Somatoform Disorders
Factitious Disorders
Conversion Disorder
Sociology
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Mental Disorders
International Classification of Diseases
Depressive Disorder
Hysteria
Dissociative Disorders
Comorbidity
Primary Health Care
Questionnaires
Prevalence
Severity of Illness Index
Psychophysiologic Disorders
Illness behaviour in elite middle and long distance runners. (1/517)
OBJECTIVES: To examine the illness attitudes and beliefs known to be associated with abnormal illness behaviour (where symptoms are present in excess of objective signs and pathology) in elite middle and long distance runners, in comparison with non-athlete controls. METHODS: A total of 150 athletes were surveyed using the illness behaviour questionnaire as an instrument to explore the psychological attributes associated with abnormal illness behaviour. Subjects also completed the general health questionnaire as a measure of psychiatric morbidity. A control group of 150 subjects, matched for age, sex, and social class, were surveyed using the same instruments. RESULTS: A multivariate analysis of illness behaviour questionnaire responses showed that the athletes' group differed significantly from the control group (Hotelling's T: Exact F = 2.68; p = 0.01). In particular, athletes were more somatically focused (difference between means -0.27; 95% confidence interval -0.50 to -0.03) and more likely to deny the impact of stresses in their life (difference between means 0.78; 95% confidence interval 0.31 to 1.25). Athletes were also higher scorers on the Whiteley Index of Hypochondriasis (difference between means 0.76; 95% confidence interval 0.04 to 1.48). There were no differences in the levels of psychiatric morbidity between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The illness attitudes and beliefs of athletes differ from those of a well matched control population. The origin of these psychological attributes is not clear but those who treat athletes need to be aware of them. (+info)Mental disorders in the primary care sector: a potential role for managed care. (2/517)
This activity is designed for leaders and managers of managed care organizations and for primary care physicians involved in evaluating, treating, and caring for patients with mental disorders. GOAL: To provide a better understanding of primary care patients' needs for mental health services and how managed care companies might best address these needs. OBJECTIVES: 1. Describe problems in detection of mental disorders 2. Discuss the specific ways in which treatments can be improved for mental disorders under managed care systems. (+info)The prevalence and associated features of chronic widespread pain in the community using the 'Manchester' definition of chronic widespread pain. (3/517)
OBJECTIVE: We examine the descriptive epidemiology of chronic widespread pain using the 'Manchester' definition [CWP(M)] and assess psychosocial and other features which characterize subjects with such pain according to these more stringent criteria. METHODS: A population postal survey of 3004 subjects was conducted in the Greater Manchester area of the UK. RESULTS: The point prevalence of Manchester-defined chronic widespread pain was 4.7%. CWP(M) was associated with psychological disturbance [risk ratio (RR) = 2.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.4-3.5)], fatigue [RR = 3.8, 95% CI (2.3-6.1)], low levels of self-care [RR = 2.2, 95% CI (1.4-3.6)] and with the reporting of other somatic symptoms [RR = 2.0, 95% CI (1.3-3.1)]. Hypochondriacal beliefs and a preoccupation with bodily symptoms were also associated with the presence of CWP(M). CONCLUSION: This definition of chronic widespread pain is more precise in identifying subjects with truly widespread pain and its associated adverse psychosocial factors. Clear associations with other 'non-pain' somatic symptoms were identified, which further supports the hypothesis that chronic widespread pain is one feature of somatization. (+info)Unnatural sudden infant death. (4/517)
AIM: To identify features to help paediatricians differentiate between natural and unnatural infant deaths. METHOD: Clinical features of 81 children judged by criminal and family courts to have been killed by their parents were studied. Health and social service records, court documents, and records from meetings with parents, relatives, and social workers were studied. RESULTS: Initially, 42 children had been certified as dying from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), and 29 were given another cause of natural death. In 24 families, more than one child died; 58 died before the age of 6 months and most died in the afternoon or evening. Seventy per cent had experienced unexplained illnesses; over half were admitted to hospital within the previous month, and 15 had been discharged within 24 hours of death. The mother, father, or both were responsible for death in 43, five, and two families, respectively. Most homes were disadvantaged--no regular income, receiving income support--and mothers smoked. Half the perpetrators had a history of somatising or factitious disorder. Death was usually by smothering and 43% of children had bruises, petechiae, or blood on the face. CONCLUSIONS: Although certain features are indicative of unnatural infant death, some are also associated with SIDS. Despite the recent reduction in numbers of infants dying suddenly, inadequacies in the assessment of their deaths exist. Until a thorough postmortem examination is combined with evaluation of the history and circumstances of death by an experienced paediatrician, most cases of covert fatal abuse will go undetected. The term SIDS requires revision or abandonment. (+info)The value of provocation methods in patients suspected of having non-epileptic seizures. (5/517)
Non-epileptic seizures (NES) are reported in 18-23% of patients referred to comprehensive epilepsy centres. Non-epileptic seizures may also be present in 5-20% of the patients who are diagnosed as having refractory seizures. Because of their prevalence, financial and psychosocial outcomes cannot be ignored and accurate diagnosis is of the utmost importance. Various methods of seizure induction have been developed with the aim of differentiating epileptic from non-epileptic seizures. However, recording the attacks by video-EEG monitoring is the gold standard. In our outpatient EEG laboratory we try to induce seizures with verbal suggestion or IV saline infusion in patients who are referred by a clinician with the diagnosis of probable non-epileptic seizures. In this study we investigated the results of 72 patients who were referred between January 1992-June 1996. Non-epileptic seizures were observed in 52 (72.2%) patients. Thirteen of these patients still had risk factors for epilepsy. We could not decide whether all of their previous attacks were non-epileptic because 10-30% of the patients with NES also have epileptic seizures. For a more accurate diagnosis it was decided that these 13 patients, together with the 20 patients who did not have seizures with induction, needed video-EEG monitoring. Thirty-nine patients who had NES and no risk factors for epilepsy were thought to have pure non-epileptic seizures. We claim that not all patients suspected of having NES need long-term video-EEG monitoring and almost half (54.2%) of the cases can be eliminated by seizure induction with some provocative techniques. (+info)Managing somatic preoccupation. (6/517)
Somatically preoccupied patients are a heterogeneous group of persons who have no genuine physical disorder but manifest psychologic conflicts in a somatic fashion; who have a notable psychologic overlay that accompanies or complicates a genuine physical disorder; or who have psychophysiologic symptoms in which psychologic factors play a major role in physiologic symptoms. In the primary care setting, somatic preoccupation is far more prevalent among patients than are the psychiatric disorders collectively referred to as somatoform disorders (e.g., somatization disorder, hypochondriasis). Diagnostic clues include normal results from physical examination and diagnostic tests, multiple unexplained symptoms, high health care utilization patterns and specific factors in the family and the social history. Treatment may include a physician behavior management strategy, antidepressants, psychiatric consultation and cognitive-behavior therapy. (+info)An international study of the relation between somatic symptoms and depression. (7/517)
BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Patients with depression, particularly those seen by primary care physicians, may report somatic symptoms, such as headache, constipation, weakness, or back pain. Some previous studies have suggested that patients in non-Western countries are more likely to report somatic symptoms than are patients in Western countries. We used data from the World Health Organization's study of psychological problems in general health care to examine the relation between somatic symptoms and depression. The study, conducted in 1991 and 1992, screened 25,916 patients at 15 primary care centers in 14 countries on 5 continents. Of the patients in the original sample, 5447 underwent a structured assessment of depressive and somatoform disorders. RESULTS: A total of 1146 patients (weighted prevalence, 10.1 percent) met the criteria for major depression. The range of patients with depression who reported only somatic symptoms was 45 to 95 percent (overall prevalence, 69 percent; P=0.002 for the comparison among centers). A somatic presentation was more common at centers where patients lacked an ongoing relationship with a primary care physician than at centers where most patients had a personal physician (odds ratio, 1.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 2.7). Half the depressed patients reported multiple unexplained somatic symptoms, and 11 percent denied psychological symptoms of depression on direct questioning. Neither of these proportions varied significantly among the centers. Although the overall prevalence of depressive symptoms varied markedly among the centers, the frequencies of psychological and physical symptoms were similar. CONCLUSIONS: Somatic symptoms of depression are common in many countries, but their frequency varies depending on how somatization is defined. There is substantial variation in how frequently patients with depression present with strictly somatic symptoms. In part, this variation may reflect characteristics of physicians and health care systems, as well as cultural differences among patients. (+info)In pursuit of perfection: a primary care physician's guide to body dysmorphic disorder. (8/517)
Body dysmorphic disorder is an under-recognized chronic problem that is defined as an excessive preoccupation with an imagined or a minor defect of a localized facial feature or body part, resulting in decreased social, academic and occupational functioning. Patients who have body dysmorphic disorder are preoccupied with an ideal body image and view themselves as ugly or misshapen. Comorbid psychiatric disorders may also be present in these patients. Body dysmorphic disorder is distinguished from eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa that encompass a preoccupation with overall body shape and weight. Psychosocial and neurochemical factors, specifically serotonin dysfunction, are postulated etiologies. Treatment approaches include cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy and psychotropic medication. To relieve the symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, in higher dosages than those typically recommended for other psychiatric disorders, may be necessary. A trusting relationship between the patient and the family physician may encourage compliance with medical treatment and bridge the transition to psychiatric intervention. (+info)Somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders characterized by the presence of physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or substance abuse. These symptoms cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The individual's belief about the symptoms is not consistent with the medical evaluation and often leads to excessive or repeated medical evaluations.
Examples of somatoform disorders include:
1. Somatization disorder: characterized by multiple physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, affecting several parts of the body.
2. Conversion disorder: characterized by the presence of one or more neurological symptoms (such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing) that cannot be explained medically and appear to have a psychological origin.
3. Pain disorder: characterized by chronic pain that is not fully explained by a medical condition.
4. Hypochondriasis: characterized by an excessive preoccupation with having a serious illness, despite reassurance from medical professionals.
5. Body dysmorphic disorder: characterized by the obsessive idea that some aspect of one's own body part or appearance is severely flawed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it.
It's important to note that these disorders are not caused by intentional deceit or malingering, but rather reflect a genuine belief in the presence of physical symptoms and distress related to them.
Factitious disorders are a group of mental health conditions in which a person deliberately acts as if they have a physical or mental illness when they are not actually experiencing the symptoms. This is also sometimes referred to as "Munchausen syndrome" or "Munchausen by proxy" when it involves caregivers exaggerating, fabricating, or inducing symptoms in another person, typically a child.
People with factitious disorders may go to great lengths to deceive others, including healthcare professionals, and may undergo unnecessary medical treatments, surgeries, or take medications that can cause them harm. The motivation behind this behavior is often a complex mix of factors, including the need for attention, control, or a desire to escape from difficult situations.
It's important to note that factitious disorders are different from malingering, which is the deliberate feigning or exaggeration of symptoms for external incentives such as financial gain, avoiding work or military duty, or obtaining drugs. Factitious disorders, on the other hand, are driven by internal motivations and can cause significant distress and impairment in a person's life.
Ethnopsychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses on the study of cultural differences in mental states, processes, and behaviors. It examines how various ethnic groups perceive, explain, and cope with psychological phenomena based on their unique cultural backgrounds, beliefs, values, and practices. Ethnopsychologists aim to understand how these cultural factors influence an individual's psychological development, cognition, emotion, motivation, and mental health.
This interdisciplinary field combines elements from anthropology, sociology, psychology, and cultural studies to explore the relationship between culture and psychology. Research in ethnopsychology often involves cross-cultural comparisons of psychological constructs, such as attitudes, emotions, personality, and mental disorders, with the goal of increasing our understanding of human behavior in its diverse cultural contexts.
Some key concepts within ethnopsychology include:
1. Cultural relativism: The idea that psychological phenomena should be understood within their specific cultural context rather than judged against universal standards or norms.
2. Ethnocentrism: The tendency to view one's own culture as superior or more correct than others, which can lead to biased interpretations of behavior in different cultural settings.
3. Emic and etic approaches: Emic perspectives focus on understanding a particular culture from the inside, using local concepts and categories. In contrast, etic perspectives involve applying universal theories and methods across various cultures.
4. Cultural syndromes: Patterns of symptoms or behaviors that are specific to certain cultural groups and may not align with traditional Western diagnostic categories.
5. Acculturation: The process by which individuals from different cultural backgrounds adapt to a new culture, often involving changes in language, values, attitudes, and behaviors.
By studying the interplay between culture and psychology, ethnopsychologists contribute to our knowledge of human diversity and help inform culturally sensitive approaches to mental health treatment and prevention.
Conversion disorder is a mental health condition that is characterized by the presence of neurological symptoms, such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing, that cannot be explained by a medical condition. These symptoms are thought to be caused by psychological factors, such as stress or trauma, and may be a way for the individual to express emotional distress or avoid certain situations.
The symptoms of conversion disorder are typically dramatic and can interfere significantly with a person's daily life. They may include:
* Loss of or alteration in physical senses (such as blindness, deafness, or loss of touch)
* Weakness or paralysis in a part or all of the body
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Seizures or convulsions
* Inability to move certain parts of the body
* Tremors or shaking
* Loss of consciousness
It is important to note that conversion disorder is not a fake or intentional condition. Rather, it is a genuine medical condition that requires treatment. Treatment typically involves addressing any underlying psychological issues and helping the individual develop more effective ways of coping with stress and emotional distress.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "sociology" is not a term that has a medical definition. Sociology is a social science that focuses on the study of human behavior and interactions in society, including the development, structure, and functioning of human societies. It is distinct from medical disciplines which focus on the diagnosis and treatment of health conditions.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a publication of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders. It is widely used by mental health professionals in the United States and around the world to diagnose and classify mental health conditions.
The DSM includes detailed descriptions of symptoms, clinical examples, and specific criteria for each disorder, which are intended to facilitate accurate diagnosis and improve communication among mental health professionals. The manual is regularly updated to reflect current research and clinical practice, with the most recent edition being the DSM-5, published in 2013.
It's important to note that while the DSM is a valuable tool for mental health professionals, it is not without controversy. Some critics argue that the manual medicalizes normal human experiences and that its categories may be too broad or overlapping. Nonetheless, it remains an essential resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in the field of mental health.
A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It's associated with distress and/or impaired functioning in social, occupational, or other important areas of life, often leading to a decrease in quality of life. These disorders are typically persistent and can be severe and disabling. They may be related to factors such as genetics, early childhood experiences, or trauma. Examples include depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. It's important to note that a diagnosis should be made by a qualified mental health professional.
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a standardized system for classifying and coding mortality and morbidity data, established by the World Health Organization (WHO). It provides a common language and framework for health professionals, researchers, and policymakers to share and compare health-related information across countries and regions.
The ICD codes are used to identify diseases, injuries, causes of death, and other health conditions. The classification includes categories for various body systems, mental disorders, external causes of injury and poisoning, and factors influencing health status. It also includes a section for symptoms, signs, and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings.
The ICD is regularly updated to incorporate new scientific knowledge and changing health needs. The most recent version, ICD-11, was adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2019 and will come into effect on January 1, 2022. It includes significant revisions and expansions in several areas, such as mental, behavioral, neurological disorders, and conditions related to sexual health.
In summary, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a globally recognized system for classifying and coding diseases, injuries, causes of death, and other health-related information, enabling standardized data collection, comparison, and analysis across countries and regions.
A depressive disorder is a mental health condition characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. It can also include changes in sleep, appetite, energy levels, concentration, and self-esteem, as well as thoughts of death or suicide. Depressive disorders can vary in severity and duration, with some people experiencing mild and occasional symptoms, while others may have severe and chronic symptoms that interfere with their ability to function in daily life.
There are several types of depressive disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD), persistent depressive disorder (PDD), and postpartum depression. MDD is characterized by symptoms that interfere significantly with a person's ability to function and last for at least two weeks, while PDD involves chronic low-grade depression that lasts for two years or more. Postpartum depression occurs in women after childbirth and can range from mild to severe.
Depressive disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy (talk therapy), and lifestyle changes.
The term "hysteria" is an outdated and discredited concept in medicine, particularly in psychiatry and psychology. Originally, it was used to describe a condition characterized by dramatic, excessive emotional reactions and physical symptoms that couldn't be explained by a medical condition. These symptoms often included things like paralysis, blindness, or fits, which would sometimes be "hysterical" in nature - that is, they seemed to have no physical cause.
However, the concept of hysteria has been largely abandoned due to its lack of scientific basis and its use as a catch-all diagnosis for symptoms that doctors couldn't explain. Today, many of the symptoms once attributed to hysteria are now understood as manifestations of other medical or psychological conditions, such as conversion disorder, panic attacks, or malingering. It's important to note that using outdated and stigmatizing terms like "hysteria" can be harmful and misleading, so it's best to avoid them in favor of more precise and respectful language.
Dissociative disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by disruptions or dysfunctions in memory, consciousness, identity, or perception. These disturbances can be sudden or ongoing and can interfere significantly with a person's ability to function in daily life. The main types of dissociative disorders include:
1. Dissociative Amnesia: This disorder is characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually due to trauma or stress.
2. Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder): In this disorder, a person exhibits two or more distinct identities or personalities that recurrently take control of their behavior.
3. Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder: This disorder involves persistent or recurring feelings of detachment from one's self (depersonalization) or the environment (derealization).
4. Other Specified Dissociative Disorder and Unspecified Dissociative Disorder: These categories are used for disorders that do not meet the criteria for any of the specific dissociative disorders but still cause significant distress or impairment.
Dissociative disorders often develop as a way to cope with trauma, stress, or other overwhelming life experiences. Treatment typically involves psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), as well as medication for co-occurring conditions such as anxiety or depression.
Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.
Primary health care is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as:
"Essential health care that is based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford. It forms an integral part both of the country's health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process."
Primary health care includes a range of services such as preventive care, health promotion, curative care, rehabilitation, and palliative care. It is typically provided by a team of health professionals including doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, and other community health workers. The goal of primary health care is to provide comprehensive, continuous, and coordinated care to individuals and families in a way that is accessible, affordable, and culturally sensitive.
Anxiety disorders are a category of mental health disorders characterized by feelings of excessive and persistent worry, fear, or anxiety that interfere with daily activities. They include several different types of disorders, such as:
1. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): This is characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry and tension, even when there is little or nothing to provoke it.
2. Panic Disorder: This is characterized by recurring unexpected panic attacks and fear of experiencing more panic attacks.
3. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Also known as social phobia, this is characterized by excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment, self-consciousness, and concern about being judged or viewed negatively by others.
4. Phobias: These are intense, irrational fears of certain objects, places, or situations. When a person with a phobia encounters the object or situation they fear, they may experience panic attacks or other severe anxiety responses.
5. Agoraphobia: This is a fear of being in places where it may be difficult to escape or get help if one has a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms.
6. Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD): This is characterized by excessive anxiety about separation from home or from people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment (such as a parent, sibling, or partner).
7. Selective Mutism: This is a disorder where a child becomes mute in certain situations, such as at school, but can speak normally at home or with close family members.
These disorders are treatable with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, exposure therapy). It's important to seek professional help if you suspect that you or someone you know may have an anxiety disorder.
A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.
Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.
A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.
Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.
It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.
Psychophysiologic Disorders, also known as psychosomatic disorders, refer to a category of mental health conditions where psychological stress and emotional factors play a significant role in causing physical symptoms. These disorders are characterized by the presence of bodily complaints for which no physiological explanation can be found, or where the severity of the symptoms is far greater than what would be expected from any underlying medical condition.
Examples of psychophysiologic disorders include:
* Conversion disorder: where physical symptoms such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing occur in the absence of a clear medical explanation.
* Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): where abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits are thought to be caused or worsened by stress and emotional factors.
* Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES): where episodes that resemble epileptic seizures occur without any electrical activity in the brain.
* Chronic pain syndromes: where pain persists for months or years beyond the expected healing time, often accompanied by depression and anxiety.
The diagnosis of psychophysiologic disorders typically involves a thorough medical evaluation to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment usually includes a combination of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), relaxation techniques, stress management, and sometimes medication for co-occurring mental health conditions.
Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). When you become depressed, you may feel sad or hopeless and lose interest or pleasure in most activities. When your mood shifts to mania or hypomania (a less severe form of mania), you may feel euphoric, full of energy, or unusually irritable. These mood swings can significantly affect your job, school, relationships, and overall quality of life.
Bipolar disorder is typically characterized by the presence of one or more manic or hypomanic episodes, often accompanied by depressive episodes. The episodes may be separated by periods of normal mood, but in some cases, a person may experience rapid cycling between mania and depression.
There are several types of bipolar disorder, including:
* Bipolar I Disorder: This type is characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes.
* Bipolar II Disorder: This type involves the presence of at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no manic episodes.
* Cyclothymic Disorder: This type is characterized by numerous periods of hypomania and depression that are not severe enough to meet the criteria for a full manic or depressive episode.
* Other Specified and Unspecified Bipolar and Related Disorders: These categories include bipolar disorders that do not fit the criteria for any of the other types.
The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown, but it appears to be related to a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurochemical factors. Treatment typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms and prevent relapses.
Somatization disorder
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Somatosensory amplification
Neurosis
Masked depression
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Medically unexplained physical symptoms
Patient Health Questionnaire
Multiple chemical sensitivity
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PHQ-9
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Issy Pilowsky
Miscarriage and grief
Somatoform disorders
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Somatization25
- Somatoform disorders include somatization disorder. (rnpedia.com)
- Hypotheses exist regarding the assumption that women do not have a higher tendency to somatization per se, but that the higher emotional distress in women has the greatest influence on somatoform disorders. (uni-muenster.de)
- Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD formerly known as "Somatization Disorder" or "Somatoform Disorder") is a form of Mental Illness that causes one or more bodily symptoms, including pain. (kulwantsinghmdinc.com)
- Two or more gastrointestinal symptoms, one or more neurological symptoms, and one or more reproductive or sexual symptoms are all present in patients with somatization disorder. (hellomind.in)
- The terms somatization disorder, pain disorder, and undifferentiated somatoform disorder were discarded in DSM-5-TR, while factitious disorder and psychological factors affecting other medical conditions were added to somatic symptom disorder and other disorders. (thescandoreview.com)
- Somatization disorder symptoms are hazy. (thescandoreview.com)
- These individuals are suffering from a serious mental illness called Somatization Disorder, a specific type of Somatoform Disorder. (disabilitylaw.ca)
- Somatization Disorder is a specific psychological disorder that begins before age 30, and is characterized by a combination of pain, gastrointestinal, sexual and pseudoneurological complaints. (disabilitylaw.ca)
- The diagnostic criteria for Somatization Disorder is quite rigid. (disabilitylaw.ca)
- Individuals who suffer from Somatization Disorder usually describe their complaints in colorful, exaggerated terms. (disabilitylaw.ca)
- The social costs of Somatization Disorder are quite significant. (disabilitylaw.ca)
- Somatization Disorder is a chronic condition with a poor prognosis. (disabilitylaw.ca)
- Somatization disorder was a mental and behavioral disorder characterized by recurring, multiple, and current, clinically significant complaints about somatic symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- In the DSM-5 the disorder has been renamed somatic symptom disorder (SSD), and includes SSD with predominantly somatic complaints (previously referred to as somatization disorder), and SSD with pain features (previously known as pain disorder). (wikipedia.org)
- A somatization disorder itself is chronic but fluctuating that rarely remits completely. (wikipedia.org)
- A thorough physical examination of the specified areas of complaint is critical for somatization disorder diagnosis. (wikipedia.org)
- Diagnosis of somatization disorder is difficult because it is hard to determine to what degree psychological factors are exacerbating subjective feelings of pain. (wikipedia.org)
- ICD-10 also includes the following subgroups of somatization syndrome: Undifferentiated somatoform disorder. (wikipedia.org)
- Although somatization disorder has been studied and diagnosed for more than a century, there is debate and uncertainty regarding its pathophysiology. (wikipedia.org)
- One of the oldest explanations for somatization disorder advances the theory that it is a result of the body's attempt to cope with emotional and psychological stress. (wikipedia.org)
- This might explain why somatization disorders are more likely in people with irritable bowel syndrome, and why patients with SSD are more likely to have a mood or anxiety disorder. (wikipedia.org)
- Another hypothesis for the cause of somatization disorder is that people with the disorder have heightened sensitivity to internal physical sensations and pain. (wikipedia.org)
- Cognitive theories explain somatization disorder as arising from negative, distorted, and catastrophic thoughts and reinforcement of these cognitions. (wikipedia.org)
- Somatization disorder usually involves pain and severe neurological symptoms (such as headache, fatigue). (familydoctor.org)
- Disorders characterized by somatization extend in a continuum from those in which symptoms develop unconsciously. (msdmanuals.com)
Symptom disorder8
- Conversion Disorder (also called Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder). (kulwantsinghmdinc.com)
- It was recognized in the DSM-IV-TR classification system, but in the latest version DSM-5, it was combined with undifferentiated somatoform disorder to become somatic symptom disorder, a diagnosis which no longer requires a specific number of somatic symptoms. (wikipedia.org)
- Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) occurs when a person feels extreme, exaggerated anxiety about physical symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
- 11 Levenson J, Sharpe M. The classification of conversion disorder (functional neurologic symptom disorder) in ICD and DSM. (thieme-connect.de)
- People with somatic symptom disorder typically see their primary care physician rather than seek counseling or mental health care. (familydoctor.org)
- Somatic symptom disorder usually begins by age 30. (familydoctor.org)
- Somatic symptom disorder is characterized by multiple persistent physical complaints that are associated with excessive and maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to those symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
- Whatever the manifestations, the essence of somatic symptom disorder is the patient's excessive or maladaptive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in response to the symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
Conversion disorder14
- Stress usually makes symptoms of conversion disorder worse. (kulwantsinghmdinc.com)
- Conversion disorder is still classified as such in the DSM-5-TR. (thescandoreview.com)
- Conversion disorder is a mental illness in which a person experiences blindness, paralysis, or other nervous system (neurologic) symptoms that cannot be explained medically. (thescandoreview.com)
- Researchers are still searching for a cause, but they believe conversion disorder occurs as a way for your brain to cope with emotional stress. (thescandoreview.com)
- Conversion disorder symptoms usually occur unexpectedly and appear to be nervous system problems (brain, spinal cord, or other nerves). (thescandoreview.com)
- Let me preface this post by saying that the diagnosis of "Somatoform Disorder" or "Conversion Disorder" is WAY overused and often used by doctors who can't, or don't want to to find a cause behind physical symptoms. (phoenixrising.me)
- [ 12 ] Systematic reviews on this subject found the frequency of this finding at 21% among those with a conversion disorder and 29% among those with organic disease. (medscape.com)
- The DSM-5 lists strict criteria for diagnosing conversion disorder. (medscape.com)
- It is important to remember that the diagnosis of conversion disorder is made based on the overall clinical picture and not a single clinical finding. (medscape.com)
- The psychiatric assessment can differentiate conversion disorder from other somatoform disorders, factitious disorder, and malingering, and can elucidate the psychodynamics that are important in treatment. (medscape.com)
- The neurologist and psychiatrist are thus prepared to diagnose conversion disorder best when working in concert. (medscape.com)
- Functional networks of motor inhibition in conversion disorder patients and feigning subjects. (thieme-connect.de)
- 16 Ness D. Physical therapy management for conversion disorder: Case series. (thieme-connect.de)
- Conversion disorder is when physical symptoms that are similar to a neurological disorder develop even though no neurological disorder is actually present. (familydoctor.org)
Symptoms32
- The somatoform disorders are a group of psychiatric disorders that cause unexplained physical symptoms. (nih.gov)
- These disorders should be considered early in the evaluation of patients with unexplained symptoms to prevent unnecessary interventions and testing. (nih.gov)
- Somatoform disorders are characterized by physical symptoms, which suggest medical diseases, but without organic pathology to support the illness. (rnpedia.com)
- Somatoform disorders are characterized by single or multiple physical symptoms or complaints for which no (sufficient) physical correlate can be found as a cause despite thorough diagnosis. (uni-muenster.de)
- Somatoform diseases are mental illnesses that cause physical symptoms, most commonly pain. (hellomind.in)
- Patients are diagnosed with a somatoform disorder when their symptoms are severe enough to interfere with everyday functioning, are not proven to have a medical cause, and are not the consequence of another mental condition or drug misuse. (hellomind.in)
- Somatoform diseases are classified based on a number of factors, including age, duration, and particular symptoms. (hellomind.in)
- Under stress, the symptoms of somatoform diseases frequently intensify. (hellomind.in)
- Conversion disorders are characterised by troubling, frequently debilitating neurological symptoms for which there is no medical explanation. (hellomind.in)
- Many or all of the following symptoms are seen in patients with this disorder: Breast and abdominal enlargement, nausea and vomiting, cessation of menstruation, foetal activity, and labour pains are all symptoms of pregnancy. (hellomind.in)
- Patients typically have difficulties linking their physical symptoms to psychological reasons, making treatment of somatoform diseases problematic. (hellomind.in)
- According to DSM-5-TR, the symptoms for this disorder must begin before the age of 30. (thescandoreview.com)
- Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by a another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. (lookfordiagnosis.com)
- Most people experience minor somatoform symptoms at some time in their lives. (disabilitylaw.ca)
- I am going to continue to try treatments aimed at my symptoms and diagnoses, but I need to treat the somatoform / obsessiveness as well. (phoenixrising.me)
- The symptoms do not all have to occur at the same time, but may occur over the course of the disorder. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike SSD, with illness anxiety disorder, there are few or no actual physical symptoms. (medlineplus.gov)
- Symptoms are exclusively a function of somatoform disorder, factitious disorder, or malingering. (medscape.com)
- Symptoms are secondary to other psychiatric etiologies such as depressive disorder or anxiety disorders. (medscape.com)
- Somatoform disorder (SD) is defined as physical symptoms suggestive of a medical condition which are unexplained by an underlying disease or mental disorder. (medicolegal-partners.com)
- Somatoform symptoms are common, and mild ones, such as stress as a trigger for migraine or butterflies in the stomach before public speaking, are experienced by many people at some point in their life. (medicolegal-partners.com)
- Although similar in presentation to factitious disorder and malingering, SD can be distinguished from these as the symptoms are not consciously produced. (medicolegal-partners.com)
- Somatic symptom and related disorders is the name for a group of conditions in which the physical pain and symptoms a person feels are related to psychological factors. (familydoctor.org)
- In people who have a somatic symptom and related disorders, medical test results are either normal or don't explain the person's symptoms. (familydoctor.org)
- People who have a somatoform disorder are not faking their symptoms. (familydoctor.org)
- Hypochondriasis occurs when a person believes that normal body functions (such as a grumbling stomach) or minor symptoms (such as a common headache) are symptoms of a very serious disorder. (familydoctor.org)
- No one knows exactly why symptoms of somatic symptom and related disorders appear. (familydoctor.org)
- Sometimes the symptoms are normal body sensations or discomfort that do not signify a serious disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
- Whether or not symptoms are related to another medical disorder, patients worry excessively about the symptoms and their possible catastrophic consequences and are very difficult to reassure. (msdmanuals.com)
- La recolección de datos se realizó a través de la escala Screening for Somatoform Symptoms 2 y la escala InternationalPersonality Disorder Examination. (bvsalud.org)
- The somatoform symptoms disorder is characterized by multiple psychical symptoms that can't be attributed to another physical or mental health diagnosis or drug abuse, having personality disorders as the most common comorbidity. (bvsalud.org)
- Data collection was carried out using the Screening for Somatoform Symptoms 2 scale and the International Personality Disorder Examination scale. (bvsalud.org)
Hypochondriasis1
- Illness Anxiety Disorder (formerly called Hypochondriasis). (kulwantsinghmdinc.com)
Diagnosis4
- The diagnosis of SSD can create a lot of stress and frustration for patients but the treatment for somatoform disorder is worth it. (kulwantsinghmdinc.com)
- This may be due to the fact that people experiencing this disorder can't accept a mental health diagnosis. (familydoctor.org)
- The diagnosis of pain disorder relies heavily upon a patient's self-report for its accuracy and requires that all other diagnoses be ruled out. (bcmj.org)
- During 2012-2013, an estimated annual average of 6.1 million physician office visits were made by children aged 4-17 years with a primary diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (cdc.gov)
Somatic symptom7
- There are several types of somatic symptom and related disorders. (familydoctor.org)
- We do know that the pain and problems caused by somatic symptom and related disorders are real. (familydoctor.org)
- Like many medical problems, somatic symptom and related disorders often run in families. (familydoctor.org)
- How is somatic symptom and related disorders diagnosed? (familydoctor.org)
- Somatic symptom and related disorders can be difficult to diagnose. (familydoctor.org)
- Can somatic symptom and related disorders be prevented or avoided? (familydoctor.org)
- and somatoform pain disorder-are now considered somatic symptom disorders. (msdmanuals.com)
Pain disorder8
- Pain disorder is a medical condition in which pain is the primary symptom. (thescandoreview.com)
- Myofascial pain is the most common type of pain disorder, characterised by pain and tender trigger points in the skeletal muscles. (thescandoreview.com)
- There is no clear definition of a pain disorder. (thescandoreview.com)
- Some people believe they have had chronic pain their entire lives, but this isn't necessarily a chronic pain disorder unless it lasts for more than 6 months and causes significant discomfort. (thescandoreview.com)
- Persistent somatoform pain disorder. (wikipedia.org)
- As the name suggests, in somatoform pain disorder, the main symptom is chronic pain. (medicolegal-partners.com)
- There is little merit to employing certain diagnostic labels such as chronic pain syndrome or pain disorder to explain persistence of pain and disability behaviors. (bcmj.org)
- Chronic pain syndrome and pain disorder are diagnostic labels frequently applied to patients who are thought to be demonstrating delayed recovery as a consequence of social reinforcement. (bcmj.org)
20221
- 2022 (anxiety, trauma and stressor-related disorders, eating visits, the proportion of mental health-related visits increased disorders, tic disorders, and OCD), and overall MHC visits by 24% among U.S. children aged 5-11 years and 31% among during January 2022, compared with 2019. (cdc.gov)
Psychiatry1
- They are currently classified in psychiatry as somatoform disorders (SD). (bvsalud.org)
Body dysmorph5
- Body dysmorphic disorder patients obsess on a perceived physical fault. (hellomind.in)
- Any portion of the body might be the focus of a patient with body dysmorphic disorder. (hellomind.in)
- Body dysmorphic disorder is a mental health condition in which you can't stop thinking about one or more perceived flaws in your appearance - a flaw that appears minor or is invisible to others. (thescandoreview.com)
- Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (a handbook for mental health professionals) as a condition marked by excessive preoccupation with an imaginary or minor defect in a facial feature or localized part of the body. (encyclopedia.com)
- Body dysmorphic disorder occurs when a person becomes obsessed with a flaw in their physical appearance. (familydoctor.org)
Psychological1
- Somatoform Disorders are a broad category of psychological disorders which are characterized by diverse physical complaints with no detectable organic causes. (disabilitylaw.ca)
Borderline1
- The most frequent personality disorders were obsessive-compulsive (31), borderline (21) and paranoid (21). (bvsalud.org)
Depressive disorder1
- Dr. Hicks has experience treating conditions like Anxiety, Major Depressive Disorder and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among other conditions at varying frequencies. (sharecare.com)
Depression5
- It is often closely associated with comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, substance abuse and personality disorders. (medicolegal-partners.com)
- BDD has a high rate of comorbidity, which means that people diagnosed with the disorder are highly likely to have been diagnosed with another psychiatric disorder, most commonly major depression, social phobia, or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). (encyclopedia.com)
- Low serotonin levels are associated with depression and other mood disorders. (encyclopedia.com)
- Many of these veterans have met screening or diagnostic criteria for PTSD (20%-39%), often co-occurring with depression, anxiety, substance use disorders, and chronic pain (7,8). (cdc.gov)
- These actions resulted from ongoing concerns during 2020 (eating disorders and tic disorders), for four of about children's mental health in the United States, which nine MHCs during 2021 (depression, eating disorders, tic dis- was exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Diagnoses1
- We are still using these operational criteria, which elevate the importance of consistency and reliability of diagnoses but do not necessarily advance our understanding of the causes of the disorders. (medscape.com)
Drug and Alcoho1
- Dr. Duncan has experience treating conditions like Amphetamine and Other Psychostimulant Dependence, Personality Disorders and Drug and Alcohol Dependence among other conditions at varying frequencies. (sharecare.com)
Schizophrenia1
- Practitioners in clinical and research settings alike have already found ChIPS indispensable in screening for conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, substance abuse, phobias, anxiety disorders, stress disorders, eating disorders, mood disorders, elimination disorders, and schizophrenia. (appi.org)
Obsessive-compulsive3
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder. (appi.org)
- The presence of overvalued ideas in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been theoretically linked to poorer treatment outcome [Kozak, M. J. & Foa, E. B. (1994). (researchgate.net)
- Obsessions, overvalued ideas and delusions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. (researchgate.net)
Autonomic2
- The SD diagnosed by ICD 10 were: four cases of dissociative conversive disorder and a somatoform autonomic. (bvsalud.org)
- Somatoform autonomic dysfunction. (wikipedia.org)
Delusional disorder1
- About 50% of patients diagnosed with BDD also meet the criteria for a delusional disorder, which is characterized by beliefs that are not based in reality. (encyclopedia.com)
Psychiatric disorders4
- Almost two-thirds of participants reported having experienced childhood TPC, ranging from approximately 50% of patients with SoD or other psychiatric disorders to more than 75% of patients with comorbid BPD+SoD. (psychotraumanet.org)
- While delayed recovery can be caused by a failure to detect physical or psychiatric disorders, some patients demonstrate illness behavior because of environmental circumstances. (bcmj.org)
- While delayed recovery can be a consequence of failure to detect physical pathology or psychiatric disorders, a subgroup of patients demonstrate illness behavior in the absence of detectable underlying physical or psychiatric impairment and demonstrate non-organic (medically incongruent) signs. (bcmj.org)
- 1 , 2 A movement disorder, 1 , 2 catatonia occurs with general medical conditions and psychiatric disorders ( Table 1 ). (mhaus.org)
Mental and behavioral disorders1
- Taking into account the reformulations by which the International Classification of Diseases version 10 for modifications in its 11th edition, the SD studies will contribute significantly to the process of revising the diagnostic systems for mental and behavioral disorders. (bvsalud.org)
Stress4
- Somatoform diseases are thought to be caused by a combination of genetic, stress, parental, and cultural factors, while the exact reasons remain unclear. (hellomind.in)
- Stress disorders. (appi.org)
- The Marine Resiliency Study (MRS) is a prospective study of factors predictive of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among approximately 2,600 Marines in 4 battalions deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan. (cdc.gov)
- Chronic psychiatric illness such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a major public health problem among current and former military service members, especially those who have served in combat. (cdc.gov)
Patients10
- Treatment success can be enhanced by discussing the possibility of a somatoform disorder with the patient early in the evaluation process, limiting unnecessary diagnostic and medical treatments, focusing on the management of the disorder rather than its cure, using appropriate medications and psychotherapy for comorbidities, maintaining a psychoeducational and collaborative relationship with patients, and referring patients to mental health professionals when appropriate. (nih.gov)
- Antidepressants and pain drugs have found to be more beneficial in somatoform disorder patients. (hellomind.in)
- Patients with somatoform diseases have a far better prognosis if therapy is started early. (hellomind.in)
- Although the disorder runs a fluctuating course, patients are rarely asymptomatic. (disabilitylaw.ca)
- A history of sexual or physical abuse is not uncommon and can be seen in as many as one third to one half of patients with dissociative disorder, respectively. (medscape.com)
- It is distinguished from anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa because patients with these disorders are preoccupied with their overall weight and body shape. (encyclopedia.com)
- the average age of patients diagnosed with the disorder is 17. (encyclopedia.com)
- RÉSUMÉ La présente étude vise à examiner la qualité de vie de patients atteints de thalassémie majeure en fonction de l'âge, du sexe, des résultats scolaires, et de la gravité et des complications de la maladie. (who.int)
- To determine the frequency of somatoform disorders, it's most important characteristics and different personality traits among patients with chronic back pain. (bvsalud.org)
- Fifty-three patients presented somatoform disorder. (bvsalud.org)
Anxiety Disorder7
- Many people who have SSD will also have an anxiety disorder. (kulwantsinghmdinc.com)
- The term 'hypochondria' has been renamed 'illness anxiety disorder. (thescandoreview.com)
- SSD is similar to illness anxiety disorder (hypochondria). (medlineplus.gov)
- Separation anxiety disorder. (appi.org)
- Generalized anxiety disorder. (appi.org)
- And the classification of new anxiety disorders in 1980 such as generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia (later renamed social anxiety disorder), and panic disorder. (madinamerica.com)
- Тривожний розлад хвороби Illness anxiety disorder is preoccupation with and fear of having or acquiring a serious disorder. (msdmanuals.com)
Panic Disorder2
- From a psychoanalytic perspective, if you look at something like panic disorder, there's a drive and there's something that's unconsciously warded off. (madinamerica.com)
- So if a psychoanalyst thought that panic disorder was based on impulses that were warded off, he or she could still use this system. (madinamerica.com)
Behaviors1
- Sleep disorders include hypersomnia or excessive sleepiness, narcolepsy, parasomnias, undesirable behaviors that occur during sleep. (rnpedia.com)
Mood1
- Dr. Biel has clinical interests in child development, trauma and resilience, mood and anxiety disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and psychiatric care of children with medical illnesses. (medstarhealth.org)
Syndrome2
- There is often an overlap with other somatoform disorders, so the existence of a purely pain-related syndrome is sometimes debated. (medicolegal-partners.com)
- Many studies have reported a connection between multiple adverse events in childhood and the later development of potentially somatoform disorders, such as complex regional pain syndrome and fibromyalgia. (medicolegal-partners.com)
Diagnostic6
- 1, 2] PMDD is listed as a mental disorder in the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), whereas PMS is not. (medscape.com)
- Although cases of BDD have been reported in the psychiatric literature from a number of different countries for over a century, the disorder was first defined as a formal diagnostic category by the DSM-III-R in 1987. (encyclopedia.com)
- I n this hour-long interview, recorded by invitation at his home outside New York on February 22, 2006, Robert Spitzer, Task Force Chair to two major updates to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, discusses at length his rationale for adding more than 100 new disorders, including 7 new anxiety disorders, to DSM-III in 1980. (madinamerica.com)
- Among ADHD visits by children aged 4-17 years, 29% included a diagnostic code for an additional mental health disorder. (cdc.gov)
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder visits have a principal diagnostic code of ICD-9-CM 314.00 or 314.01. (cdc.gov)
- As you know, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) is in the process of revising the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders into its fifth edition (DSM-5). (medscape.com)
Functional neurological3
- I am wondering what techniques people have found helpful - medication, psych therapies, functional neurological therapies - helpful for somatoform disorders. (phoenixrising.me)
- The inpatient assessment and management of motor functional neurological disorders: An interdisciplinary perspective. (thieme-connect.de)
- 25 Stone J. Functional neurological disorders: The neurological assessment as treatment. (thieme-connect.de)
Chronic pain1
- Many chronic whiplash cases are consistent with the key features of chronic pain syndromes and pain disorders, and thus constitute psychosocioeconomic problems. (bcmj.org)
Conduct disorder1
- Conduct disorder. (appi.org)
Screening1
- 2. Has a mild, moderate, or severe substance use disorder (drug or alcohol) within the 6 months before Screening and/or history of moderate or severe substance use disorder (drug or alcohol) within the previous 5 years before Screening. (who.int)
Psychiatrist1
- After then, the patient should be assessed by a somatoform disorder specialist, such as a psychiatrist or another mental health expert. (hellomind.in)
Syndromes1
- Somatoform syndromes and disorders in a representative population sample of adolescents and young adults: prevalence, comorbidity and impairments. (mpg.de)