Adherent debris produced when cutting the enamel or dentin in cavity preparation. It is about 1 micron thick and its composition reflects the underlying dentin, although different quantities and qualities of smear layer can be produced by the various instrumentation techniques. Its function is presumed to be protective, as it lowers dentin permeability. However, it masks the underlying dentin and interferes with attempts to bond dental material to the dentin.
Chemicals used mainly to disinfect root canals after pulpectomy and before obturation. The major ones are camphorated monochlorophenol, EDTA, formocresol, hydrogen peroxide, metacresylacetate, and sodium hypochlorite. Root canal irrigants include also rinsing solutions of distilled water, sodium chloride, etc.
It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)
The property of dentin that permits passage of light, heat, cold, and chemical substances. It does not include penetration by microorganisms.
Preparatory activities in ROOT CANAL THERAPY by partial or complete extirpation of diseased pulp, cleaning and sterilization of the empty canal, enlarging and shaping the canal to receive the sealing material. The cavity may be prepared by mechanical, sonic, chemical, or other means. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1700)
The space in a tooth bounded by the dentin and containing the dental pulp. The portion of the cavity within the crown of the tooth is the pulp chamber; the portion within the root is the pulp canal or root canal.
Collection of pooled secretions of the posterior vaginal fornix for cytologic examination.
Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.
A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.
A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.
Dentin sensitivity is a short, sharp pain originating from exposed dentin in response to stimuli, typically thermal, evaporative, tactile, osmotic, or chemical changes in the oral environment.
Hand-held tools or implements especially used by dental professionals for the performance of clinical tasks.
Polymeric resins derived from OXIRANES and characterized by strength and thermosetting properties. Epoxy resins are often used as dental materials.
The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)
A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.
The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.
Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Note that organic derivatives of phosphoric acids are listed under ORGANOPHOSPHATES.
Cements that act through infiltration and polymerization within the dentinal matrix and are used for dental restoration. They can be adhesive resins themselves, adhesion-promoting monomers, or polymerization initiators that act in concert with other agents to form a dentin-bonding system.
A procedure for smoothing of the roughened root surface or cementum of a tooth after subgingival curettage or scaling, as part of periodontal therapy.
Erbium. An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Er, atomic number 68, and atomic weight 167.26.
Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.
An adhesion procedure for orthodontic attachments, such as plastic DENTAL CROWNS. This process usually includes the application of an adhesive material (DENTAL CEMENTS) and letting it harden in-place by light or chemical curing.
The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing water or solution for therapy or diagnosis.
The third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either jaw, situated between the second INCISOR and the premolar teeth (BICUSPID). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p817)
Lasers which use a solid, as opposed to a liquid or gas, as the lasing medium. Common materials used are crystals, such as YAG (YTTRIUM aluminum garnet); alexandrite; and CORUNDUM, doped with a rare earth element such as a NEODYMIUM; ERBIUM; or HOLMIUM. The output is sometimes additionally modified by addition of non-linear optical materials such as potassium titanyl phosphate crystal, which for example is used with neodymium YAG lasers to convert the output light to the visible range.
The teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth.
An operation in which carious material is removed from teeth and biomechanically correct forms are established in the teeth to receive and retain restorations. A constant requirement is provision for prevention of failure of the restoration through recurrence of decay or inadequate resistance to applied stresses. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p239-40)
Materials placed inside a root canal for the purpose of obturating or sealing it. The materials may be gutta-percha, silver cones, paste mixtures, or other substances. (Dorland, 28th ed, p631 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p187)
Cytological preparation of cells collected from a mucosal surface and stained with Papanicolaou stain.
Coagulated exudate isolated from several species of the tropical tree Palaquium (Sapotaceae). It is the trans-isomer of natural rubber and is used as a filling and impression material in dentistry and orthopedics and as an insulator in electronics. It has also been used as a rubber substitute.
Phase of endodontic treatment in which a root canal system that has been cleaned is filled through use of special materials and techniques in order to prevent reinfection.
Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group.
Dental cements composed either of polymethyl methacrylate or dimethacrylate, produced by mixing an acrylic monomer liquid with acrylic polymers and mineral fillers. The cement is insoluble in water and is thus resistant to fluids in the mouth, but is also irritating to the dental pulp. It is used chiefly as a luting agent for fabricated and temporary restorations. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p159)
The tip or terminal end of the root of a tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p62)
The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.
Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.
Investigative and diagnostic methods and procedures based on the photoacoustic effect, which is the generation of SOUND WAVES from the absorption of ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION.
A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)
Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects.
Liquids that are suitable for drinking. (From Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)
Preparation of TOOTH surfaces and DENTAL MATERIALS with etching agents, usually phosphoric acid, to roughen the surface to increase adhesion or osteointegration.
Any of the eight frontal teeth (four maxillary and four mandibular) having a sharp incisal edge for cutting food and a single root, which occurs in man both as a deciduous and a permanent tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p820)
A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts; atomic number, 22; atomic weight, 47.90; symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures. (Dorland, 28th ed)
The description and measurement of the various factors that produce physical stress upon dental restorations, prostheses, or appliances, materials associated with them, or the natural oral structures.
Hard, amorphous, brittle, inorganic, usually transparent, polymerous silicate of basic oxides, usually potassium or sodium. It is used in the form of hard sheets, vessels, tubing, fibers, ceramics, beads, etc.
Inorganic compounds that contain tin as an integral part of the molecule.
The use of instrumentation and techniques for visualizing material and details that cannot be seen by the unaided eye. It is usually done by enlarging images, transmitted by light or electron beams, with optical or magnetic lenses that magnify the entire image field. With scanning microscopy, images are generated by collecting output from the specimen in a point-by-point fashion, on a magnified scale, as it is scanned by a narrow beam of light or electrons, a laser, a conductive probe, or a topographical probe.
A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The taking of a blood sample to determine its character as a whole, to identify levels of its component cells, chemicals, gases, or other constituents, to perform pathological examination, etc.
Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.

Dentinal tubule occlusion with lanthanum fluoride and powdered apatite glass ceramics in vitro. (1/97)

To simulate hypersensitive dentin, the smear layer and dentinal plugs of bovine root dentin specimens were removed by immersion in 10% phosphoric acid, polishing with hydroxyapatite particles, and ultrasonic cleansing. The fluoride-tannic acid-lanthanum-apatite (FTLA) group was treated with acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) containing tannic acid followed by rubbing with a paste of lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) and powdered apatite glass ceramics. The treated specimens were immersed in a remineralizing solution that mimics saliva for 6 weeks. The SEM observations revealed that the treated surfaces of the FTLA group were completely covered with fine spherical compounds and the dentinal tubules were occluded with plugs to a depth of about 3 microns. Fluoride and lanthanum were detected to a depth of over 20 microns by EPMA observation. After the remineralization, the surface of FTLA-treated specimen did not have any opened tubules and showed a remarkable increase in the number of fine spherical deposits in the dentinal tubules. These results suggest that the reaction products produced by sequential treatment with acidic fluoride and LaCl3 and powdered apatite glass ceramics are able to effectively occlude dentinal tubules.  (+info)

Early bactericidal activity of paromomycin (aminosidine) in patients with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. (2/97)

The early bactericidal activity of the aminoglycoside paromomycin (aminosidine) in doses of 7.5 and 15 mg/kg of body weight was measured in 22 patients with previously untreated smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis. The fall in log(10) CFU per milliliter of sputum per day during the first 2 days of treatment for 7 patients receiving a paromomycin dosage of 7.5 mg/kg/day was 0.066, with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.216 and confidence limits from -0.134 to 0.266, and that for 15 patients receiving 15 mg/kg/day was 0.0924, with an SD of 0.140 and confidence limits from 0.015 to 0.170. The difference between the mean and zero was not significant for the 7. 5-mg/kg dose group but was significant for the 15-mg/kg dose group (t = 2.55, P = 0.023). Since paromomycin has no cross-resistance with streptomycin and has no greater toxicity than other aminoglycosides, these results suggest that it has the potential to substitute for streptomycin in antituberculosis regimens and may be a particularly valuable addition to the drug armamentarium for the management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.  (+info)

Effect of Er:YAG laser irradiation on acid resistance to bovine dentin in vitro. (3/97)

Resin bond strength to Er:YAG laser irradiated dentin has been reported to be lower than that of unlased dentin. The reasons have been much discussed, but not clarified. One hypothetical cause has been discussed that lased dentin is acid resistant, therefore, the etching effect of acid conditions decreases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acid resistance of laser-irradiated dentin and compare it with the dissolved mineral of Er:YAG laser irradiated dentin and unlased dentin. This experiment was a pilot study to assess the etching effect of pre-conditioner for resin bonding to lased dentin. Bovine dentin was irradiated by Er:YAG laser and immersed in 0.1 M lactic buffer solution (pH 4.0). The dissolved Ca and P in the solution were then both measured. Dissolved Ca from lased dentin was not significantly different from that coming from unlased dentin (p > 0.05). The molar ratio of Ca/P did not differ significantly between lased and unlased dentin, either (p > 0.05). Under FE-SEM view before immersion, the dentin surface was covered with a smear layer in unlased dentin, but this layer was not clearly observed in lased dentin. These results suggested that the lased dentin had little or no resistance to lactic buffer solution.  (+info)

A study of cavity preparation by Er:YAG laser. Effects on the marginal leakage of composite resin restoration. (4/97)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate marginal leakage of composite resin restoration from cavities prepared by Er:YAG laser. The observation of the dentin surface after the application of laser irradiation was performed by LSM, the cutting surface showed a rough surface similar to scales, and exposed dentinal tubules were observed without striations or a smeared layer formation that were observed when using a rotary cutting device. Leakage tests revealed no significant differences in the marginal seal for both enamel and dentin between cavities prepared by Er:YAG laser irradiation and when using an air-turbine. In this study, the usefulness of cavity preparation by Er:YAG laser irradiation in composite resin restoration was suggested.  (+info)

Morphologic analysis, by means of scanning electron microscopy, of the effect of Er: YAG laser on root surfaces submitted to scaling and root planing. (5/97)

The purpose of this study was to morphologically evaluate, by means of scanning electron microscopy, the effects of Er:YAG laser on the treatment of root surfaces submitted to scaling and root planing with conventional periodontal instruments. Eighteen root surfaces (n = 18), which had been previously scaled and planed, were assigned to 3 groups (n = 6). The control Group (G1) received no further treatment; Group 2 (G2) was irradiated with Er:YAG laser (2.94 mum), with 47 mJ/10 Hz, in a focused mode with air/water spray during 15 s and with 0.57 J/cm of fluency per pulse; Group 3 (G 3) was irradiated with Er:YAG laser (2.94 mum), with 83 mJ/10 Hz, in a focused mode with air/water spray during 15 s and with 1.03 J/cm2 of fluency per pulse. We concluded that the parameters adopted for Group 3 removed the smear layer from the root surface, exposing the dentinal tubules. Although no fissures, cracks or carbonized areas were observed, an irregular surface was produced by Er:YAG laser irradiation. Thus, the biocompatibility of the irradiated root surface, within the periodontal healing process, must be assessed.  (+info)

Effectiveness of EDTA and EDTA-T brushing on the removal of root surface smear layer. (6/97)

The purpose of this study was to compare the removal of root surface smear layer following active application of EDTA gel and EDTA-T (texapon) gel in different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 24%), using scanning electron microscopy. A total of 220 dentin blocks obtained from the root surfaces of extracted teeth were divided into 3 groups: Group I - (control) application of saline solution (n = 20); Group II - EDTA gel (pH 7.0) was applied in the following concentrations: 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 24% (n = 100); Group III - EDTA-T gel (pH 7.0) applied in the same concentrations described above (n = 100). The photomicrographs were evaluated by one calibrated examiner using a smear layer removal index and following statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test). The results demonstrated that the specimens treated with EDTA and EDTA-T gel presented a better smear layer removal than the control group (p < 0.01); no statistically significant differences were observed between the EDTA and EDTA-T groups and between the concentrations tested (Mann-Whitney, p > 0.05). Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that all treatment modalities effectively removed the smear layer from the root surface. The addition of texapon into the EDTA gel formulation did not increase its effectiveness.  (+info)

Smear layer removal capacity of disinfectant solutions used with and without EDTA for the irrigation of canals: a SEM study. (7/97)

The purpose of this study was to carry out a scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of the cleaning qualities and smear layer removal from root canal walls, instrumented and irrigated with 2.5% NaOCl, 2.0% chlorhexidine and saline solutions. Fifty extracted teeth were used in this study. All teeth were radiographed to determine the existence of a single canal. The crowns were cut at the cervical limit and the root canals were instrumented with K-type files up to size 45. During root canal preparation, irrigations were made with the different solutions being evaluated: Group 1: 2.5% NaOCl (10 roots); Group 2: 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA for 2 minute (10 roots); Group 3: 2.0% chlorhexidine (10 roots); Group 4: 2.0% chlorhexidine and 17% EDTA for 2 minutes (10 roots); Group 5: saline solution (5 roots); Group 6: saline solution and 17% EDTA for 2 minutes (5 roots). After instrumentation, the canals were irrigated with each one of the solutions and the roots were cut in the buccolingual direction for SEM analysis, at the cervical, middle and apical thirds, to ascertain the presence or absence of smear layer and debris. SEM analysis was performed by three calibrated examiners and scores were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test at the significance level of p = 5%. Results showed that the use of 17% EDTA decreased the smear layer significantly (p < 0.05) for all evaluated solutions in all thirds. When EDTA was not used, a significantly higher quantity of smear layer on the apical third was observed only in the NaOCl groups. The use of 17% EDTA was significant for debris removal except for the chlorhexidine groups. The following conclusion could be drawn: the use of 17% EDTA was necessary to enhance cleanness of the root canals.  (+info)

Influence of natural fruit juices in removing the smear layer from root surfaces--an in vitro study. (8/97)

Certain elements of a patient's diet may be associated with dentin hypersensitivity. The intent of this study was to evaluate the degree of removal of the smear layer from dentin surfaces by various fruit juices. A smear layer was created on extracted human teeth by manual scaling. The roots were reduced and distributed into 8 experimental groups. Distilled water was the negative control. The juices were applied by 2 methods: topical application and topical application with friction. Specimens were photomicrographed and graded according to an index of smear layer removal. With topical application, all but 2 of the tested substances resulted in significantly greater removal of the smear layer and opening of dentinal tubules than was the case with the negative control (p = 0.05); the exceptions were Gala apple and Italian grape juices, which were no different from the control. For the active application (with friction), most substances removed more smear layer than the control (p < 0.05); Gala apple, Italian grape and orange juices were similar to the control. For each of the tested substances, removal of the smear layer did not differ with the method of application (topical vs. friction; p > 0.05). It is concluded that natural fruit juices can remove the smear layer from dentin surfaces, and the efficacy of this removal varies with the type of juice.  (+info)

A smear layer is a thin, amorphous layer of debris that forms on the dentin surface when it comes into contact with instruments or solutions during dental procedures such as cavity preparation, root canal treatment, or biopsies. This layer is composed of organic and inorganic components, including dentinal cuttings, pulp tissue, bacteria, and materials from the irrigating solution. The smear layer can occlude the dentinal tubules, affecting the adhesion of filling materials and sealing ability of obturation points. Therefore, it is often removed during root canal preparation using various methods such as chemical dissolution, ultrasonic agitation, or laser ablation to ensure proper disinfection and seal of the root canal system.

Root canal irrigants are substances used during root canal treatment to clean, disinfect and rinse the root canal system. The main goal is to remove tissue remnants, dentinal debris, and microorganisms from the root canal space, thus reducing the risk of reinfection and promoting healing. Commonly used irrigants include sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), which is a potent antimicrobial agent, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), which is used to remove the smear layer and improve the penetration of other irrigants and root canal sealers. The choice of irrigant, concentration, and application technique may vary depending on the specific case and clinician's preference.

Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaOCl. It is a pale greenish-yellow liquid that is highly reactive and unstable in its pure form. However, it is commonly available as a dilute aqueous solution known as bleach, which has the characteristic smell of chlorine.

In medical terms, sodium hypochlorite is widely used for its disinfectant and antiseptic properties. It is effective against a broad range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores. Sodium hypochlorite solution is commonly used to disinfect surfaces, medical instruments, and wounds.

When applied to wounds or skin infections, sodium hypochlorite can help reduce bacterial load, promote healing, and prevent infection. It is also a component of some mouthwashes and toothpastes, where it helps to kill bacteria and freshen breath. However, it can be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes, so it should be used with caution and at appropriate concentrations.

Dentin is the hard, calcified tissue that lies beneath the enamel and cementum of a tooth. It forms the majority of the tooth's structure and is composed primarily of mineral salts (hydroxyapatite), collagenous proteins, and water. Dentin has a tubular structure, with microscopic channels called dentinal tubules that radiate outward from the pulp chamber (the center of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels) to the exterior of the tooth. These tubules contain fluid and nerve endings that are responsible for the tooth's sensitivity to various stimuli such as temperature changes, pressure, or decay. Dentin plays a crucial role in protecting the dental pulp while also providing support and structure to the overlying enamel and cementum.

Dentin permeability refers to the ability of various substances to penetrate or diffuse through the dentin, which is the hard, calcified tissue that lies beneath the enamel and forms the bulk of a tooth. Dentin is composed of microscopic tubules that run from the pulp chamber (which contains the dental pulp) to the exterior of the tooth. These tubules contain fluid and are lined with odontoblastic processes, which are extensions of the cells that form dentin.

When the dentin is exposed due to tooth decay, wear, or other factors, various substances can penetrate through these tubules and cause sensitivity, discomfort, or pain. The permeability of dentin can be influenced by several factors, including the diameter and number of tubules, the thickness and composition of the dentinal tissue, and the presence of dental sealants or other protective coatings.

In general, a higher dentin permeability is associated with increased susceptibility to tooth decay, sensitivity, and other dental problems. Therefore, understanding the factors that influence dentin permeability and developing strategies to reduce it is an important area of research in dental medicine.

Root canal preparation is a procedure in endodontics, which is the branch of dentistry dealing with the dental pulp and tissues surrounding the root of a tooth. The goal of root canal preparation is to thoroughly clean, shape, and disinfect the root canal system of an infected or damaged tooth, in order to prepare it for a filling material that will seal and protect the tooth from further infection or damage.

The procedure involves the use of specialized dental instruments, such as files and reamers, to remove the infected or necrotic pulp tissue and debris from within the root canal. The root canal is then shaped using progressively larger files to create a tapering preparation that facilitates the placement of the filling material. Irrigation solutions are used to help flush out any remaining debris and disinfect the canal.

The success of root canal preparation depends on several factors, including the thoroughness of cleaning and shaping, the effectiveness of disinfection, and the sealing ability of the filling material. Properly performed, root canal preparation can alleviate pain, save a tooth from extraction, and restore function and aesthetics to the mouth.

The dental pulp cavity, also known as the pulp chamber, is the innermost part of a tooth that contains the dental pulp. It is located in the crown portion of the tooth and is shaped like an upside-down pyramid with the narrow end point towards the root of the tooth.

The dental pulp is a soft tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. It plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the tooth, including providing nutrients to the dentin and producing reparative dentin.

The dental pulp cavity can become infected or inflamed due to tooth decay, trauma, or other factors, leading to symptoms such as pain, sensitivity, and swelling. In such cases, treatment options may include root canal therapy, which involves removing the infected or inflamed pulp tissue from the dental pulp cavity and sealing the space to prevent further infection.

A vaginal smear, also known as a Pap test or Pap smear, is a medical procedure in which a sample of cells is collected from the cervix (the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina) and examined under a microscope. The purpose of this test is to detect abnormal cells, including precancerous changes, that may indicate the presence of cervical cancer or other conditions such as infections or inflammation.

During the procedure, a speculum is inserted into the vagina to allow the healthcare provider to visualize the cervix. A spatula or brush is then used to gently scrape cells from the surface of the cervix. The sample is spread onto a microscope slide and sent to a laboratory for analysis.

Regular Pap smears are recommended for women as part of their routine healthcare, as they can help detect abnormalities at an early stage when they are more easily treated. The frequency of Pap smears may vary depending on age, medical history, and other factors. It is important to follow the recommendations of a healthcare provider regarding the timing and frequency of Pap smears.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a type of electron microscopy that uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample and produce a high-resolution image. In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of a specimen, and secondary electrons are emitted from the sample due to interactions between the electrons and the atoms in the sample. These secondary electrons are then detected by a detector and used to create an image of the sample's surface topography. SEM can provide detailed images of the surface of a wide range of materials, including metals, polymers, ceramics, and biological samples. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and electronics for the examination and analysis of surfaces at the micro- and nanoscale.

Edetic acid, also known as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), is not a medical term per se, but a chemical compound with various applications in medicine. EDTA is a synthetic amino acid that acts as a chelating agent, which means it can bind to metallic ions and form stable complexes.

In medicine, EDTA is primarily used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning, such as lead or mercury toxicity. It works by binding to the toxic metal ions in the body, forming a stable compound that can be excreted through urine. This helps reduce the levels of harmful metals in the body and alleviate their toxic effects.

EDTA is also used in some diagnostic tests, such as the determination of calcium levels in blood. Additionally, it has been explored as a potential therapy for conditions like atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, although its efficacy in these areas remains controversial and unproven.

It is important to note that EDTA should only be administered under medical supervision due to its potential side effects and the need for careful monitoring of its use.

Citric acid is a weak organic acid that is widely found in nature, particularly in citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges. Its chemical formula is C6H8O7, and it exists in a form known as a tribasic acid, which means it can donate three protons in chemical reactions.

In the context of medical definitions, citric acid may be mentioned in relation to various physiological processes, such as its role in the Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle), which is a key metabolic pathway involved in energy production within cells. Additionally, citric acid may be used in certain medical treatments or therapies, such as in the form of citrate salts to help prevent the formation of kidney stones. It may also be used as a flavoring agent or preservative in various pharmaceutical preparations.

Dentin sensitivity is a common dental condition characterized by the short, sharp pain or discomfort in response to external stimuli, such as cold air, hot or cold foods and drinks, sweet or sour substances, and physical touch. This pain is typically caused by the exposure of dentin, the hard tissue beneath the tooth's enamel, due to receding gums, tooth decay, or other factors that wear down or damage the protective enamel layer.

When the dentin is exposed, the microscopic tubules within it become sensitive to temperature and pressure changes, allowing external stimuli to reach the nerve endings inside the tooth. This results in the characteristic pain or discomfort associated with dentin sensitivity. Dentin sensitivity can be managed through various treatments, including desensitizing toothpaste, fluoride applications, and dental restorations, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

Dental instruments are specialized tools that dentists, dental hygienists, and other oral healthcare professionals use to examine, clean, and treat teeth and gums. These instruments come in various shapes and sizes, and each one is designed for a specific purpose. Here are some common dental instruments and their functions:

1. Mouth mirror: A small, handheld mirror used to help the dentist see hard-to-reach areas of the mouth and reflect light onto the teeth and gums.
2. Explorer: A sharp, hooked instrument used to probe teeth and detect cavities, tartar, or other dental problems.
3. Sickle scaler: A curved, sharp-edged instrument used to remove calculus (tartar) from the tooth surface.
4. Periodontal probe: A blunt, calibrated instrument used to measure the depth of periodontal pockets and assess gum health.
5. Dental syringe: A device used to inject local anesthesia into the gums before dental procedures.
6. High-speed handpiece: Also known as a dental drill, it is used to remove decay, shape teeth, or prepare them for fillings and other restorations.
7. Low-speed handpiece: A slower, quieter drill used for various procedures, such as placing crowns or veneers.
8. Suction tip: A thin tube that removes saliva, water, and debris from the mouth during dental procedures.
9. Cotton rolls: Small squares of cotton used to isolate teeth, absorb fluids, and protect soft tissues during dental treatments.
10. Dental forceps: Specialized pliers used to remove teeth or hold them in place while restorations are being placed.
11. Elevators: Curved, wedge-shaped instruments used to loosen or lift teeth out of their sockets.
12. Rubber dam: A thin sheet of rubber or latex that isolates a specific tooth or area during dental treatment, keeping it dry and free from saliva and debris.

These are just a few examples of the many dental instruments used in modern dentistry. Each one plays an essential role in maintaining oral health and providing effective dental care.

Epoxy resins are a type of synthetic polymer that are created through the reaction of an epoxide compound with a hardening agent or curing agent. These materials are known for their strong adhesive properties, chemical resistance, and durability. They are commonly used in coatings, adhesives, and composite materials for various industrial, commercial, and consumer applications.

In medical contexts, epoxy resins may be used to create durable and reliable components for medical devices or equipment. For example, they might be used to make housings for medical instruments, or to bond together different parts of a medical device. However, it's worth noting that epoxy resins are not typically used in direct contact with the body or as part of medical treatments.

It's important to note that while epoxy resins have many useful properties, they can also release potentially harmful chemicals during their production and disposal. As such, appropriate safety precautions should be taken when working with these materials.

A tooth root is the part of a tooth that is embedded in the jawbone and cannot be seen when looking at a person's smile. It is the lower portion of a tooth that typically has a conical shape and anchors the tooth to the jawbone through a periodontal ligament. The tooth root is covered by cementum, a specialized bone-like tissue, and contains nerve endings and blood vessels within its pulp chamber.

The number of roots in a tooth can vary depending on the type of tooth. For example, incisors typically have one root, canines may have one or two roots, premolars usually have one or two roots, and molars often have two to four roots. The primary function of the tooth root is to provide stability and support for the crown of the tooth, allowing it to withstand the forces of biting and chewing.

Chlorhexidine is an antimicrobial agent used for its broad-spectrum germicidal properties. It is effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It is commonly used as a surgical scrub, hand sanitizer, and healthcare disinfectant. Chlorhexidine is available in various forms, including solutions, gels, and sprays. It works by disrupting the microbial cell membrane, leading to the death of the organism. It is also used in mouthwashes and skin cleansers for its antimicrobial effects.

Dental leakage, also known as "microleakage" in dental terminology, refers to the seepage or penetration of fluids, bacteria, or other substances between the walls of a dental restoration (such as a filling, crown, or bridge) and the prepared tooth structure. This occurs due to the presence of microscopic gaps or spaces at the interface of the restoration and the tooth.

Dental leakage can lead to several problems, including:

1. Recurrent decay: The seepage of fluids, bacteria, and sugars from the oral environment can cause secondary tooth decay around the margins of the restoration.
2. Sensitivity: Microleakage may result in temperature sensitivity or pain when consuming hot or cold foods and beverages due to fluid movement within the gap.
3. Discoloration: Over time, dental leakage might lead to staining of the tooth structure around the restoration, resulting in an unaesthetic appearance.
4. Failed restorations: Persistent dental leakage can weaken the bond between the restoration and the tooth, increasing the risk of restoration failure and the need for replacement.

To prevent dental leakage, dentists employ various techniques during restoration placement, such as using appropriate adhesives, following meticulous preparation protocols, and ensuring a tight seal around the margins of the restoration. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential to monitor the condition of existing restorations and address any issues before they become more severe.

Phosphoric acids are a group of mineral acids known chemically as orthophosphoric acid and its salts or esters. The chemical formula for orthophosphoric acid is H3PO4. It is a weak acid that partially dissociates in solution to release hydrogen ions (H+), making it acidic. Phosphoric acid has many uses in various industries, including food additives, fertilizers, and detergents.

In the context of medical definitions, phosphoric acids are not typically referred to directly. However, they can be relevant in certain medical contexts, such as:

* In dentistry, phosphoric acid is used as an etching agent to prepare tooth enamel for bonding with dental materials.
* In nutrition, phosphorus is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in many bodily functions, including energy metabolism, bone and teeth formation, and nerve function. Phosphoric acid is one form of phosphorus found in some foods and beverages.
* In medical research, phosphoric acids can be used as buffers to maintain a stable pH in laboratory experiments or as reagents in various analytical techniques.

Dentin-bonding agents are substances used in dentistry to create a strong and durable bond between the dental restoration material (such as composite resin, glass ionomer cement, or crowns) and the dentin surface of a tooth. Dentin is the hard tissue that lies beneath the enamel and consists of microscopic tubules filled with fluid.

The primary function of dentin-bonding agents is to improve the adhesion of restorative materials to the tooth structure, enhancing the retention and durability of dental fillings, crowns, veneers, and other types of restorations. These agents typically contain one or more types of bonding resins, such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META), and/or phosphoric acid ester monomers.

The application process for dentin-bonding agents usually involves several steps, including:

1. Etching the dentin surface with a mild acid to remove the smear layer and expose the collagen network within the dentin tubules.
2. Applying a primer that penetrates into the etched dentin and promotes the infiltration of bonding resins into the dentinal tubules.
3. Applying an adhesive, which is typically a mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers, to form a stable bond between the tooth structure and the restoration material.
4. Light-curing the adhesive to polymerize the resin and create a strong mechanical bond with the dentin surface.

Dentin-bonding agents have significantly improved the clinical success of various dental restorations by enhancing their retention, reducing microleakage, and minimizing postoperative sensitivity. However, they may still be susceptible to degradation over time due to factors such as moisture contamination, enzymatic degradation, or hydrolysis, which can lead to the failure of dental restorations. Therefore, continuous advancements in dentin-bonding technology are essential for improving the long-term success and durability of dental restorations.

Root planing is a dental procedure that involves the cleaning and smoothing of the root surfaces of teeth. It is typically performed as a part of periodontal therapy to treat and manage gum disease. The goal of root planing is to remove tartar, calculus, and bacterial toxins from the roots of teeth, which helps to promote the reattachment of the gums to the teeth and prevent further progression of periodontal disease. This procedure is usually performed under local anesthesia and may require multiple appointments depending on the severity of the case.

Erbium is a chemical element with the symbol "Er" and atomic number 68. It is a rare earth element that belongs to the lanthanide series in the periodic table. Erbium is not naturally found in its pure form, but it is typically extracted from minerals such as xenotime and bastnasite.

In medical terms, erbium is used in the form of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) lasers for various surgical procedures. These lasers emit light at a wavelength of 2940 nanometers, which is highly absorbed by water and therefore ideal for cutting and coagulating tissue with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tissues. Erbium lasers are commonly used in dermatology and ophthalmology for procedures such as skin resurfacing, removal of tattoos and birthmarks, and cataract surgery.

Chelating agents are substances that can bind and form stable complexes with certain metal ions, preventing them from participating in chemical reactions. In medicine, chelating agents are used to remove toxic or excessive amounts of metal ions from the body. For example, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a commonly used chelating agent that can bind with heavy metals such as lead and mercury, helping to eliminate them from the body and reduce their toxic effects. Other chelating agents include dimercaprol (BAL), penicillamine, and deferoxamine. These agents are used to treat metal poisoning, including lead poisoning, iron overload, and copper toxicity.

Dental bonding is a cosmetic dental procedure in which a tooth-colored resin material (a type of plastic) is applied and hardened with a special light, which ultimately "bonds" the material to the tooth to improve its appearance. According to the American Dental Association (ADA), dental bonding can be used for various purposes, including:

1. Repairing chipped or cracked teeth
2. Improving the appearance of discolored teeth
3. Closing spaces between teeth
4. Protecting a portion of the tooth's root that has been exposed due to gum recession
5. Changing the shape and size of teeth

Dental bonding is generally a quick and painless procedure, often requiring little to no anesthesia. The surface of the tooth is roughened and conditioned to help the resin adhere properly. Then, the resin material is applied, molded, and smoothed to the desired shape. A special light is used to harden the material, which typically takes only a few minutes. Finally, the bonded material is trimmed, shaped, and polished to match the surrounding teeth.

While dental bonding can be an effective solution for minor cosmetic concerns, it may not be as durable or long-lasting as other dental restoration options like veneers or crowns. The lifespan of a dental bonding procedure typically ranges from 3 to 10 years, depending on factors such as oral habits, location of the bonded tooth, and proper care. Regular dental checkups and good oral hygiene practices can help extend the life of dental bonding.

Therapeutic irrigation, also known as lavage, is a medical procedure that involves the introduction of fluids or other agents into a body cavity or natural passageway for therapeutic purposes. This technique is used to cleanse, flush out, or introduce medication into various parts of the body, such as the bladder, lungs, stomach, or colon.

The fluid used in therapeutic irrigation can be sterile saline solution, distilled water, or a medicated solution, depending on the specific purpose of the procedure. The flow and pressure of the fluid are carefully controlled to ensure that it reaches the desired area without causing damage to surrounding tissues.

Therapeutic irrigation is used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including infections, inflammation, obstructions, and toxic exposures. It can also be used as a diagnostic tool to help identify abnormalities or lesions within body cavities.

Overall, therapeutic irrigation is a valuable technique in modern medicine that allows healthcare providers to deliver targeted treatment directly to specific areas of the body, improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

A cuspid, also known as a canine tooth or cuspid tooth, is a type of tooth in mammals. It is the pointiest tooth in the dental arch and is located between the incisors and bicuspids (or premolars). Cuspids have a single cusp or pointed tip that is used for tearing and grasping food. In humans, there are four cuspids, two on the upper jaw and two on the lower jaw, one on each side of the dental arch.

Solid-state lasers are a type of laser that uses solid materials as the gain medium – the material that amplifies the light energy to produce laser emissions. In contrast to gas or liquid lasers, solid-state lasers use a crystal, ceramic, or glass as the gain medium. The active laser medium in solid-state lasers is typically doped with rare earth ions, such as neodymium (Nd), yttrium (Y), erbium (Er), or thulium (Tm).

The most common type of solid-state laser is the neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser. In this laser, neodymium ions are doped into a crystal lattice made up of yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (YAG). The Nd:YAG laser emits light at a wavelength of 1064 nanometers (nm), which can be frequency-doubled to produce emissions at 532 nm.

Solid-state lasers have several advantages over other types of lasers, including high efficiency, long lifetimes, and compact size. They are widely used in various applications, such as material processing, medical treatments, scientific research, and military technology.

A deciduous tooth, also known as a baby tooth or primary tooth, is a type of temporary tooth that humans and some other mammals develop during childhood. They are called "deciduous" because they are eventually shed and replaced by permanent teeth, much like how leaves on a deciduous tree fall off and are replaced by new growth.

Deciduous teeth begin to form in the womb and start to erupt through the gums when a child is around six months old. By the time a child reaches age three, they typically have a full set of 20 deciduous teeth, including incisors, canines, and molars. These teeth are smaller and less durable than permanent teeth, but they serve important functions such as helping children chew food properly, speak clearly, and maintain space in the jaw for the permanent teeth to grow into.

Deciduous teeth usually begin to fall out around age six or seven, starting with the lower central incisors. This process continues until all of the deciduous teeth have been shed, typically by age 12 or 13. At this point, the permanent teeth will have grown in and taken their place, with the exception of the wisdom teeth, which may not erupt until later in adolescence or early adulthood.

Dental cavity preparation is the process of removing decayed and damaged tissue from a tooth and shaping the remaining healthy structure in order to prepare it for the placement of a filling or a crown. The goal of cavity preparation is to remove all traces of decay and create a clean, stable surface for the restoration to bond with, while also maintaining as much of the natural tooth structure as possible.

The process typically involves the use of dental drills and other tools to remove the decayed tissue and shape the tooth. The size and depth of the preparation will depend on the extent of the decay and the type of restoration that will be used. After the preparation is complete, the dentist will place the filling or crown, restoring the function and integrity of the tooth.

Root canal filling materials are substances used to fill and seal the root canal system inside a tooth following root canal treatment. The main goal of using these materials is to prevent reinfection, provide structural support to the weakened tooth, and restore its functionality.

Commonly used root canal filling materials include:

1. Gutta-percha: A rubber-like material derived from the sap of the Palaquium gutta tree. It is widely used as the primary filling material due to its biocompatibility, malleability, and ability to be compacted into the root canal space. Gutta-percha points or cones are typically used in conjunction with a sealer for optimal adaptation and seal.

2. Sealers: These are adhesive materials that help bond gutta-percha to dentin walls and improve the seal between the filling material and root canal walls. Some commonly used sealers include zinc oxide eugenol, calcium hydroxide-based sealers, and resin-based sealers.

3. Silver points: These are silver cones with a sharp tip that can be inserted into the root canal space as an alternative to gutta-percha. However, their use has declined due to concerns about corrosion and potential tooth discoloration.

4. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA): A biocompatible cement composed primarily of Portland cement, bismuth oxide, and other additives. MTA is used for various applications in endodontics, including root-end filling, perforation repair, and apexification. It has excellent sealing ability, antibacterial properties, and promotes hard tissue formation.

5. Bioceramics: These are advanced materials with similar properties to MTA but with improved handling characteristics and setting times. They include materials like Bioaggregate, EndoSequence BC Sealer, and iRoot SP.

6. Thermoplasticized gutta-percha: This technique involves heating and softening gutta-percha using a specialized device called a thermomechanical compactor or an oven. The softened gutta-percha is then injected into the root canal space, providing better adaptation to the root canal walls and creating a more uniform seal.

The choice of materials depends on various factors, including the clinical situation, patient's needs, and practitioner's preference.

The Papanicolaou (Pap) test, also known as the Pap smear, is a screening procedure for detecting precancerous and cancerous cells in the cervix. It involves collecting cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope to look for any abnormalities. The test is typically recommended for women aged 21-65 as part of routine pelvic exams, with the frequency depending on age and risk factors.

The Pap test was developed by Georgios Papanikolaou in the early 20th century and has since become a widely used and important tool in preventing cervical cancer. The test is usually performed in a healthcare provider's office and takes only a few minutes to complete. It is a relatively simple, safe, and painless procedure that can help detect cervical abnormalities at an early stage, when they are most treatable.

Gutta-Percha is defined in the medical field as a naturally occurring rubber derived from the sap of the Palaquium gutta tree, which is native to Malaysia. It has been historically used in various medical and dental applications due to its unique properties such as being malleable yet durable when heated, and remaining stable at room temperature.

In dentistry, gutta-percha is commonly utilized as a root canal filling material, as it can be easily shaped and compacted into the root canal space to seal off the tooth from bacteria and other infectious agents. It is often used in combination with a sealer cement to ensure a proper seal and prevent reinfection of the tooth.

Overall, gutta-percha is a valuable material in medical and dental applications due to its unique properties and versatility.

Root canal obturation is the process of filling and sealing the root canal system of a tooth after it has been cleaned and shaped during endodontic treatment. The goal of obturation is to prevent reinfection or contamination of the root canal system by completely filling and sealing the space with an inert, biocompatible material such as gutta-percha and a suitable sealant. This procedure helps to preserve the natural tooth structure, alleviate pain, and maintain proper dental function.

Methacrylates are a group of chemical compounds that contain the methacrylate functional group, which is a vinyl group (CH2=CH-) with a carbonyl group (C=O) at the β-position. This structure gives them unique chemical and physical properties, such as low viscosity, high reactivity, and resistance to heat and chemicals.

In medical terms, methacrylates are used in various biomedical applications, such as dental restorative materials, bone cements, and drug delivery systems. For example, methacrylate-based resins are commonly used in dentistry for fillings, crowns, and bridges due to their excellent mechanical properties and adhesion to tooth structures.

However, there have been concerns about the potential toxicity of methacrylates, particularly their ability to release monomers that can cause allergic reactions, irritation, or even mutagenic effects in some individuals. Therefore, it is essential to use these materials with caution and follow proper handling and safety protocols.

Resin cements are dental materials used to bond or cement restorations, such as crowns, bridges, and orthodontic appliances, to natural teeth or implants. They are called "resin" cements because they are made of a type of synthetic resin material that can be cured or hardened through the use of a chemical reaction or exposure to light.

Resin cements typically consist of three components: a base, a catalyst, and a filler. The base and catalyst are mixed together to create a putty-like consistency, which is then applied to the restoration or tooth surface. Once the cement is in place, it is exposed to light or allowed to chemically cure, which causes it to harden and form a strong bond between the restoration and the tooth.

Resin cements are known for their excellent adhesive properties, as well as their ability to withstand the forces of biting and chewing. They can also be color-matched to natural teeth, making them an aesthetically pleasing option for dental restorations. However, they may not be suitable for all patients or situations, and it is important for dental professionals to carefully consider the specific needs and conditions of each patient when choosing a cement material.

The tooth apex is the tip or the narrowed end of the root of a tooth. It is the portion that is located deepest within the jawbone and it contains dental pulp tissue, which includes nerves and blood vessels. The apex plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of a tooth, as well as in the process of root canal treatment, where instruments and materials are introduced through it to clean and fill the root canals. It is also a crucial landmark in endodontic surgery and dental imaging.

I'm happy to help! However, I must clarify that "materials testing" is not a medical term per se. It is a term used in various fields, including engineering and materials science, to describe the process of subjecting materials to different tests to evaluate their properties and performance under various conditions.

In the context of medical devices or implants, materials testing may refer to the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of materials used in their construction. These tests can include assessments of strength, durability, biocompatibility, and other factors that are critical to ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical devices.

Medical device manufacturers must comply with regulatory standards for materials testing to ensure that their products meet specific requirements for performance, safety, and quality. These standards may vary depending on the type of device, its intended use, and the country or region in which it will be marketed and sold.

Surface properties in the context of medical science refer to the characteristics and features of the outermost layer or surface of a biological material or structure, such as cells, tissues, organs, or medical devices. These properties can include physical attributes like roughness, smoothness, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, and electrical conductivity, as well as chemical properties like charge, reactivity, and composition.

In the field of biomaterials science, understanding surface properties is crucial for designing medical implants, devices, and drug delivery systems that can interact safely and effectively with biological tissues and fluids. Surface modifications, such as coatings or chemical treatments, can be used to alter surface properties and enhance biocompatibility, improve lubricity, reduce fouling, or promote specific cellular responses like adhesion, proliferation, or differentiation.

Similarly, in the field of cell biology, understanding surface properties is essential for studying cell-cell interactions, cell signaling, and cell behavior. Cells can sense and respond to changes in their environment, including variations in surface properties, which can influence cell shape, motility, and function. Therefore, characterizing and manipulating surface properties can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cellular processes and offer new strategies for developing therapies and treatments for various diseases.

Photoacoustic techniques, also known as optoacoustic techniques, refer to a group of diagnostic methods used in medicine and biology that combine the principles of laser-induced ultrasound and optical absorption contrast. These techniques involve illuminating a sample or tissue with a short laser pulse, which is absorbed by chromophores (light-absorbing molecules) within the tissue. The absorption of light energy leads to thermoelastic expansion and generates broadband acoustic waves, which are then detected using ultrasound transducers.

The resulting photoacoustic signals can provide information about the optical absorption properties, concentration, and distribution of chromophores in the tissue, such as hemoglobin, melanin, or exogenous contrast agents. Photoacoustic techniques have several advantages over traditional optical imaging methods, including deeper penetration depths (up to a few centimeters) and higher spatial resolution (down to a few micrometers).

There are various photoacoustic techniques, including photoacoustic microscopy (PAM), photoacoustic tomography (PAT), and functional photoacoustic imaging. These methods have shown great potential in various biomedical applications, such as cancer detection, blood oxygenation mapping, skin melanoma characterization, and brain function monitoring.

Nonparametric statistics is a branch of statistics that does not rely on assumptions about the distribution of variables in the population from which the sample is drawn. In contrast to parametric methods, nonparametric techniques make fewer assumptions about the data and are therefore more flexible in their application. Nonparametric tests are often used when the data do not meet the assumptions required for parametric tests, such as normality or equal variances.

Nonparametric statistical methods include tests such as the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (also known as the Mann-Whitney U test) for comparing two independent groups, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparing two related groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing more than two independent groups. These tests use the ranks of the data rather than the actual values to make comparisons, which allows them to be used with ordinal or continuous data that do not meet the assumptions of parametric tests.

Overall, nonparametric statistics provide a useful set of tools for analyzing data in situations where the assumptions of parametric methods are not met, and can help researchers draw valid conclusions from their data even when the data are not normally distributed or have other characteristics that violate the assumptions of parametric tests.

Anti-infective agents, local, are medications that are applied directly to a specific area of the body to prevent or treat infections caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites. These agents include topical antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, and anti-parasitic drugs. They work by killing or inhibiting the growth of the infectious organisms, thereby preventing their spread and reducing the risk of infection. Local anti-infective agents are often used to treat skin infections, eye infections, and other localized infections, and can be administered as creams, ointments, gels, solutions, or drops.

A beverage is a drink intended for human consumption. The term is often used to refer to any drink that is not alcoholic or, in other words, non-alcoholic beverages. This includes drinks such as water, juice, tea, coffee, and soda. However, it can also include alcoholic drinks like beer, wine, and spirits.

In a medical context, beverages are often discussed in relation to their impact on health. For example, sugary drinks like soda and energy drinks have been linked to obesity, diabetes, and other health problems. On the other hand, drinks like water and unsweetened tea can help to keep people hydrated and may have other health benefits.

It's important for individuals to be mindful of their beverage choices and to choose options that are healthy and support their overall well-being. This may involve limiting sugary drinks, choosing water or unsweetened tea instead of soda, and avoiding excessive caffeine intake.

Acid etching in dental terminology refers to a surface treatment technique used in dentistry, particularly for bonding procedures. This process involves the application of a mild acid (usually phosphoric or maleic acid) onto the enamel or dentin surface of a tooth. The acid etches the surface by selectively removing the minerals and creating microscopic irregularities or porosities.

This etched surface provides an increased surface area and better mechanical retention for bonding agents, resin composites, or dental cements. As a result, the bond between the tooth and the restorative material becomes stronger and more durable. Acid etching is widely used in various dental procedures such as direct and indirect tooth-colored restorations, veneers, crowns, bridges, and orthodontic attachments.

An incisor is a type of tooth that is primarily designed for biting off food pieces rather than chewing or grinding. They are typically chisel-shaped, flat, and have a sharp cutting edge. In humans, there are eight incisors - four on the upper jaw and four on the lower jaw, located at the front of the mouth. Other animals such as dogs, cats, and rodents also have incisors that they use for different purposes like tearing or gnawing.

Titanium is not a medical term, but rather a chemical element (symbol Ti, atomic number 22) that is widely used in the medical field due to its unique properties. Medically, it is often referred to as a biocompatible material used in various medical applications such as:

1. Orthopedic implants: Titanium and its alloys are used for making joint replacements (hips, knees, shoulders), bone plates, screws, and rods due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility.
2. Dental implants: Titanium is also commonly used in dental applications like implants, crowns, and bridges because of its ability to osseointegrate, or fuse directly with bone tissue, providing a stable foundation for replacement teeth.
3. Cardiovascular devices: Titanium alloys are used in the construction of heart valves, pacemakers, and other cardiovascular implants due to their non-magnetic properties, which prevent interference with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.
4. Medical instruments: Due to its resistance to corrosion and high strength, titanium is used in the manufacturing of various medical instruments such as surgical tools, needles, and catheters.

In summary, Titanium is a chemical element with unique properties that make it an ideal material for various medical applications, including orthopedic and dental implants, cardiovascular devices, and medical instruments.

Dental stress analysis is a method used in dentistry to evaluate the amount and distribution of forces that act upon teeth and surrounding structures during biting, chewing, or other functional movements. This analysis helps dental professionals identify areas of excessive stress or strain that may lead to dental problems such as tooth fracture, mobility, or periodontal (gum) disease. By identifying these areas, dentists can develop treatment plans to reduce the risk of dental issues and improve overall oral health.

Dental stress analysis typically involves the use of specialized equipment, such as strain gauges, T-scan occlusal analysis systems, or finite element analysis software, to measure and analyze the forces that act upon teeth during various functional movements. The results of the analysis can help dentists determine the best course of treatment, which may include adjusting the bite, restoring damaged teeth with crowns or fillings, or fabricating custom-made oral appliances to redistribute the forces evenly across the dental arch.

Overall, dental stress analysis is an important tool in modern dentistry that helps dental professionals diagnose and treat dental problems related to occlusal (bite) forces, ensuring optimal oral health and function for their patients.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Glass" is not a medical term. Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has various uses in everyday life, including medical devices and equipment. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please provide them, and I'll be happy to help.

Tin compounds refer to chemical substances that contain tin (Sn) combined with one or more other elements. Tin can form various types of compounds, including oxides, sulfides, halides, and organometallic compounds. These compounds have different properties and uses depending on the other element(s) they are combined with.

For example:

* Tin (IV) oxide (SnO2) is a white powder used as an opacifying agent in glass and ceramics, as well as a component in some types of batteries.
* Tin (II) sulfide (SnS) is a black or brown solid used in the manufacture of some types of semiconductors.
* Tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4) is a colorless liquid used as a catalyst in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other plastics.
* Organotin compounds, such as tributyltin (TBT), are used as biocides and antifouling agents in marine paints. However, they have been found to be toxic to aquatic life and are being phased out in many countries.

Microscopy is a technical field in medicine that involves the use of microscopes to observe structures and phenomena that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. It allows for the examination of samples such as tissues, cells, and microorganisms at high magnifications, enabling the detection and analysis of various medical conditions, including infections, diseases, and cellular abnormalities.

There are several types of microscopy used in medicine, including:

1. Light Microscopy: This is the most common type of microscopy, which uses visible light to illuminate and magnify samples. It can be used to examine a wide range of biological specimens, such as tissue sections, blood smears, and bacteria.
2. Electron Microscopy: This type of microscopy uses a beam of electrons instead of light to produce highly detailed images of samples. It is often used in research settings to study the ultrastructure of cells and tissues.
3. Fluorescence Microscopy: This technique involves labeling specific molecules within a sample with fluorescent dyes, allowing for their visualization under a microscope. It can be used to study protein interactions, gene expression, and cell signaling pathways.
4. Confocal Microscopy: This type of microscopy uses a laser beam to scan a sample point by point, producing high-resolution images with reduced background noise. It is often used in medical research to study the structure and function of cells and tissues.
5. Scanning Probe Microscopy: This technique involves scanning a sample with a physical probe, allowing for the measurement of topography, mechanical properties, and other characteristics at the nanoscale. It can be used in medical research to study the structure and function of individual molecules and cells.

Malaria is not a medical definition itself, but it is a disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Here's a simple definition:

Malaria: A mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, characterized by cycles of fever, chills, and anemia. It can be fatal if not promptly diagnosed and treated. The five Plasmodium species known to cause malaria in humans are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Blood specimen collection is the process of obtaining a sample of blood from a patient for laboratory testing and analysis. This procedure is performed by trained healthcare professionals, such as nurses or phlebotomists, using sterile equipment to minimize the risk of infection and ensure accurate test results. The collected blood sample may be used to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, assess overall health and organ function, and check for the presence of drugs, alcohol, or other substances. Proper handling, storage, and transportation of the specimen are crucial to maintain its integrity and prevent contamination.

Specimen handling is a set of procedures and practices followed in the collection, storage, transportation, and processing of medical samples or specimens (e.g., blood, tissue, urine, etc.) for laboratory analysis. Proper specimen handling ensures accurate test results, patient safety, and data integrity. It includes:

1. Correct labeling of the specimen container with required patient information.
2. Using appropriate containers and materials to collect, store, and transport the specimen.
3. Following proper collection techniques to avoid contamination or damage to the specimen.
4. Adhering to specific storage conditions (temperature, time, etc.) before testing.
5. Ensuring secure and timely transportation of the specimen to the laboratory.
6. Properly documenting all steps in the handling process for traceability and quality assurance.

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EGTA is often employed in dentistry and endodontics for the removal of the smear layer. EDTA BAPTA Raaflaub, J. (1956) Methods ...
It is best to wait for each layer to dry thoroughly before applying another coat. This will prevent the paint from smearing or ... After the application of several layers, rubbing alcohol can be brushed or sprayed on to reveal colors from earlier layers. ... Once the base color is at the bottom of the cup, then begin layering the other chosen colors. Once you are satisfied with the ... When glaze medium is applied to acrylic paint, the paint becomes more transparent and will reveal the layer of paint used ...
... loss of the cementum layer and smear layer. Receding gums can be a sign of long-term trauma from excessive or forceful ... Similar process such as formation of a smear layer (e.g. from toothbrushing) and dentin sclerosis. These physiologic repair ... Treatment strategies also lead to the removal of cementum, smear layer and exposure of dentinal tubules, furthermore causing DH ... Repeated exposures to a low pH cause the mineral content of the teeth on the outer layer of enamel to dissolve therefore ...
1998). "Multicenter masked evaluation of AutoCyte PREP thin layers with matched conventional smears. Including initial biopsy ... The sample is collected, normally by a small brush, in the same way as for a conventional smear test, but rather than the smear ... "Comparison of conventional Papanicolaou smears and a fluid-based, thin-layer system for cervical cancer screening". Obstet ... but also removes the opportunity to see characteristic smearing artifacts such as chromatin smearing in small-cell carcinoma. ...
Field mapping shows that layers of clay gouge and shale smear are common along the Moab Fault. Solum et al. describe the ... Clay smear is among the family of structures that detect fluid flow in sedimentary basins. Clay smear processes are applied to ... The shale gouge ratio is one way to describe the amount of clay smear in a fault zone, and is simply defined as the percentage ... Thus it provides a measure of the seal capacity, as a shale layer in a fault zone may provide an effective seal to across-fault ...
It helps to improve the bonding of GIC to the tooth surface by eliminating the smear layer and debris. It also has the ... "Efficiency of different polyacrylic acid concentrations on the smear layer, after ART technique, by Scanning Electron ... This is done by cleaning the tooth, placing a layer of HVGIC over the back teeth and using finger pressure to keep it in place ...
Dentists and endodontists use EDTA solutions to remove inorganic debris (smear layer) and lubricate the root canals in ...
Surface irrigation with EDTA works to remove the smear layer from the cavity to allow bonding of the restoration. Studies have ...
The makeup was not applied in a uniform way but based on the context of the story, such as being more smeared for the bank ... During filming the pair used the same technique with Caglione adding layers of white and gray. Caglione used a dry face paint ... Kryolan Aquacolor black makeup was smudged around Ledger's eyes and sprayed with water to create smears. Ledger always applied ...
The thickness of smear layer can range from 0.5-2 µmeter and for the smear plug, 1 to 10 µmeter. Smear layer poses some threat ... When the hybrid layer becomes thicker and more uniform, the bond strength is better. Smear layer refers to a layer of debris on ... Smear layer will fill the orifices of the dentinal tubules, hence forming smear plugs. These smear plugs decrease dentin ... For example, smear layer needs to be removed prior to bonding by etch-and-rinse (total etch) adhesives. This will lead to ...
For multi-layer boards, those with three layers or more, drilling typically produces a smear of the high temperature ... two copper layers on both sides of one substrate layer), or multi-layer (outer and inner layers of copper, alternating with ... After two-layer PCBs, the next step up is the four-layer. The four layer board adds significantly more routing options in the ... Only the outer layers need be coated; the inner copper layers are protected by the adjacent substrate layers. "Through hole" ...
With a Pap smear, cells collected using a spatula are smeared onto a slide for examination under a microscope. In liquid-based ... This collects a sample of cells from the outer layer of the cervix. Self-collection is also an option when testing by a ... In the conventional Pap smear, the collected cells are smeared on a microscope slide, and a fixative is applied. The slide is ... However, it is acceptable to screen this age group with a Pap smear alone every 3 years or with an FDA-approved primary high ...
Parabasal cells - the smallest epithelial cells seen on a typical vaginal smear, and are derived from the basal layer of ... A smear made during late estrus to early diestrus may appear similar to one made in early- or mid-proestrus. The final stage of ... Basal cells - give rise to all epithelium in a vaginal smear. They are small cells with round nuclei, and a high nucleus-to- ... Superficial cells (dead cells) - the largest cells seen on a vaginal cytology and are derived from the outermost layer of non- ...
The cells should be pressed out and distributed evenly on the glass slide in a thin layer, such as the anther smeared. Squashes ... Smears is an easy way for preparing slices. This method is used in many laboratories. Smears can be employed when making slide ... The steps and requirements for the application of the smear method are as follows: first, smear. When the solid material is ... Whole mounts, smears, squashes, and sections are four commonly used methods when preparing plant and animal specimens for ...
43% at D3 layer, 35.5% at D6 layer, 43.9% at A1 layer, with 18.4% of red deer finds, and 49.5% at A2-A2R layer, with 18.8% of ... Microscopic analysis revealed a dark red substance, identified as hematite, was found smeared across the outer surface of the ... Three in the Mousterian layers, and one in the Uluzzian layer. Two of the three found in the Mousterian layer can be identified ... with red deer being dominant in the A5-A6 layers at 70.3%. A number of avian bones found in the final Mousterian layer show ...
Then, the sample is manually smeared out to obtain a thin sample layer with cells dispersed along the glass slide. After an air ...
Eubulus, a comic author, offers these courtesans derision: "plastered over with layers of white lead, … jowls smeared with ...
As Saville pushes, smears, and scrapes the pigment over her large-scale canvases. Saville is also known for her use of massive ... Saville works with oil paint, applied in heavy layers, becomes as visceral as flesh itself, each painted mark maintaining a ... canvases that allow the viewer to see the details and layering of oil paints to create her signature aesthetic of movement and ...
In such cases, the medical technologist may obtain a buffy coat, from which a blood smear is made. This smear contains a much ... After centrifugation, one can distinguish a layer of clear fluid (the plasma), a layer of red fluid containing most of the red ... The layer beneath the buffy coat contains granulocytes and red blood cells.[citation needed] The buffy coat is commonly used ... This test is more sensitive than the conventional thick smear and in > 90% of cases the species of parasite can also be ...
The smearing and scraping of the mirrors soon lead to generating a marred, scratched texture on their surface. Resembling the " ... Imboden's work with the human form and water incorporate three distinct layers; the body above the surface of the water, its ... Her early attempts at disrupting the clean and crisp reflections involved smearing oil on the mirror's surface, as seen in ... The problem was that the mirrors only provided one reflective layer, instead of the three. She had grown accustomed to working ...
A blood smear, peripheral blood smear or blood film is a thin layer of blood smeared on a glass microscope slide and then ... "Purpose and Criteria for Blood Smear Scan, Blood Smear Examination, and Blood Smear Review". Annals of Laboratory Medicine. 33 ... Two sorts of blood smear are traditionally used. Thin smears are similar to usual blood films and allow species identification ... A blood smear is made by placing a drop of blood on one end of a slide, and using a spreader slide to disperse the blood over ...
Carpet the stone surface using a large piece of wet paper (or layers of paper) Pat the wet paper(s) gently, using a dabber made ... Use Indian ink (usually black-colored) to smear the paper with the dabber, in order to get the impression of the surface. Allow ...
In the tumour stage, the cancer cells move into the dermis (the deeper layer of skin) Large cell transformation, where clonally ... Peripheral smear will often show buttock cells. Traditionally, mycosis fungoides has been divided into three stages: premycotic ... These cells may line up individually along the epidermal basal layer. The latter finding if unaccompanied by spongiosis is ... the most superficial layer of skin). This is referred to as epidermotropism. Pautrier's microabcesses, aggregates of four or ...
Mackendrick smeared a thin layer of vaseline on the lenses, preventing Lancaster from focusing his eyes and giving him a ... The next day, the smear appears in the other journalist's column and Dallas's jazz group is fired from the club. As planned, in ...
Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a blood film (or peripheral blood smear), where a thin layer of ... The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers: the glycocalyx on the exterior, which is rich in carbohydrates; the lipid ... blood is smeared on a microscope slide. This may reveal poikilocytosis, which are variations in red blood cell shape. When red ...
In the bandage layers of the head, Tutankhamun wore various forms of headwear including an inlaid gold fillet and a padded khat ... The top lip had drawn back a little to reveal large front teeth which were smeared with resin. The face was clean-shaven; on ... The beaded linen skull-cap on the head and broad collar on the chest were treated with a layer of wax and left in place. The ... However, the outermost layers of linen were very fragile making it immediately apparent that "no orderly unwrapping was ...
If there is a layer of impermeable rock present in this dome shape, then hydrocarbons can accumulate at the crest until the ... In some cases, there can be an impermeable substance smeared along the fault surface (such as clay) that also acts to prevent ... This trap is formed by the movement of permeable and impermeable layers of rock along a fault plane. The permeable reservoir ... This is known as clay smear. Stratigraphic trap In a stratigraphic trap, the geometry allowing the accumulation of hydrocarbons ...
In thin-layer chromatography (TLC), these compounds are so prominent that they appear to displace zeorin and [16R,(-)]-16 α- ... hydroxykaurane, appearing as a smear up the TLC plate. Vermilacinia johncasadyi was first discovered along the northwest coast ... and by producing lichen substances of triterpenes referred to as T1 and T2 in reference to their Rf class on thin-layer ...
During a blood smear, a medical technologist/clinical lab scientist spreads a thin layer of blood on a microscope slide and ... and Pyropoikilocytes Schistocytes Semilunar bodies Poikilocytosis may be diagnosed with a test called a blood smear. ...
The pub itself is filthy, with the floor covered with layers of dirt and the windows smeared with so much grime that little ...
The smear layer remained intact in all the roots of group A. Complete removal of the smear layer in group B was achieved after ... The smear layer was examined from two aspects; the first aspect looked "down onto" the smear layer and the second from the side ... In the smear layer-free specimens the smear layer was removed by washing for 3 minutes with 17% EDTA followed by 5.25% NaOCl. ... The smear layer prevented all the sealers from penetrating dentinal tubules. In contrast, in smear layer-free root canals, all ...
Even after we put oil in the layers we still smear the front and back sides with oil while cooking them. That may be for taste ... The fat or oil needs to be layered and not amalgamated to get the flaky layers. If it was spread throughout the dough randomly ... Is it the oil/fat layers which expand, or the moisture in the dough between the layers that expands? - Daniel Griscom ... What purpose does oil in layers serve?. If we put the same amount of oil in flour while kneading the dough, instead of putting ...
GONCALVES, Rodrigo Diego et al. Analysis of smear layer removal by different irrigants. RGO, Rev. gaúch. odontol. (Online) [ ... Biopure MTAD and 17% EDTA in water proved to be more effective for removing the smear layer than 24% EDTA gel or saline. ... Palavras-chave : Chelating agents.; Endodontics.; Root canal preparation.; Smear layer.. · resumo em Português · texto em ... Objective This study assessed in vitro the ability of different irrigating solutions to remove the smear layer after root canal ...
Q-mix is a novel irrigant which shows smear layer removal as well as antibacterial action. The irrigant can go 0.1 - 1mm beyond ... Aim: To evaluate the smear layer removal efficacy of Q-mix 2 in 1 using different activation regimens. Settings and Design: An ... Efficacy of Irrigant activation technique of Q-mix 2 in 1 in removing intracanal smear layer: An in-vitro scanning electron ... Result: Manual Dynamic activation of the irrigant Q mix 2 in 1 significantly improved the smear layer removal ability as ...
Includes a 3 layer 6 round cake, serving 10-15, with a buttercream smear and a gumpaste rainbow. At checkout, please note:* ... Rainbow Smear with Gumpaste Rainbow Cake (3 layer 6" round). $49.99 This cake is perfect for any rainbow themed occasion! ... Home Products Rainbow Smear with Gumpaste Rainbow Cake (3 layer 6" round) ... Includes a 3 layer 6" round cake, serving 10-15, with a buttercream smear and a gumpaste rainbow. ...
... also formed extensive smear layers with multiple brushing. CPH smear layers exhibited strongest resistance to environmental ... 745 Smear Layer Formation and Environmental Stability of Commercial Dentifrices Friday, March 23, 2012: 10:45 a.m. - 12:15 p.m. ... Factors which may affect relative efficacy of this dentifrice class include rate of smear layer formation and resistance of ... Dentifrices with proven clinical desensitization efficacy include formulations which form smear layers to block patent tubuli. ...
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After 3 weeks, half of the specimens were created a uniform smear layer. The following treatments were applied short time ( ... The results revealed that despite the absence or presence of the smear layer, Triton (3 + 3 min) showed the highest killing for ... Dual effectiveness of a novel all-in-one endodontic irrigating solution in antibiofilm activity and smear layer removal.. Sheng ... These findings demonstrated that Triton can provide dual benefits of antibiofilm and smear layer removal capabilities ...
Smear a small amount over the wrap. Layer remaining ingredients adding a few dollops of the ranch dressing mixture. Roll ...
Any newly-added layer represents more attack surface. Linux Too Big to Be Properly Maintained When Theres an Incentive to Sell ...
Thick smears. Thick smears consist of a thick layer of dehemoglobinized (lysed) red blood cells (RBCs). The blood elements ( ... Thin smears. Thin smears consist of blood spread in a layer such that the thickness decreases progressively toward the ... Do not fix thick smears with methanol or heat. If there will be a delay in staining smears, dip the thick smear briefly in ... Allow the thin smears to dry. (They dry much faster than the thick smears, and are less subject to detachment because they will ...
Tough, layered, unitized construction deburrs and finishes in one step. Resists smearing for cleaner surfaces and less ... Tough, layered, unitized construction deburrs and finishes in one step. *Resists smearing for cleaner surfaces and less ...
Here we report the properties of Pt3X2 (X = In and Tl) that adopt a double-layer kagome net structure related to that of the ... point mesh with the smearing parameter 0.1. eV and the electronic band structure along high-symmetry lines using the optimized ... b) The hexagonal unit cell showing layers of composition Pt. 3. X. and X. 2. . (c) A single Pt. 3. X. layer made up of Pt and X ... b) The hexagonal unit cell showing layers of composition Pt. 3. X. and X. 2. . (c) A single Pt. 3. X. layer made up of Pt and X ...
1: My grease smears are, indeed, colored. Though, the color layer could easily be more opaque... 2: Hmm. Nice suggestions, Ill ... Also dont forget to make grease smears rainbow colored. Try more interesting outer glows on panel lines (add noise, **** ...
A small amount is spread in a very thin layer on a glass slide. This is called a smear. ... A lab team member examines the stained smear under the microscope, looking for bacteria. ...
Creates a protective layer which moisturises and helps nourish the eyelashes. Black. Vegan. Gluten-Free. Paraben-Free. ... Does not smear or clump. Contains an active ingredient which helps reduce damage to the eyelashes from UV exposure. ...
This clay layer has high platinum group element (PGE) concentrations and features a conspicuous negative Os isotope anomaly ( ... Thus, we suggest that an unrecognised impact event in the middle or late Miocene produced the impact ejecta layer of the ... Here, we present petrographic and geochemical evidence of a possible impact ejecta layer, dating from about 11 Ma, in deep-sea ... Osmium isotope stratigraphy suggests a most plausible depositional age of ~11 Ma (Miocene) for this layer, as determined by ...
The bread is smeared with hummus and layered with chopped lettuce and tomato. The sandwich gets an extra hit of sesame from the ... blanketed in enough American cheese and sweet grilled onion to form a single messy layer of toppings. Theres the obligatory ...
The lab team member places a very thin layer of the sample onto a glass slide. This is called a smear. Stains are placed on the ...
Thin layer cervical slides were prepared with the robotic AutoCyte Prep system according to the manufacturers instructions. An ... We analysed the results of the cervical smears of the samples with HPV typing. The differences in prevalence of smear results ... a cervical smear and vaccination against hepatitis B. In this analysis the results of the cervical smears of 653 women tested ... Cervical smears of all controls were evaluated using liquid based cytology. Since the sensitivity of Pap smears with this ...
Mary J. Blige Funky, Layered Shag Mary J. Bliges shag is a good choice for layered, medium length hair. What to do: 1. Apply a ... A Mason Pearson-style, boar-bristle brush is a great bang-tamer.)3. Finish with a smear of styling paste. Rub it between your ... Kristin Chenoweth Layered Shag Kristin Chenoweths simple shag works best on thin hair. To get the look: 1. After you wash your ... Jewels long, blonde hair look is pretty for a night out, especially if you have layers. Steal her style: 1. Youre going to ...
Add layers of flavors and texture when cooking vegetables. Peas are delicious. Why not smear a large bowl… Read More → ...
Gynecologists and womens health specialists at Sutter Health offer a variety of treatment options if youre pap smear shows ... Then a thin wire loop that emits an electrical current cuts away a small layer of cells on your cervix. The electrical current ... Abnormal pap smear results are very common and can indicate a variety of issues. Some of the more serious issues include the ... If youre younger than age 30, your doctor may not have tested you for HPV-which is a separate test from the pap smear-so you ...
I opted to smear some room temperature butter on each half before they went into the oven so I didnt have to futz halfway ... Heat your oven to 220°C and halve the onions to expose concentric circles of onion layers. Place each one in a muffin tin divot ... Mix bouillon with butter if using, then smear the butter on the onions. Season with salt and pepper if youre not using ... Theres no char and no browned bits, just soft layers of allium that melt in your mouth. ...
Thick smears consist of a thick layer of dehemoglobinized (lysed) red blood cells (RBCs). ... Thin smears consist of blood spread in a layer such that the thickness decrease. ... Thick smears allow a more efficient detection of parasites (increased sensitivity).. * ...
Layer effects give you plenty of choices for tweaking.. Layer effects let you add non-destructive highlights, shadows, and 3D ... The Warp tool, similar to Photoshops Liquify feature, smears, swirls, and distorts brush strokes. A Remove Color Matte feature ... Improved tools, layer effects. In addition to launching new brush tools, ArtRage 5 delivers some enhancements to the Pencil and ... ArtRage 5, the newest version, maintains its ease of use and friendly, colorful look and feel, while layering in increasingly ...
Victoria Beckham Short, Layered Hairstyle. Victoria Beckhams pretty do, with jagged layers all over, is short, but sweet, ... A Mason Pearson-style, boar-bristle brush is a great bang-tamer.)3. Finish with a smear of styling paste. Rub it between your ... Kristin Cavallari Long, Layered Hairstyle Kristin Cavallaris layered look gives off a sweet, yet flirty, impression. Steal her ... Victoria Beckhams no-fuss layers make for a great everyday look with a fun headband accessory. To get the look:1. Apply a ...
Next…add layers! Have fun with it…splatter..smear…stamps…whatever! I added layers of a stamped diamond in "Watermelon" in ... I used a small spatula to cut a small chunk of my gelato off the stick and then used the same spatula to smoosh and smear ( ...
Testing for loiasis microfilariae is done on a daytime, Giemsa-stained blood smear or via demonstration of an adult worm ... Cuticle of Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens demonstrating thick 3-layered cuticle with prominent external longitudinal ridges. ... Anterior end of microfilariae of Mansonella streptocerca in collagen layers of skin. ... Posterior end of microfilariae of Mansonella streptocerca in collagen layers of skin. ...
  • If you are using venous blood, blood smears should be prepared as soon as possible after collection (delay can result in changes in parasite morphology and staining characteristics). (cdc.gov)
  • They observed an amorphous layer of debris, with an irregular and granular surface, on instrumented dentinal walls using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). (wikipedia.org)
  • 1981) studied the scanning electron microscope (SEM) appearance of dentin before and after removing successive layers of the smear layer they came to a different conclusion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The teeth were then sectioned vertically and examined under scanning electron microscope for smear layer removal at coronal, middle and apical third. (journalcra.com)
  • Since microfilariae concentrate in the peripheral capillaries, thick and thin smears prepared from fingerstick blood are recommended. (cdc.gov)
  • Anemia is present, and sickle cells are usually evident on the peripheral smear. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The fat or oil needs to be layered and not amalgamated to get the flaky layers. (stackexchange.com)
  • It may see easier than making a butter block then enclose it, but softened butter is warmer butter, which means it's easier to melt, a big NO NO if you want clear flaky layers. (thefreshloaf.com)
  • A conspicuous negative Os isotope excursion and an abnormal enrichment of Os were found in a ~40-cm-thick layer of clay ~350 cm below the seafloor (cmbsf) in piston core 11 (PC11). (nature.com)
  • The aim of this study is to assess risks for abnormal cervical smears and HPV in sex workers and decide whether the current screening policy is sufficient for them. (bmj.com)
  • Abnormal smears and high risk HPV were significantly more prevalent in sex workers than in controls. (bmj.com)
  • Current screening policy would miss many sex workers with an abnormal smear who should be referred for further follow up. (bmj.com)
  • Results of earlier studies showed a higher prevalence of abnormal smears and high risk HPV in sex workers. (bmj.com)
  • 4 The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of abnormal smears and HPV in sex workers in Belgium, and to decide whether the recommended screening policy for the early detection of cervical cancer and its precursors is adequate for this specific group of women. (bmj.com)
  • Learning that the results of your recent pap smear came back abnormal can generate feelings of anxiety and concern. (sutterhealth.org)
  • Abnormal pap smear results are very common and can indicate a variety of issues. (sutterhealth.org)
  • The DNA test may be done at the same time as the Pap smear or afterward, in case of abnormal Pap test results. (webmd.com)
  • Layer the base with pickle slices and the burger patty. (carnival.com)
  • Smear with mustard then layer with slices of ham and cheese. (allatsea.net)
  • Smear slices of bread liberally with cream cheese and cranberry sauce. (nrablog.com)
  • Olgart came to a conclusion that acid produced by microorganisms may dissolve the smear layer allowing bacteria to pass into dentinal tubules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conclusion None of the irrigating solutions were able to completely remove the smear layer from the root canal walls. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusion: MDA resulted in significantly less smear layer as compared to conventional needle irrigation group. (journalcra.com)
  • Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to examine the antimicrobial activity and smear layer removal, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • Sputum Smear Microscopy at Two Months into Continuation-Phase: Should It Be Done in All Patients with Sputum Smear-Positive Tuberculosis? (cdc.gov)
  • To mix them, I used a small spatula to cut a small chunk of my gelato off the stick and then used the same spatula to smoosh and smear (those are technical terms! (thecraftersworkshop.com)
  • Using a small offset spatula, smear the tops of each star with a light layer of the reserved meringue. (foodnetwork.com)
  • This study examined dentinal tubule occlusion and smear layer stability of 4 commercial sensitivity dentifrices as compared to a negative control. (umich.edu)
  • Other sensitivity dentifrices (exception SRP) also formed extensive smear layers with multiple brushing. (umich.edu)
  • Thus, thick smears allow a more efficient detection of parasites (increased sensitivity). (cdc.gov)
  • Thick smears allow a more efficient detection of parasites (increased sensitivity). (wikidoc.org)
  • However, the effect of smearing is reduced by the limited receiver sensitivity. (ametsoc.org)
  • Heat your oven to 220°C and halve the onions to expose concentric circles of onion layers. (lifehacker.com.au)
  • Next, layer on smoked salmon and mixed greens. (breada.org)
  • Early studies of dentinal walls after cavity preparation performed by Brännström and Johnson (1974) showed the presence of a thin layer of debris that was 2 to 5 micrometres thick. (wikipedia.org)
  • These were described as a thin superficial layer 1-2 micrometres thick overlying a densely packed layer and a second that penetrated into the dentinal tubules for distances of up to 40 micrometres. (wikipedia.org)
  • The second layer however occludes the dentinal tubules and strongly adheres to the canal walls. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dentine particles Residual vital pulp tissue Residual necrotic pulp tissue Erythrocytes Remnant of odontoblast process Saliva Bacterial components The smear layer is a physical barrier that decreases the penetration of disinfecting agents into dentinal tubules, and consequently, their efficacy. (wikipedia.org)
  • SEM examination showed that citric acid was able to remove smear layer in successive layers according to etching time finally exposing the dentinal tubules. (wikipedia.org)
  • Even after we put oil in the layers we still smear the front and back sides with oil while cooking them. (stackexchange.com)
  • To build the sandwich, smear herb mayo on both sides of the ciabatta roll. (philadelphiaeagles.com)
  • On top of that, the shaping process has unusal sizes (bottom and sides are of the same length for each triangle, which means each croissant is very long, but doesn't have a lot of layers), and too much stretching (easy to melt the butter). (thefreshloaf.com)
  • Smear a thick layer of whipped cream on the top and sides of the cake. (food52.com)
  • 8. Bake until the biscuits are golden brown and have expanded upwards to reveal fluffy layers on the sides, 18 to 20 minutes. (splendidtable.org)
  • The thin, granular microcrystalline layer of debris was 2-5 micrometres thick and was found packed onto the canal wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • A thick smear being prepared. (cdc.gov)
  • Thick smears consist of a thick layer of dehemoglobinized (lysed) red blood cells (RBCs). (cdc.gov)
  • For example, they are often not adequate for species identification of malaria parasites: if the thick smear is positive for malaria parasites, the thin smear should be used for species identification. (cdc.gov)
  • A thick smear of proper density is one which, if placed (wet) over newsprint, allows you to barely read the words. (cdc.gov)
  • Insufficiently dried smears (and/or smears that are too thick) can detach from the slides during staining. (cdc.gov)
  • Protect thick smears from hot environments to prevent heat-fixing the smear. (cdc.gov)
  • Do not fix thick smears with methanol or heat. (cdc.gov)
  • If there will be a delay in staining smears, dip the thick smear briefly in water to hemolyse the RBCs. (cdc.gov)
  • They dry much faster than the thick smears, and are less subject to detachment because they will be fixed. (cdc.gov)
  • Under field conditions, where slides are scarce, national malaria programs (and CDC staff) prepare both a thick and a thin smear on the same slide. (cdc.gov)
  • With this made, we will spread it on some of those sweet Hawaiian-style rolls and toast them up before layering up the sliders. (carnival.com)
  • Saline and 24% EDTA gel also had similar efficacy, but in this case much of the root canal walls were still covered by the smear layer. (bvsalud.org)
  • Biopure MTAD and 17% EDTA in water proved to be more effective for removing the smear layer than 24% EDTA gel or saline. (bvsalud.org)
  • Results of the study showed that the Protaper series of rotary instruments caused the maximum amount of smear layer, followed by the Profile series of rotary instruments. (wikipedia.org)
  • and Group IV - BioPure MTAD Results Micrographs of the middle and apical thirds were taken for determination of the area percentage covered by smear layer. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results revealed that despite the absence or presence of the smear layer , Triton (3 + 3 min) showed the highest killing for both tested biofilms (61.53%-72.22%) among all groups (p (bvsalud.org)
  • In an outreach programme for sex workers results of 653 smears sampled between 1992 and 2001 were analysed, and compared to a control group matched for age from the general population in 2001. (bmj.com)
  • In the outreach programme PASOP, targeted at all sex workers in the region of Ghent (population 1 350 000), the health team offers screening for STI, a cervical smear and vaccination against hepatitis B. In this analysis the results of the cervical smears of 653 women tested for the first time in the programme from 1992 until 2001 were used. (bmj.com)
  • The results show that the long pulse length of the proposed radar is responsible for smearing out the real reflectivity spatially so that the space-based detected clouds occupy a volume far exceeding that of the "observed" cloud. (ametsoc.org)
  • Aim: To evaluate the smear layer removal efficacy of Q-mix 2 in 1 using different activation regimens. (journalcra.com)
  • Dentifrices with proven clinical desensitization efficacy include formulations which form smear layers to block patent tubuli. (umich.edu)
  • Studies were conducted into the thickness of smear layer created by different instruments, to enhance the understanding and aid the removal of the smear layer, and therefore aid the removal of any bacteria that may otherwise have been entombed by the smear layer. (wikipedia.org)
  • A lab team member examines the stained smear under the microscope, looking for bacteria. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of Triton , an all-in-one irrigant, on Enterococcus faecalis and multispecies oral biofilms in dentin canals , as well as its ability to remove the smear layer . (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, the smear layer was removed by Triton after 3 + 3 min, exposing open dentin canals . (bvsalud.org)
  • After 3 weeks, half of the specimens were created a uniform smear layer . (bvsalud.org)
  • I opted to smear some room temperature butter on each half before they went into the oven so I didn't have to futz halfway through the cook. (lifehacker.com.au)
  • studied the morphological characteristics of the smear layer in teeth that were endodontically instrumented with k type files and irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increasing the roughness of instruments has been found to increase the thickness of the smear layer as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thin smears consist of blood spread in a layer such that the thickness decreases progressively toward the feathered edge. (cdc.gov)
  • Thin smears consist of blood spread in a layer such that the thickness decrease. (wikidoc.org)
  • Result: Manual Dynamic activation of the irrigant Q mix 2 in 1 significantly improved the smear layer removal ability as compared to Conventional irrigation technique. (journalcra.com)
  • Includes a 3 layer 6" round cake, serving 10-15, with a buttercream smear and a gumpaste rainbow. (dorothyannbakery.com)
  • Also don't forget to make grease smears rainbow colored. (moddb.com)
  • Smear Donkey Sauce on the sliced side of both bun halves. (carnival.com)
  • The smear can then be stained as soon as it is dry, generally within 20-30 minutes of smear preparation. (cdc.gov)
  • Mix bouillon with butter if using, then smear the butter on the onions. (lifehacker.com.au)
  • 4. The original recipe soften the roll-in butter then "smear" it onto the rolled out dough. (thefreshloaf.com)
  • In addition, smearing doesn't produce even butter layers either. (thefreshloaf.com)
  • More folds == more layers, good in theory, easy to have leaky butter in practice. (thefreshloaf.com)
  • Pinch and smear the pieces of butter between your fingers. (splendidtable.org)
  • Processing the butter like this creates small leaves of butter that layer in the dough, resulting in flakes later. (splendidtable.org)
  • From 1992 until 1999 the cervical smear was conventional (n = 474), but from 2000 it switched to liquid based (n = 179). (bmj.com)
  • In dentistry, the smear layer is a layer found on root canal walls after root canal instrumentation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Objective This study assessed in vitro the ability of different irrigating solutions to remove the smear layer after root canal instrumentation. (bvsalud.org)
  • These findings demonstrated that Triton can provide dual benefits of antibiofilm and smear layer removal capabilities simultaneously, indicating a simplified and effective strategy for application in root canal treatment . (bvsalud.org)
  • bed into the left ventricle, from where or intramyocardial, However, when a Most patients with calcification of it could reach any part of the body cyst is located in subendocardial en- the cyst wall remain asymptomatic for through systemic circulation [1-3]. (who.int)
  • Most microfilariae live in the subepidermal layer of the skin, where they can be taken up by the feeding blackfly. (medscape.com)
  • Then a thin wire loop that emits an electrical current cuts away a small layer of cells on your cervix. (sutterhealth.org)
  • More broadly, it is the organic layer found over all hard tooth surfaces. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dual effectiveness of a novel all-in-one endodontic irrigating solution in antibiofilm activity and smear layer removal. (bvsalud.org)
  • Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio muestran diferencias en la resistencia a la tracción entre los dos grupos, presentando los mayores valores el grupo desobturado ultrasónicamente y siendo estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos en el tercio cervical. (researchgate.net)
  • 2016), los cuales son estadísticamente significativos respecto al grupo desobturado rotatoriamente, incluso superando los valores del grupo control en el tercio cervical y medio. (researchgate.net)
  • In Belgium a programme for organised screening has been set up for the Flemish region promoting one cervical smear every 3 years for women aged between 25 and 64 years. (bmj.com)
  • Thin layer cervical slides were prepared with the robotic AutoCyte Prep system according to the manufacturer's instructions. (bmj.com)
  • Screening tests for cervical cancer include the Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) and the HPV DNA test. (webmd.com)
  • Photomicrographs obtained by SEM showed that the smear layer consists of two confluent components. (wikipedia.org)
  • To carry on the tradition, I started making this luscious cake using coconut between each layer for some crunch and nuttiness. (foodnetwork.ca)
  • You should have green on the edges from the pesto and nothing but beautiful layered white mozzarella and red tomatoes in the center. (yogakids.com)
  • Ask how often you need to have a pap smear after undergoing any of these treatments. (sutterhealth.org)
  • A small amount is spread in a very thin layer on a glass slide. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The lab team member places a very thin layer of the sample onto a glass slide. (mountsinai.org)
  • The always helpful One Good Thing by Jillee suggests applying a thin layer of clear nail polish to keep handwritten labels from smearing (after the ink dries, of course). (lifehacker.com)
  • Smear eggplant and salmon with a thin layer of miso mixture. (besthealthmag.ca)
  • With the help of a paintbrush, spread a thin layer of paint on the bottom of the paper plate. (indobase.com)
  • In short the layering of dough and fat/oil are to generate texture. (stackexchange.com)
  • Pashley concluded that the maintenance of the smear layer established a protective diffusion barrier. (wikipedia.org)
  • Creates a protective layer which moisturises and helps nourish the eyelashes. (superdrug.com)
  • If we put the same amount of oil in flour while kneading the dough, instead of putting it in layers, will the effect be same? (stackexchange.com)
  • It's the same idea as puff pastry, when the layers of oil/fat heat up they expand and make air pockets in the dough which gives the flaky consistency. (stackexchange.com)
  • Is it the oil/fat layers which expand, or the moisture in the dough between the layers that expands? (stackexchange.com)
  • Stronger dough rises higher during baking, creating clear layers and open honeycomb crumb. (thefreshloaf.com)
  • The patties are nicely crusted and juicy, blanketed in enough American cheese and sweet grilled onion to form a single messy layer of toppings. (latimes.com)
  • Q-mix is a novel irrigant which shows smear layer removal as well as antibacterial action. (journalcra.com)
  • The hand instruments caused the least amount of smear layer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Smear a small amount over the wrap. (pbase.com)
  • Sift a generous layer of confectioners' sugar onto a piece of parchment. (foodnetwork.com)
  • Sift a generous layer of confectioners' sugar on top of the paste and top with another piece of parchment. (foodnetwork.com)
  • Layer remaining ingredients adding a few dollops of the ranch dressing mixture. (pbase.com)
  • Make sure that the smears have a good feathered edge. (cdc.gov)
  • Victoria Beckham's no-fuss layers make for a great everyday look with a fun headband accessory. (beautyriot.com)
  • I added layers of a stamped diamond in "Watermelon" in Adirondack Ink, various spray inks from Imagine Crafts and acrylic paint dabbers from Adirondack to make my background messy and grungy, but still keeping with my girly colors. (thecraftersworkshop.com)
  • Then I decided it would be fun to make them kind of rugelach-y, with jam, chopped nuts, and maybe even dried fruit between the layers. (smittenkitchen.com)
  • I changed the sizes to make 8 croissants (still much smaller than standard size, but at least each croissant is rolled up enough times to create a layered crumb). (thefreshloaf.com)
  • This clay layer has high platinum group element (PGE) concentrations and features a conspicuous negative Os isotope anomaly ( 187 Os/ 188 Os as low as ~0.2), indicating an influx of extraterrestrial material. (nature.com)
  • Below, we report bulk major- and trace-element compositions, Re-Os isotope data and PGE concentrations in the piston core samples, as well as detailed petrographic observations of this layer, that collectively indicate the presence of extraterrestrial material. (nature.com)
  • The first layer covers the canal wall and is loosely adherent and easy to remove. (wikipedia.org)
  • Depending on your health history, your doctor may also order a repeat pap smear test or a more detailed examination called colposcopy. (sutterhealth.org)
  • Mary J. Blige's shag is a good choice for layered, medium length hair. (beautyriot.com)
  • Lay the slides flat and allow the smears to dry thoroughly (protect from dust and insects! (cdc.gov)
  • This organo-mineral content is composed of two distinct superimposed layers. (wikipedia.org)
  • The risk is increased in smears made with anticoagulated blood. (cdc.gov)
  • Classifying cells in Pap smear images is very challenging, and it is still of paramount importance for cytopathologists. (mdpi.com)
  • Your doctor may use it if a Pap smear finds unusual cells. (webmd.com)
  • Press your thumb onto the paper plate, smearing it with paint. (indobase.com)
  • A model for the radar reflectivity of boundary layer water clouds is constructed using cloud droplet spectra fitted to a truncated gamma distribution. (ametsoc.org)
  • in the latter case, handle the smear very delicately during staining. (cdc.gov)
  • Victoria Beckham's pretty 'do, with jagged layers all over, is short, but sweet, especially if you want to look put together with a minimum of fuss. (beautyriot.com)
  • There's no char and no browned bits, just soft layers of allium that melt in your mouth. (lifehacker.com.au)