A bony prominence situated on the upper surface of the body of the sphenoid bone. It houses the PITUITARY GLAND.
A condition when the SELLA TURCICA is not filled with pituitary tissue. The pituitary gland is either compressed, atrophied, or removed. There are two types: (1) primary empty sella is due a defect in the sella diaphragm leading to arachnoid herniation into the sellar space; (2) secondary empty sella is associated with the removal or treatment of PITUITARY NEOPLASMS.
One of the paired air spaces located in the body of the SPHENOID BONE behind the ETHMOID BONE in the middle of the skull. Sphenoid sinus communicates with the posterosuperior part of NASAL CAVITY on the same side.
Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the jaw.
An abnormality in the direction of a TOOTH ERUPTION.
The measurement of the dimensions of the HEAD.
Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.
Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)
An irregular unpaired bone situated at the SKULL BASE and wedged between the frontal, temporal, and occipital bones (FRONTAL BONE; TEMPORAL BONE; OCCIPITAL BONE). Sphenoid bone consists of a median body and three pairs of processes resembling a bat with spread wings. The body is hollowed out in its inferior to form two large cavities (SPHENOID SINUS).
The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.
A benign tumor composed of bone tissue or a hard tumor of bonelike structure developing on a bone (homoplastic osteoma) or on other structures (heteroplastic osteoma). (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Neoplasms of the base of the skull specifically, differentiated from neoplasms of unspecified sites or bones of the skull (SKULL NEOPLASMS).
The third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either jaw, situated between the second INCISOR and the premolar teeth (BICUSPID). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p817)
Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull.
Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)
An irregularly shaped venous space in the dura mater at either side of the sphenoid bone.
One of the eight permanent teeth, two on either side in each jaw, between the canines (CUSPID) and the molars (MOLAR), serving for grinding and crushing food. The upper have two cusps (bicuspid) but the lower have one to three. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p822)
Congenital structural deformities, malformations, or other abnormalities of the cranium and facial bones.
Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.
The anterior glandular lobe of the pituitary gland, also known as the adenohypophysis. It secretes the ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES that regulate vital functions such as GROWTH; METABOLISM; and REPRODUCTION.
Malocclusion in which the mandible is anterior to the maxilla as reflected by the first relationship of the first permanent molar (mesioclusion).
A disorder caused by hemizygous microdeletion of about 28 genes on chromosome 7q11.23, including the ELASTIN gene. Clinical manifestations include SUPRAVALVULAR AORTIC STENOSIS; MENTAL RETARDATION; elfin facies; impaired visuospatial constructive abilities; and transient HYPERCALCEMIA in infancy. The condition affects both sexes, with onset at birth or in early infancy.
Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.
Shiny, flexible bands of fibrous tissue connecting together articular extremities of bones. They are pliant, tough, and inextensile.
A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. It is connected to the HYPOTHALAMUS by a short stalk which is called the INFUNDIBULUM.
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.
A method that is used to detect DNA-protein interactions. Proteins are separated by electrophoresis and blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane similar to Western blotting (BLOTTING, WESTERN) but the proteins are identified when they bind labeled DNA PROBES (as with Southern blotting (BLOTTING, SOUTHERN)) instead of antibodies.
Air-filled spaces located within the bones around the NASAL CAVITY. They are extensions of the nasal cavity and lined by the ciliated NASAL MUCOSA. Each sinus is named for the cranial bone in which it is located, such as the ETHMOID SINUS; the FRONTAL SINUS; the MAXILLARY SINUS; and the SPHENOID SINUS.
Diseases affecting or involving the PARANASAL SINUSES and generally manifesting as inflammation, abscesses, cysts, or tumors.
Tumors or cancer of the PARANASAL SINUSES.
The study of the similarities and differences in the structures of homologous tissues across various species.
The study of the structure of various TISSUES of organisms on a microscopic level.
A branch of biology dealing with the structure of organisms.
The proximal portion of the respiratory passages on either side of the NASAL SEPTUM. Nasal cavities, extending from the nares to the NASOPHARYNX, are lined with ciliated NASAL MUCOSA.
Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.
The branch of surgery concerned with restoration, reconstruction, or improvement of defective, damaged, or missing structures.
Any neoplasms of the male breast. These occur infrequently in males in developed countries, the incidence being about 1% of that in females.
The application of a concept to that which it is not literally the same but which suggests a resemblance and comparison. Medical metaphors were widespread in ancient literature; the description of a sick body was often used by ancient writers to define a critical condition of the State, in which one corrupt part can ruin the entire system. (From Med Secoli Arte Sci, 1990;2(3):abstract 331)
Personal care items for women.
In humans, one of the paired regions in the anterior portion of the THORAX. The breasts consist of the MAMMARY GLANDS, the SKIN, the MUSCLES, the ADIPOSE TISSUE, and the CONNECTIVE TISSUES.
Procedures used to reconstruct, restore, or improve defective, damaged, or missing structures.
A polypeptide that is secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Growth hormone, also known as somatotropin, stimulates mitosis, cell differentiation and cell growth. Species-specific growth hormones have been synthesized.
A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.
Critical and exhaustive investigation or experimentation, having for its aim the discovery of new facts and their correct interpretation, the revision of accepted conclusions, theories, or laws in the light of newly discovered facts, or the practical application of such new or revised conclusions, theories, or laws. (Webster, 3d ed)
Cell surface proteins that bind GROWTH HORMONE with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Activation of growth hormone receptors regulates amino acid transport through cell membranes, RNA translation to protein, DNA transcription, and protein and amino acid catabolism in many cell types. Many of these effects are mediated indirectly through stimulation of the release of somatomedins.
Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.

The empty sella syndrome. (1/254)

The empty sella syndrome (ESS) presents a varied clinical and radiographic picture. It may remain asymptomatic or may stimulate an intrasellar growth thereby causing diagnostic and therapeutic problems. An air encephalogram (AEG) is required for diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to review the clinical and radiological features of the ESS and to discuss the pathogenetic mechanisms involved.  (+info)

Comparison of cephalometric analysis using a non-radiographic sonic digitizer (DigiGraph Workstation) with conventional radiography. (2/254)

Cephalometric analysis conventionally requires radiographic exposure which may not be compatible with the growing concern over radiation hazards. Recently, the Dolphin Workstation Imaging System introduced to the dental profession a non-radiographic system, called the DigiGraph Workstation which may be an alternative to cephalometric radiography. The aims of this study were to compare the validity and reproducibility of cephalometric measurements obtained from the DigiGraph Workstation with conventional cephalometric radiographs. The sample consisted of 30 human dry skulls. Two replicated sets of lateral cephalograms were obtained with steel ball markers placed at the majority of the cephalometric landmarks. Duplicate tracings prepared from each radiograph were digitized to obtain cephalometric measurements using the computer software, Dentofacial Planner. For the DigiGraph Workstation, double sonic digitizations were repeated twice for each skull, on two occasions. Fifteen angular and one linear measurements were obtained from both methods and these findings compared using ANOVA, paired t-tests and F-tests. All, except one, cephalometric measurement showed significant differences between the two methods (P < 0.0001). The DigiGraph Workstation consistently produced higher values in 11 measurements (mean differences +0.5 to +15.7 degrees or mm) and lower values in four measurements (mean differences -0.2 to -3.5 degrees). The standard deviations of the differences between readings of both methods were large (0.4-5.8 degrees or mm). The reproducibility of the DigiGraph Workstation measurements was lower than that of the radiographic measurements. The method error of the DigiGraph Workstation ranged from 7 to 70 per cent, while that of radiographic tracings was less than 2 per cent. It was concluded that measurements obtained with the DigiGraph Workstation should be interpreted with caution.  (+info)

Evaluation of CSF leaks: high-resolution CT compared with contrast-enhanced CT and radionuclide cisternography. (3/254)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Radiologic evaluation of CSF leaks is a diagnostic challenge that often involves multiple imaging studies with the associated expense and patient discomfort. We evaluated the use of screening noncontrast high-resolution CT in identifying the presence and site of CSF rhinorrhea and otorrhea and compared it with contrast-enhanced CT cisternography and radionuclide cisternography. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the imaging studies and medical records of all patients who were evaluated for CSF leak during a 7-year period. Forty-two patients with rhinorrhea and/or otorrhea underwent high-resolution CT of the face or temporal bone and then had CT cisternography and radionuclide cisternography via lumbar puncture. The results of the three studies were compared and correlated with the surgical findings in 21 patients. RESULTS: High-resolution CT showed bone defects in 30 of 42 patients (71%) with CSF leak. High-resolution, radionuclide cisternography and CT cisternography did not show bone defects or CSF leak for 12 patients (29%) who had clinical evidence of CSF leak. Among the 30 patients with bone defects, 20 (66%) had positive results of their radionuclide cisternography and/or CT cisternography. For the 21 patients who underwent surgical exploration and repair, intraoperative findings correlated with the defects revealed by high-resolution CT in all cases. High-resolution CT identified significantly more patients with CSF leak than did radionuclide cisternography and CT cisternography, with a moderate degree of agreement. CONCLUSION: Noncontrast high-resolution CT showed a defect in 70% of the patients with CSF leak. No radionuclide cisternography or CT cisternography study produced positive results without previous visualization of a defect on high-resolution CT. CT cisternography and radionuclide cisternography may be reserved for patients in whom initial high-resolution CT does not identify a bone defect or for patients with multiple fractures or postoperative defects.  (+info)

Primary osteogenic sarcoma involving sella-sphenoid sinus--case report. (4/254)

A 38-year-old male presented with an extremely rare primary osteogenic sarcoma, unassociated with Paget's disease or late effects of radiation, involving the sella and sphenoid sinus region. Complete excision of the tumor was achieved through an extended frontobasal approach. Postoperatively, six cycles of combination chemotherapy (adriamycin, ifosphamide, and cisplatin) followed by a total of 55 Gy local radiotherapy in 33 fractions was given. Primary osteogenic sarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the central skull base tumors. Osteogenic sarcoma, in general, has a bad prognosis, and should be managed aggressively with multimodality treatment including gross total surgical resection, combination chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.  (+info)

MRI detection of suprasellar germinoma causing central diabetes insipidus. (5/254)

This is a case report of an 18-year-old man with central diabetes incipidus (DI). An MRI done three months after the onset of the DI did not disclose a responsible lesion. Four months later, a second MRI showed the location of the tumor origin at the upper pituitary stalk and median eminence. Eight months later, the tumor occupied the hypothalamic area. The tumor became large and contrast-making enough to be visible on MRI between 3 and 4 months after the onst of DI. Besides the suprasellar tumor, another mass was noted in the pineal region. The growth pattern of the latter mass corresponded well to that of the former. Although the MRI is a sensitive diagnostic tool for the detection of intracranial tumors, no adequate rationale has been given as to how the MRI might be repeated for children and adolescents who have been diagnosed as having the central DI, when their initial MRIs may have been normal. In our patient, the superconductive thin slice MRI revealed the suprasellar germinoma 4 months after the onset. The suprasellar and pineal tumors in this report originated and developed simultaneously. This may indicate a multi-center origin of the tumor. Another possibility is a very early dissemination from the onset of the tumor development.  (+info)

Long-term magnetic resonance imaging follow-up of asymptomatic sellar tumors. -- their natural history and surgical indications. (6/254)

Serial magnetic resonance (MR) images and clinical symptoms were analyzed in 23 patients with sellar lesions, who were followed up without initial therapy for mass reduction to evaluate their natural history and surgical indication for these lesions. The patients were aged 17 to 78 years (mean 47.3 years) and the follow-up period was 1.5 to 11.6 years (mean 5.1 years). Lesions were divided into two types based on the MR imaging findings, regardless of their histological types. Type C was cystic with or without enhancement of the smooth and thin wall. Type S had enhanced solid components. Ten patients had Type C tumors. Three patients presented with sudden onset of headache. The tumor size spontaneously decreased with intensity change, indicating pituitary apoplexy as the trigger of the onset and intensity change. Four patients presented with the visual disturbance which improved with the reduction of tumor size, but three patients deteriorated and required surgery. The operation revealed Rathke's cleft cyst. The remaining three patients were found incidentally and have been asymptomatic without MR imaging changes. Thirteen patients had Type S tumors. Six patients of nine with 14 mm or larger tumors developed symptomatic tumor enlargement over the follow-up period of 1.2 to 8.6 years (mean 4.9 years) and required treatment. The remainder showed no change. Type C tumors frequently shrink or even disappear spontaneously. We can justify conservative follow-up of Type C tumors in patients with no or only transient symptoms. Type S tumors, larger than 14 mm in size, need closer observation or treatment because they often enlarge and become symptomatic.  (+info)

Intimal hyperplasia of the infant parasellar carotid artery: a potential developmental factor in atherosclerosis and SIDS. (7/254)

Intimal cushions that project into the lumen of arteries are precursors of atherosclerotic plaque formation. The "carotid siphon, " although frequently affected by atherosclerosis, was never analyzed for the occurrence of neonatal intimal hyperplasia. This study provides a topographic and morphometric analysis of intimal cushions in the parasellar internal carotid artery (pICA) of the human infant. A total of 35 specimens were studied in detail, using both standard histological techniques and a new method of computer-aided 3D reconstruction. Intimal hyperplasia occurred at 3 characteristic locations of the pICA: (1) the convex side of the posterior knee (C5 cushion), (2) the bottom of the horizontal segment (C4 cushion), and (3) the concave side of the anterior knee (C3 cushion). The extension of the cushions and the degrees to which they occluded the vessel lumens were measured. The complex shape of the pICA required 3D computer models for exact topographical descriptions and precise measurements. Our results suggest that the occurrence and degree of intimal hyperplasia are related to shape changes of the pICA during postnatal development. We predict that individuals who retain the relatively straight course of the fetal pICA throughout their lives are less prone to develop atherosclerotic lesions at this portion of the carotid artery. A possible contribution of neonatal intimal cushions to the origin of sudden infant death syndrome is discussed.  (+info)

Lymphocytic hypophysitis and infundibuloneurohypophysitis; clinical and pathological evaluations. (8/254)

This report describes the clinical and pathological characteristics of two patients with lymphocytic hypophysitis (LHy) and two with infundibuloneurohypophysitis (INHy). Two of the patients were women and two were men, and their ages were between 27 and 38 years old. This disease was not associated with either pregnancy or the postpartum period in the female patients. Two of the patients presented with diabetes insipidus, one with panhypopituitarism and right abducens paralysis and one with headache and galactorrhea. At presentation three of the patients had mild to moderate hyperprolactinemia and one had low prolactin levels. All four had abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): focal nodular enlarging of the infundibulum and normal hypophysis in one, expanding sellar masses in two, and diffusely thickened stalk with slightly enlarged pituitary gland in one. Three cases showed no sign of adenohypophysial deficiency with stimulation tests. One patient had associated chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Of the first three patients, one patient underwent transcranial and two underwent transnasal transsphenoidal (TNTS) surgery for mass excisions since they were thought to have pituitary tumors. Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal biopsy was performed in the last one with a suspicion of LHy. The pathological and immunohistochemical examinations revealed lymphocytic infiltration. Hyperprolactinemia resolved with surgery in two patients and one developed diabetes insipidus as a complication. We conclude that LHy and infundibuloneurohypophysitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the mass lesions of the sellar region and also should be kept in the mind for the etiopathogenesis of cases of hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea and diabetes insipidus. In suspected cases endoscopic endonasal biopsy for the histopathological diagnosis can be a safe approach.  (+info)

The Sella Turcica, also known as the Turkish saddle, is a depression or fossa in the sphenoid bone located at the base of the skull. It forms a housing for the pituitary gland, which is a small endocrine gland often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls other glands and makes several essential hormones. The Sella Turcica has a saddle-like shape, with its anterior and posterior clinoids forming the front and back of the saddle, respectively. This region is of significant interest in neuroimaging and clinical settings, as various conditions such as pituitary tumors or other abnormalities may affect the size, shape, and integrity of the Sella Turcica.

Empty Sella Syndrome is a condition characterized by the absence or near-absence of the pituitary gland in the sella turcica, a bony structure at the base of the skull that houses the pituitary gland. This can occur due to the herniation of the arachnoid membrane, which surrounds the brain and spinal cord, into the sella turcica, compressing or replacing the pituitary gland.

In some cases, Empty Sella Syndrome may be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on imaging studies. However, in other cases, it can lead to hormonal imbalances due to the disruption of the pituitary gland's function. Symptoms may include headaches, vision changes, menstrual irregularities, fatigue, and decreased libido. Treatment typically involves addressing any underlying hormonal deficiencies with medication or hormone replacement therapy.

The sphenoid sinuses are air-filled spaces located within the sphenoid bone, which is one of the bones that make up the skull base. These sinuses are located deep inside the skull, behind the eyes and nasal cavity. They are paired and separated by a thin bony septum, and each one opens into the corresponding nasal cavity through a small opening called the sphenoethmoidal recess. The sphenoid sinuses vary greatly in size and shape between individuals. They develop during childhood and continue to grow until early adulthood. The function of the sphenoid sinuses, like other paranasal sinuses, is not entirely clear, but they may contribute to reducing the weight of the skull, resonating voice during speech, and insulating the brain from trauma.

Jaw abnormalities, also known as maxillofacial abnormalities, refer to any structural or functional deviations from the normal anatomy and physiology of the jaw bones (mandible and maxilla) and the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life due to various factors such as trauma, infection, tumors, or degenerative diseases.

Examples of jaw abnormalities include:

1. Micrognathia: a condition where the lower jaw is underdeveloped and appears recessed or small.
2. Prognathism: a condition where the lower jaw protrudes forward beyond the normal position.
3. Maxillary hypoplasia/aplasia: a condition where the upper jaw is underdeveloped or absent.
4. Mandibular hypoplasia/aplasia: a condition where the lower jaw is underdeveloped or absent.
5. Condylar hyperplasia: a condition where one or both of the condyles (the rounded ends of the mandible that articulate with the skull) continue to grow abnormally, leading to an asymmetrical jaw and facial deformity.
6. TMJ disorders: conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint, causing pain, stiffness, and limited movement.
7. Jaw tumors or cysts: abnormal growths that can affect the function and structure of the jaw bones.

Jaw abnormalities can cause various problems, including difficulty with chewing, speaking, breathing, and swallowing, as well as aesthetic concerns. Treatment options may include orthodontic treatment, surgery, or a combination of both, depending on the severity and nature of the abnormality.

Ectopic tooth eruption is a condition where a tooth fails to erupt into its normal position in the dental arch. Instead, it emerupts in an abnormal location, such as in the wrong direction or through another tissue like the gums, palate, or jawbone. This can occur due to various reasons, including genetics, crowding of teeth, or trauma. Ectopic tooth eruption may cause problems with oral function and dental health, and treatment options depend on the severity and location of the ectopic tooth.

Cephalometry is a medical term that refers to the measurement and analysis of the skull, particularly the head face relations. It is commonly used in orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery to assess and plan treatment for abnormalities related to the teeth, jaws, and facial structures. The process typically involves taking X-ray images called cephalograms, which provide a lateral view of the head, and then using various landmarks and reference lines to make measurements and evaluate skeletal and dental relationships. This information can help clinicians diagnose problems, plan treatment, and assess treatment outcomes.

Hypopituitarism is a medical condition characterized by deficient secretion of one or more hormones produced by the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland controls several other endocrine glands in the body, including the thyroid, adrenals, and sex glands (ovaries and testes).

Hypopituitarism can result from damage to the pituitary gland due to various causes such as tumors, surgery, radiation therapy, trauma, or inflammation. In some cases, hypopituitarism may also be caused by a dysfunction of the hypothalamus, a region in the brain that regulates the pituitary gland's function.

The symptoms and signs of hypopituitarism depend on which hormones are deficient and can include fatigue, weakness, decreased appetite, weight loss, low blood pressure, decreased sex drive, infertility, irregular menstrual periods, intolerance to cold, constipation, thinning hair, dry skin, and depression.

Treatment of hypopituitarism typically involves hormone replacement therapy to restore the deficient hormones' normal levels. The type and dosage of hormones used will depend on which hormones are deficient and may require regular monitoring and adjustments over time.

Pituitary neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), with most being benign. They can vary in size and may cause various symptoms depending on their location, size, and hormonal activity.

Pituitary neoplasms can produce and secrete excess hormones, leading to a variety of endocrine disorders such as Cushing's disease (caused by excessive ACTH production), acromegaly (caused by excessive GH production), or prolactinoma (caused by excessive PRL production). They can also cause local compression symptoms due to their size, leading to headaches, vision problems, and cranial nerve palsies.

The exact causes of pituitary neoplasms are not fully understood, but genetic factors, radiation exposure, and certain inherited conditions may increase the risk of developing these tumors. Treatment options for pituitary neoplasms include surgical removal, radiation therapy, and medical management with drugs that can help control hormonal imbalances.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is a condition where the cerebrospinal fluid, which surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord, leaks through the nasal cavity. This occurs due to a defect or opening in the skull base or the thin bone that separates the brain from the nasal cavity, known as the cribriform plate.

CSF rhinorrhea can result from trauma, surgery, or spontaneously due to increased pressure in the brain. It is important to diagnose and treat this condition promptly because it increases the risk of meningitis, an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Treatment options include bed rest, hydration, stool softeners, and sometimes surgical repair of the defect.

The sphenoid bone is a complex, irregularly shaped bone located in the middle cranial fossa and forms part of the base of the skull. It articulates with several other bones, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, ethmoid, palatine, and zygomatic bones. The sphenoid bone has two main parts: the body and the wings.

The body of the sphenoid bone is roughly cuboid in shape and contains several important structures, such as the sella turcica, which houses the pituitary gland, and the sphenoid sinuses, which are air-filled cavities within the bone. The greater wings of the sphenoid bone extend laterally from the body and form part of the skull's lateral walls. They contain the superior orbital fissure, through which important nerves and blood vessels pass between the cranial cavity and the orbit of the eye.

The lesser wings of the sphenoid bone are thin, blade-like structures that extend anteriorly from the body and form part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa. They contain the optic canal, which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery between the brain and the orbit of the eye.

Overall, the sphenoid bone plays a crucial role in protecting several important structures within the skull, including the pituitary gland, optic nerves, and ophthalmic arteries.

The skull base is the lower part of the skull that forms the floor of the cranial cavity and the roof of the facial skeleton. It is a complex anatomical region composed of several bones, including the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, and ethmoid bones. The skull base supports the brain and contains openings for blood vessels and nerves that travel between the brain and the face or neck. The skull base can be divided into three regions: the anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and posterior cranial fossa, which house different parts of the brain.

Osteoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that is made up of mature bone tissue. It usually grows slowly over a period of years and is most commonly found in the skull or jaw, although it can occur in other bones of the body as well. Osteomas are typically small, but they can grow to be several centimeters in size. They may cause symptoms if they press on nearby tissues or structures, such as nerves or blood vessels. In some cases, osteomas may not cause any symptoms and may only be discovered during routine imaging studies. Treatment for osteoma is typically not necessary unless it is causing problems or growing rapidly. If treatment is needed, it may involve surgical removal of the tumor.

Skull base neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors located in the skull base, which is the region where the skull meets the spine and where the brain connects with the blood vessels and nerves that supply the head and neck. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of cells in this area, including bone, nerve, glandular, and vascular tissue.

Skull base neoplasms can cause a range of symptoms depending on their size, location, and growth rate. Some common symptoms include headaches, vision changes, hearing loss, facial numbness or weakness, difficulty swallowing, and balance problems. Treatment options for skull base neoplasms may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches. The specific treatment plan will depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health and medical history.

A cuspid, also known as a canine tooth or cuspid tooth, is a type of tooth in mammals. It is the pointiest tooth in the dental arch and is located between the incisors and bicuspids (or premolars). Cuspids have a single cusp or pointed tip that is used for tearing and grasping food. In humans, there are four cuspids, two on the upper jaw and two on the lower jaw, one on each side of the dental arch.

Skull neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the skull. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They can originate from various types of cells, such as bone cells, nerve cells, or soft tissues. Skull neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their size and location, including headaches, seizures, vision problems, hearing loss, and neurological deficits. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It is important to note that a neoplasm in the skull can also refer to metastatic cancer, which has spread from another part of the body to the skull.

Anodontia is a medical term that refers to the congenital absence or lack of development of all primary (deciduous) and/or permanent teeth. It is a rare dental condition that affects tooth development and can be isolated or associated with various syndromes and genetic disorders.

In anodontia, the dental tissues responsible for forming teeth, including the dental lamina, dental papilla, and dental follicle, fail to develop properly, resulting in missing teeth. The condition can affect all teeth or only some of them, leading to partial anodontia.

Anodontia is different from hypodontia, which refers to the congenital absence of one or more, but not all, teeth. It is also distinct from oligodontia, which is the absence of six or more permanent teeth, excluding third molars (wisdom teeth).

People with anodontia may experience difficulties in chewing, speaking, and maintaining oral hygiene, leading to various dental and social problems. Prosthodontic treatments, such as dentures or implants, are often necessary to restore oral function and aesthetics.

The cavernous sinus is a venous structure located in the middle cranial fossa, which is a depression in the skull that houses several important nerves and blood vessels. The cavernous sinus is situated on either side of the sphenoid bone, near the base of the skull, and it contains several important structures:

* The internal carotid artery, which supplies oxygenated blood to the brain
* The abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI), which controls lateral movement of the eye
* The oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III), which controls most of the muscles that move the eye
* The trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV), which controls one of the muscles that moves the eye
* The ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V), which transmit sensory information from the face and head

The cavernous sinus is an important structure because it serves as a conduit for several critical nerves and blood vessels. However, it is also vulnerable to various pathological conditions such as thrombosis (blood clots), infection, tumors, or aneurysms, which can lead to serious neurological deficits or even death.

A bicuspid valve, also known as a mitral valve in the heart, is a heart valve that has two leaflets or cusps. It lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle and helps to regulate blood flow between these two chambers of the heart. In a healthy heart, the bicuspid valve opens to allow blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle and closes tightly to prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium during contraction of the ventricle.

A congenital heart defect known as a bicuspid aortic valve occurs when the aortic valve, which normally has three leaflets or cusps, only has two. This can lead to narrowing of the valve (aortic stenosis) or leakage of the valve (aortic regurgitation), which can cause symptoms and may require medical treatment.

Craniofacial abnormalities refer to a group of birth defects that affect the development of the skull and face. These abnormalities can range from mild to severe and may involve differences in the shape and structure of the head, face, and jaws, as well as issues with the formation of facial features such as the eyes, nose, and mouth.

Craniofacial abnormalities can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Some common examples of craniofacial abnormalities include cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis (premature fusion of the skull bones), and hemifacial microsomia (underdevelopment of one side of the face).

Treatment for craniofacial abnormalities may involve a team of healthcare professionals, including plastic surgeons, neurosurgeons, orthodontists, speech therapists, and other specialists. Treatment options may include surgery, bracing, therapy, and other interventions to help improve function and appearance.

Pituitary hormones are chemical messengers produced and released by the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls several other endocrine glands and regulates various bodily functions.

There are two main types of pituitary hormones: anterior pituitary hormones and posterior pituitary hormones, which are produced in different parts of the pituitary gland and have distinct functions.

Anterior pituitary hormones include:

1. Growth hormone (GH): regulates growth and metabolism.
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH): regulate reproductive function in both males and females.
5. Prolactin: stimulates milk production in lactating women.
6. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): regulates skin pigmentation and appetite.

Posterior pituitary hormones include:

1. Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during lactation.
2. Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH): regulates water balance in the body by controlling urine production in the kidneys.

Overall, pituitary hormones play crucial roles in regulating growth, development, metabolism, reproductive function, and various other bodily functions. Abnormalities in pituitary hormone levels can lead to a range of medical conditions, such as dwarfism, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, infertility, and diabetes insipidus.

The anterior pituitary, also known as the adenohypophysis, is the front portion of the pituitary gland. It is responsible for producing and secreting several important hormones that regulate various bodily functions. These hormones include:

* Growth hormone (GH), which stimulates growth and cell reproduction in bones and other tissues.
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which regulates the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which regulate reproductive function in both males and females by controlling the development and release of eggs or sperm.
* Prolactin, which stimulates milk production in pregnant and nursing women.
* Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), which regulates skin pigmentation and appetite.

The anterior pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus, a small region of the brain located just above it. The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary. These hormones are released into a network of blood vessels called the portal system, which carries them directly to the anterior pituitary gland.

Damage or disease of the anterior pituitary can lead to hormonal imbalances and various medical conditions, such as growth disorders, thyroid dysfunction, adrenal insufficiency, reproductive problems, and diabetes insipidus.

Malocclusion, Angle Class III is a type of orthodontic problem characterized by a misalignment of the teeth and jaws. This classification was first described by Edward Angle, an American dentist who is considered the father of modern orthodontics. In Class III malocclusion, the lower jaw (mandible) protrudes forward beyond the upper jaw (maxilla), resulting in a misaligned bite.

In this condition, the lower front teeth are positioned in front of the upper front teeth when the jaws are closed. This can lead to various dental and skeletal problems, such as abnormal tooth wear, difficulty in chewing and speaking, and aesthetic concerns. Class III malocclusion can be mild, moderate, or severe and may require orthodontic treatment, including braces, appliances, or even surgery, to correct the problem.

Williams Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder caused by the deletion of a small portion of chromosome 7. This results in various developmental and medical problems, which can include:

1. Distinctive facial features such as a broad forehead, wide-set eyes, short nose, and full lips.
2. Cardiovascular disease, particularly narrowed or missing blood vessels near the heart.
3. Developmental delays and learning disabilities, although most people with Williams Syndrome have an IQ in the mild to moderate range of intellectual disability.
4. A unique pattern of strengths and weaknesses in cognitive skills, such as strong language skills but significant difficulty with visual-spatial tasks.
5. Overly friendly or sociable personality, often displaying a lack of fear or wariness around strangers.
6. Increased risk of anxiety and depression.
7. Sensitive hearing and poor depth perception.
8. Short stature in adulthood.

Williams Syndrome affects about 1 in every 10,000 people worldwide, regardless of race or ethnic background. It is not an inherited disorder, but rather a spontaneous genetic mutation.

Pituitary diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is responsible for producing and secreting several important hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, stress response, and reproduction.

Pituitary diseases can be classified into two main categories:

1. Pituitary tumors: These are abnormal growths in or around the pituitary gland that can affect its function. Pituitary tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can vary in size. Some pituitary tumors produce excess hormones, leading to a variety of symptoms, while others may not produce any hormones but can still cause problems by compressing nearby structures in the brain.
2. Pituitary gland dysfunction: This refers to conditions that affect the normal function of the pituitary gland without the presence of a tumor. Examples include hypopituitarism, which is a condition characterized by decreased production of one or more pituitary hormones, and Sheehan's syndrome, which occurs when the pituitary gland is damaged due to severe blood loss during childbirth.

Symptoms of pituitary diseases can vary widely depending on the specific condition and the hormones that are affected. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.

Ligaments are bands of dense, fibrous connective tissue that surround joints and provide support, stability, and limits the range of motion. They are made up primarily of collagen fibers arranged in a parallel pattern to withstand tension and stress. Ligaments attach bone to bone, and their function is to prevent excessive movement that could cause injury or dislocation.

There are two main types of ligaments: extracapsular and intracapsular. Extracapsular ligaments are located outside the joint capsule and provide stability to the joint by limiting its range of motion. Intracapsular ligaments, on the other hand, are found inside the joint capsule and help maintain the alignment of the joint surfaces.

Examples of common ligaments in the body include the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in the knee, the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) in the elbow, and the coracoacromial ligament in the shoulder.

Injuries to ligaments can occur due to sudden trauma or overuse, leading to sprains, strains, or tears. These injuries can cause pain, swelling, bruising, and limited mobility, and may require medical treatment such as immobilization, physical therapy, or surgery.

The pituitary gland is a small, endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is often called the "master gland" because it controls other glands and makes the hormones that trigger many body functions. The pituitary gland measures about 0.5 cm in height and 1 cm in width, and it weighs approximately 0.5 grams.

The pituitary gland is divided into two main parts: the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis). The anterior lobe is further divided into three zones: the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. Each part of the pituitary gland has distinct functions and produces different hormones.

The anterior pituitary gland produces and releases several important hormones, including:

* Growth hormone (GH), which regulates growth and development in children and helps maintain muscle mass and bone strength in adults.
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which controls the production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.
* Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
* Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which regulate reproductive function in both males and females.
* Prolactin, which stimulates milk production in pregnant and lactating women.

The posterior pituitary gland stores and releases two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus:

* Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps regulate water balance in the body by controlling urine production.
* Oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk release during breastfeeding.

Overall, the pituitary gland plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating various bodily functions, including growth, development, metabolism, and reproductive function.

An adenoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops from glandular epithelial cells. These types of cells are responsible for producing and releasing fluids, such as hormones or digestive enzymes, into the surrounding tissues. Adenomas can occur in various organs and glands throughout the body, including the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and digestive systems.

Depending on their location, adenomas may cause different symptoms or remain asymptomatic. Some common examples of adenomas include:

1. Colorectal adenoma (also known as a polyp): These growths occur in the lining of the colon or rectum and can develop into colorectal cancer if left untreated. Regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, are essential for early detection and removal of these polyps.
2. Thyroid adenoma: This type of adenoma affects the thyroid gland and may result in an overproduction or underproduction of hormones, leading to conditions like hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).
3. Pituitary adenoma: These growths occur in the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain and controls various hormonal functions. Depending on their size and location, pituitary adenomas can cause vision problems, headaches, or hormonal imbalances that affect growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
4. Liver adenoma: These rare benign tumors develop in the liver and may not cause any symptoms unless they become large enough to press on surrounding organs or structures. In some cases, liver adenomas can rupture and cause internal bleeding.
5. Adrenal adenoma: These growths occur in the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys and produce hormones that regulate stress responses, metabolism, and blood pressure. Most adrenal adenomas are nonfunctioning, meaning they do not secrete excess hormones. However, functioning adrenal adenomas can lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome or Conn's syndrome, depending on the type of hormone being overproduced.

It is essential to monitor and manage benign tumors like adenomas to prevent potential complications, such as rupture, bleeding, or hormonal imbalances. Treatment options may include surveillance with imaging studies, medication to manage hormonal issues, or surgical removal of the tumor in certain cases.

Calcinosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal deposit of calcium salts in various tissues of the body, commonly under the skin or in the muscles and tendons. These calcium deposits can form hard lumps or nodules that can cause pain, inflammation, and restricted mobility. Calcinosis can occur as a complication of other medical conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, kidney disease, and hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium in the blood). In some cases, the cause of calcinosis may be unknown. Treatment for calcinosis depends on the underlying cause and may include medications to manage calcium levels, physical therapy, and surgical removal of large deposits.

I'm not aware of a medical term called "blotting, Southwestern." The term "blotting" in the context of laboratory science refers to a technique used to transfer or visualize molecules from one surface to another, typically using a liquid or gel. "Southwestern" is a geographical term that can refer to a region in the southwestern United States. It's possible that you may be referring to a specific medical or scientific technique that combines blotting and Southwestern, but I was unable to find any relevant information on this topic.

If you meant something different or need more information about laboratory techniques for transferring or visualizing molecules, please let me know!

Paranasal sinuses are air-filled cavities in the skull that surround the nasal cavity. There are four pairs of paranasal sinuses, including the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses. These sinuses help to warm, humidify, and filter the air we breathe. They also contribute to our voice resonance and provide a slight cushioning effect for the skull. The openings of the paranasal sinuses lead directly into the nasal cavity, allowing mucus produced in the sinuses to drain into the nose. Infections or inflammation of the paranasal sinuses can result in conditions such as sinusitis.

Paranasal sinus diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the paranasal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located within the skull near the nasal cavity. These sinuses include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses.

Paranasal sinus diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including viral, bacterial, or fungal infections, allergies, structural abnormalities, or autoimmune disorders. Some common paranasal sinus diseases include:

1. Sinusitis: Inflammation or infection of the sinuses, which can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, thick nasal discharge, facial pain or pressure, and reduced sense of smell.
2. Nasal polyps: Soft, benign growths that develop in the lining of the nasal passages or sinuses, which can obstruct airflow and cause difficulty breathing through the nose.
3. Sinonasal tumors: Abnormal growths that can be benign or malignant, which can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain, and bleeding from the nose.
4. Sinus cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that form in the sinuses, which can cause symptoms similar to those of sinusitis.
5. Fungal sinusitis: Infection of the sinuses with fungi, which can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, facial pain, and thick, discolored mucus.

Treatment for paranasal sinus diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Treatment options may include medications, such as antibiotics, antihistamines, or corticosteroids, as well as surgical intervention in more severe cases.

Paranasal sinus neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the paranasal sinuses, which are air-filled cavities located inside the skull near the nasal cavity. These tumors can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from various types of tissue within the sinuses, such as the lining of the sinuses (mucosa), bone, or other soft tissues.

Paranasal sinus neoplasms can cause a variety of symptoms, including nasal congestion, nosebleeds, facial pain or numbness, and visual disturbances. The diagnosis of these tumors typically involves a combination of imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans) and biopsy to determine the type and extent of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the specific type and stage of the neoplasm.

Comparative histology is a branch of pathology that deals with the comparison of tissue structures and organization across different species. It involves the microscopic examination and study of tissues from various organisms to understand the similarities and differences in their cellular and extracellular components, as well as their functions. By comparing and contrasting tissues from diverse species, researchers can gain insights into evolutionary relationships, adaptations, and the development of diseases across different taxa. This field is particularly important for understanding the fundamental principles of tissue organization and function, and has applications in areas such as veterinary medicine, comparative medical research, and evolutionary biology.

Histology is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues. It involves the examination of tissues at the level of individual cells and their organization into functional units. This field uses various staining techniques to visualize different cellular components, allowing for the identification and analysis of specific cell types, tissue architecture, and pathological changes. Histology is a fundamental discipline in anatomy, physiology, and pathology, providing essential information for understanding normal tissue function and disease processes.

Anatomy is the branch of biology that deals with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. In medicine, anatomy is the detailed study of the structures of the human body and its organs. It can be divided into several subfields, including:

1. Gross anatomy: Also known as macroscopic anatomy, this is the study of the larger structures of the body, such as the organs and organ systems, using techniques such as dissection and observation.
2. Histology: This is the study of tissues at the microscopic level, including their structure, composition, and function.
3. Embryology: This is the study of the development of the embryo and fetus from conception to birth.
4. Neuroanatomy: This is the study of the structure and organization of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.
5. Comparative anatomy: This is the study of the structures of different species and how they have evolved over time.

Anatomy is a fundamental subject in medical education, as it provides the basis for understanding the function of the human body and the underlying causes of disease.

The nasal cavity is the air-filled space located behind the nose, which is divided into two halves by the nasal septum. It is lined with mucous membrane and is responsible for several functions including respiration, filtration, humidification, and olfaction (smell). The nasal cavity serves as an important part of the upper respiratory tract, extending from the nares (nostrils) to the choanae (posterior openings of the nasal cavity that lead into the pharynx). It contains specialized structures such as turbinate bones, which help to warm, humidify and filter incoming air.

Gynecomastia is a medical term that refers to the benign enlargement of the glandular tissue in male breasts, usually caused by an imbalance of the hormones estrogen and testosterone. It's important to note that gynecomastia is not the same as having excess fat in the breast area, which is called pseudogynecomastia.

Gynecomastia can occur during infancy, puberty, or old age due to natural hormonal changes. Certain medications, medical conditions, and recreational drugs can also cause gynecomastia by affecting hormone levels in the body. In some cases, the exact cause of gynecomastia may remain unknown.

Mild cases of gynecomastia may not require treatment, but severe or persistent cases may be treated with medication or surgery to remove excess breast tissue. It's essential to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment options if you suspect you have gynecomastia.

Plastic surgery is a medical specialty that involves the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two main categories: reconstructive surgery and cosmetic surgery.

Reconstructive surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns, trauma, birth defects, or disease. The goal is to improve function, but may also involve improving appearance.

Cosmetic (or aesthetic) surgery is performed to reshape normal structures of the body in order to improve the patient's appearance and self-esteem. This includes procedures such as breast augmentation, rhinoplasty, facelifts, and tummy tucks.

Plastic surgeons use a variety of techniques, including skin grafts, tissue expansion, flap surgery, and fat grafting, to achieve their goals. They must have a thorough understanding of anatomy, as well as excellent surgical skills and aesthetic judgment.

Breast neoplasms in males refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the male breast tissue. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). While breast cancer is much less common in men than in women, it can still occur and should be taken seriously.

The most common type of breast cancer in men is invasive ductal carcinoma, which starts in the milk ducts and spreads to surrounding tissue. Other types of breast cancer that can occur in men include inflammatory breast cancer, lobular carcinoma, and Paget's disease of the nipple.

Risk factors for developing male breast cancer include age (most cases are diagnosed after age 60), family history of breast cancer, genetic mutations such as BRCA1 or BRCA2, radiation exposure, obesity, liver disease, and testicular conditions such as undescended testicles.

Symptoms of male breast neoplasms may include a painless lump in the breast tissue, skin changes such as dimpling or redness, nipple discharge, or a retracted nipple. If you notice any of these symptoms, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional for further evaluation and treatment.

I must clarify that I'm here to provide information related to health, medicine, and symptoms. I don't provide definitions for literary devices such as "metaphor." However, I can tell you that in the context of medicine, metaphors are often used to help explain medical concepts to patients in a more understandable and relatable way. For example, a doctor might describe a leaky heart valve as "a gate that doesn't close properly, allowing blood to leak back." This is not a formal medical definition, but rather a figure of speech used to help patients better understand their condition.

Feminine hygiene products are personal care items specifically designed for women to manage menstruation and maintain cleanliness and freshness of the female genital area. The most common types of feminine hygiene products include:

1. Sanitary napkins or pads: These are rectangular-shaped absorbent pads worn inside underwear to absorb menstrual flow. They come in various sizes, absorbencies, and designs, including wings to secure the pad in place.
2. Tampons: A tampon is a cylindrical-shaped, compact piece of soft, absorbent material inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual flow. They come with applicators or without, and in different absorbencies.
3. Menstrual cups: These are flexible, funnel-shaped cups made from silicone or rubber that are inserted into the vagina to collect menstrual flow. They can be reused after cleaning and are considered a more eco-friendly alternative to single-use pads and tampons.
4. Liners: Thinner and smaller than sanitary napkins, liners are used for light discharge or spotting between periods, after sexual intercourse, or during postpartum recovery.
5. Intimate wipes: These are pre-moistened towelettes designed for cleaning the external genital area. They can be useful for freshening up throughout the day, especially during menstruation, exercise, or travel.
6. Douches: A douche is a device used to introduce a stream of water or a medicated solution into the vagina to cleanse it. However, douching is not generally recommended by medical professionals as it can disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina and potentially lead to infections.

It's essential to choose feminine hygiene products that are comfortable, reliable, and safe for personal use. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper usage and disposal, and consult a healthcare provider if you have any concerns or questions about your menstrual health or feminine hygiene.

The breast is the upper ventral region of the human body in females, which contains the mammary gland. The main function of the breast is to provide nutrition to infants through the production and secretion of milk, a process known as lactation. The breast is composed of fibrous connective tissue, adipose (fatty) tissue, and the mammary gland, which is made up of 15-20 lobes that are arranged in a radial pattern. Each lobe contains many smaller lobules, where milk is produced during lactation. The milk is then transported through a network of ducts to the nipple, where it can be expressed by the infant.

In addition to its role in lactation, the breast also has important endocrine and psychological functions. It contains receptors for hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which play a key role in sexual development and reproduction. The breast is also a source of sexual pleasure and can be an important symbol of femininity and motherhood.

It's worth noting that males also have breast tissue, although it is usually less developed than in females. Male breast tissue consists mainly of adipose tissue and does not typically contain functional mammary glands. However, some men may develop enlarged breast tissue due to conditions such as gynecomastia, which can be caused by hormonal imbalances or certain medications.

Reconstructive surgical procedures are a type of surgery aimed at restoring the form and function of body parts that are defective or damaged due to various reasons such as congenital abnormalities, trauma, infection, tumors, or disease. These procedures can involve the transfer of tissue from one part of the body to another, manipulation of bones, muscles, and tendons, or use of prosthetic materials to reconstruct the affected area. The goal is to improve both the physical appearance and functionality of the body part, thereby enhancing the patient's quality of life. Examples include breast reconstruction after mastectomy, cleft lip and palate repair, and treatment of severe burns.

Growth Hormone (GH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration by stimulating the production of another hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in the liver and other tissues. GH also has important metabolic functions, such as increasing glucose levels, enhancing protein synthesis, and reducing fat storage. Its secretion is regulated by two hypothalamic hormones: growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), which stimulates its release, and somatostatin (SRIF), which inhibits its release. Abnormal levels of GH can lead to various medical conditions, such as dwarfism or gigantism if there are deficiencies or excesses, respectively.

Human Growth Hormone (HGH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone produced in the pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in human development and growth by stimulating the production of another hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 promotes the growth and reproduction of cells throughout the body, particularly in bones and other tissues. HGH also helps regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart function. It is essential for human development and continues to have important effects throughout life. The secretion of HGH decreases with age, which is thought to contribute to the aging process.

Research, in the context of medicine, is a systematic and rigorous process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information in order to increase our understanding, develop new knowledge, or evaluate current practices and interventions. It can involve various methodologies such as observational studies, experiments, surveys, or literature reviews. The goal of medical research is to advance health care by identifying new treatments, improving diagnostic techniques, and developing prevention strategies. Medical research is typically conducted by teams of researchers including clinicians, scientists, and other healthcare professionals. It is subject to ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure that it is conducted responsibly and with the best interests of patients in mind.

Somatotropin receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that binds to and gets activated by the hormone somatotropin, also known as growth hormone (GH). These receptors are found in many tissues throughout the body, including the liver, muscle, and fat. When somatotropin binds to its receptor, it activates a series of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate various physiological processes such as growth, metabolism, and cell reproduction.

Somatotropin receptors belong to the class I cytokine receptor family and are composed of two subunits, a homodimer of extracellular glycoproteins that bind to the hormone and an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain that activates downstream signaling pathways. Mutations in the somatotropin receptor gene can lead to growth disorders such as dwarfism or gigantism, depending on whether the mutation results in a decrease or increase in receptor activity.

Hormones are defined as chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands or specialized cells and are transported through the bloodstream to tissues and organs, where they elicit specific responses. They play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes such as growth, development, metabolism, reproduction, and mood. Examples of hormones include insulin, estrogen, testosterone, adrenaline, and thyroxine.

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"Sella Turcica". Arrow in the Head. Retrieved 16 November 2012. "Sella Turcica". Soiled Sinema. 9 December 2010. Retrieved 15 ... Sella Turcica is a 2010 horror film written and directed by Fred Vogel, and co-written by Shelby Vogel and Don Moore. While ... "Sella Turcica". Moria: The Science Fiction, Horror and Fantasy Film Review. Retrieved 14 July 2012. "Fred Vogel". The Worldwide ... Official website Sella Turcica at IMDb (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, 2010 ...
Scheib, Richard (2010). "Sella Turcica" (Review). Moria. Retrieved 4 October 2013. Boy, Zombie (2010). "Sella Turcica" (Review ... mAQ (9 December 2010). "Sella Turcica" (Review). Soiled Sinema. Retrieved 4 October 2013. Emerson, Jim (February 21, 2008). " ...
Diaphragma sellae, smallest infolding; covers the pituitary gland and sella turcica. The middle element of the meninges is the ...
However, he had an enlarged sella turcica. He was re-examined in Leipzig in 1939, measuring at 2.225 metres (7 ft 3.6 in). Due ...
Lack of cavities beneath the sella turcica. The mastoid and styloid processes are very small, almost absent. Flat bone of the ... Sella turcica is less prominent than in apes and monkeys. Pterygoid process present. Temporal and anterior fontanelle are ...
The pituitary gland sits below in the sella turcica. The sella turcica is bound in front by the tuberculum sellae and behind by ...
"Transsphenoidal Approach to Lesions of the Sella Turcica: Historical Overview". Barrow Quarterly (18 ed.). Barrow Neurological ...
This procedure allows the surgeon to access the sellar space, or sella turcica. The sella is a cradle where the pituitary gland ... Then the floor of the sella turcica is opened with a high speed drill being careful to not pierce the dura mater. Once the dura ... However the tuberculum sellae is drilled into instead of the sella. Then an opening is made that extends halfway down the sella ... "Transsphenoidal Approach to Lesions of the Sella Turcica: Historical Overview". Barrow Quarterly (18 ed.) (3). Archived from ...
Meyer-Marcotty, P.; Weisschuh, N.; Dressler, P.; Hartmann, J.; Stellzig-Eisenhauer, A. (2008). "Morphology of the sella turcica ... Kleinmann, R. E., Kazarian, E. L., Raptopoulos, V., & Braverman, L. E. (1981). Primary Empty Sella and Rieger's Anomaly of the ...
The anterior boundary of the sella turcica is completed by two small eminences, one on either side, called the middle clinoid ... The posterior clinoid processes deepen the sella turcica, and give attachment to the tentorium cerebelli. On either side of the ... the saddle-shaped sella turcica (Turkish seat), the deepest part of which, the hypophyseal fossa, lodges the pituitary gland. ...
The pituitary gland sits in a protective bony enclosure called the sella turcica (Turkish chair/saddle). It is composed of ...
But, the most accurate diagnosis is using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to find any mass or lesions on the sella turcica. It ... Usually, a mass will be found located on the sella turcica and loss of hormonal function. Hypophysitis may have an underlying ... The depending factors for hypophysitis included the advancement of the mass on the sella turcica, percentage of fibrosis, and ...
It sits in a protective bony enclosure called the sella turcica, covered by the dural fold diaphragma sellae. The pituitary ...
... is the condition when the pituitary gland shrinks or becomes flattened, filling the sella turcica with ... gland increases pressure in the sella turcica and causes the gland to flatten out along the interior walls of the sella turcica ... MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Empty sella syndrome "Empty Sella Syndrome Information Page". www.ninds.nih.gov. National Institute ... patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension will have empty sella on MRI The cause of primary empty sella syndrome is a ...
Each spehoid sinus is contained within the body of sphenoid bone, being situated just inferior to the sella turcica. The two ...
The craniopharyngeal canal is a human anatomical feature sometimes found in the sphenoid bone opening to the sella turcica. It ...
The pituitary gland is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull. The median eminence (ME) is ...
440 The anterior and posterior clinoid processes surround the sella turcica like the four corners of a four poster bed. Cline ...
This gland is located in the brain and sits in a pocket of the sphenoid bone known as the sella turcica. The pituitary gland ... small sella turcica size, and blood clots from a pre-existing hypercoagulable disorder. Atony of the uterus is a leading cause ... and leave a partially empty or totally empty sella turcica on MRI. The mainstay of treatment is hormone replacement therapy for ...
The sella turcica, which in anatomy hosts the pituitary gland, is shallow while the clinoid processes (anterior and posterior) ...
The pituitary gland is located below the brain in a depression (fossa) of the sphenoid bone known as the sella turcica. ... therefore the arachnoid mater and thus cerebral spinal fluid cannot enter the sella turcica.[citation needed] The pituitary ... It is separated from the subarachnoid space by the diaphragma sella, ...
The tumor is difficult to detect by CT due to decreased sensitivity of the scan at the level of the sella turcica. MRI is the ...
The pituitary gland is located in a recess in the skull base known as the sella turcica ("Turkish saddle", after its shape). It ... After an apoplexy, the pressure inside the sella turcica rises, and surrounding structures such as the optic nerve and the ...
Venieratos D, Anagnostopoulou S, Garidou A., A new morphometric method for the sella turcica and the hypophyseal fossa and its ...
A new morphometric method for the sella turcica and the hypophyseal fossa and its clinical relevance. Folia Morphol (Warsz). ...
It is divided into the following parts: a median portion, known as the body of sphenoid bone, containing the sella turcica, ... It shows: Jugum sphenoidale Sulcus chiasmaticus Tuberculum sellae Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Clivus Rostrum of sphenoid ... pterygoid notch pterygoid fossa scaphoid fossa pterygoid hamulus pterygoid canal pterygospinous process sella turcica The ... consisting of the sella turcica and dorsum sellae, the postsphenoid, with which are associated the great wings, and pterygoid ...
The sella turcica is bounded posteriorly by a quadrilateral plate of bone, the dorsum sellae, the upper angles of which are ... On either side of the sella turcica is the carotid groove, which is broad, shallow, and curved somewhat like the italic letter ... the sella turcica, containing the fossa hypophyseos, which lodges the pituitary gland, and presents on its anterior wall the ...
... sella turcica): 441 attach onto the middle clinoid processes. On each side of the body, the internal carotid artery passes ... at the anterior boundary of the sella turcica. A (larger) anterior clinoid process is situated lateral to each middle clinoid ...
An abnormally growing pituitary adenoma, sitting on the bony sella turcica, will expand in the direction of least resistance ... lateral to the sella turcica. The cavernous sinus is one of the dural venous sinuses of the head. It is a network of veins that ...
Sella turcica is from the Latin words sella, meaning seat, and turcica, meaning Turkish. Sphenoidal sinuses Empty sella ... Sella turcica shown in red. Base of skull - Sella turcica, tuberculum sellae and hypophyseal fossa Mancall, Elliott L.; Brock, ... The sella turcica forms a bony seat for the pituitary gland. Empty sella syndrome is the condition of a shrunken or flattened ... The sella turcica (Latin for Turkish saddle) is a saddle-shaped depression in the body of the sphenoid bone of the human ...
Évaluations client de Acineta sella-turcica. Nombre dévaluations: 1. Note moyenne: 5 ...
Current neurodiagnostic and endocrine evaluation for pituitary tumors, empty sella syndrome, and parasellar lesions includes ... Multidirectional polytomography of the sella turcica in detecting very small pituitary adenomas is important. Also, the role of ... Evaluation of the Abnormal Sella Turcica. Arch Intern Med. 1980;140(8):1078-1083. doi:10.1001/archinte.1980.00330190090027 ... Current neurodiagnostic and endocrine evaluation for pituitary tumors, empty sella syndrome, and parasellar lesions includes ...
sella.turcica. Full Member. 5+ Year Member. Joined. Apr 26, 2018. Messages. 334. Reaction score. 748. ...
ABUABARA, Allan; CRUZ, Giuseppe V. e NOBREGA, Mário J.. Casual disclosure of an enlargement of the sella turcica during ... We present a casual disclosure of an abnormal enlarged sella turcica with erosion of posterior clinoid process in an ...
... , Al- ... The sella turcica name derived from Latin Sella that means sedes or saddle while turcica refers to the Turks [2]. ... According to Silverman [6]. The size of sella Turcica at age from 1 month to 18 years of age reported that sella Turcica was ... The digital measurements of the sella turcica are presented in Table 1. The average area and perimeter of sella turcica for ...
Sella Turcica / pathology * Young Adult ...
Sella Turcica *Sella Turcica and Parasellar Region. Sinus Thrombosis *Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis ...
Sella Turcica *Sella Turcica and Parasellar Region. Sinus Thrombosis *Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis ...
Six landmarks were digitised to outline the shape of the sella turcica. Linear measurements of the sella length and depth were ... Six landmarks were digitised to outline the shape of the sella turcica. Linear measurements of the sella length and depth were ... Morphometric analysis of sella turcica in growing patients: an observational study on shape and dimensions in different ... These differences in sella shape, that are present in the earlier developmental stages, could be used as a predictor of facial ...
Superior surface: Sella turcica *Dorsum sellae. *Tuberculum sellae. *Hypophysial fossa. *Processus clinoideus posterior ...
Morphology, Incidence of Bridging, Dimensions of Sella Turcica, and Cephalometric Standards in Three Different Racial Groups. ...
Empty sella turcica. *. Stenosis of one or both transverse cerebral venous sinuses ... Empty sella (arrow) Bottom right: Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance venography showing bilateral distal transverse sinus ...
Part I. Crista galli to the sella turcica. Neurosurg Focus. 2005 Jul 15. 19(1):E3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Pneumatization of the vast majority of sinuses reaches the sella turcica by age 7. Three major pneumatization patterns for ... The medial portion of the middle cranial base is formed by the body of the sphenoid bone, the tuberculum sella, the pituitary ... Superior and anterior to the sella lies the planum sphenoidale, separated by a thick ridge of bone called the tuberculum sellae ...
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the sella turcica * Mammography Excisional biopsy or fine-needle aspiration of breast ...
SAG cross-section: Position contacting nasal root/sella turcica. AX cross-section: Position contacting pyramid/clivus ...
Empty Sella Turcica; Empty Sella Turcica Syndrome; Empty Sella Turcicas; Primary Empty Sella Syndrome; empty sella syndromes; ... empty sella syndrome. 1. Craniofacial Anomalies, Empty Sella Turcica, Corneal Endothelial Changes, and Abnormal Retinal and ... empty sella syndrome. 1. Craniofacial Anomalies, Empty Sella Turcica, Corneal Endothelial Changes, and Abnormal Retinal and ... A condition when the SELLA TURCICA is not filled with pituitary tissue. The pituitary gland is either compressed, atrophied, or ...
Part I. Crista galli to the sella turcica. Neurosurg Focus 2005; 19 (01) E3 ...
A case of empty sella turcica and Cushings disease. Goncalves Ana , Batista Fernando , do Carmo Isabel ...
S (Sella) centre of the sella turcica;. * So midpoint on the line joining S and Ba; ...
Leonardi, R.; Farella, M.; Cobourne, M.T. An association between sella turcica bridging and dental transposition. Eur. J. ...
The Sella Turcica and Parasellar Region *Anatomy and Diseases of the Temporal Bone *Eye, Orbit, and Visual System. Spine and ...
Approaches to imaging of the sella: notes on the volume of the sella turcica. Am J Roentgenol 2006;186(4):931-932. DOI: 10.2214 ... Continuing growth in sella turcica with age. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1970;108(3):516-527. DOI: 10.2214/ajr.108.3. ... Kjær I. Sella turcica morphology and the pituitary gland-a new contribution to craniofacial diagnostics based on histology and ... Brock-Jacobsen MT, Pallisgaard C, Kjaer I. The morphology of the Sella Turcica in monozygotic twins. Twin Research and Human ...
1. The sella turcica and the pituitary gland : normal variations and diagnostic aspects of pituitary adenomas. Författare : ...
Empty Sella Turcica Syndrome: About a Case Revealed by Adrenal Insufficiency (Articles) ...
The brain MRI scan showed a dural ectasia of the optic nerves, a partially empty sella turcica, and a mild herniation of the ... B) Sagittal FLAIR sequence, showing the partially empty sella turcica. The cerebellar tonsils are mildly herniated, reaching ...
Vertebral column -d. Ephippii, see Sella turcica -d. Manus, Opisthenar. 1846 - Medical lexicon: a dictionary of medical science ...
The association of Cushings disease and primary empty sella turcica. Pituitary 2001;4:145-51 doi:10.1023/a:1015310806063 pmid: ... Does pituitary compression/empty sella syndrome contribute to MRI-negative Cushings disease? A single-institution experience. ...
The pituitary gland lies within the sella turcica, covered superiorly by the diaphragma sellae and the optic chiasm. [4] ...
Saindane A, Lim P, Aiken A, Chen Z, Hudgins P. Factors Determining the Clinical Significance of an "Empty" Sella Turcica. AJR ... abnormal neuroimaging except for empty sella turcica, optic nerve sheath with filled out CSF spaces, and smooth-walled non-flow ... 3. Zagardo M, Cail W, Kelman S, Rothman M. Reversible Empty Sella in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension: An Indicator of ... partially empty sella and optic nerve sheaths with filled out CSF spaces ...
  • The parasellar region, located around the sella turcica, is an anatomically complex area representing a crossroads for important adjacent structures. (atheistsforhumanrights.org)
  • The pituitary gland or hypophysis is located within the most inferior aspect of the sella turcica, the hypophyseal fossa. (wikipedia.org)
  • The sella turcica's most inferior portion is known as the hypophyseal fossa (the "seat of the saddle"), and contains the pituitary gland (hypophysis). (wikipedia.org)
  • The sella turcica forms a bony seat for the pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • Empty sella syndrome is the condition of a shrunken or flattened pituitary gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since the sella turcica forms a bony caudal border for the pituitary gland, a pituitary tumor usually extends upward in the rostral direction into the suprasellar region. (wikipedia.org)
  • The sella Turcica is a midline depression in the sphenoid bone which contains the pituitary gland and distal portion of the pituitary stalk. (jrmds.in)
  • Larger diameter values were present in skeletal Class III subjects, while smaller diameter sizes were apparent in Class I subjects, so the size of Sella Turcica and pituitary gland play important role to determine the skeletal developmental, classification and occlusion of jaws. (jrmds.in)
  • Kjær I. Sella turcica morphology and the pituitary gland-a new contribution to craniofacial diagnostics based on histology and neuroradiology. (thejcdp.com)
  • Contrast-enhanced coronal T1-weighted spin-echo MR image (TR/TE, 440/11) shows abnormal shape of sella, downward displacement of pituitary gland through defect in basisphenoid ( long arrow ), and stretching and thinning of infundibulum ( short arrow ). (ajronline.org)
  • Overview of the Pituitary Gland The pituitary is a pea-sized gland that is housed within a bony structure (sella turcica) at the base of the brain. (merckmanuals.com)
  • An empty sella , also known as an empty pituitary fossa , refers to the appearance of the sella turcica when the pituitary gland appears shrunken or invisible and CSF fills the space instead. (radiopaedia.org)
  • The finding of pituitary gland height loss and CSF protrusion into the sella turcica occurs in gradations (see pituitary grading ), resulting in variability in descriptive terminology. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Side view of the pituitary gland sitting inside the bony sella. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • The pituitary gland (green) is located deep within the skull in an area called the sella. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • The sellar region includes the sella turcica and the pituitary gland, together with the ventral adenohypophysis and dorsal neurohypophysis. (atheistsforhumanrights.org)
  • The pituitary gland is surrounded by bone (sphenoid bone), and it sits in a pouch called the sella turcica. (cancer.ca)
  • 1 The pituitary is the "master gland" of the body, which controls growth, metabolism, and reproductive activity and sits in the sella turcica at the base of the brain. (pfizer.com)
  • In empty sella syndrome, the sella turcica (the bony structure at the base of the brain that houses the pituitary gland) fills with cerebrospinal fluid, partially or completely compressing the gland and may enlarge the sella turcica. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The sella turcica may enlarge, and the pituitary gland may shrink, causing the sella to appear empty on imaging studies. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Empty sella syndrome (ESS) is a condition that involves the sella turcica, a bony structure at the base of the brain that protects the pituitary gland. (nih.gov)
  • The primary form occurs when a structural defect above the pituitary gland increases pressure in the sella turcica and causes the gland to flatten. (nih.gov)
  • This was felt to be caused by the rapid descent of the residual normal pituitary gland down to the floor of the postoperative empty sella, causing relatively swift stalk stretching. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Empty sella syndrome (ESS) is a condition in which the sella turcica is partially or filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) resulting in downward displacement of the normal pituitary gland. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • A small, unpaired gland situated in the SELLA TURCICA. (bvsalud.org)
  • On MR imaging of the sella, an enlarged empty sella turcica filled with cerebrospinal fluid was seen. (ajronline.org)
  • People with empty sella syndrome have a defect in the tissue barrier that normally keeps the cerebrospinal fluid around the brain separate from the sella turcica. (msdmanuals.com)
  • CRUZ, Giuseppe V. e NOBREGA, Mário J. . Casual disclosure of an enlargement of the sella turcica during orthodontic treatment planning . (bvsalud.org)
  • The sella turcica (Latin for 'Turkish saddle') is a saddle-shaped depression in the body of the sphenoid bone of the human skull and of the skulls of other hominids including chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. (wikipedia.org)
  • The sella turcica is located in the sphenoid bone behind the chiasmatic groove and the tuberculum sellae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Large adenomas can cause remodeling of the underlying sphenoid bone altering the shape of the sella turcica. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is widely believed that the development of the diaphragma sellae is a factor which determines the morphology of the sella turcica and its contents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Brock-Jacobsen MT, Pallisgaard C, Kjaer I. The morphology of the Sella Turcica in monozygotic twins. (thejcdp.com)
  • Axelsson S, Storhaug K, Kjær I. Post-natal size and morphology of the sella turcica. (thejcdp.com)
  • Sella Turcica Morphology on Cephalometric Radiographs and Dental Abnormalities-Is There Any Association? (bvsalud.org)
  • The brain MRI scan showed a dural ectasia of the optic nerves, a partially empty sella turcica, and a mild herniation of the cerebellar tonsils which we suspected was secondary to intracranial hypertension and not a type 1 Arnold-Chiari malformation ( Fig. 1 ). (elsevier.es)
  • Herniations of suprasellar structures into the empty sella may occur, especially when the empty sella is secondary in origin, and most of these cases present with visual disturbances due to herniation of the optic chiasm 12 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • An empty sella is believed to result from herniation of the arachnoid space into the pituitary fossa through a deficient diaphragma sellae , found in 20% of the population 4,5 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • 13 ] ESS can be primary, due to an inherent weakness of the diaphragma sellae and downward herniation of arachnoid into the sella, or secondary, following surgical or medical management of a pituitary macroadenoma. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • We present a casual disclosure of an abnormal enlarged sella turcica with erosion of posterior clinoid process in an asymptomatic 32-year-old female. (bvsalud.org)
  • Abnormal small sella-a case report. (thejcdp.com)
  • Although many patients with so-called primary empty sella are entirely asymptomatic and endocrinologically normal, increasingly recognized are variable hypopituitarism (e.g. growth hormone deficiency 8 ) and hyperprolactinemia 7 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Anteroinferiorly, the foramen rotundum and Posterior to the sella are the tow posterior clinoid processes, dorsum sellae. (jrmds.in)
  • The canonical variate analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in sella shape between the Class I and the Class II groups, mostly explained by the CV1 axis and related to the posterior clinoidal process and the floor of the sella. (univaq.it)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging is obtained and shows flattening of the posterior sclera and reduced soft tissue occupying the sella turcica. (osmosis.org)
  • Sphenoidal sinuses Empty sella syndrome Human skull seen from side (parietal bones and temporal bones have been removed). (wikipedia.org)
  • Current neurodiagnostic and endocrine evaluation for pituitary tumors, empty sella syndrome, and parasellar lesions includes new techniques. (jamanetwork.com)
  • 2) secondary empty sella is associated with the removal or treatment of PITUITARY NEOPLASMS. (mcw.edu)
  • At the less restrictive end of the spectrum, some authors use empty sella to refer to any degree of pituitary height loss/concavity (at least grade II) 11 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • More reasonable authors define empty sella as at least 33% pituitary height loss (grade III) 14 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Most strictly, some authors reserve the term empty sella for when there is essentially no visible pituitary tissue and the fossa is at least a little enlarged (grade V). (radiopaedia.org)
  • Higher grades are termed complete/total empty sella and lower grades are termed partially / partial empty sella . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Previously, the term empty sella syndrome was used to denote patients with headaches and visual disturbances. (radiopaedia.org)
  • It is now thought that many of these patients have idiopathic intracranial hypertension and that the empty sella is actually secondary to elevated CSF pressures. (radiopaedia.org)
  • As has been alluded to above, it is difficult to pin down the epidemiology for empty sella without contamination by patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Whether these conditions are secondary to the empty sella or, rather, both the empty sella and endocrinopathy represent the sequelae of previous disease, is unclear. (radiopaedia.org)
  • A common underlying pathology to cases of empty sella both with and without intracranial hypertension may be hemodynamically significant transverse sinus stenosis, which results in altered CSF absorption and expansion of CSF spaces 13 . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Empty sella syndrome occurs most often in middle-aged women who are overweight and who have high blood pressure. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Empty sella syndrome may cause no symptoms at all and seldom causes serious symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When Do Symptoms of Empty sella syndrome Begin? (nih.gov)
  • This two-patient case series describes a rare sequela of postoperative empty sella syndrome (ESS) following transsphenoidal resection of pituitary macroadenomas. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • 30 kg/m 2 , preoperative imaging demonstrating additional cranial base cortical defects (that is, contralateral tegmen or anterior cranial base) and/or an empty sella turcica, and any history of an event that leads to inflammation of the arachnoid granulations and impairment of CSF absorption (that is, meningitis, intracranial hemorrhage, significant closed head injury, and so forth). (medscape.com)
  • Incidental finding of an enlarged sella turcica on a lateral cephalogram. (thejcdp.com)
  • Invasion of the sphenoidal sinus was in contact with both carotids and the anterior wall of the sella turcica ( Fig. 1 ). (isciii.es)
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluation of Sella Turcica dimension(area and perimeter) in skeletal class III malocclusion (as study group) in comparative with skeletal class I normal occlusion (as control group) among adult Ukrainian peoples by using 3D Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). (jrmds.in)
  • The Sella in orthodontics is most an important skeletal constant unilateral landmark in all cephalometric analysis of the neurocranial and craniofacial complex which located at the center of sella turcica. (jrmds.in)
  • Its border superiorly by the diaphragma sella, inferiorly by thin floor of cortical bone below which lies the sphenoid sinus, laterally by cavernous sinus, anteriorly by the tuberculum sellae, anterolaterally by the tow anterior clinoid processes. (jrmds.in)
  • Emergent MRI of the sella disclosed an enhancing intrasellar mass of 24×23 mm compressing the optic chiasm. (nel.edu)
  • The superior surface of the body is the saddle-like sella Turcica [ 1 ]. (jrmds.in)
  • The sella turcica name derived from Latin Sella that means sedes or saddle while turcica refers to the Turks [ 2 ]. (jrmds.in)
  • citation needed] Sella turcica is also usually used as a reference point with nasion to establish the base of the skull in cephalometric analysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The most of cephalometric analysis and studies of the skull depend on the sella point to make liner and angular measurements, like Downs analysis (1948) [ 3 ], where he was used the sella landmark to make Y-axis plane that extend from sella to Gonthon (S-Gn) as one of skeletal reference plane, which indicate the degree of downward, reward or forward position of chin in relation to upper face. (jrmds.in)
  • Sella is most an important skeletal constant unilateral landmark in cephalometric analysis of the neurocranial and craniofacial complex which located at the center of sella turcica it used to measurement the positions of maxilla and mandible in relation to the cranium and to themselves. (jrmds.in)
  • The independent samples T test was used to assessed the relationship between skeletal type and sella Turcica dimension, also was used to determine if skeletal type showed the significant differences. (jrmds.in)
  • When comparing the area of sella Turcica for two group, there were significant differences between the study group and the control group (P=0.0116) while the sella perimeter were non-significant differences (P=0.0662). (jrmds.in)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in sella dimensions and shape between growing patients with Class I, Class II, and Class III skeletal malocclusions, evaluated through morphometric analysis. (univaq.it)
  • Procrustes superimposition, principal component analysis, and canonical variate analysis were used to evaluate the differences in sella shape between the three groups. (univaq.it)
  • A one-way MANOVA and Tukey's or Games-Howell tests were used to evaluate the presence of differences in sella dimensions between the three groups, gender, and age. (univaq.it)
  • These differences in sella shape, that are present in the earlier developmental stages, could be used as a predictor of facial growth, but further studies are needed. (univaq.it)
  • A condition when the SELLA TURCICA is not filled with pituitary tissue. (mcw.edu)
  • It sits in a small pocket of bone in the base of the skull called the sella turcica. (mayfieldclinic.com)
  • Base of skull - Sella turcica, tuberculum sellae and hypophyseal fossa Mancall, Elliott L. (wikipedia.org)
  • It extends from the floor of the sella turcica to the nasopharynx and is less than 1.5 mm in diameter. (ajronline.org)
  • A vertical canal extending from the floor of the sella turcica to the nasopharynx was detected. (ajronline.org)
  • On CT, a bony canal measuring 13 mm in diameter with smooth margins extending from the floor of the sella turcica to the nasopharynx was seen ( Fig. 1C ). (ajronline.org)
  • Multidirectional polytomography of the sella turcica in detecting very small pituitary adenomas is important. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Fisher RL, Dichiro G. The small sella turcica. (thejcdp.com)
  • The digital tracing of sella Turcica was done by the area and perimeter measures icon tool for all subjects in window of the advanced 3d-imaginag software Ez3d2009. (jrmds.in)
  • The results of the present study of sella area and perimeter may be used as reference standards for Ukrainian subjects in relation to sella Turcica size. (jrmds.in)
  • Six landmarks were digitised to outline the shape of the sella turcica. (univaq.it)
  • Linear measurements of the sella length and depth were also performed. (univaq.it)
  • When sella size was compared with skeletal type, a significant difference was found in diameter size between Class I and Class III subjects. (jrmds.in)
  • Sella MRI showed a macroadenoma about 19×20 mm in size. (nel.edu)

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