Single Umbilical Artery
Umbilical Arteries
Ultrasonography, Prenatal
Umbilical Cord
Cardiovascular Abnormalities
Fetal Growth Retardation
Fetal Diseases
Pregnancy
Gestational Age
Abnormalities, Multiple
Ultrasonography, Doppler
Blood Flow Velocity
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
Umbilical Veins
Placental Circulation
Heart Rate, Fetal
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed
Fetal Distress
Pulsatile Flow
Fetal Monitoring
Placental Insufficiency
Fetus
Pulmonary Artery
Pregnancy Outcome
Fetal Blood
Pregnancy Trimester, Third
Middle Cerebral Artery
Carotid Arteries
Placenta
Uterine Artery
Pregnancy Trimester, Second
Hernia, Umbilical
Ultrasound predictors of birth weight in euploid fetuses with isolated single umbilical artery. (1/6)
(+info)Isolated single umbilical artery: need for specialist fetal echocardiography? (2/6)
(+info)Single umbilical artery in twin pregnancies. (3/6)
(+info)Chromosome 18q-syndrome and 1p terminal duplication in a patient with bilateral vesico-ureteral reflux: case report and literature revision. (4/6)
(+info)The incidence of isolated single umbilical artery in twins and adverse pregnancy outcomes. (5/6)
(+info)Relationship of isolated single umbilical artery to fetal growth, aneuploidy and perinatal mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. (6/6)
(+info)Single umbilical artery (SUA) is a congenital abnormality characterized by the presence of only one umbilical artery in the developing fetus, instead of the usual two. The umbilical cord typically contains two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein, which are responsible for carrying oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the growing fetus, as well as transporting deoxygenated and waste-laden blood back to the placenta.
The occurrence of a single umbilical artery can be an isolated finding or associated with other structural or chromosomal abnormalities. The exact cause of SUA is not fully understood, but it has been linked to factors such as maternal age, diabetes, and genetic predisposition.
During prenatal ultrasound examinations, the detection of a single umbilical artery might prompt further evaluation for potential associated anomalies or genetic disorders. In some cases, SUA may not have any significant consequences on fetal development or pregnancy outcomes; however, it can increase the risk for complications such as intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Therefore, close monitoring of the pregnancy is often recommended when a single umbilical artery is identified.
The umbilical arteries are a pair of vessels that develop within the umbilical cord during fetal development. They carry oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the developing fetus through the placenta. These arteries arise from the internal iliac arteries in the fetus and pass through the umbilical cord to connect with the two umbilical veins within the placenta. After birth, the umbilical arteries become ligaments (the medial umbilical ligaments) that run along the inner abdominal wall.
The digestive system is a complex series of organs and glands that process food. Abnormalities in the digestive system can refer to a wide range of conditions that affect any part of the system, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life due to various factors such as infection, inflammation, injury, or disease.
Some examples of digestive system abnormalities include:
1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition where the stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and damage to the esophageal lining.
2. Peptic Ulcers: Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infections or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
4. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): A functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits.
5. Celiac Disease: An autoimmune disorder where the ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine.
6. Diverticulosis: The presence of small pouches or sacs that form on the lining of the intestine, which can become inflamed or infected (diverticulitis).
7. Hiatal Hernia: A condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity.
8. Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections or toxins.
9. Cirrhosis: A chronic liver disease characterized by scarring and loss of liver function, often due to long-term alcohol abuse or hepatitis.
10. Gallstones: Small, hard deposits that form in the gallbladder and can cause pain and inflammation.
These are just a few examples of gastrointestinal disorders, and there are many others. If you are experiencing symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, or difficulty swallowing, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider to determine the cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.
During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.
Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.
Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.
The umbilical cord is a flexible, tube-like structure that connects the developing fetus to the placenta in the uterus during pregnancy. It arises from the abdomen of the fetus and transports essential nutrients, oxygen, and blood from the mother's circulation to the growing baby. Additionally, it carries waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetus back to the placenta for elimination. The umbilical cord is primarily composed of two arteries (the umbilical arteries) and one vein (the umbilical vein), surrounded by a protective gelatinous substance called Wharton's jelly, and enclosed within a fibrous outer covering known as the umbilical cord coating. Following birth, the umbilical cord is clamped and cut, leaving behind the stump that eventually dries up and falls off, resulting in the baby's belly button.
Cardiovascular abnormalities refer to structural or functional anomalies in the heart or blood vessels. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or acquired later in life. They can affect the heart's chambers, valves, walls, or blood vessels, leading to various complications such as heart failure, stroke, or even death if left untreated.
Examples of congenital cardiovascular abnormalities include:
1. Septal defects - holes in the walls separating the heart's chambers (atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect)
2. Valvular stenosis or insufficiency - narrowing or leakage of the heart valves
3. Patent ductus arteriosus - a persistent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery
4. Coarctation of the aorta - narrowing of the aorta
5. Tetralogy of Fallot - a combination of four heart defects, including ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy
Examples of acquired cardiovascular abnormalities include:
1. Atherosclerosis - the buildup of plaque in the arteries, leading to narrowing or blockage
2. Cardiomyopathy - disease of the heart muscle, causing it to become enlarged, thickened, or stiffened
3. Hypertension - high blood pressure, which can damage the heart and blood vessels over time
4. Myocardial infarction (heart attack) - damage to the heart muscle due to blocked blood supply
5. Infective endocarditis - infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves
These abnormalities can be diagnosed through various tests, such as echocardiography, electrocardiogram (ECG), stress testing, cardiac catheterization, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment options depend on the type and severity of the abnormality and may include medications, medical procedures, or surgery.
Fetal growth retardation, also known as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a condition in which a fetus fails to grow at the expected rate during pregnancy. This can be caused by various factors such as maternal health problems, placental insufficiency, chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic disorders. The fetus may be smaller than expected for its gestational age, have reduced movement, and may be at risk for complications during labor and delivery. It is important to monitor fetal growth and development closely throughout pregnancy to detect any potential issues early on and provide appropriate medical interventions.
Fetal diseases are medical conditions or abnormalities that affect a fetus during pregnancy. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may impact various organ systems in the developing fetus. Examples of fetal diseases include congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, and infectious diseases such as toxoplasmosis or rubella. Fetal diseases can be diagnosed through prenatal testing, including ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or delivery of the fetus, depending on the nature and severity of the disease.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.
It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.
'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term that refers to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life (acquired). They can affect various organs and systems of the body and can vary greatly in severity and impact on a person's health and well-being.
Multiple abnormalities can occur due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, exposure to teratogens (substances that cause birth defects), and maternal infections during pregnancy are some of the common causes of multiple congenital abnormalities.
Examples of multiple congenital abnormalities include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and VATER/VACTERL association. Acquired multiple abnormalities can result from conditions such as trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, or cancer.
The medical evaluation and management of individuals with multiple abnormalities depend on the specific abnormalities present and their impact on the individual's health and functioning. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals is often involved in the care of these individuals to address their complex needs.
Ultrasonography, Doppler refers to a non-invasive diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of the movement of blood flow through vessels, tissues, or heart valves. The Doppler effect is used to measure the frequency shift of the ultrasound waves as they bounce off moving red blood cells, which allows for the calculation of the speed and direction of blood flow. This technique is commonly used to diagnose and monitor various conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, carotid artery stenosis, heart valve abnormalities, and fetal heart development during pregnancy. It does not use radiation or contrast agents and is considered safe with minimal risks.
Blood flow velocity is the speed at which blood travels through a specific part of the vascular system. It is typically measured in units of distance per time, such as centimeters per second (cm/s) or meters per second (m/s). Blood flow velocity can be affected by various factors, including cardiac output, vessel diameter, and viscosity of the blood. Measuring blood flow velocity is important in diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.
Ultrasonography, Doppler, color is a type of diagnostic ultrasound technique that uses the Doppler effect to produce visual images of blood flow in vessels and the heart. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave. In this context, it refers to the change in frequency of the ultrasound waves as they reflect off moving red blood cells.
In color Doppler ultrasonography, different colors are used to represent the direction and speed of blood flow. Red typically represents blood flowing toward the transducer (the device that sends and receives sound waves), while blue represents blood flowing away from the transducer. The intensity or brightness of the color is proportional to the velocity of blood flow.
Color Doppler ultrasonography is often used in conjunction with grayscale ultrasound imaging, which provides information about the structure and composition of tissues. Together, these techniques can help diagnose a wide range of conditions, including heart disease, blood clots, and abnormalities in blood flow.
Congenital abnormalities, also known as birth defects, are structural or functional anomalies that are present at birth. These abnormalities can develop at any point during fetal development, and they can affect any part of the body. They can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both.
Congenital abnormalities can range from mild to severe and may include structural defects such as heart defects, neural tube defects, and cleft lip and palate, as well as functional defects such as intellectual disabilities and sensory impairments. Some congenital abnormalities may be visible at birth, while others may not become apparent until later in life.
In some cases, congenital abnormalities may be detected through prenatal testing, such as ultrasound or amniocentesis. In other cases, they may not be diagnosed until after the baby is born. Treatment for congenital abnormalities varies depending on the type and severity of the defect, and may include surgery, therapy, medication, or a combination of these approaches.
The umbilical veins are blood vessels in the umbilical cord that carry oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the developing fetus during pregnancy. There are typically two umbilical veins, one of which usually degenerates and becomes obliterated, leaving a single functional vein. This remaining vein is known as the larger umbilical vein or the venous duct. It enters the fetal abdomen through the umbilicus and passes through the liver, where it branches off to form the portal sinus. Ultimately, the blood from the umbilical vein mixes with the blood from the inferior vena cava and is pumped to the heart through the right atrium.
It's important to note that after birth, the umbilical veins are no longer needed and undergo involution, becoming the ligamentum teres in the adult.
Karyotyping is a medical laboratory test used to study the chromosomes in a cell. It involves obtaining a sample of cells from a patient, usually from blood or bone marrow, and then staining the chromosomes so they can be easily seen under a microscope. The chromosomes are then arranged in pairs based on their size, shape, and other features to create a karyotype. This visual representation allows for the identification and analysis of any chromosomal abnormalities, such as extra or missing chromosomes, or structural changes like translocations or inversions. These abnormalities can provide important information about genetic disorders, diseases, and developmental problems.
Placental circulation refers to the specialized circulatory system that develops during pregnancy to allow for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the mother's blood and the fetal blood in the placenta. The placenta is a highly vascular organ that grows within the uterus and is connected to the developing fetus via the umbilical cord.
In the maternal side of the placenta, the spiral arteries branch into smaller vessels called the intervillous spaces, where they come in close contact with the fetal blood vessels within the villi (finger-like projections) of the placenta. The intervillous spaces are filled with maternal blood that flows around the villi, allowing for the exchange of gases and nutrients between the two circulations.
On the fetal side, the umbilical cord contains two umbilical arteries that carry oxygen-depleted blood from the fetus to the placenta, and one umbilical vein that returns oxygenated blood back to the fetus. The umbilical arteries branch into smaller vessels within the villi, where they exchange gases and nutrients with the maternal blood in the intervillous spaces.
Overall, the placental circulation is a crucial component of fetal development, allowing for the growing fetus to receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients to support its growth and development.
Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. They have thick, muscular walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped out of the heart. Arteries branch off into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further divide into a vast network of tiny capillaries where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between the blood and the body's cells. After passing through the capillary network, deoxygenated blood collects in venules, then merges into veins, which return the blood back to the heart.
Fetal heart rate (FHR) is the number of times a fetus's heart beats in one minute. It is measured through the use of a fetoscope, Doppler ultrasound device, or cardiotocograph (CTG). A normal FHR ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute (bpm), although it can vary throughout pregnancy and is usually faster than an adult's heart rate. Changes in the FHR pattern may indicate fetal distress, hypoxia, or other conditions that require medical attention. Regular monitoring of FHR during pregnancy, labor, and delivery helps healthcare providers assess fetal well-being and ensure a safe outcome for both the mother and the baby.
A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Pulsed is a type of diagnostic ultrasound technique that uses the Doppler effect to measure blood flow in the body. In this technique, short bursts of ultrasound are emitted and then listened for as they bounce back off moving red blood cells. By analyzing the frequency shift of the returning sound waves, the velocity and direction of blood flow can be determined. This information is particularly useful in evaluating conditions such as deep vein thrombosis, carotid artery stenosis, and fetal heart abnormalities. Pulsed Doppler ultrasonography provides more detailed information about blood flow than traditional color Doppler imaging, making it a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions.
Fetal distress is a term used to describe situations where a fetus is experiencing problems during labor or delivery that are causing significant physiological changes. These changes may include an abnormal heart rate, decreased oxygen levels, or the presence of meconium (the baby's first stool) in the amniotic fluid. Fetal distress can be caused by a variety of factors, such as problems with the umbilical cord, placental abruption, maternal high blood pressure, or prolonged labor. It is important to monitor fetal well-being during labor and delivery to detect and address any signs of fetal distress promptly. Treatment may include changing the mother's position, administering oxygen, giving intravenous fluids, or performing an emergency cesarean section.
Pulsatile flow is a type of fluid flow that occurs in a rhythmic, wave-like pattern, typically seen in the cardiovascular system. It refers to the periodic variation in the volume or velocity of a fluid (such as blood) that is caused by the regular beating of the heart. In pulsatile flow, there are periods of high flow followed by periods of low or no flow, which creates a distinct pattern on a graph or tracing. This type of flow is important for maintaining proper function and health in organs and tissues throughout the body.
Fetal monitoring is a procedure used during labor and delivery to assess the well-being of the fetus. It involves the use of electronic devices to measure and record the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. The information obtained from fetal monitoring can help healthcare providers identify any signs of fetal distress, such as a decreased fetal heart rate, which may indicate the need for interventions or an emergency cesarean delivery.
There are two main types of fetal monitoring: external and internal. External fetal monitoring involves placing sensors on the mother's abdomen to detect the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions. Internal fetal monitoring, which is typically used during high-risk deliveries, involves inserting an electrode into the fetus' scalp to measure the fetal heart rate more accurately.
Fetal monitoring can provide valuable information about the fetus's well-being during labor and delivery, but it is important to note that it has limitations and may not always detect fetal distress in a timely manner. Therefore, healthcare providers must use their clinical judgment and other assessment tools, such as fetal movement counting and visual examination of the fetus, to ensure the safe delivery of the baby.
Placental insufficiency is a condition in which the placenta does not provide adequate nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus. This can occur due to various reasons, such as poor placental development, damage to the placenta, or problems with the blood flow to the placenta. As a result, the fetus may receive less oxygen and nutrients than it needs for proper growth and development, which can lead to a range of complications, including low birth weight, preterm birth, and developmental delays.
The medical definition of placental insufficiency is: "a condition in which the placenta fails to provide adequate support to the developing fetus, resulting in impaired fetal growth and development." This condition can be diagnosed through various tests, such as ultrasound, fetal monitoring, and blood tests, and may require close monitoring and management throughout pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and the baby.
A fetus is the developing offspring in a mammal, from the end of the embryonic period (approximately 8 weeks after fertilization in humans) until birth. In humans, the fetal stage of development starts from the eleventh week of pregnancy and continues until childbirth, which is termed as full-term pregnancy at around 37 to 40 weeks of gestation. During this time, the organ systems become fully developed and the body grows in size. The fetus is surrounded by the amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac and is connected to the placenta via the umbilical cord, through which it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother. Regular prenatal care is essential during this period to monitor the growth and development of the fetus and ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery.
Cerebral arteries refer to the blood vessels that supply oxygenated blood to the brain. These arteries branch off from the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries, which combine to form the basilar artery. The major cerebral arteries include:
1. Anterior cerebral artery (ACA): This artery supplies blood to the frontal lobes of the brain, including the motor and sensory cortices responsible for movement and sensation in the lower limbs.
2. Middle cerebral artery (MCA): The MCA is the largest of the cerebral arteries and supplies blood to the lateral surface of the brain, including the temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes. It is responsible for providing blood to areas involved in motor function, sensory perception, speech, memory, and vision.
3. Posterior cerebral artery (PCA): The PCA supplies blood to the occipital lobe, which is responsible for visual processing, as well as parts of the temporal and parietal lobes.
4. Anterior communicating artery (ACoA) and posterior communicating arteries (PComAs): These are small arteries that connect the major cerebral arteries, forming an important circulatory network called the Circle of Willis. The ACoA connects the two ACAs, while the PComAs connect the ICA with the PCA and the basilar artery.
These cerebral arteries play a crucial role in maintaining proper brain function by delivering oxygenated blood to various regions of the brain. Any damage or obstruction to these arteries can lead to serious neurological conditions, such as strokes or transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).
The pulmonary artery is a large blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. It divides into two main branches, the right and left pulmonary arteries, which further divide into smaller vessels called arterioles, and then into a vast network of capillaries in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. The thin walls of these capillaries allow oxygen to diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide to diffuse out, making the blood oxygen-rich before it is pumped back to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins. This process is crucial for maintaining proper oxygenation of the body's tissues and organs.
Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:
1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.
The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.
Fetal blood refers to the blood circulating in a fetus during pregnancy. It is essential for the growth and development of the fetus, as it carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the developing tissues and organs. Fetal blood also removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetal tissues and transports them to the placenta for elimination.
Fetal blood has several unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult blood. For example, fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the primary type of hemoglobin found in fetal blood, whereas adults primarily have adult hemoglobin (HbA). Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which allows it to more efficiently extract oxygen from the maternal blood in the placenta.
Additionally, fetal blood contains a higher proportion of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) and nucleated red blood cells compared to adult blood. These differences reflect the high turnover rate of red blood cells in the developing fetus and the need for rapid growth and development.
Examination of fetal blood can provide important information about the health and well-being of the fetus during pregnancy. For example, fetal blood sampling (also known as cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling) can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, infections, and other conditions that may affect fetal development. However, this procedure carries risks, including preterm labor, infection, and fetal loss, and is typically only performed when there is a significant risk of fetal compromise or when other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive.
The third trimester of pregnancy is the final stage of pregnancy that lasts from week 29 until birth, which typically occurs around the 40th week. During this period, the fetus continues to grow and mature, gaining weight rapidly. The mother's body also prepares for childbirth by dilating the cervix and producing milk in preparation for breastfeeding. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this time to monitor the health of both the mother and the developing fetus, as well as to prepare for delivery.
The Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) is one of the main blood vessels that supplies oxygenated blood to the brain. It arises from the internal carotid artery and divides into several branches, which supply the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere, including the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.
The MCA is responsible for providing blood flow to critical areas of the brain, such as the primary motor and sensory cortices, Broca's area (associated with speech production), Wernicke's area (associated with language comprehension), and the visual association cortex.
Damage to the MCA or its branches can result in a variety of neurological deficits, depending on the specific location and extent of the injury. These may include weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, sensory loss, language impairment, and visual field cuts.
The carotid arteries are a pair of vital blood vessels in the human body that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck. Each person has two common carotid arteries, one on each side of the neck, which branch off from the aorta, the largest artery in the body.
The right common carotid artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left common carotid artery arises directly from the aortic arch. As they ascend through the neck, they split into two main branches: the internal and external carotid arteries.
The internal carotid artery supplies oxygenated blood to the brain, eyes, and other structures within the skull, while the external carotid artery provides blood to the face, scalp, and various regions of the neck.
Maintaining healthy carotid arteries is crucial for overall cardiovascular health and preventing serious conditions like stroke, which can occur when the arteries become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque or fatty deposits (atherosclerosis). Regular check-ups with healthcare professionals may include monitoring carotid artery health through ultrasound or other imaging techniques.
The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.
The femoral artery is the major blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the lower extremity of the human body. It is a continuation of the external iliac artery and becomes the popliteal artery as it passes through the adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus muscle of the thigh.
The femoral artery is located in the femoral triangle, which is bound by the sartorius muscle anteriorly, the adductor longus muscle medially, and the biceps femoris muscle posteriorly. It can be easily palpated in the groin region, making it a common site for taking blood samples, measuring blood pressure, and performing surgical procedures such as femoral artery catheterization and bypass grafting.
The femoral artery gives off several branches that supply blood to the lower limb, including the deep femoral artery, the superficial femoral artery, and the profunda femoris artery. These branches provide blood to the muscles, bones, skin, and other tissues of the leg, ankle, and foot.
The uterine artery is a paired branch of the internal iliac (hip) artery that supplies blood to the uterus and vagina. It anastomoses (joins) with the ovarian artery to form a rich vascular network that nourishes the female reproductive organs. The right and left uterine arteries run along the sides of the uterus, where they divide into several branches to supply oxygenated blood and nutrients to the myometrium (uterine muscle), endometrium (lining), and cervix. These arteries undergo significant changes in size and structure during pregnancy to accommodate the growing fetus and placenta, making them crucial for maintaining a healthy pregnancy.
The renal artery is a pair of blood vessels that originate from the abdominal aorta and supply oxygenated blood to each kidney. These arteries branch into several smaller vessels that provide blood to the various parts of the kidneys, including the renal cortex and medulla. The renal arteries also carry nutrients and other essential components needed for the normal functioning of the kidneys. Any damage or blockage to the renal artery can lead to serious consequences, such as reduced kidney function or even kidney failure.
The second trimester of pregnancy is the period between the completion of 12 weeks (the end of the first trimester) and 26 weeks (the beginning of the third trimester) of gestational age. It is often considered the most comfortable period for many pregnant women as the risk of miscarriage decreases significantly, and the symptoms experienced during the first trimester, such as nausea and fatigue, typically improve.
During this time, the uterus expands above the pubic bone, allowing more space for the growing fetus. The fetal development in the second trimester includes significant growth in size and weight, formation of all major organs, and the beginning of movement sensations that the mother can feel. Additionally, the fetus starts to hear, swallow and kick, and the skin is covered with a protective coating called vernix.
Prenatal care during this period typically includes regular prenatal appointments to monitor the mother's health and the baby's growth and development. These appointments may include measurements of the uterus, fetal heart rate monitoring, and screening tests for genetic disorders or other potential issues.
Fetal hypoxia is a medical condition that refers to a reduced level of oxygen supply to the fetus. This can occur due to various reasons, such as maternal health problems, complications during pregnancy or delivery, or issues with the placenta. Prolonged fetal hypoxia can lead to serious complications, including brain damage and even fetal death. It is important for healthcare providers to closely monitor fetal oxygen levels during pregnancy and delivery to ensure the well-being of the fetus.
An umbilical hernia is a type of hernia that occurs at the umbilicus, or belly button. It results from a protrusion of abdominal contents through a weakened area in the abdominal wall surrounding the navel. This condition is common in newborns and infants, especially premature babies, due to incomplete closure of the abdominal muscles during development.
In most cases, umbilical hernias in children close on their own by age 3-4 or by the time they reach school age. However, if the hernia is still present after this age, surgical intervention may be required to prevent potential complications such as incarceration (where the herniated tissue becomes trapped and cannot be pushed back in) or strangulation (where the blood supply to the herniated tissue is cut off, leading to tissue death).
Adults can also develop umbilical hernias, often as a result of increased pressure in the abdomen due to obesity, pregnancy, heavy lifting, or persistent coughing. Umbilical hernias in adults are generally more likely to require surgical repair due to the higher risk of complications.
The mesenteric arteries are the arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the intestines. There are three main mesenteric arteries: the superior mesenteric artery, which supplies blood to the small intestine (duodenum to two-thirds of the transverse colon) and large intestine (cecum, ascending colon, and the first part of the transverse colon); the inferior mesenteric artery, which supplies blood to the distal third of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum; and the middle colic artery, which is a branch of the superior mesenteric artery that supplies blood to the transverse colon. These arteries are important in maintaining adequate blood flow to the intestines to support digestion and absorption of nutrients.
Single umbilical artery
Umbilical artery
Stillbirth
Sirenomelia
Percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling
Umbilical cord
VACTERL association
Potter sequence
Fetal echocardiography
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome
Patau syndrome
Iniencephaly
SUA
Miller syndrome
Velamentous cord insertion
Foramen secundum
Ureter
Artery
Placental growth factor
Glossary of medicine
Hematopoietic stem cell niche
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
Induced stem cells
RUNX1
Hematopoietic stem cell
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
Human embryonic development
Vein
Fetus
Chicken as biological research model
Single umbilical artery - Wikipedia
Umbilical Cord Complications: Overview, Cord Length, Single Umbilical Artery
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Placenta13
- The vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the baby and the arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the baby to the placenta. (wikipedia.org)
- Could Your Umbilical Cord or Placenta Cause You Trouble? (wikipedia.org)
- [ 16 ] The incidence can be overestimated with gross examination of the cord, especially if the portion close to the placenta is examined, because the arteries may fuse close to the placenta. (medscape.com)
- The umbilical cord connects the developing baby to the placenta. (abelspeaks.org)
- The vein carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the baby, and the two arteries carry waste from the baby to the placenta. (wkw.com)
- Potentially umbilical cord problems and conditions include the umbilical cord being too short or too long, not connecting properly to the placenta, or becoming knotted or compressed. (wkw.com)
- Vasa previa occurs when one or more of the blood vessels from the umbilical cord or placenta cross the cervix. (wkw.com)
- This means that the vessels are not protected by the Wharton's jelly in the umbilical cord or the tissue in the placenta. (wkw.com)
- You may also be at risk if your baby's umbilical cord doesn't connect properly to the placenta, or if you have other placenta problems like placenta previa. (wkw.com)
- the inner side of the placenta facing the fetus is smooth, being covered with amnion, a thin avascular layer that continues past the edges of the placenta to line the entire hollow sphere of chorion except where it is reflected to cover the umbilical cord , which joins fetus and placenta. (pe.kr)
- The umbilical cord is essentially the womb's jelly-wrapped lifeline, connecting the fetus at the stomach to its mother by the placenta. (fronzutolaw.com)
- In general, birth injuries can happen when an umbilical cord does not grow enough or grows too much, when it is not properly connected to the placenta, when it gets knotted, or when it gets squeezed. (chicagomalpracticeteam.com)
- A prenatal history of feeble fetal activity, polyhydramnios, a small placenta, and a single umbilical artery often exist. (msdmanuals.com)
Fetal9
- Umbilical cord abnormalities are numerous, ranging from false knots, which have no clinical significance, to vasa previa, which often leads to fetal death. (medscape.com)
- Single umbilical arteries are associated more commonly with fetal anomalies than normal umbilical cords. (medscape.com)
- Usually there are three blood vessels in the umbilical cord: one vein (which carries oxygen and nutrients from mom to baby) and two arteries (which move fetal waste from the baby to mom). (abelspeaks.org)
- Umbilical cord prolapse may represent a serious problem if oxygen restriction occurs and is severe enough to cause brain damage or fetal death (still birth) if the baby is not delivered immediately. (fronzutolaw.com)
- 2. The finding of a single umbilical artery requires a more detailed review of fetal anatomy, including kidneys and heart (fetal echo). (radiology.world)
- 3. An isolated single umbilical artery does not warrant invasive testing for fetal aneuploidy. (radiology.world)
- 2011). Head-to-body delivery interval using 'two-step' approach in vaginal deliveries: effect on umbilical artery pH, The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 24:6, 799-803. (evidencebasedbirth.com)
- To date, some authors have agreed that excessively short and long umbilical cords have been suggested to correlate with a variety of fetal problems such as intrapartum distress and/or demise [ 1 - 6 ], while some authors have denied any relation to fetal distress and poor fetal outcome from problems of umbilical cord length in their literatures [ 7 - 9 ]. (jcgo.org)
- Відкрита артеріальна протока (ВАП) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistence of the fetal connection (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and pulmonary artery after birth. (msdmanuals.com)
Decreased umbilical cord1
- Both increased or decreased umbilical cord coiling has been associated with abnormal outcomes. (medscape.com)
Types of umbilical cord conditions2
- There are several types of umbilical cord conditions, and each come with their own set of complications. (wkw.com)
- Any of these serious types of umbilical cord conditions should be properly identified by a healthcare provider through an ultrasound and should be treated to avoid further complications or harm to your baby. (chicagomalpracticeteam.com)
Doppler5
- The sonographer is able to identify a 2 vessel cord in an image with the bladder and color Doppler, which will show only one artery going around one side of the bladder. (wikipedia.org)
- Doppler ultrasound detects reversal of blood flow in the umbilical artery of the baby without a heart. (connecticutchildrens.org)
- AIM: To determine the Doppler indices of the umbilical arteries in normal singleton pregnancy with a view to generating local reference ranges. (bvsalud.org)
- CONCLUSION: A normogram of umbilical artery Doppler indices was constructed, which showed that the indices decreased with gestational age. (bvsalud.org)
- Isn't any single umbilical artery doppler keeps suboptimal prenatal see twelve. (kok.foundation)
Ultrasound6
- During a second trimester ultrasound, the umbilical cord is routinely examined. (abelspeaks.org)
- This ultrasound finding is called a two-vessel cord but may also be called a single umbilical artery (SUA) because one of the two arteries is absent. (abelspeaks.org)
- TRAP sequence is diagnosed by ultrasound demonstrating identical twins with one twin lacking a heart and multiple anomalies combined with an artery-to-artery connection between the twins. (connecticutchildrens.org)
- Under ultrasound guidance, a 19-gauge needle is placed through the mother's abdomen, through the uterine wall, into the amniotic sac, and into the abdominal wall of the acardiac twin at the umbilical cord insertion. (connecticutchildrens.org)
- As such, conditions affecting the umbilical cord may be detected through ultrasound during pregnancy and must be planned for appropriately to prevent severe complications. (fronzutolaw.com)
- Umbilical arteries were assessed on ultrasound, with the subjects in the supine position. (bvsalud.org)
Complications3
- This article outlines the risk factors for known umbilical cord complications and the available courses of action to avert their associated morbidity and mortality. (medscape.com)
- Although complications from umbilical cord prolapse are not particularly common, this condition is more likely to occur in premature babies, those with low birthweight, and when the child is in a breech position. (fronzutolaw.com)
- Yet certain umbilical cord conditions and complications can result in severe birth injuries, including debilitating defects and stillbirths. (chicagomalpracticeteam.com)
Wrapped around the baby's neck1
- Nuchal cord, also called nuchal loops, is when the umbilical cord is wrapped around the baby's neck or other parts of the body (such as a foot or hand). (wkw.com)
Cords8
- Most cords have one vein and two arteries. (wikipedia.org)
- Umbilical cords are helical in nature, with as many as 380 helices. (medscape.com)
- Single umbilical artery occurs in less than 1% of cords in singletons and 5% of cords in at least one twin. (medscape.com)
- It is also more prevalent with long umbilical cords, polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid), manually ruptured membranes, and multiple births. (fronzutolaw.com)
- Normal umbilical cords were defined as those umbilical cords measuring within ± 1.0 SD of the mean, which is 45 - 68 cm in length. (jcgo.org)
- The short or long umbilical cords may not be associated with the adverse perinatal outcomes in Japanese singleton pregnancies delivered at ≥ 34 weeks' gestation. (jcgo.org)
- Most umbilical cords have been reported to be 50 - 60 cm, and very few have been observed to be abnormally short or long [ 1 , 2 ]. (jcgo.org)
- All umbilical cords and placentae were screened identically by trained staff. (jcgo.org)
Prenatal1
- Fused umbilical arteries: Prenatal sonographic diagnosis and clinical significance. (dsjuog.com)
Gestational Age2
- [ 15 ] and there appears to be an association between isolated single umbilical artery and an increased risk for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants and pregnancy-induced hypertension (but not for spontaneous preterm birth). (medscape.com)
- Arterial with the following inclusion criteria: single- blood gases and blood cord pH are useful ton pregnancy, no underlying disease and for measuring the degree of asphyxia and gestational age of 38-42 weeks. (who.int)
Anomalies1
- Recall the associated anomalies of a Short Umbilical Cord and a Long Umbilical Cord. (gcus.com)
Newborn4
- While checking the newborn's condition, the medical team discovered that there was an extra umbilical cord inside the newborn's abdomen, and the test revealed traces of twin fetuses that were fertilized with the newborn. (pe.kr)
- Cutting the umbilical cord of newborn babies during emergency childbirth and administering drugs to patients who are severely allergic to bee stings are newly included. (pe.kr)
- If all goes well, the umbilical cord will serve its purpose and no longer be necessary after your newborn is successfully delivered. (fronzutolaw.com)
- The umbilical cord is an important part of every pregnancy, allowing a fetus to grow in the womb and to receive the oxygen, blood, and nutrients necessary to reach full term for a healthy newborn. (chicagomalpracticeteam.com)
Abnormalities1
- The cause of a missing umbilical cord artery is unknown but 20% of babies born with this condition suffer from health problems, such as difficult digestion, heart conditions and kidney dysfunction, along with genetic abnormalities, such as cleft lip. (fronzutolaw.com)
Cysts2
- Umbilical cord cysts are sacs of fluid in the umbilical cord. (wkw.com)
- Adverse umbilical cord conditions such as a prolapsed cord, nuchal cord, umbilical cysts, knotted cord, or single umbilical artery, can seriously compromise the health of your baby and may lead to permanent harm if your doctor fails to diagnose or adequately manage the condition. (fronzutolaw.com)
Internal caroti1
- The internal carotid artery is the rostral continuation of the dorsal aorta and lies in the roof of the primitive pharynx on each side of the hypophyseal pouch. (ehd.org)
Vessels7
- In approximately 1% of pregnancies there are only two vessels -usually a single vein and single artery. (wikipedia.org)
- Sometimes there are only two blood vessels, one vein and one artery, instead of the usual three. (abelspeaks.org)
- It contains three blood vessels: two arteries and one vein. (wkw.com)
- Single umbilical artery is when the umbilical cord contains only two blood vessels, or when one artery in the umbilical cord is missing. (wkw.com)
- Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) uses heat generated by radiowaves to coagulate, or clot off, the umbilical vessels of the acardiac twin at the umbilical cord insertion. (connecticutchildrens.org)
- The RFA device has multiple prongs or tines that are deployed around the umbilical cord vessels. (connecticutchildrens.org)
- The cord runs approximately 20 to 22 inches long, containing 3 vital blood vessels, 2 arteries and 1 vein, through which the baby exchanges carbon dioxide-filled blood with nutrient and oxygen-rich blood. (fronzutolaw.com)
Occurs5
- Umbilical cord prolapse occurs when there is pressure put on the umbilical cord and it becomes compressed. (wkw.com)
- This can occur during pregnancy or during labor, but it typically occurs when the umbilical cord enters the birth canal before your baby. (wkw.com)
- Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence occurs in monochorionic (identical) gestations, usually twins or or triplets, that have a direct artery-to-artery connection between them. (connecticutchildrens.org)
- One condition requiring emergency preparation is umbilical cord prolapse, which occurs when the umbilical cord enters the vaginal canal before the baby does, pinching off the cord and thus restricting oxygen flow to the baby. (fronzutolaw.com)
- Another cord condition, known as single umbilical artery, occurs more commonly in multiple rather than singular pregnancies. (fronzutolaw.com)
Baby's5
- While the umbilical cord is the baby's lifeline as it grows and develops, it could also be the source of issues that endanger their life. (fronzutolaw.com)
- When its job is complete, the umbilical cord is cut at delivery, either immediately or soon after birth upon the mother and baby's initial bonding. (fronzutolaw.com)
- When the umbilical cord is cut, the stump will become the baby's bellybutton. (fronzutolaw.com)
- Doctors can detect cord prolapse by the baby's heart rate and a pelvic exam, thereby locating the umbilical cord in the birth canal. (fronzutolaw.com)
- According to the Cleveland Clinic , the umbilical cord "is the baby's lifeline to the mother during pregnancy" because it "transports nutrients to the baby and also carries away the baby's waste products. (chicagomalpracticeteam.com)
Chorionic1
- After each common iliac artery gives rise to a small axial artery to the lower limb bud, it continues into the umbilical cord as an umbilical artery carrying blood to the chorionic villi. (ehd.org)
Absent1
- Occasionally, one umbilical artery is absent, with the left artery absent more commonly than the right. (medscape.com)
Midline3
- The median sacral artery continues in the midline into the tail bud. (ehd.org)
- The folds are 2 of the 5 umbilical folds and should not be confused with the single midline median umbilical fold . (radiopaedia.org)
- Sirenomelia is a very rare limb anomaly in which the normally paired lower limbs are replaced by a single midline limb. (cdc.gov)
Abnormality1
- Approximately, this affects between 1 in 100 and 1 in 500 pregnancies, making it the most common umbilical abnormality. (wikipedia.org)
Knots1
- Umbilical cord knots are knots in the umbilical cord that are formed during delivery when a baby with a nuchal cord is pulled through the loop, or during pregnancy when the baby moves around. (wkw.com)
Fetus2
- In a normal fetus, there would be 2 arteries (one on each side of the bladder). (wikipedia.org)
- The umbilical cord plays a vital role during pregnancy, delivering essential oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the developing fetus. (fronzutolaw.com)
Pregnancy5
- One artery can support a pregnancy and does not necessarily indicate problems. (wikipedia.org)
- The umbilical cord begins to form around the fourth week of pregnancy and typically grows to around 22 to 24 inches long. (wkw.com)
- Sometimes, however, the umbilical cord causes slight to serious problems for mother and baby during pregnancy or at delivery. (fronzutolaw.com)
- As the March of Dimes explains further, an umbilical cord will begin to form during the fourth week or pregnancy or thereabouts, and it will ultimately grow to be approximately 22 inches long in normal pregnancies. (chicagomalpracticeteam.com)
- Umbilical cord injuries can occur during pregnancy, during labor and delivery, or even after childbirth when the umbilical cord stump exists. (chicagomalpracticeteam.com)
Pregnancies1
- We examined the relation between the length of the umbilical cord and perinatal outcomes in Japanese singleton pregnancies delivered at ≥ 34 weeks' gestation. (jcgo.org)
Pelvis3
- The medial umbilical folds are bilateral raised ridges of parietal peritoneum in the deep aspect of the anterior abdominal wall formed by the underlying medial umbilical ligaments running from the pelvis to the umbilicus . (radiopaedia.org)
- The ureter enters the pelvis by passing anteriorly to the bifurcation of the common artery. (medscape.com)
- In females, the ureter is crossed by the uterine artery within the pelvis. (medscape.com)
Fuse1
- The umbilical arteries initially fuse in the proximal part of the cord but later separate completely. (ehd.org)
Adverse2
Cord length1
- [ 2 ] Umbilical cord length was not significantly different when measured at different points in the third trimester. (medscape.com)
Connects the deve1
- The umbilical cord is a narrow tube that connects the developing baby to the uterus of the mother. (wkw.com)
Occasionally1
- Occasionally, there is a single umbilical artery (SUA) present in the umbilical cord, as opposed to the usual two. (wikipedia.org)
Aneuploidy1
- for fetuses with an isolated single umbilical artery, we recommend no additional evaluation for aneuploidy, regardless of whether results of previous aneuploidy screening were low risk or testing was declined. (alliedacademies.org)
Abdominal1
- Omphalocele is an anterior abdominal wall defect at the base of the umbilical cord, with herniation of the abdominal contents. (medscape.com)
Blood3
- This twin is kept alive only by retrograde blood flow in its umbilical artery from the pump twin. (connecticutchildrens.org)
- Immediately after the delivery of the fe- of umbilical cord blood pH range from tus, the umbilical cord was clamped at a 7.25-7.28 [ 7 ]. (who.int)
- Umbilical cord arte- vere acidaemia is one of the symptoms of rial blood pH was measured by a blood gas hypoxaemia. (who.int)
Median1
- The bilateral supravesical fossae lie between the median and bilateral medial umbilical folds. (radiopaedia.org)
Veins1
- Each sinus horn receives three veins: a) the common cardinal vein, b) the umbilical vein and c) the vitelline vein by way of the hepatocardiac vein. (ehd.org)
Evaluation1
- These normative data could serve as reference ranges for evaluation of the umbilical artery circulation in this locality. (bvsalud.org)
Occur2
- Umbilical cord conditions are not considered birth injuries, as most of these conditions occur due to causes that can't be prevented. (wkw.com)
- How Do Umbilical Cord Injuries Occur in Chicago? (chicagomalpracticeteam.com)
Common2
Harm1
- The March of Dimes underscores that most umbilical cord conditions will not result in harm to a baby, but some umbilical cord issues can lead to birth defects or to stillbirths. (chicagomalpracticeteam.com)
Attorneys1
- If your baby was born with birth defects that may have resulted from an undiagnosed or negligently managed umbilical cord condition or complication, or if you experienced a stillbirth, it is important to seek advice from one of our Chicago umbilical cord birth injury attorneys. (chicagomalpracticeteam.com)
Normal1
- Recognize the Sonographic Appearance of a Normal Umbilical Cord. (gcus.com)
Long1
- An average umbilical cord is 55 cm long, with a diameter of 1-2 cm and 11 helices. (medscape.com)