Seminoma
Testicular Neoplasms
Dysgerminoma
Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms
Sertoli Cell Tumor
Mesonephroma
Germinoma
Bleomycin
Teratoma
Carcinoma, Embryonal
Cisplatin
Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
Cryptorchidism
Etoposide
Testis
Endodermal Sinus Tumor
High prevalence of antibodies against HERV-K10 in patients with testicular cancer but not with AIDS. (1/377)
Human endogenous retrovirus K10 (HERV-K10) env and gag expression has been detected in placenta, embryonic tissue, and cell lines. By transfection, these sequences have been expressed in insect cells and developed into serological assays, revealing HERV-K10 antibodies in patients with testicular cancer. Patients with AIDS are at an increased risk for testicular cancer and frequently reactivate latent infections. We postulated that HERV-K10 seroprevalence might be increased with HIV infection or AIDS. Stored, frozen serum samples from 52 patients with testicular cancer (8 patients with HIV and 30 patients with samples near the time of diagnosis) and 84 controls (40 patients with HIV) were diluted 1:40 and tested by immunofluorescence against SF158 cells transfected with HERV-K10 env [ENV1.9(+)] or gag (pACGAG). Seroprevalence rates were compared cross-sectionally in cases and controls, excluding those with indeterminate results (3 of 30 cases and 7 of 84 controls), and also were examined longitudinally in the cases before or after diagnosis of testicular cancer. Seroprevalence to HERV-K10 Env or Gag was 17 of 27 testicular cancer patients (63%) around the time of diagnosis, compared to 4 of 77 controls (5%; P < 0.0001). Seroprevalence was similar (50% to 60%) with seminoma, teratocarcinoma, or embryonal carcinoma, and it was not increased with HIV infection in either cases (33%) or controls (3%). HERV-K10 antibodies were detected in 12 of 19 cases (63%) more than 6 months before seminoma diagnosis, as well as in four cases with residual or recurrent malignancy more than 1 month after initial diagnosis. Thus, HERV-K10 antibodies are detected frequently with testicular cancer and seem to resolve rapidly with effective therapy of the malignancy. Antibody reactivity also occurs in approximately 5% of controls, perhaps because of nonspecific or cross-reactive epitopes. HIV and AIDS were not associated with HERV-K10 antibodies, thus, leaving their higher risk of testicular cancer unexplained. (+info)The Amoroso Lecture. The human spermatozoon--a cell in crisis? (2/377)
A great deal of evidence has accumulated in recent years to suggest that there has been a gradual increase in male reproductive pathology over the past 30-40 years, as evidenced by increased rates of testicular cancer and declining semen quality. The hypothesis is advanced that this phenomenon is causally related to the ability of male germ cells to generate reactive oxygen metabolites. When produced in low levels, such metabolites are thought to enhance sperm function by stimulating DNA compaction and promoting a redox-regulated cAMP-mediated pathway that is central to the induction of sperm capacitation. When produced in excessive amounts, the same metabolites stimulate DNA fragmentation and a loss of sperm function associated with peroxidative damage to the sperm plasma membrane. Free radical-induced mutations in the male germ line may also be involved in the aetiology of childhood cancer and recent increases in the incidence of seminoma. In light of these considerations, establishing the mechanisms for free radical generation by the male germ line and determining the factors that influence this activity are important objectives for future research in this area. (+info)Pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumours. (3/377)
Human germ cell tumours comprise a heterogeneous group of neoplasms. In the testis, three entities are distinguished, the teratomas-yolk sac tumours of the infantile testis, the seminomas and nonseminomas of adolescents and adults, and the spermatocytic seminomas. Studies on epidemiology, histology, clinical behaviour, and chromosomal constitution of these tumours support the concept of distinct entities derived from germ cells but each with a different pathogenesis. Either the teratomas of the infantile testis show no chromosomal aberrations, or display a pattern of over- and under-representation of (parts of) chromosomes as detected in the yolk sac tumours of the infantile testis. In contrast, the seminomas and nonseminomas reveal a consistent pattern of losses and gains, that is, chromosomes 11, 13 and 18, and 7, 8 and X, respectively, that is different from that found in the infantile testis teratomas and yolk sac tumours. The most consistent structural chromosomal abnormality is an isochromosome 12p. Tumours lacking i(12p) have other structural abnormalities of 12p, among them amplification of 12p11.2-p12.1. The pathogenetically relevant genes on 12p11.2-p12.1 are probably on a fragment of about 1.7 mb. Gain of 12p sequences may be related to invasive growth. Gain of chromosome 9 is the only consistent chromosomal anomaly of spermatocytic seminomas. Infantile teratomas and spermatocytic seminomas are benign tumours. Infantile yolk sac tumour is a malignant germ cell tumour. Seminomas and nonseminomas are malignant, and the most common cancer in young Caucasian males. The cure rate of seminomas and non-seminomas with radio- and chemotherapy is over 90%, which is higher than that of any other solid cancer in adults. In addition, the precursor lesions of these tumours can be treated readily, justifying efforts to develop means for early diagnosis. Finally, the pathogenetic relationship between seminomas and nonseminomas, and the available animal models for the three groups of testicular germ cell tumours are discussed. (+info)Management consideration in nonpulmonary visceral metastatic seminoma of testis. (4/377)
To develop a more appropriate therapeutic strategy for treatment of nonpulmonary visceral metastatic testicular seminoma based on the International Germ Cell Consensus Classification, we reviewed the medical records of patients with nonpulmonary visceral metastatic testicular seminoma who were treated over a 20-year period. Only 15 (2.2%) of the 686 cases of testicular seminoma were nonpulmonary visceral metastatic seminoma. The median age of patients was 38 years (range, 22-53 years). Ten (67%) of the patients had an initial diagnosis of supradiaphragmatic or visceral metastatic disease. In addition to nonpulmonary visceral metastasis, all patients had lymph node metastasis as well, the majority of which involved the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. The median and mean progression-free survival durations after chemotherapy for advanced disease were 19 months and 63.7 months, respectively. Six patients (40%) survived, five relapsed after radiation therapy and four died of chemorefractory disease not dependent on the specific regimen. Although the number of cases reviewed in this study was small, we conclude that the choice of chemotherapeutic regimen among the current treatments for nonpulmonary visceral metastatic seminoma of testis primary does not present a different outcome. Therefore, multimodality therapies using new strategies or new agents are well indicated. (+info)Positron emission tomography scans in the evaluation of postchemotherapy residual masses in patients with seminoma. (5/377)
PURPOSE: To assess the ability of positron emission tomography (PET) scans in differentiating between necrosis and viable seminoma in postchemotherapy (PC) residual disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of 29 patients with seminoma at Indiana University. All patients had PC residual disease. Computed tomography and PET scans were performed for 19 patients after primary chemotherapy (group A) and for 10 patients after salvage chemotherapy (group B). RESULTS: In group A, the PC masses were >/= 3 cm in 14 patients, less than 3 cm in three patients, and not quantified in two patients. All of the patients in group A had negative PET scan results and have had stable or decreasing residual mass size (median follow-up duration, 11.5 months; range, 6 to 26 months). In group B, the PC masses were >/= 3 cm in four patients, less than 3 cm in five patients, and not quantified in one patient. One patient had a positive PET scan result for a posterior mediastinal mass. Pathologic diagnosis of the PET-positive mass showed only necrotic tissue. The same patient had a negative PET scan of the retroperitoneal mass but relapsed in that area. Overall, of patients in group B, five have stable or decreasing mass (median follow-up duration, 8 months; range, 7 to 22 months), and five had relapsed disease. CONCLUSION: PET scans have no apparent benefit in PC evaluation of residual masses in bulky seminoma. (+info)Optimal planning target volume for stage I testicular seminoma: A Medical Research Council randomized trial. Medical Research Council Testicular Tumor Working Group. (6/377)
PURPOSE: To compare relapse rates and toxicity associated with para-aortic (PA) strip or PA and ipsilateral iliac lymph node irradiation (dogleg [DL] field) (30 Gy/15 fractions/3 weeks) for stage I testicular seminoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between July 1989 and May 1993, 478 men with testicular seminoma stage I (T1 to T3; no ipsilateral inguinoscrotal operation before orchiectomy) were randomized (PA, 236 patients; DL, 242 patients). RESULTS: Median follow-up time is 4.5 years. Eighteen relapses, nine in each treatment group, have occurred 4 to 35 months after radiotherapy; among these, four were pelvic relapses, all occurring after PA radiotherapy. However, the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference in pelvic relapse rates excludes differences of more than 4%. The 3-year relapse-free survival was 96% (95% CI, 94% to 99%) after PA radiotherapy and 96.6% (95% CI, 94% to 99%) after DL (difference, 0.6%; 95% confidence limits, -3.4%, +4.6%). One patient (PA field) has died from seminoma. Survival at 3 years was 99.3% for PA and 100% for DL radiotherapy. Acute toxicity (nausea, vomiting, leukopenia) was less frequent and less pronounced in patients in the PA arm. Within the first 18 months of follow-up, the sperm counts were significantly higher after PA than after DL irradiation. CONCLUSION: In patients with testicular seminoma stage I (T1 to T3) and with undisturbed lymphatic drainage, adjuvant radiotherapy confined to the PA lymph nodes is associated with reduced hematologic, gastrointestinal, and gonadal toxicity, but with a higher risk of pelvic recurrence, compared with DL radiotherapy. The recurrence rate is low with either treatment. PA radiotherapy is recommended as standard treatment in these patients. (+info)A multi-center prospective phase II study of high-dose chemotherapy in germ-cell cancer patients relapsing from complete remission. (7/377)
PURPOSE: To prospectively determine the efficacy of repeated high-dose alkylating chemotherapy to salvage patients with germ-cell tumors who relapsed after adequate first-line chemotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with germ-cell cancers relapsing from a first, second or third complete remission induced by chemotherapy were offered to participate in a Dutch national prospective trial with broad entry criteria. The salvage treatment began with a conventional dose of ifosfamide (4 g/m2 on day 1) and etoposide (100 mg/m2 on days 1, 2 and 3) followed by daily s.c. administration of G-CSF (10 micrograms/kg) until peripheral blood progenitor cells had been harvested. Immediately after bone marrow recovery, an intermediate dose chemotherapy course of carboplatin (target AUC: 10 mg.ml-1 min on day 1) and etoposide (500 mg/m2 on days 1, 3 and 5) was given with G-CSF daily s.c. After bone marrow recovery, two subsequent courses of high-dose 'CTC' chemotherapy were given, each containing cyclophosphamide (6 g/m2), thiotepa (480 mg/m2) and carboplatin (target AUC: 20 mg.ml-1 min). The high-dose chemotherapy was administered as 30-60-minute infusions, divided over 4 days and the stem-cell transplants were given 48-72 hours after the last chemotherapy infusion. Whenever possible, residual masses were resected at the end of treatment. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were treated between January 1994 and October 1997. The toxicity of the treatment was manageable. Second CTC courses were administered in 25 patients and were associated with hemorrhagic cystitis and veno-occlusive disease in 3 and 4 patients, respectively. One patient who had recently undergone a partial hepatectomy, died of veno-occlusive disease. At the time of analysis, the median follow-up of the surviving patients was 37 months (range 12-56 months). The median progression-free survival for all patients was 44 months, and the median overall survival has not been reached. According to the internationally accepted criteria for predicting the outcome of salvage chemotherapy in germ-cell cancer (Beyer et al. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 2638-45), 30 patients had 'good risk' criteria. Of these, 29 received high-dose chemotherapy. Of this group, the salvage rate at two years was 65% (95% confidence interval: 49.5%-85.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Over half of the germ-cell cancer patients relapsing from a chemotherapy-induced complete remission can be salvaged by a treatment strategy that incorporates high-dose chemotherapy, even when treatment is given in a multi-center setting. These data confirm the international prognostic model proposed by Beyer et al. in a prospectively studied, independent patient group and provide further evidence that high-dose therapy has a role in the salvage setting of patients with germ-cell cancer. (+info)Cyclophosphamide and carboplatin and selective consolidation in advanced seminoma. (8/377)
This prospective Phase II study assesses the clinical efficacy and complications of a treatment regimen of combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide and carboplatin and selective consolidation in advanced seminoma. Of 46 patients who entered the study between December 1992 and October 1998, 46 were evaluable. Thirty-two achieved a complete remission (70%; 95% confidence interval, 56-83%) after chemotherapy alone. Fourteen achieved a complete remission (30%; 95% confidence interval, 18-46%) after chemotherapy plus consolidation. Forty-three of the 46 patients (93%; 95% confidence interval, 82-97%) remained in remission after a median follow-up period of 27.4 months. No patient experienced nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, or ototoxic effects or hemorrhagic cystitis. No patient had neutropenic fever requiring hospitalization. Thirteen % required platelet transfusions, and 9% required transfusions of packed RBCs. For patients with advanced seminoma, treatment with cyclophosphamide and carboplatin and selective consolidation is safe and effective. (+info)Seminoma is a type of germ cell tumor that develops in the testicle. It is a malignant tumor, meaning it can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated. Seminomas are typically slow-growing and tend to remain localized to the testicle for a longer period compared to other types of testicular cancer. They usually occur in men between the ages of 25 and 45 but can develop at any age.
Seminomas can be classified into two main subtypes: classical seminoma and spermatocytic seminoma. Classical seminoma is more common and typically responds well to treatment, while spermatocytic seminoma is rarer and tends to have a better prognosis with a lower risk of spreading.
Seminomas are usually treated with surgery to remove the affected testicle (orchiectomy), followed by radiation therapy or chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for seminoma is generally good, especially when caught and treated early. Regular self-examinations of the testicles can help detect any lumps or abnormalities that may indicate the presence of a seminoma or other type of testicular cancer.
Testicular neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors in the testicle that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They are a type of genitourinary cancer, which affects the reproductive and urinary systems. Testicular neoplasms can occur in men of any age but are most commonly found in young adults between the ages of 15 and 40.
Testicular neoplasms can be classified into two main categories: germ cell tumors and non-germ cell tumors. Germ cell tumors, which arise from the cells that give rise to sperm, are further divided into seminomas and non-seminomas. Seminomas are typically slow-growing and have a good prognosis, while non-seminomas tend to grow more quickly and can spread to other parts of the body.
Non-germ cell tumors are less common than germ cell tumors and include Leydig cell tumors, Sertoli cell tumors, and lymphomas. These tumors can have a variety of clinical behaviors, ranging from benign to malignant.
Testicular neoplasms often present as a painless mass or swelling in the testicle. Other symptoms may include a feeling of heaviness or discomfort in the scrotum, a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin, and breast enlargement (gynecomastia).
Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan, and blood tests to detect tumor markers. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these modalities. Regular self-examinations of the testicles are recommended for early detection and improved outcomes.
Dysgerminoma is a type of germ cell tumor that develops in the ovaries. It is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that primarily affects girls and women of reproductive age, although it can occur at any age. Dysgerminomas are composed of large, round, or polygonal cells with clear cytoplasm and distinct cell borders, arranged in nests or sheets. They may also contain lymphoid aggregates and may produce hormones such as estrogen or testosterone.
Dysgerminomas are usually unilateral (affecting one ovary), but they can be bilateral (affecting both ovaries) in about 10-15% of cases. They tend to grow and spread rapidly, so early detection and treatment are crucial for a favorable prognosis.
The standard treatment for dysgerminoma is surgical removal of the affected ovary or ovaries, followed by chemotherapy with agents such as bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP). With appropriate treatment, the five-year survival rate for patients with dysgerminoma is high, ranging from 80% to 95%.
Neoplasms, germ cell and embryonal are types of tumors that originate from the abnormal growth of cells. Here's a brief medical definition for each:
1. Neoplasms: Neoplasms refer to abnormal tissue growths or masses, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled cell division and may invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis.
2. Germ Cell Tumors: These are rare tumors that develop from the germ cells, which give rise to sperm and eggs in the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes). They can be benign or malignant and may occur in both children and adults. Germ cell tumors can also arise outside of the reproductive organs, a condition known as extragonadal germ cell tumors.
3. Embryonal Tumors: These are a type of malignant neoplasm that primarily affects infants and young children. They develop from embryonic cells, which are immature cells present during fetal development. Embryonal tumors can occur in various organs, including the brain (medulloblastomas), nervous system (primitive neuroectodermal tumors or PNETs), and other areas like the kidneys and liver.
It is essential to note that these conditions require professional medical evaluation and treatment by healthcare professionals with expertise in oncology and related fields.
Orchiectomy is a surgical procedure where one or both of the testicles are removed. It is also known as castration. This procedure can be performed for various reasons, including the treatment of testicular cancer, prostate cancer, or other conditions that may affect the testicles. It can also be done to reduce levels of male hormones in the body, such as in the case of transgender women undergoing gender affirming surgery. The specific medical definition may vary slightly depending on the context and the extent of the procedure.
Mediastinal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors located in the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity that lies between the lungs and contains various vital structures such as the heart, esophagus, trachea, blood vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves. Mediastinal neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from any of the tissues or organs within the mediastinum.
Benign mediastinal neoplasms may include thymomas, lipomas, neurofibromas, or teratomas, among others. These tumors are typically slow-growing and rarely spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause symptoms or complications by compressing adjacent structures within the mediastinum, such as the airways, blood vessels, or nerves.
Malignant mediastinal neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and may spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Common types of malignant mediastinal neoplasms include thymic carcinomas, lymphomas, germ cell tumors, and neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors often require aggressive treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, to control their growth and spread.
It is important to note that mediastinal neoplasms can present with various symptoms depending on their location, size, and type. Some patients may be asymptomatic, while others may experience cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, hoarseness, or swallowing difficulties. A thorough diagnostic workup, including imaging studies and biopsies, is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and determine the best course of treatment for mediastinal neoplasms.
Retroperitoneal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the retroperitoneal space. This is the area located behind the peritoneum, which is the membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs. The retroperitoneal space contains several vital structures such as the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, aorta, and lymphatic vessels.
Retroperitoneal neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Malignant retroperitoneal neoplasms are often aggressive and can invade surrounding tissues and organs, leading to various complications. Common types of retroperitoneal neoplasms include lymphomas, sarcomas, and metastatic tumors from other primary sites. Symptoms may vary depending on the size and location of the tumor but can include abdominal or back pain, weight loss, and swelling in the legs. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as CT scans or MRI, followed by a biopsy to determine the type and grade of the tumor. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
A Sertoli cell tumor is a rare type of sex-cord stromal tumor that develops in the testicles or, more rarely, in the ovaries. These tumors arise from the Sertoli cells, which are specialized cells within the testicle that help to nurture and protect the developing sperm cells. In the ovary, Sertoli cell tumors are thought to arise from similar cells that are part of the supporting tissue in the ovary.
Sertoli cell tumors can occur in people of any age but are most commonly found in middle-aged adults. They are usually slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms, especially if they are small. However, larger tumors or those that have spread (metastasized) may cause various symptoms depending on their location and size.
Symptoms of a Sertoli cell tumor can include:
* A painless lump or swelling in the testicle or ovary
* Abdominal pain or discomfort
* Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen
* Changes in bowel habits or urinary frequency
* Pain during sexual intercourse (in women)
* Hormonal imbalances, such as gynecomastia (breast development) in men or menstrual irregularities in women.
Diagnosis of a Sertoli cell tumor typically involves a combination of imaging tests, such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI, and blood tests to check for elevated levels of certain hormones that may be produced by the tumor. A biopsy may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the tumor's grade and stage.
Treatment for Sertoli cell tumors typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, along with any affected lymph nodes or other tissues. Additional treatments, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy, may be recommended in cases where the tumor has spread or is at a higher risk of recurrence. Regular follow-up care is also important to monitor for any signs of recurrence or new tumors.
Mesonephroma is a very rare type of kidney tumor that originates from the mesonephric duct remnants, which are the embryonic precursors of the male reproductive system. This tumor typically affects older adults and is more common in men than women.
Mesonephromas are usually slow-growing and asymptomatic, making them difficult to detect at an early stage. When symptoms do occur, they may include flank pain, hematuria (blood in the urine), a palpable abdominal mass, and weight loss.
On imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, mesonephromas typically appear as well-circumscribed masses within the kidney. The diagnosis is usually confirmed through a biopsy or surgical excision of the tumor.
Mesonephromas are composed of tubular structures lined with cuboidal to low columnar epithelial cells, often with clear cytoplasm. They may also contain areas of necrosis and hemorrhage. The treatment of mesonephroma typically involves surgical excision, and the prognosis is generally favorable, with a low risk of recurrence or metastasis. However, long-term follow-up is recommended due to the rarity and limited data on this type of tumor.
A germinoma is a type of tumor that develops in the brain or the spine, primarily in the pituitary gland or pineal gland. It is a rare form of primary central nervous system (CNS) cancer and is classified as a type of germ cell tumor. These tumors arise from cells that normally develop into sperm or eggs, which can migrate to unusual locations during embryonic development.
Germinomas are highly sensitive to radiation therapy and chemotherapy, making them generally treatable and curable with appropriate medical intervention. Symptoms of a germinoma may include headaches, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, hormonal imbalances, and neurological deficits, depending on the location and size of the tumor. Diagnosis typically involves imaging studies like MRI or CT scans, followed by a biopsy to confirm the presence of malignant cells.
Bleomycin is a type of chemotherapeutic agent used to treat various types of cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma, testicular cancer, and lymphomas. It works by causing DNA damage in rapidly dividing cells, which can inhibit the growth and proliferation of cancer cells.
Bleomycin is an antibiotic derived from Streptomyces verticillus and is often administered intravenously or intramuscularly. While it can be effective in treating certain types of cancer, it can also have serious side effects, including lung toxicity, which can lead to pulmonary fibrosis and respiratory failure. Therefore, bleomycin should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional who is experienced in administering chemotherapy drugs.
A teratoma is a type of germ cell tumor, which is a broad category of tumors that originate from the reproductive cells. A teratoma contains developed tissues from all three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This means that a teratoma can contain various types of tissue such as hair, teeth, bone, and even more complex organs like eyes, thyroid, or neural tissue.
Teratomas are usually benign (non-cancerous), but they can sometimes be malignant (cancerous) and can spread to other parts of the body. They can occur anywhere in the body, but they're most commonly found in the ovaries and testicles. When found in these areas, they are typically removed surgically.
Teratomas can also occur in other locations such as the sacrum, coccyx (tailbone), mediastinum (the area between the lungs), and pineal gland (a small gland in the brain). These types of teratomas can be more complex to treat due to their location and potential to cause damage to nearby structures.
Embryonal carcinoma is a rare and aggressive type of cancer that arises from primitive germ cells. It typically occurs in the gonads (ovaries or testicles), but can also occur in other areas of the body such as the mediastinum, retroperitoneum, or sacrococcygeal region.
Embryonal carcinoma is called "embryonal" because the cancerous cells resemble those found in an embryo during early stages of development. These cells are capable of differentiating into various cell types, which can lead to a mix of cell types within the tumor.
Embryonal carcinoma is a highly malignant tumor that tends to grow and spread quickly. It can metastasize to other parts of the body, including the lungs, liver, brain, and bones. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells.
Prognosis for embryonal carcinoma depends on several factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the location of the tumor, and the patient's overall health. In general, this type of cancer has a poor prognosis, with a high risk of recurrence even after treatment.
Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat various types of cancers, including testicular, ovarian, bladder, head and neck, lung, and cervical cancers. It is an inorganic platinum compound that contains a central platinum atom surrounded by two chloride atoms and two ammonia molecules in a cis configuration.
Cisplatin works by forming crosslinks between DNA strands, which disrupts the structure of DNA and prevents cancer cells from replicating. This ultimately leads to cell death and slows down or stops the growth of tumors. However, cisplatin can also cause damage to normal cells, leading to side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hearing loss, and kidney damage. Therefore, it is essential to monitor patients closely during treatment and manage any adverse effects promptly.
Adjuvant radiotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses radiation therapy as an adjunct to a primary surgical procedure. The goal of adjuvant radiotherapy is to eliminate any remaining microscopic cancer cells that may be present in the surrounding tissues after surgery, thereby reducing the risk of local recurrence and improving the chances of cure.
Radiotherapy involves the use of high-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. In adjuvant radiotherapy, the radiation is usually delivered to the tumor bed and regional lymph nodes in order to target any potential sites of residual disease. The timing and dosing of adjuvant radiotherapy may vary depending on the type and stage of cancer being treated, as well as other factors such as patient age and overall health status.
Adjuvant radiotherapy is commonly used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including breast, colorectal, lung, head and neck, and gynecologic cancers. Its use has been shown to improve survival rates and reduce the risk of recurrence in many cases, making it an important component of comprehensive cancer care.
Cryptorchidism is a medical condition in which one or both of a male infant's testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum before birth or within the first year of life. Normally, the testicles descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal development in the second trimester. If the testicles do not descend on their own, medical intervention may be necessary to correct the condition.
Cryptorchidism is a common birth defect, affecting about 3-5% of full-term and 30% of preterm male infants. In most cases, the testicle will descend on its own within the first six months of life. If it does not, treatment may be necessary to prevent complications such as infertility, testicular cancer, and inguinal hernia.
Treatment for cryptorchidism typically involves surgery to bring the testicle down into the scrotum. This procedure is called orchiopexy and is usually performed before the age of 2. In some cases, hormonal therapy may be used as an alternative to surgery. However, this approach has limited success and is generally only recommended in certain situations.
Overall, cryptorchidism is a treatable condition that can help prevent future health problems if addressed early on. Regular check-ups with a pediatrician or healthcare provider can help ensure timely diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
Etoposide is a chemotherapy medication used to treat various types of cancer, including lung cancer, testicular cancer, and certain types of leukemia. It works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called topoisomerase II, which is involved in DNA replication and transcription. By doing so, etoposide can interfere with the growth and multiplication of cancer cells.
Etoposide is often administered intravenously in a hospital or clinic setting, although it may also be given orally in some cases. The medication can cause a range of side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and an increased risk of infection. It can also have more serious side effects, such as bone marrow suppression, which can lead to anemia, bleeding, and a weakened immune system.
Like all chemotherapy drugs, etoposide is not without risks and should only be used under the close supervision of a qualified healthcare provider. It is important for patients to discuss the potential benefits and risks of this medication with their doctor before starting treatment.
The testis, also known as the testicle, is a male reproductive organ that is part of the endocrine system. It is located in the scrotum, outside of the abdominal cavity. The main function of the testis is to produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.
The testis is composed of many tiny tubules called seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. These tubules are surrounded by a network of blood vessels, nerves, and supportive tissues. The sperm then travel through a series of ducts to the epididymis, where they mature and become capable of fertilization.
Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells, which are located in the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It also supports sperm production and sexual function.
Abnormalities in testicular function can lead to infertility, hormonal imbalances, and other health problems. Regular self-examinations and medical check-ups are recommended for early detection and treatment of any potential issues.
An Endodermal Sinus Tumor (EST) is a type of germ cell tumor, which is a rare cancer that occurs most frequently in the ovaries or testicles but can also occur in other parts of the body. EST is also known as a yolk sac tumor because it resembles the yolk sac of an embryo.
ESTs are highly aggressive and fast-growing tumors that typically affect children and young adults, with a peak incidence in the first decade of life. These tumors can produce various proteins and substances, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), which can be used as markers for diagnosis and monitoring treatment response.
The symptoms of EST depend on the location of the tumor but may include abdominal pain or swelling, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and irregular menstrual periods in females. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by chemotherapy to kill any remaining cancer cells. The prognosis for EST depends on several factors, including the stage of the disease at diagnosis, the patient's age, and the response to treatment.
Seminoma
Lawrence Einhorn
Spermatocytic tumor
Germ cell neoplasia in situ
Professional Medical Film
FAM71F2
Rete testis
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
Chuck Billy
Alkaline phosphatase
Phil Morris (health activist)
Germinoma
Elevated alkaline phosphatase
Joseph DeRisi
Radiation-induced lumbar plexopathy
Carboplatin
ALPPL2
Germ cell tumor
NLRP7
Albinism
Testicular cancer
Tumefactive multiple sclerosis
Cryptorchidism
Supernumerary nipples-uropathies-Becker's nevus syndrome
Pineal gland
Cancer
Adjuvant therapy
List of cancer types
Placental alkaline phosphatase
TSPY1
Seminoma - Wikipedia
A Case of Synchronous Bilateral Testicular Seminoma
Seminoma Pathology: Definition, Epidemiology, Etiology
Seminoma | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
Seminoma Testicular Cancer Treatment Protocols: Treatment Protocols
Testicular Seminoma - My Cancer Genome
Seminoma: Refractory - Radiation Oncology Associates
Mediastinal Seminoma: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
Seminoma Testicular Cancer Treatment Protocols: Treatment Protocols
Metastatic seminoma
Seminoma: Refractory - Hematology Oncology Associates of The Palm Beaches
Extragonadal Germ Cell Tumors | Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center
Eosinophilic pneumonia associated with bleomycin in a patient with mediastinal seminoma: a case report | Journal of Medical...
Second cancer in patients treated for testicular seminoma<...
cfDNA methylation pattern in liquid biopsies of testicular seminoma patients
Chemo is powerfull with seminoma - TC-Cancer.com - Testicular Cancer Information & Support Forum
Testicular seminoma and non-seminoma: ESMO-EURACAN Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.
Microgravity-induced cell-to-cell junctional contacts are counteracted by antioxidant compounds in TCAM-2 seminoma cells
Testicular cancer: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Webpathology.com: A Collection of Surgical Pathology Images
Leslie, Stephen W | Creighton University
Treatment of germ cell testicular cancer
Rupture and hemorrhage of a seminoma mixed with yolk sac tumors in 46XY partial gonadal dysgenesis: a case report and...
Simultaneously Detected Bilateral Testicular Cancer of Different Histopathological Origin
View of Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) a promising novel target for cancer diagnosis in seminoma and embryonal...
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Serum Tumor Markers | AAFP
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Metastatic seminoma3
- Gross pathology of seminoma Histopathological image of metastatic seminoma in the inguinal lymph node. (wikipedia.org)
- Minimal AFP elevations, however, may be due to hepatopathy, including metastatic seminoma to the liver. (medscape.com)
- Histopathological evaluation revealed seminoma of the right testis, nonseminomatous germ cell tumor of the left testis, and metastatic seminoma in the right groin postoperatively. (cancernetwork.com)
Testis5
- Some cases of seminoma can present as a primary tumour outside the testis, most commonly in the mediastinum. (wikipedia.org)
- Seminoma is the most common pure germ cell tumor (GCT) of the testis, accounting for up to 50% of cases. (medscape.com)
- [ 9 , 10 ] Cryptorchidism represents the most strong risk factor for seminoma, with an increased risk not only in the affected testis, but also in the contralateral one. (medscape.com)
- The peak incidence is in the third decade of life for non-seminomatous germ cell tumour (NSGCT) and mixed GCT patients, and in the fourth decade for seminoma testis (ST) patients. (uroweb.org)
- Randomized trial of carboplatin versus radiotherapy for stage I seminoma: mature results on relapse and contralateral testis cancer rates in MRC TE19/EORTC 30982 study (ISRCTN27163214. (epnet.com)
Nonseminoma6
- Tumors with both seminoma and nonseminoma elements or that occur with the presence of AFP should be treated as nonseminomas. (wikipedia.org)
- pathologic diagnosis may show pure seminoma or nonseminoma germ cell tumors. (medscape.com)
- Malignant extragonadal germ cell tumors are divided into two types, nonseminoma and seminoma . (vicc.org)
- Blood levels of the tumor markers help determine if the tumor is a seminoma or nonseminoma. (vicc.org)
- Nonseminoma: This more common type of testicular cancer tends to grow more quickly than seminomas. (medlineplus.gov)
- The cells can be seminoma, nonseminoma, or both. (medlineplus.gov)
Testicular cancer2
- Seminoma: This is a slow-growing form of testicular cancer found in men in their 40s and 50s. (medlineplus.gov)
- Seminoma is a slow-growing type of testicular cancer. (chkd.org)
Nonseminomas3
- Nonseminomas tend to grow and spread more quickly than seminomas. (vicc.org)
- This treatment has greatly improved survival for people with both seminomas and nonseminomas. (medlineplus.gov)
- However, different risks were observed for seminomas and nonseminomas in both matrices, but none were statistically significant. (lu.se)
Tumors12
- About half of germ cell tumors of the testicles are seminomas. (wikipedia.org)
- Spermatocytic tumors are not considered a subtype of seminoma and unlike other germ cell tumours do not arise from intratubular germ cell neoplasia. (wikipedia.org)
- Such tumors are still classified as mixed GCT, even if the seminoma is the main component. (medscape.com)
- In contrast, tumors arising in the retroperitoneum are virtually always associated with premalignant lesions in one of the testes and behave clinically similar to metastatic testicular seminomas. (medscape.com)
- The mean age at presentation of patients with seminoma is 40 years, which is 5-10 years older than in patients with nonseminomatous testicular tumors . (medscape.com)
- Seminomas usually develop in the anterosuperior mediastinum and can develop into fairly large tumors. (medscape.com)
- Mediastinal seminomas are generally bulky tumors and tend to infiltrate into adjacent structures early in the growth process. (medscape.com)
- Unlike other germ cell tumors, seminomas tend to remain localized in the chest, and only occasionally do they invade adjacent structures. (medscape.com)
- Testicular seminoma is the most common type of testicular germ cell tumors, routinely diagnosed after orchiectomy. (urology-today.com)
- Testicular germ cell tumors and, in particular, seminomas are exquisitely radiation and chemotherapy-sensitive and most presentations are highly curable. (icr.ac.uk)
- Rupture and hemorrhage of a seminoma mixed with yolk sac tumors in 46XY partial gonadal dysgenesis: a case report and literature review. (bvsalud.org)
- The lesion was removed by emergency surgery , and the pathology report indicated a mixed germ cell tumor with a seminoma and yolk sac tumors . (bvsalud.org)
Radiotherapy4
- 2005) Radiotherapy versus single-dose carboplatin in adjudant treatment of stage I seminoma: a randomized trial. (medscape.com)
- Post-orchiectomy primary treatment for pure seminoma includes surveillance, radiotherapy, 0r chemotherapy. (medscape.com)
- Treatment with radiotherapy is highly successful when the tumor is diagnosed in localized stages, which represents the majority of presentations of seminoma. (mycancergenome.org)
- The exact risk of developing a second primary cancer following radiotherapy for testicular seminoma is not known. (biu.ac.il)
Mediastinal5
- Differences in behavior and clinical outcome suggest that mediastinal seminomas are biologically different from gonadal seminomas and can develop de novo without a testicular primary focus. (medscape.com)
- Chemoradiotherapy is an alternative choice for patients with primary mediastinal seminoma. (harvard.edu)
- Seminomas are the predominant malignant lesions, accounting for nearly 50% of mediastinal lesions. (medscape.com)
- A 44-year-old Hispanic man with a primary mediastinal seminoma complicated by superior vena cava syndrome underwent treatment with four cycles of bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin. (biomedcentral.com)
- A 44-year-old Hispanic man was diagnosed in October 2006 with a primary mediastinal seminoma complicated by superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
Synchronous Bilateral Testicular Seminoma1
- Click here to complete a Medscape CME activity on synchronous bilateral testicular seminoma. (medscape.com)
Orchiectomy2
- At the Northern Israel Oncology Center, between the years 1968‐1988, 75 patients with early stage (I,IIA) testicular seminoma were treated by orchiectomy followed by radiation therapy. (biu.ac.il)
- The majority of reported DNA methylation data are obtained on genomic DNA (gDNA) from seminoma tissue, requiring orchiectomy as an invasive procedure. (urology-today.com)
Human seminoma2
- One of the main obstacles encountered when trying to culture human seminoma (SE) cells in vitro is massive degeneration of the tumour cells. (prinsesmaximacentrum.nl)
- In previous works, we reported our findings on a cell line derived from a human seminoma lesion (TCam-2 cell line) showing that acute exposure to simulated microgravity altered microtubule orientation, induced autophagy, and modified cell metabolism stimulating ROS production. (unich.it)
Classical seminoma2
- The classical seminoma is composed of fairly well differentiated sheets or cords of uniform polygonal or round cells (seminoma cells), each cell having abundant clear cytoplasm, distinct cell membranes, a centrally placed round nucleus, and one or more nucleoli. (harvard.edu)
- Was recently diagnosed with TC seminoma(classical seminoma). (cancer.org)
Embryonal carcinoma3
- [ 1 ] Among mixed GCTs, seminoma is also commonly present in combination with teratoma, yolk sac tumor , and/or embryonal carcinoma . (medscape.com)
- H&E and OCT4/CD34 for the assessment of lympho-vascular invasion in seminoma and embryonal carcinoma. (harvard.edu)
- Clinically and histologically, these are subdivided into seminomas and non-seminomas, the later encompassing somatic and extra-embryonal elements of embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac, choriocarcinoma and teratoma [ 10 ]. (uroweb.org)
Tumor cells1
- Testicular seminoma, showing a typically prominent lymphocytic infiltrate in the fibrous stroma separating the clusters of tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
Germ cell neoplasia1
- Genetic changes have also been studied in the past few decades, with documentation of aneuploid DNA content in seminomas and intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the unclassified type (IGCNU), the precursor lesion. (medscape.com)
Pathology1
- The pathology of the removed testicle and spermatic cord indicate the presence of the seminoma and assist in the staging. (wikipedia.org)
Diagnosis3
- Orchidectomy specimen showing seminoma The germ cell markers OCT 3/4 and CD117 (positive immunohistochemistry pictured) are useful for diagnosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Testicular seminoma and non-seminoma: ESMO-EURACAN Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. (icr.ac.uk)
- Testicular seminoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. (icr.ac.uk)
Primary1
- The second primary cancers were: two bronchogenic carcinomas, one contralateral seminoma, one thymoma, one papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, one carcinoma of the stomach, one transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, one carcinoma of the colon, and one malignant melanoma. (biu.ac.il)
Radiation Therapy3
- Patterns of Disease Progression and Outcome of Patients With Testicular Seminoma Who Relapse After Adjuvant or Curative Radiation Therapy. (harvard.edu)
- Seminomas are very sensitive to radiation therapy. (medlineplus.gov)
- Radiation therapy is usually only used for treating seminomas. (medlineplus.gov)
Yolk1
- Although there is overlapping histology between the pre-pubertal teratoma/yolk sac and the teratoma and yolk sac elements in the GCNIS-related non-seminomas, these have a separate and independent pathogenesis [ 10 ]. (uroweb.org)
Extragonadal2
- However, GCTs, including seminomas, can occur in extragonadal sites along the midline of the body, following the embryologic migration route of its precursor cells -- the primordial germ cells. (medscape.com)
- Oleuropein Counteracts Both the Proliferation and Migration of Intra- and Extragonadal Seminoma Cells. (harvard.edu)
Patients9
- 2005) Risk-adapted management for patients with clinical stage I seminoma: the second Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Cooperative Group Study. (medscape.com)
- Serum hCG is mildly to moderately elevated in about 10% of patients with clinical stage I seminoma and 25% of patients with metastasis. (medscape.com)
- Evaluation of miR-371a-3p to predict viable germ cell tumor in patients with pure seminoma receiving retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. (harvard.edu)
- Patients with stage II or III seminoma are considered to have good risk, with the exception of patients who have stage III disease with nonpulmonary visceral metastases, who are classified as intermediate-risk patients. (medscape.com)
- We identified 501 patients with stage 1 seminoma. (ox.ac.uk)
- We conclude that patients treated for seminoma have an increased risk of developing a second cancer. (biu.ac.il)
- cfDNA methylation from liquid biopsies (blood and seminal plasma) from 24 seminoma patients' samples was assessed by pyrosequencing and compared with healthy volunteers' samples. (urology-today.com)
- Although clinical value is yet to be determined, presented data emphasize a potential use of liquid biopsy epigenetic biomarkers in the screening of seminoma patients. (urology-today.com)
- A total of 246 patients with vascular invasion-positive stage 1 NSGCTT or combined seminoma + NSGCTT were centrally registered in a single-arm prospective study. (nih.gov)
Clinical3
- Stage 1 seminoma is characterized by the absence of clinical evidence of metastasis. (wikipedia.org)
- There are 2 clinical trials for testicular seminoma, of which 2 are open and 0 are completed or closed. (mycancergenome.org)
- Observation and surgery are the most common interventions in testicular seminoma clinical trials. (mycancergenome.org)
Prognostic2
- The degree of elevation in the serum LDH has prognostic value in advanced seminoma. (wikipedia.org)
- 2002) Prognostic factors for relapse in stage I seminoma managed by surveillance: a pooled analysis. (medscape.com)
Surveillance2
- The preferred treatment for most forms of stage 1 seminoma is active surveillance. (wikipedia.org)
- Changing Practice Evaluation-Stage 1 Seminoma: Outcomes With Adjuvant Treatment Versus Surveillance: Risk Factors for Recurrence and Optimizing Follow-up Protocols-Experience From a Supraregional Center. (ox.ac.uk)
Sensitive to radiation1
- Testicular seminomas are extremely sensitive to radiation. (nyp.org)
Retroperitoneal1
- Stage 2 seminoma is indicated by the presence of retroperitoneal metastasis. (wikipedia.org)
MeSH1
- Seminoma" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
Cells4
- Microscopic examination shows that seminomas are usually composed of either a sheet-like or lobular pattern of cells with a fibrous stromal network. (wikipedia.org)
- Elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels can occur in seminomas and correlate with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells seen histologically. (medscape.com)
- Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is not produced by seminoma cells, and its serum detection usually indicates a nonseminomatous component. (medscape.com)
- SOX2 and PRAME in the "reprogramming" of seminoma cells. (harvard.edu)
Cancer1
- We analyzed stage 1 seminomas treated in the Thames Valley Cancer Network for outcomes to determine whether any factors are predictive of recurrence. (ox.ac.uk)
Stage2
- Regardless of treatment strategy, stage 1 seminoma has nearly a 100% cure rate. (wikipedia.org)
- When it only spreads to the retroperitoneum, it is classified as early metastatic or stage 2 seminoma. (chkd.org)
Definition1
- A classical or pure seminoma by definition does not cause an elevated serum alpha fetoprotein. (wikipedia.org)
Recurrent1
- The following is a general overview of the treatment of recurrent and/or refractory testicular seminoma. (radiationoncologyassociates.co)
Mediastinum1
- A seminoma is a germ cell tumor of the testicle or, more rarely, the mediastinum or other extra-gonadal locations. (wikipedia.org)
Pure2
- Overall, 60% of germ cell neoplasms have seminoma in their composition, but pure seminomas are genetically different from those that present as a component of a mixed tumor. (medscape.com)
- Pure seminoma. (medscape.com)
Pattern2
- Seminomas often have a diffuse, sheetlike pattern or confluent multinodular pattern. (medscape.com)
- This study aimed to investigate whether cfDNA methylation of OCT3/4, KIT, KITLG, and RASSF1A genes from liquid biopsies (blood and seminal plasma), have the potential as novel seminoma biomarkers, as some of those genes are well known for their changed methylation pattern in gDNA of tumorous tissue. (urology-today.com)
Publication1
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Seminoma" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Seminoma" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)