugamushi, R. typhi, and SFG rickettsiae were 5.7%, 12.3%, and 15.1%, respectively, during the four-month period. Significant variations of antibody titers towards the three rickettsiae was noted among subjects who were bled twice. This suggests a significant and continual exposure of rubber estate workers to the three rickettsiae. (+info)Azithromycin activities against Orientia tsutsugamushi strains isolated in cases of scrub typhus in Northern Thailand. (4/261)
Azithromycin was given to mice and humans infected with strains of Orientia tsutsugamushi from northern Thailand, where drug-resistant scrub typhus occurs. Azithromycin and doxycycline yielded comparable mouse survival rates (73 and 79%, respectively; P > 0.5). Symptoms, signs, and fever in two pregnant women abated rapidly with azithromycin. Prospective human trials are needed. (+info)Sensitive microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against the scrub typhus rickettsia, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi. (5/261)
A microtiter enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the titration of antibodies against scrub typhus in human and animal sera. Scrub typhus rickettsiae were grown in monolayers of irradiated mouse LM3 cells and separated from host cell materials by differential centrifugation, filtration through a glass filter (AP-20, Millipore Corp.), and isopycnic banding in Renografin density gradients. The scrub typhus ELISA antigens were obtained from the purified viable rickettsiae by French pressure cell disruption and addition of 0.2% Formalin to the soluble extract. Antisera prepared in rabbits against the prototype Karp, the Kato, and the Gilliam strains of scrub typhus were used to standardize the ELISA and to compare its sensitivity and specificity to that of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFA). ELISA titers were measured as the greatest serum dilution showing an optical density 0.25 above controls or by the optical density achieved at a fixed serum dilution. The IFA and ELISA end point titers were quite similar, and all three measures of titer had comparable specificity for the strains of scrub typhus. No cross-reactions between the typhus and scrub typhus wera were observed by ELISA. Both the immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibody titers of 12 sequential sera from four patients with scrub typhus were obtained by IFA and ELISA. The IFA and ELISA end point titers for IgM and IgG had correlation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.97, respectively, whereas the ELISA optical density values at a serum dilution of 1:100 had slightly lower correlations with IFA titers (0.80 and 0.94). Early rising IgM titers followed by rising IgG titers were demonstrated by ELISA in three patients with primary scrub typhus infections, whereas the IgG response predominated in a patient with a reinfection. It is concluded that the ELISA for scrub typhus is a very satisfactory alternative to the IFA test. (+info)Evaluation of a commercially available recombinant-protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies produced in scrub typhus rickettsial infections. (6/261)
The 56-kDa major outer membrane protein antigen of Orientia tsutsugamuchi is the immunodominant antigen in human scrub typhus (ST) infections. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a recombinant 56-kDa protein (r56) to detect specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) produced in ST infections was developed, and its performance was evaluated using sera from patients with active ST (n = 59), spotted fever (SF) (n = 31), and murine typhus (MT) (n = 6) and from those without rickettsial infection (n = 52). The r56 ELISA was compared to an ELISA using native whole cell lysate of O. tsutsugamushi Karp or O. tsutsugamushi Gilliam as antigens. The performance of the assays using r56 was similar to that of those using native antigens. Using indirect immunoperoxidase (IIP) as the reference test, sensitivities were 86, 88, and 88% while specificities were 84, 90, and 87% in the three assays. Furthermore, cross-reactivity in confirmed cases of SF and MT was low (5.4, 2.7, and 2.7% respectively). The additional use of IgG in the r56 ELISA gave improved performance (sensitivity, 80%; specificity, 96%; cross-reactivity in SF and MT, 2.7%). The detection of high levels of IgG in some IgM-negative patients illustrates the importance of including a test for IgG in the detection of secondary or reactivated infections, since many of these patients were from regions in Thailand where these infections are endemic. (+info)Acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with scrub typhus: diffuse alveolar damage without pulmonary vasculitis. (7/261)
Pathologic findings of scrub typhus have been characterized by vasculitis of the microvasculature of the involved organ resulting from a direct invasion by Orientia tsutsugamushi. We experienced a case of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with scrub typhus. The case was proven by eschar and high titer of serum IgM antibody (positive at 1:1280). Open lung biopsy showed diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) in the organizing stage without evidence of vasculitis. Immunofluorescent antibody staining and polymerase chain reaction for O. tsutsugamushi failed to demonstrate the organism in the lung tissue. The patient expired due to progressive respiratory failure despite doxycycline therapy. Immunologic mechanism, without direct invasion of the organism, may participate in the pathogenesis of ARDS associated with scrub typhus. (+info)Multiple organ failure complicating probable scrub typhus. (8/261)
This report describes a case of life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome with multiple organ failure complicating probable scrub typhus. Favorable outcome was associated with fluoroquinolone therapy. Scrub typhus should be suspected in travelers returning from Southeast Asia presenting with unexplained respiratory manifestations. (+info)Scrub Typhus is a vector-borne infectious disease caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected chigger mites (larval stage of trombiculid mites). The disease is characterized by fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash, and if left untreated, can lead to severe complications such as pneumonia, meningitis, and heart inflammation. Scrub typhus is prevalent in rural areas of Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, China, Japan, and the Pacific Islands. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are crucial for a successful recovery from this disease.
Orienta tsutsugamushi is a bacterial species that causes scrub typhus, a type of potentially severe infectious disease transmitted to humans through the bite of infected chigger mites. The bacteria are gram-negative, obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in the cytoplasm of host cells, primarily endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages.
The genus Orientia is part of the family Rickettsiaceae, which also includes the genera Rickettsia and Coxiella. Scrub typhus is prevalent in certain regions of Asia, the Pacific, and northern Australia, with an estimated one billion people at risk of infection. Symptoms of scrub typhus include fever, headache, muscle pain, and a characteristic eschar (a black scab) at the site of the mite bite. Untreated cases can lead to severe complications, including interstitial pneumonitis, meningoencephalitis, and multi-organ failure. Early diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment are crucial for managing scrub typhus and preventing potential long-term health consequences.
Endemic flea-borne typhus, also known as murine typhus, is a vector-borne disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia typhi or Rickettsia felis. It is transmitted to humans through the infected feces of fleas, usually the rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) or the cat flea (Ctenocephalides felis). The bacteria enter the body through skin abrasions or mucous membranes, such as the eyes or mouth, and cause symptoms that may include fever, headache, muscle aches, rash, and nausea. Endemic flea-borne typhus is typically found in areas with high populations of rodents and their associated fleas, and it can be treated with antibiotics. It is not as severe as epidemic typhus, which is caused by a different type of Rickettsia bacterium and is transmitted through the body lice.
Epidemic Typhus, also known as Louse-Born Typhus, is a severe, infectious disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia prowazekii. The disease is primarily transmitted to humans through the infected body lice (Pediculus humanus corporis) or their feces.
The typical symptoms of Epidemic Typhus include sudden onset of fever, severe headache, muscle pain, and a rash that usually appears around day 5 of illness. The rash starts on the trunk and then spreads to the arms and legs, but it does not typically affect the face, palms, or soles. Other possible symptoms are cough, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Complications can be severe and include delirium, seizures, pneumonia, and inflammation of the heart, lungs, or brain.
Epidemic Typhus is a serious disease that requires prompt medical attention and treatment with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or tetracycline. If left untreated, Epidemic Typhus can be fatal in up to 30% of cases. It is more common in areas of poor hygiene, overcrowding, and where there is a lack of access to medical care. Outbreaks of Epidemic Typhus have occurred during wars, natural disasters, and other situations that lead to large-scale population displacement.
'Rickettsia typhi' is a species of intracellular bacterium that causes typhus fever, also known as endemic typhus. This disease is typically transmitted to humans through the feces of infected lice or fleas. The bacteria enter the host's cells, including endothelial cells, and multiply within them, causing a spectrum of symptoms such as high fever, headache, muscle pain, rash, and sometimes pneumonia or meningoencephalitis. Early diagnosis and treatment with appropriate antibiotics are crucial to prevent severe complications and death.
Trombiculidae is a family of mites, also known as chiggers. These tiny parasitic creatures are found in various parts of the world and are particularly prevalent in warm, humid environments. Chigger larvae feed on the skin cells of their hosts, which often results in an intensely itchy rash. The medical significance of Trombiculidae lies in the potential for their bites to cause dermatological reactions and secondary bacterial infections due to excessive scratching. It is essential to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen, as some individuals may develop more severe reactions. Proper identification and prevention measures can help reduce the risk of Trombiculidae-related health issues.
"Rickettsia prowazekii" is a type of bacteria that causes typhus fever in humans. It's a gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacterium that is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected lice or through contact with their feces. The bacteria infect endothelial cells and cause systemic illness characterized by high fever, headache, muscle pain, and rash.
Typhus fever is a severe and potentially life-threatening disease, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are essential to prevent complications and reduce the risk of death.
"Rickettsia prowazekii" is named after Henry Ricketts and Stanislaus von Prowazek, two early researchers who studied typhus fever and made significant contributions to our understanding of the disease.
Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. It belongs to the tetracycline class of antibiotics. Doxycycline works by inhibiting the production of proteins that bacteria need to survive and multiply.
Doxycycline is used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections, including respiratory infections, skin infections, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, and severe acne. It is also used to prevent malaria in travelers who are visiting areas where malaria is common.
Like all antibiotics, doxycycline should be taken exactly as directed by a healthcare professional. Misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria, which can make infections harder to treat in the future.
It's important to note that doxycycline can cause photosensitivity, so it is recommended to avoid prolonged sun exposure and use sun protection while taking this medication. Additionally, doxycycline should not be taken during pregnancy or by children under the age of 8 due to potential dental and bone development issues.
Rickettsia infections are a group of diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Rickettsia. These bacteria are obligate intracellular pathogens, meaning they can only survive and reproduce inside host cells. They are primarily transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods such as ticks, fleas, and lice.
The different types of Rickettsia infections include:
1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF): This is the most severe and common rickettsial infection in the United States. It is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted through the bite of an infected tick.
2. Mediterranean Spotted Fever (MSF): Also known as boutonneuse fever, this infection is prevalent in Mediterranean countries and is caused by Rickettsia conorii. It is transmitted through the bite of an infected dog tick or a brown dog tick.
3. Typhus Group: This group includes epidemic typhus, caused by Rickettsia prowazekii, and murine typhus, caused by Rickettsia typhi. Both are transmitted to humans through the feces of infected lice or fleas.
4. Scrub Typhus: Caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, this infection is prevalent in Southeast Asia and is transmitted through the bite of an infected mite (chigger).
5. Rickettsialpox: This is a mild rickettsial infection caused by Rickettsia akari and is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mites.
Symptoms of Rickettsia infections may include fever, headache, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting, and a rash. If left untreated, these infections can lead to severe complications such as damage to blood vessels, inflammation of the brain (encephalitis), or even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics such as doxycycline or chloramphenicol. Preventive measures include using insect repellent, wearing protective clothing, and promptly removing ticks after being outdoors.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sikkim" is not a medical term. It is actually the name of a state in India, located in the northeastern part of the country. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to try and help answer those for you!
An earache is defined as a pain or discomfort in the ear. It can occur in either the outer, middle, or inner ear. The pain may be sharp, dull, constant, or intermittent and can vary in intensity from mild to severe. Earaches are often accompanied by other symptoms such as hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and feelings of pressure or fullness in the ear. In some cases, an earache may be a symptom of an underlying medical condition, such as an ear infection, swimmer's ear, or a ruptured eardrum. If you are experiencing an earache that is severe or persistent, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional.
Rickettsia is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. They are the etiologic agents of several important human diseases, including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever, and scrub typhus. Rickettsia are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods, such as ticks, fleas, and lice. Once inside a host cell, Rickettsia manipulate the host cell's cytoskeleton and membrane-trafficking machinery to gain entry and replicate within the host cell's cytoplasm. They can cause significant damage to the endothelial cells that line blood vessels, leading to vasculitis, tissue necrosis, and potentially fatal outcomes if not promptly diagnosed and treated with appropriate antibiotics.
Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Palau" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country in the Western Pacific Ocean, consisting of around 340 islands. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please let me know and I would be happy to help.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Laos" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country, the Lao People's Democratic Republic, located in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or health-related topics, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!
Mites are tiny arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida, which also includes spiders and ticks. They are characterized by their small size, usually measuring less than 1 mm in length, and their lack of obvious segmentation on their bodies. Many mites are parasitic, feeding on the skin cells, blood, or fluids of plants and animals, including humans. Some common mite infestations in humans include scabies, caused by the itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei), and dust mites (e.g., Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae), which are commonly found in household dust and can cause allergic reactions in some people. It's worth noting that the majority of mites are not harmful to humans and play important roles in ecosystems as decomposers and predators.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Thailand" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Southeast Asia. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those for you!
Immunochromatography is a rapid and qualitative diagnostic assay that involves the use of immunological reagents, such as antibodies or antigens, to detect the presence or absence of a specific analyte in a sample. It is a type of chromatographic technique that utilizes the properties of antigen-antibody interactions for the detection and quantification of various analytes, including proteins, hormones, drugs, and infectious agents.
The assay typically involves the application of a sample to a porous membrane strip that contains immobilized antibodies or antigens at specific locations. As the sample migrates along the membrane by capillary action, it interacts with these reagents, leading to the formation of visible bands or lines that indicate the presence or absence of the target analyte.
One common type of immunochromatography is lateral flow assay (LFA), which is widely used in point-of-care testing for various applications, such as pregnancy tests, drug screening, and infectious disease diagnosis. LFAs are simple to use, do not require specialized equipment or technical expertise, and provide rapid results within a few minutes.
Overall, immunochromatography is a valuable tool in clinical diagnostics, providing a fast and reliable method for the detection of various analytes in a wide range of samples.
Rickettsial vaccines are vaccines that are designed to protect against rickettsial infections, which are diseases caused by bacteria of the genus Rickettsia. These bacteria are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods such as ticks, fleas, and lice.
Rickettsial vaccines typically contain whole-cell or subunit antigens of the rickettsial bacteria, which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies and activate T cells that can recognize and eliminate the pathogen if it infects the body in the future.
Examples of rickettsial vaccines include those for typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and scrub typhus. These vaccines have been shown to be effective in preventing or reducing the severity of these diseases, but they are not widely available or used due to various factors such as limited demand, production challenges, and safety concerns.
It's important to note that rickettsial vaccines may carry some risks and side effects, including allergic reactions, local reactions at the injection site, and in rare cases, systemic reactions. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before receiving any vaccine, including rickettsial vaccines.
"Rodentia" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in biology. It refers to the largest order of mammals, comprising over 40% of all mammal species. Commonly known as rodents, this group includes mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, guinea pigs, squirrels, prairie dogs, capybaras, beavers, and many others.
While "Rodentia" itself is not a medical term, certain conditions or issues related to rodents can have medical implications. For instance, rodents are known to carry and transmit various diseases that can affect humans, such as hantavirus, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, and lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV). Therefore, understanding the biology and behavior of rodents is important in the context of public health and preventive medicine.
Rickettsiae is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. They are the causative agents of several important human diseases, including typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and scrub typhus. Rickettsiae are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected arthropods, such as ticks, fleas, and lice. The bacteria infect endothelial cells in the host's body, causing vasculitis, which can lead to serious complications such as damage to internal organs, neurological symptoms, and even death if left untreated. Rickettsiae are sensitive to a variety of antibiotics, including tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones, and early treatment is essential for a favorable outcome.
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid. It is the first antibody to be produced in response to an initial exposure to an antigen, making it an important part of the body's primary immune response. IgM antibodies are large molecules that are composed of five basic units, giving them a pentameric structure. They are primarily found on the surface of B cells as membrane-bound immunoglobulins (mlgM), where they function as receptors for antigens. Once an mlgM receptor binds to an antigen, it triggers the activation and differentiation of the B cell into a plasma cell that produces and secretes large amounts of soluble IgM antibodies.
IgM antibodies are particularly effective at agglutination (clumping) and complement activation, which makes them important in the early stages of an immune response to help clear pathogens from the bloodstream. However, they are not as stable or long-lived as other types of antibodies, such as IgG, and their levels tend to decline after the initial immune response has occurred.
In summary, Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a type of antibody that plays a crucial role in the primary immune response to antigens by agglutination and complement activation. It is primarily found in the blood and lymph fluid, and it is produced by B cells after they are activated by an antigen.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Taiwan" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of an island nation located in East Asia. The official name of the country is the Republic of China (ROC). If you have any medical questions or inquiries, I would be happy to help answer those for you!
The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT), Indirect is a type of immunofluorescence assay used to detect the presence of specific antigens in a sample. In this method, the sample is first incubated with a primary antibody that binds to the target antigen. After washing to remove unbound primary antibodies, a secondary fluorescently labeled antibody is added, which recognizes and binds to the primary antibody. This indirect labeling approach allows for amplification of the signal, making it more sensitive than direct methods. The sample is then examined under a fluorescence microscope to visualize the location and amount of antigen based on the emitted light from the fluorescent secondary antibody. It's commonly used in diagnostic laboratories for detection of various bacteria, viruses, and other antigens in clinical specimens.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Military Facilities" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Military facilities generally refer to buildings, land, and infrastructure used by military forces for various purposes, such as training, housing troops, manufacturing weapons, or storing military equipment. It does not fall under the purview of medical definitions. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I would be happy to help!
A disease vector is a living organism that transmits infectious pathogens from one host to another. These vectors can include mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other arthropods that carry viruses, bacteria, parasites, or other disease-causing agents. The vector becomes infected with the pathogen after biting an infected host, and then transmits the infection to another host through its saliva or feces during a subsequent blood meal.
Disease vectors are of particular concern in public health because they can spread diseases rapidly and efficiently, often over large geographic areas. Controlling vector-borne diseases requires a multifaceted approach that includes reducing vector populations, preventing bites, and developing vaccines or treatments for the associated diseases.
Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.
When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.
Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.
The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.
Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.
Scrub typhus
Typhus
Typhus vaccine
Leptotrombidium
The Road to Kokoda
Susanna Dunachie
Orientia
Leptospirosis
Pathogen reduction using riboflavin and UV light
Allied logistics in the Kokoda Track campaign
Orientia tsutsugamushi
Battle of Biak
Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira
Macfarlane Burnet
Eric Feldt
Baba Raghav Das Medical College
Cairns-to-Kuranda railway line
Merrill's Marauders
Charles Moses
Neotrombicula fujigmo
Rickettsiosis
Battle of Dumpu
Maldivian diaspora
Aldrin
1st Close Health Battalion (Australia)
Springtail
Dora Lush
Civil Affairs Staging Area
Mites of livestock
Weil-Felix test
Trombiculidae
Leptotrombidium deliense
African tick bite fever
Lim Boo Liat
Scrub typhus - Wikipedia
Scrub Typhus | Typhus Fevers | CDC
Scrub Typhus: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Australian native animals spreading scrub typhus mite prompt warning - ABC News
Deadly scrub typhus bacteria confirmed in South America | University of Oxford
A Multiplex PCR assay for a differential diagnostic of rickettsiosis, Lyme disease and scrub typhus
Case Report: Scrub Typhus and Q Fever Coinfection in: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Volume 100 Issue 5 ...
Subjects: Scrub Typhus - Digital Collections - National Library of Medicine Search Results
Risk factors for acquisition of scrub typhus in children admitted to a tertiary centre and its surrounding districts in South...
Differential expression of interferon-γ and interferon-γ-inducing cytokines in Thai patients with scrub typhus or leptospirosis...
Scrub Typhus cases
Scrub typhus | Himachal Watcher
lab-diagnosis-scrub-typhus
Scrub Typhus - Infections - MSD Manual Consumer Version
Scrub Typhus - Infections - MSD Manual Consumer Version
Epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features of scrub typhus in thirty Thai children. | Read by QxMD
Scrub Typhus Profile Test Price in chittorgarh
Kerala issued an alert against scrub typhus
Scrub typhus confirmed at Karassery - hotindionline.com
Scrub Typhus: Unveiling the Silent Killer - Pune Post
16 contract scrub typhus - Sagarmatha Online News Portal
Historical Review: Rickettsial Diseases and Their Impact on U.S. Military Forces | Health.mil
Historical Review: Rickettsial Diseases and Their Impact on U.S. Military Forces | Health.mil
Scrub Typhus and Leptospirosis: The fallacy of Diagnosing wi | 13972
ചെള്ള് പനി ബാധിച്ച് വീട്ടമ്മ മരിച്ചു | scrub typhus death at thrissur
Khabar Odisha: 11 more scrub typhus positives detected in Sundargarh
Typhus - Wikipedia
Scrub typhus claims 1 live in northern Vietnam - English Work VietNam
Optimal Cutoff and Accuracy of an IgM Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Acute Scrub Typhus in Northern...
Orientia17
- Scrub typhus or bush typhus is a form of typhus caused by the intracellular parasite Orientia tsutsugamushi, a Gram-negative α-proteobacterium of family Rickettsiaceae first isolated and identified in 1930 in Japan. (wikipedia.org)
- Although the disease is similar in presentation to other forms of typhus, its pathogen is no longer included in genus Rickettsia with the typhus bacteria proper, but in Orientia. (wikipedia.org)
- Scrub typhus, also known as bush typhus, is a disease caused by a bacteria called Orientia tsutsugamushi . (cdc.gov)
- Scrub typhus is an acute, febrile, infectious illness that is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi . (medscape.com)
- Scrub typhus, caused by the bacteria, Orientia tsutsugamushi , is transmitted through the bite of an infective mite, and spreads through the lymphatic fluid and blood, causing fever, rash, and laboratory abnormalities such as elevated levels of C-reactive protein and liver enzymes. (ox.ac.uk)
- The hospital was taking part in a study of infections by rickettsia bacteria, similar to the scrub typhus-causing Orientia . (ox.ac.uk)
- 5 days were tested for indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) against Orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative organism of scrub typhus. (qxmd.com)
- Scrub typhus is a zoonotic infection caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. (blallab.com)
- Staff of the Health Department distributed preventive medicines among residents of a tribal colony at Karassery grama panchayat in Kozhikode district on Wednesday after lab results confirmed that the death of one of the residents there was due to scrub typhus, a disease caused by the bacteria Orientia tsutsugamushi. (hotindionline.com)
- Scrub Typhus, also known as "Bush Typhus" or "Rickettsia Orientia Infection," is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. (punepost.in)
- Scrub Typhus is caused by the Orientia tsutsugamushi bacterium, which is harbored by chiggers in rural and forested areas. (punepost.in)
- 1,2 Scrub typhus is caused by 2 known Orientia species Orientia tsutsugamushi (formerly R. tsutsugamushi ) and the relatively newly discovered O. chuto (Table). (health.mil)
- [1] Epidemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii spread by body lice , scrub typhus is caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi spread by chiggers , and murine typhus is caused by Rickettsia typhi spread by fleas . (wikipedia.org)
- Scrub typhus, also known as bush typhus, is a disease caused by a bacteria called Orientia tsutsugamushi and is spread to people through bites of infected chiggers, which are larval mites. (englishworkvietnam.com)
- 1 Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi , is spread by larval (chigger) trombiculid mites from a limited range of species. (who.int)
- Scrub typhus is an emerging vector-borne zoonosis, caused by Orientia spp. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The aim of the present work was to detect and determine the prevalence of chiggers on different rodent species captured in probable sites for the transmission of orientiae responsible for scrub typhus on Chiloé Island in southern Chile and to molecularly examine collected chiggers for the presence of Orientia DNA. (unboundmedicine.com)
Endemic10
- Scrub typhus is endemic to a part of the world known as the tsutsugamushi triangle (after O. tsutsugamushi). (wikipedia.org)
- Usually, scrub typhus is often labelled as PUO in remote endemic areas, since blood culture is often negative, yet it can be treated effectively with chloramphenicol. (wikipedia.org)
- The best test is indirect immunofluorescence, but the main limitation of this method is the availability of fluorescent microscopes, which are not often available in resource-poor settings where scrub typhus is endemic. (wikipedia.org)
- Although many other conditions can present with a high fever, the presentation of the rash, a history of exposure to endemic areas, and the presentation of the sore caused by the bite can be diagnostic of scrub fever. (medscape.com)
- Scrub typhus, a disease transmitted through 'chiggers' that kills at least 140,000 people a year in the Asia-Pacific region, may now be endemic in a part of South America, according to a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine . (ox.ac.uk)
- Part of Oxford's Tropical Medicine group, MORU and LOMWRU are in countries where scrub typhus is endemic and leaders in scrub typhus research in South-East Asia. (ox.ac.uk)
- Ther paper, Endemic Scrub Typhus in South America , is published in the New England Journal of Medicine (doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1603657) . (ox.ac.uk)
- Scrub typhus is endemic in the Asia-Pacific region , where it affects millions of people every year, especially in rural and agricultural areas. (iasgyan.in)
- Once considered endemic only to central, eastern, and Southeast Asia as well as northern Australia and islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans (i.e., the tsutsugamushi triangle), case reports of scrub typhus from South America, 11,12 Africa, the Middle East, and Europe 8 have provided substantial evidence that the geographic range of scrub typhus is more extensive than previously thought. (health.mil)
- in a region endemic for scrub typhus in southern Chile. (unboundmedicine.com)
Murine typhus3
- The typhus group includes the pathogens that cause epidemic and murine typhus, while the transitional group includes agents that cause rickettsialpox and Queensland tick typhus. (health.mil)
- Typhus , also known as typhus fever , is a group of infectious diseases that include epidemic typhus , scrub typhus , and murine typhus . (wikipedia.org)
- [4] Murine typhus occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. (wikipedia.org)
Rickettsia3
- Four controls had low levels of antibodies against spotted fever group rickettsia, and only one had a low-level response to typhus group rickettsia. (who.int)
- Formerly known as Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, O. tsutsugamushi is the pathogen responsible for causing the febrile disease known as scrub typhus. (health.mil)
- Rickettsia prowazekii (epidemic typhus) is spread by human body lice and can result in outbreaks of disease, but is only seen in conflict settings and refugee camps and is not naturally occurring in Australia. (sa.gov.au)
Bush typhus1
- It is also known as tsutsugamushi disease or bush typhus. (iasgyan.in)
Fever13
- In rural Thailand and Laos, murine and scrub typhus account for around a quarter of all adults presenting to hospital with fever and negative blood cultures. (wikipedia.org)
- The most common symptoms of scrub typhus include fever, headache, body aches, and sometimes rash. (cdc.gov)
- People with scrub typhus have a fever, chills, and a headache, followed by a rash several days later. (msdmanuals.com)
- Treatment of scrub typhus usually consists of the antibiotic doxycycline , taken by mouth, People take this antibiotic until they improve and have had no fever for 48 hours, but they must take it for at least 7 days. (msdmanuals.com)
- Persistent high fever and Severe headaches are commonly experienced by individuals with scrub typhus. (iasgyan.in)
- One of the first signs of Scrub Typhus is a high fever, often accompanied by chills. (punepost.in)
- [7] While "typhoid" means "typhus-like", typhus and typhoid fever are distinct diseases caused by different types of bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
- Includes Boutonneuse fever , Rocky Mountain spotted fever , Queensland tick typhus and other variants. (wikipedia.org)
- The most common symptoms of scrub typhus include fever, headache, body aches, enlarged lymph nodes, and eschars at the site of the chigger bite. (englishworkvietnam.com)
- During this COCA Call, subject matter experts will discuss the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of three of the most common travel-associated rickettsial diseases-African tick bite fever, Mediterranean spotted fever, and scrub typhus. (cdc.gov)
- Identify clinical characteristics associated with African tick bite fever, Mediterranean spotted fever, and scrub typhus. (cdc.gov)
- Describe the available diagnostic tests for African tick bite fever, Mediterranean spotted fever, and scrub typhus. (cdc.gov)
- Discuss African tick bite fever, Mediterranean spotted fever, and scrub typhus in the context of travel medicine. (cdc.gov)
Treatment for scrub typhus1
- Current treatment for scrub typhus is based on antibiotic therapy. (medscape.com)
Awareness about scrub typhus3
- Misunderstanding and lack of awareness about scrub typhus may lead to stigma for affected individuals and their families. (iasgyan.in)
- Raising awareness about scrub typhus and its transmission, along with implementing effective preventive strategies and timely treatment, can help reduce the burden of this potentially deadly disease in affected regions. (iasgyan.in)
- Awareness about Scrub Typhus is critical, especially in regions prone to outbreaks. (punepost.in)
Diagnosis5
- The diagnosis of scrub typhus is suggested by symptoms in people who have recently been to an area where scrub typhus is common (such as Central Asia, southeast Asia, South Asia, and northern Australia) and have participated in outdoor activities, such as camping or visiting farms, which could expose them to chigger bites. (msdmanuals.com)
- Prompt diagnosis and early initiation of treatment are crucial to improving outcomes for patients with scrub typhus. (iasgyan.in)
- Early diagnosis is pivotal in managing scrub typhus effectively. (punepost.in)
- Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential for Scrub Typhus. (punepost.in)
- We suggest that the IgM ELISA may be used as an alternative reference test to the IgM IFA for the serological diagnosis of scrub typhus. (ox.ac.uk)
Prevent scrub typhus1
- No vaccine is available to prevent scrub typhus. (cdc.gov)
Childhood scrub typhus2
- Although serologic surveys suggested that as many as one-fourth of cases of scrub typhus might be in children, very few reports of childhood scrub typhus are available in the medical literature. (qxmd.com)
- Background: To study the clinical profile and complications of childhood scrub typhus. (ijsr.net)
Bacteria5
- Scrub typhus has been known for years and the bacteria that causes it was first identified in Japan in 1930. (ox.ac.uk)
- Scrub typhus bacteria live in mites (the host). (msdmanuals.com)
- Symptoms of scrub typhus begin suddenly, about 6 to 21 days after the bacteria enter the body. (msdmanuals.com)
- If left untreated or not diagnosed early, scrub typhus can be fatal, with the mortality rate ranging from 1% to 30% , depending on factors like the strain of the bacteria and the availability of effective treatment. (iasgyan.in)
- Scrub typhus is a potentially fatal acute febrile disease transmitted by larval mites (i.e., "chiggers"), primarily of species of the genus Leptotrombidium that are infected by the obligate intracellular bacteria O. tsutsugamushi . (health.mil)
Infection7
- Scrub typhus is a bacterial infection transmitted by mites that normally live on native animals. (abc.net.au)
- Scrub typhus, a potentially fatal rickettsial infection, is common in Asia. (qxmd.com)
- Worth mentioning, Scrub Typhus infection spreads through bites of infected chiggers (larval mites). (odishatv.in)
- Aim: To assess if scrub typhus infection is associated with high procalcitonin levels and whether high levels portend a poorer prognosis. (edu.au)
- Setting and Design: Retrospective study of patients with severe scrub typhus infection, admitted to the medical intensive care unit of a tertiary care university affiliated teaching hospital. (edu.au)
- Materials and Methods: Eighty-four patients with severe scrub typhus infection that also had procalcitonin levels were assessed. (edu.au)
- Conclusions: Procalcitonin is elevated in severe scrub typhus infection and may be associated with higher mortality. (edu.au)
Epidemic2
- [2] Epidemic typhus generally occurs in outbreaks when poor sanitary conditions and crowding are present. (wikipedia.org)
- These signs and symptoms refer to epidemic typhus, as it is the most important of the typhus group of diseases. (wikipedia.org)
Leptospirosis4
- Leptospirosis and scrub typhus are important causes of acute febrile illness in India. (walshmedicalmedia.com)
- All the samples were subjected to IgM ELISA for scrub typhus and leptospirosis. (walshmedicalmedia.com)
- The samples that were positive for both scrub typhus and leptospirosis were subjected to serological tests for other infections. (walshmedicalmedia.com)
- A total of twenty serum samples were positive by IgM ELISA for leptospirosis while thirty five serum samples were positive by IgM ELISA for scrub typhus. (walshmedicalmedia.com)
Chigger2
- Scrub typhus can lead to outbreaks in certain regions, especially during the post-monsoon season when chigger populations are higher. (iasgyan.in)
- Preventing scrub typhus involves taking precautions to avoid chigger bites. (punepost.in)
Outbreak2
- This outbreak represents the first laboratory-confirmed outbreak of scrub typhus in the Western Province of Solomon Islands. (who.int)
- Scrub Typhus Outbreak -- Los Lagos Region, Chile This outbreak of scrub typhus in southern Chile, transmitted through chiggers, highlights the importance of raising awareness among physicians who see ill travelers returning from the region. (medscape.com)
Mite1
- If the eschar can be identified, it is quite diagnostic of scrub typhus, but this can be unreliable on dark skin, and moreover, the site of eschar which is usually where the mite bites is often located in covered areas. (wikipedia.org)
Eschar1
- The image below depicts a typical eschar seen in scrub typhus. (medscape.com)
Encephalitis1
- Hemorrhagic Transformation of Scrub Typhus Encephalitis: A Rare Entity. (ijmedicine.com)
Symptoms9
- Symptoms of scrub typhus usually begin within 10 days of being bitten. (cdc.gov)
- The symptoms of scrub typhus are similar to symptoms of many other diseases. (cdc.gov)
- See your healthcare provider if you develop the symptoms listed above after spending time in areas where scrub typhus is found. (cdc.gov)
- In severe cases, scrub typhus can affect the central nervous system , leading to symptoms such as confusion, altered mental state, or even coma. (iasgyan.in)
- Some individuals may experience lingering symptoms or complications even after recovering from acute scrub typhus, affecting their long-term health and quality of life. (iasgyan.in)
- In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of Scrub Typhus, shedding light on what it is, its symptoms, causes, and most importantly, how to protect yourself from this silent killer. (punepost.in)
- The symptoms: Recognizing Scrub Typhus. (punepost.in)
- Therefore, prompt medical attention is crucial when symptoms align with scrub typhus, especially in regions where the disease is prevalent. (punepost.in)
- Signs and symptoms of scrub typhus usually start within 1 to 2 weeks after being bitten. (wikipedia.org)
Sundargarh2
- At least three more people have tested positive for Scrub Typhus in Odisha's Sundargarh district, informed Chief District Medical Officer (CDMO) Kanhucharan Nayak on Monday. (odishatv.in)
- Currently, Scrub Typhus test facilities have been made available at Rourkela Government Hospital (RGH) and Sundargarh District Headquarters Hospital (DHH). (odishatv.in)
Queensland1
- Litchfield National Park was only opened to the public as a park in 1986, and the first scrub typhus case was detected in 1990, even though it is well-known to be established in far-north Queensland, as well as being prevalent across the Asia-Pacific region. (abc.net.au)
Laboratory6
- Epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory features of scrub typhus in thirty Thai children. (qxmd.com)
- To document the clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic characteristics of pediatric patients with scrub typhus. (qxmd.com)
- Scrub typhus can result in substantial healthcare costs, including hospitalization, laboratory tests, and medications. (iasgyan.in)
- Enhancing the laboratory capacity and quality assurance for the detection and confirmation of scrub typhus cases. (iasgyan.in)
- District Public Health Office collected the blood samples of 22 suspected patients from various districts at Seti Zonal Hospital, Dhangadi and sent the samples for examination to the central laboratory and detected 16 cases of scrub typhus. (sagarmathaonline.com)
- The main method of diagnosing typhus of all types is laboratory testing. (wikipedia.org)
Diseases6
- Your healthcare provider may order blood tests to look for scrub typhus or other diseases. (cdc.gov)
- Although scrub typhus was originally recognized as one of the tropical rickettsial diseases , O tsutsugamushi differs from the rickettsiae with respect to cell-wall structure and genetic composition. (medscape.com)
- Strengthening the surveillance and reporting system for scrub typhus and other vector-borne diseases. (iasgyan.in)
- Expanding the coverage and quality of surveillance and reporting systems for scrub typhus and other vector-borne diseases. (iasgyan.in)
- 6 Reported incidences of several rickettsial diseases, notably scrub typhus in the Asia/Pacific region and SFG rickettsioses in the U.S., have increased substantially. (health.mil)
- Multiple diseases include the word "typhus" in their descriptions. (wikipedia.org)
Cases8
- The cases of scrub typhus, found off of Chile's mainland, expand our understanding of the epidemiology of scrub typhus and suggest that there may be a much wider global distribution than previously understood,' said study author Dr Tom Weitzel, of the Universidad del Desarrollo in Chile. (ox.ac.uk)
- In 2006, two cases were identified outside the scrub typhus triangle. (ox.ac.uk)
- Half of all scrub typhus cases diagnosed in the NT were contracted in Litchfield National Park. (abc.net.au)
- Health Department sources pointed out that a dozen confirmed cases of scrub typhus and two deaths had been reported in the district so far this month. (hotindionline.com)
- Yen Bai Province, located in northern Vietnam reported 94 scrub typhus cases last month, including one death in its Tram Tau District, said the provincial health authority on Friday. (englishworkvietnam.com)
- Serum samples of all five follow-up cases (100%) had strong-positive IgG responses to scrub typhus. (who.int)
- All study sites were rural areas on Chiloé Island, previously identified as probable localities where human cases acquired the scrub typhus. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Herpetacarus and two other genera of mites were found with high infestation rates of rodents in sites previously identified as probable exposure of scrub typhus cases. (unboundmedicine.com)
Disease2
- Scrub typhus is a common disease but a neglected one. (ox.ac.uk)
- Anyone living in or traveling to areas where scrub typhus is found could get infected and there is no vaccine to prevent this disease. (health.mil)
Chiggers5
- Scrub typhus is transmitted by some species of trombiculid mites ("chiggers", particularly Leptotrombidium deliense), which are found in areas of heavy scrub vegetation. (wikipedia.org)
- Scrub typhus is spread to people through bites of infected chiggers (larval mites). (cdc.gov)
- Reduce your risk of getting scrub typhus by avoiding contact with infected chiggers. (cdc.gov)
- When traveling to areas where scrub typhus is common, avoid areas with lots of vegetation and brush where chiggers may be found. (cdc.gov)
- The incidence of scrub typhus tends to rise during the monsoon season when chiggers are more active. (punepost.in)
Severe1
- Inpatient care may be necessary for patients with severe scrub typhus. (medscape.com)
Acute febrile1
- Scrub typhus is an acute, febrile, infectious illness that was first described in China in 313 AD. (medscape.com)
Doxycycline3
- Scrub typhus should be treated with the antibiotic doxycycline. (cdc.gov)
- Increasing the availability and accessibility of effective antibiotics such as doxycycline and azithromycin for the treatment of scrub typhus. (iasgyan.in)
- Doxycycline antibiotic is usually administered to scrub typhus patients. (hotindionline.com)
Antibodies1
- This tests a sample for the antibodies associated with typhus. (wikipedia.org)
ARDS2
- Twenty nine (69%) had extrapulmonary ARDS: sepsis (n = 16) and scrub typhus (n = 8). (rcpe.ac.uk)
- ARDS due to scrub typhus appeared to be mild with good outcome. (rcpe.ac.uk)
ELISA2
- ABSTRACT The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been proposed as an alternative serologic diagnostic test to the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for scrub typhus. (ox.ac.uk)
- The IgM ELISA for scrub typhus has high diagnostic accuracy and is less subjective than the IgM IFA. (ox.ac.uk)
Meningoencephalitis1
- Meningoencephalitis is classical manifestation of scrub typhus but cerebellitis, cranial nerve palsies, plexopathy, transverse myelitis, neuroleptic malignant syndrome and Guillain-Barre syndrome are other manifestations reported in literature. (ijmedicine.com)
Prevention2
- Providing guidelines and training for the clinical management and prevention of scrub typhus. (iasgyan.in)
- Prevention: Safeguarding against scrub typhus. (punepost.in)
Spreads1
- Understanding how scrub typhus spreads is crucial in preventing its occurrence. (punepost.in)
Patients3
- Clinical and epidemiologic features of 30 pediatric patients with scrub typhus are reported in a prospective study. (qxmd.com)
- Among the patients suffering from the typhus, 10 are from Kailali district while the rest are from Kanchanpur, Doti, Bhajang, Vector Control Supervisor, Hari Prasad Bhatta said. (sagarmathaonline.com)
- Thirty three (79%) died, of the nine survivors scrub typhus was diagnosed in seven patients. (rcpe.ac.uk)
Odisha1
- The words "Scrub Typhus" have sent shockwaves through communities in Odisha and Shimla. (punepost.in)
Antibody1
- It is most commonly done with an indirect immunofluorescence antibody IFA test for all types of typhus. (wikipedia.org)
Illness2
- Scrub typhus causes a generalised illness in affected people up to two weeks after they are bitten, and although easily treated with antibiotics, some people can become seriously ill, or even die, as in the case of one man in the NT in the 1990s. (abc.net.au)
- It is unclear if scrub typhus, a rickettsial illness, is associated with elevated procalcitonin levels. (edu.au)
India1
- Scrub typhus: prevalence and diagnostic issues in rural Southern India. (ijmedicine.com)
Occurs1
- [3] Scrub typhus occurs in Southeast Asia , Japan , and northern Australia . (wikipedia.org)
Antibiotics1
- Evaluating the efficacy and safety of existing and new antibiotics for scrub typhus. (iasgyan.in)
Vector2
- The term scrub typhus derives from the type of vegetation (ie, terrain between woods and clearings) that harbors the vector. (medscape.com)
- However, the reservoir(s) and vector(s) of the scrub typhus outside Asia-Pacific are unknown. (unboundmedicine.com)
Chile1
- Hantavirus and Zoonoses Program, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile. (unboundmedicine.com)
