Changes in anthropometry with testosterone therapy in a female with gender identity disorder. (1/4)
A 31-year-old regularly menstruating Japanese female was referred to our outpatient clinic by a psychiatrist. She had been diagnosed as having gender identity disorder by detailed counseling and clinical intervention 3 years earlier. After obtaining fully informed written consent, we treated her with 125 mg of testosterone enanthate, intramuscularly, every 2 weeks for 4 months. Serum testosterone levels increased to the normal male value (from 28 to 432 ng/dL). Although menstrual cycle remained regular, her voice became lower after 4 months of therapy. Body weight, body mass index, and lean body mass increased, while body fat mass and percentage of body fat decreased. However, trunk-leg fat ratio did not change during the observation period. During testosterone therapy, a disproportionate increase in lean body mass and decrease in body fat mass are early onset events, while the shift toward upper body fat distribution may be a late onset event along with increase in BMD. (+info)Peer group status of gender dysphoric children: a sociometric study. (2/4)
(+info)From mental disorder to iatrogenic hypogonadism: dilemmas in conceptualizing gender identity variants as psychiatric conditions. (3/4)
(+info)Children and adolescents with gender identity disorder referred to a pediatric medical center. (4/4)
(+info)According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), produced by the American Psychiatric Association, "sexual dysfunctions" refer to a heterogeneous group of disorders that are characterized by an impairment in the sexual response cycles or by painful genital sensations.
The DSM-5 also includes "gender dysphoria" as a separate category, which refers to the distress that may accompany the incongruence between one's experienced or expressed gender and one's assigned gender.
It is important to note that these disorders are not considered inherent aspects of one's personal identity, but rather, they reflect difficulties in functioning in certain key areas of life. The DSM-5 emphasizes a biopsychosocial model for understanding these disorders, which takes into account biological, psychological, and social factors that may contribute to their development and maintenance.
It is also important to recognize that people who experience sexual or gender dysfunctions are not "disordered" in their entirety; rather, they have a specific difficulty that can be addressed and potentially alleviated through evidence-based interventions.